The book opens with Wellingborough Redburn leaving his quiet home on the Hudson River, driven by financial ruin and a romantic longing for the sea. Equipped only with a shooting-jacket and an old fowling-piece, he embarks as a boy on the merchant ship Highlander bound for Liverpool. The voyage immediately strips away his romantic notions through seasickness, harsh discipline, and the brutal reality of shipboard life among hardened sailors, chief among them the terrifying and malevolent Jackson. Redburn struggles against his own ignorance of nautical terms and the merciless hierarchy of the crew, while finding occasional solace in the quiet companionship of a few shipmates.
Upon arriving in Liverpool, the anticipated grandeur of the Old World dissolves into the dreary docks and squalid taverns frequented by sailors. The text details his lonely wanderings through the city, his encounter with the mysterious Harry Bolton, and the eventual return voyage shadowed by illness and death. The narrative concludes with a return to New York, profoundly altered by the loss of youthful illusions.