Pedagogical anthropology assembles the positive study of the pupil to establish a scientific foundation for philosophy and education. Maria Montessori argues that anthropology must rise from general observation toward biological and social evolution, focusing on the child as a developing organism. The text begins with principles of general biology, detailing the material substratum of life, cell formation, and the theories of evolution and heredity, including Mendel's laws. The human individual is analyzed through the form and types of stature, distinguishing between macroscelous and brachyscelous types and their physiological and sociological significance.
The work covers craniology, the thorax, the pelvis, the limbs, the skin, and pigments, integrating morphological analysis with the study of degeneration stigmata. Technical methods in anthropometry, biometry, and statistical methodology are systematically outlined for practical school application. The biographic history of the pupil incorporates remote antecedents, biopathological records, school charts, and psychic tests. Biometric applications determine medial man and biological liberty in the new pedagogy. The volume redefines the teacher's mission through universal protection and love, aiming to regenerate human society by eradicating degenerative causes and respecting the natural evolution of the child.