[423] Russell Papers. Cowley to Russell, Dec. 2, 1861.
[424] Parliamentary Papers, 1862, Lords, Vol. XXV. "Correspondence on Civil War in the United States." No. 78. Russell to Yancey, Rost and Mann, Aug. 24, 1861.
[425] Ibid., No. 124. Russell to Yancey, Rost and Mann, Dec. 7, 1861.
[426] Gladstone Papers. Gladstone to Robertson Gladstone, Dec. 7, 1861.
[427] Ibid., Argyll to Gladstone, Mentone. Dec. 10, 1861.
[428] Maxwell, Clarendon, II, p. 255. Lewis to Clarendon, Dec. 18, 1861.
[429] Ibid., p. 254. Clarendon to Duchess of Manchester, Dec. 17, 1861.
[430] Palmerston MS.
[431] Ibid., Russell to Palmerston, Dec. 20, 1861.
[432] Many citations from the Times are given in Harris, The Trent Affair, to show a violent, not to say scurrilous, anti-Americanism. Unfortunately dates are not cited, and an examination of the files of the paper shows that Harris' references are frequently to communications, not to editorials. Also his citations give but one side of these communications even, for as many argued caution and fair treatment as expressed violence. Harris apparently did not consult the Times itself, but used quotations appearing in American papers. Naturally these would print, in the height of American anti-British feeling, the bits exhibiting a peevish and unjust British temper. The British press made exactly similar quotations from the American newspapers.
[433] C.F. Adams, The Trent Affair (Proceedings, Mass. Hist. Soc. XLV, p. 43, note.) John Bigelow, at Paris, reported that the London Press, especially the Tory, was eager to make trouble, and that there were but two British papers of importance that did not join the hue and cry--these being controlled by friends of Bright, one in London and one in Manchester (Bigelow, Retrospections of An Active Life, I, p. 384.) This is not exactly true, but seems to me more nearly so than the picture presented by Rhodes (III, 526) of England as united in a "calm, sorrowful, astonished determination."
[434] Cowley sent to Russell on December 3, a letter from Percy Doyle recounting an interview with Scott in which these statements were made. (F.O., France, Vol. 1399. No. 1404. Inclosure.)
[435] Dec. 13, 1861. C.F. Adams, The Trent Affair. (Proceedings, Mass. Hist. Soc., XLV, p. 95.)
[436] Ibid., p. 37.
[437] Ibid., p. 49. The New York Times, November 19, stated, "We do not believe the American heart ever thrilled with more genuine delight than it did yesterday, at the intelligence of the capture of Messrs. Slidell and Mason.... We have not the slightest idea that England will even remonstrate. On the contrary, she will applaud the gallant act of Lieut. Wilkes, so full of spirit and good sense, and such an exact imitation of the policy she has always stoutly defended and invariably pursued ... as for Commodore Wilkes and his command, let the handsome thing be done, consecrate another Fourth of July to him. Load him down with services of plate and swords of the cunningest and costliest art. Let us encourage the happy inspiration that achieved such a victory." Note the "Fourth of July."
[438] Lyons Papers. Lousada to Lyons. Boston, Nov. 17, 1861. "Every other man is walking about with a Law Book under his arm and proving the right of the Ss. Jacintho to stop H.M.'s mail boat."
[439] "Mr. Galt, Canadian Minister, is here. He has frightened me by his account of the defencelessness of the Province at this moment." (Russell Papers. Lyons to Russell. Private. Dec. 3, 1861.)
[440] Lyons Papers. Lyons to Monck, Dec. 9, 1861.
[441] Rogers, Speeches by John Bright, I, p. 189 seq.
[442] Among the communications were several on international law points by "Historicus," answering and belittling American legal argument. W.V. Harcourt, under this pseudonym, frequently contributed very acute and very readable articles to the Times on the American civil war. The Times was berated by English friends of the North. Cobden wrote Sumner, December 12, "The Times and its yelping imitators are still doing their worst." (Morley, Cobden, II, 392.) Cobden was himself at one with the Times in suspicion of Seward. "I confess I have not much opinion of Seward. He is a kind of American Thiers or Palmerston or Russell--and talks Bunkum. Fortunately, my friend Mr. Charles Sumner, who is Chairman of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, and has really a kind of veto on the acts of Seward, is a very peaceable and safe man." (ibid., p. 386, to Lieut.-Col. Fitzmayer, Dec. 3, 1861.) It is interesting that Canadian opinion regarded the Times as the great cause of American ill-will toward Britain. A letter to Gait asserted that the "war talk" was all a "farce" (J.H. Pope to Gait, Dec. 26, 1861) and the Toronto Globe attacked the Times for the creation of bad feeling. The general attitude was that if British policy resulted in an American blow at Canada, it was a British, not a Canadian duty, to maintain her defence (Skelton, Life of Sir Alexander Tilloch Gait, pp. 340, 348.) Yet the author states that in the beginning Canada went through the same phases of feeling on the Trent as did Great Britain.
[443] A Cycle of Adams' Letters, I, pp. 81-2.
[444] Ibid., I, p. 83. Henry Adams to Charles Francis Adams, Jr., Dec. 13, 1861.
[445] Russell Papers. Lyons to Russell. Private. Nov. 29, 1861.
[446] See the Times, Dec. 14, 1861. Here for the first time the Times used the expression "the last card" as applied to emancipation.
[447] Palmerston MS. Russell to Palmerston, Dec. 11, 1861.
[448] Gladstone Papers. Russell to Gladstone, Dec. 13, 1861. On the same day Lady Russell wrote Lady Dumfermline: "There can be no doubt that we have done deeds very like that of Captain Wilkes.... but I wish we had not done them.... It is all terrible and awful, and I hope and pray war may be averted--and whatever may have been the first natural burst of indignation in this country, I believe it would be ready to execrate the Ministry if all right and honourable means were not taken to prevent so fearful a calamity." (Dana, The Trent Affair. (Proceedings, Mass. Hist. Soc., XLV, p. 528.))
[449] A Cycle of Adams' Letters, I, p. 87. Charles Francis Adams to his son, Dec. 20, 1861.
[450] The Times, Dec. 16, 1861.
[451] The Times twice printed the full text of the message, on December 16 and 17.
[452] Gladstone Papers. Milner-Gibson to Gladstone, Dec. 18, 1861.
[453] Maxwell, Clarendon, II, p. 225. Lewis to Clarendon, Dec. 18, 1861.
[454] Parliamentary Papers, 1862, Lords, Vol. XXV. "Correspondence respecting the Trent." No 14. Russell to Lyons, Dec. 19, 1861. The Government did not make public Adams' confirmation of "no authorization of Wilkes." Possibly it saw no reason for doing so, since this had been established already by Wilkes' own statements. The point was later a matter of complaint by Americans, who regarded it as indicating a peevish and unfriendly attitude. (Willard, Letter to an English Friend on the Rebellion in the United States, p. 23. Boston, 1862.) Also by English friends; Cobden thought Palmerston had intentionally prolonged British feeling for political purposes. "Seward's despatch to Adams on the 19th December [communicated to Russell on the 19th]... virtually settled the matter. To keep alive the wicked passions in this country as Palmerston and his Post did, was like the man, and that is the worst that can be said of it." (Morley, Cobden, II, p. 389. To Mr. Paulton, Jan., 1862.)
[455] Davis to Adams. New York. Dec. 21, 1861. C.F. Adams, The Trent Affair, (Proceedings, Mass. Hist. Soc., XLV, p. 107.)
[456] There has crept into American historical writing of lesser authenticity a story that just at this juncture there appeared, in the harbours of New York and San Francisco, Russian fleets whose commanders let it be understood that they had come under "sealed orders" not to be opened except in a certain grave event and that their presence was, at least, not an unfriendly indication of Russian sentiment in the Trent crisis. This is asserted to have bolstered American courage and to give warrant for the argument that America finally yielded to Great Britain from no fear of consequences, but merely on a clearer recognition of the justice of the case. In fact the story is wholly a myth. The Russian fleets appeared two years later in the fall of 1863, not in 1861. Harris, The Trent Affair, pp. 208-10, is mainly responsible for this story, quoting the inaccurate memory of Thurlow Weed. (Autobiography, II, pp. 346-7.) Reliable historians like Rhodes make no mention of such an incident. The whole story of the Russian fleets with their exact instructions is told by F.A. Colder, "The Russian Fleet and the Civil War," Am. Hist. Rev., July, 1915.
[457] Weed, Autobiography, II, pp. 354-61.
[458] Ibid., p. 365. Peabody to Weed, Jan, 17, 1862.
[459] A Cycle of Adams' Letters, I, p. 91. Charles Francis Adams to his son, Dec. 27, 1861.
[460] See ante. Ch. IV.
[461] The Times, Dec. 25, 1861.
[462] James, William Wetmore Story and his Friends, II, pp. 108-9. The letters were sent to Robert Browning, who secured their publication through Dicey.
[463] C.F. Adams, The Trent Affair. Adams to Motley, Dec. 26, 1861. (Proceedings, Mass. Hist. Soc., XLV, p. 109).
[464] Ibid., p. 110.
[465] Palmerston had very close relations with Delane, of the Times, but that paper carefully maintained its independence of any party or faction.
[466] Gladstone Papers. Argyll to Gladstone, Dec. 30, 1861.
[467] State Dept., Eng., Vol. 78. No. 97. Adams to Seward, Jan. 2, 1862.
[468] Palmerston MS.
[469] Bancroft, Seward, II, p. 233. Lyons officially reported that he carried no papers with him (Parliamentary Papers, 1862, Lords, Vol. XXV. "Correspondence respecting the Trent." No. 19. Lyons to Russell, Dec. 19, 1861). Newton (Lyons, I, pp. 55-78) shows that Seward was, in fact, permitted to read the instructions on the nineteenth.
[470] A Cycle of Adams' Letters, I, p. 86. C.F. Adams, Jr., to Henry Adams, Dec. 19, 1861.
[471] Bancroft, Seward, II, p. 234. Adams' letter of December 3 was received on December 21; Dayton's of December 3, on the 24th.
[472] Much ink has flowed to prove that Lincoln's was the wise view, seeing from the first the necessity of giving up Mason and Slidell, and that he overrode Seward, e.g., Welles, Lincoln and Seward, and Harris, The Trent Affair. Rhodes, III, pp. 522-24, and Bancroft, Seward, II, pp. 232-37, disprove this. Yet the general contemporary suspicion of Seward's "anti-British policy," even in Washington, is shown by a despatch sent by Schleiden to the Senate of Bremen. On December 23 he wrote that letters from Cobden and Lyndhurst had been seen by Lincoln.
"Both letters have been submitted to the President. He returned them with the remark that 'peace will not be broken if England is not bent on war.' At the same time the President has assured my informant that he would examine the answer of his Secretary of State, word for word, in order that no expression should remain which could create bad blood anew, because the strong language which Mr. Seward had used in some of his former despatches seems to have irritated and insulted England" (Schleiden Papers). No doubt Sumner was Schleiden's informant. At first glance Lincoln's reported language would seem to imply that he was putting pressure on Seward to release the prisoners and Schleiden apparently so interpreted them. But the fact was that at the date when this was written Lincoln had not yet committed himself to accepting Seward's view. He told Seward, "You will go on, of course, preparing your answer, which, as I understood it, will state the reasons why they ought to be given up. Now, I have a mind to try my hand at stating the reasons why they ought not to be given up. We will compare the points on each side." Lincoln's idea was, in short, to return an answer to Great Britain, proposing arbitration (Bancroft, Seward, II, 234).
[473] Mass. Hist. Soc. Proceedings, XLV, 155. Bright to Sumner, Dec. 14, 1861. The letters to Sumner on the Trent are all printed in this volume of the Proceedings. The originals are in the Sumner Papers in the library of Harvard University.
[474] Parliamentary Papers, 1862, Lords, Vol. XXV. "Correspondence respecting the Trent." No. 24. Lyons to Russell, Dec. 27, 1861.
[475] F.O., Am., Vol. 777. No. 807. Lyons to Russell, Dec. 31, 1861. But he transmitted a few days later, a "shocking prayer" in the Senate on December 30, by the Rev. Dr. Sutherland, which showed a bitter feeling. "O Thou, just Ruler of the world ... we ask help of Thee for our rulers and our people, that we may patiently, resolutely, and with one heart abide our time; for it is indeed a day of darkness and reproach--a day when the high principle of human equity constrained by the remorseless sweep of physical and armed force, must for the moment, succumb under the plastic forms of soft diplomacy" (Russell Papers. Lyons to Russell, Jan. 3, 1862).
[476] Bancroft, Seward, II, 249-53.
[477] C.F. Adams, The Trent Affair. (Proceedings, Mass. Hist. Soc., XLV. p. 75).
[478] Bancroft, Seward, II, 250.
[479] Mason, Slidell, Eustis and McFarland were delivered to the British ship Rinaldo, January 1, 1862. En route to Halifax the ship encountered a storm that drove her south and finally brought her to St. Thomas, where the passengers embarked on a packet for Southampton.
[480] Parliamentary Papers, 1862, Lords, Vol. XXV. "Correspondence respecting the Trent." Nos. 27 and 35. February 3, Lyons reported that Sumner, in a fireside talk, had revealed that he was in possession of copies of the Law Officers' opinions given on November 12 and 28 respectively. Lyons was astounded and commented that the Law Officers, before giving any more opinions, ought to know this fact (F.O., Am., Vol. 824. No. 76. Lyons to Russell).
[481] F.O., France, Vol. 1399. No. 1397. Cowley to Russell, Dec. 3, 1861. The italics are mine.
[482] Newton, Lyons, I, 73.
[483] F.O., Am., Vol. 817. No. 57. Draft. Russell to Lyons, Feb. 11, 1861.
[484] F.O., France, Vol. 1419. No. 73. Draft. Russell to Cowley, Jan. 20, 1862.
[485] Gladstone Papers. Russell to Gladstone, Jan. 26, 1862.
[486] Bigelow, Retrospections, I, 424. Bowen to Bigelow, Dec. 27, 1861.
[487] Poems. Bigelow Papers. "Jonathan to John." After the release of the envoys there was much correspondence between friends across the water as to the merits of the case. British friends attempted to explain and to soothe, usually to their astonished discomfiture on receiving angry American replies. An excellent illustration of this is in a pamphlet published in Boston in the fall of 1862, entitled, Field and Loring, Correspondence on the Present Relations between Great Britain and the United States of America. The American, Loring, wrote, "The conviction is nearly if not quite universal that we have foes where we thought we had friends," p. 7.
[488] Dana, The Trent Affair. (Proceedings, Mass. Hist. Soc., XLV, pp. 508-22).
[489] A Cycle of Adams' Letters, I, 99. To his son, Jan. 10, 1862.
[490] State Dept., Eng., Vol. 78. No. 99. Adams to Seward, Jan. 10, 1862.
[491] Gladstone Papers. Argyll to Gladstone, Dec. 7, 1861, Also expressed again to Gladstone. Ibid., Jan. 1, 1862.
[492] James, William Wetmore Story and His Friends, II, 105. Browning to Story, Dec. 17, 1861.
[493] Ibid., p. 109. To Story, Dec. 31, 1861.
[494] Ibid., p. 110. To Story, Jan. 21, 1862.
[495] Liberator, Feb. 7, 1862. Giving an account of a meeting at Bromley-by-Bow.
[496] Trollope, North America (Chapman & Hall, London, 1862), I, p. 446. Trollope left England in August, 1861, and returned in the spring of 1862. He toured the North and the West, was a close observer, and his work, published in midsummer 1862, was very serviceable to the North, since he both stated the justice of the Northern cause and prophesied its victory.
[497] Hansard, 3rd. Ser., CLXV, p. 12 seq., though not consecutive as the speeches were made in the course of the debate on the Address to the Throne.
[498] Schleiden Papers. Schleiden to the Senate of Bremen.
[499] State Dept., Eng., Vol. 78. No. 114. Adams to Seward, Feb. 13, 1862.
[500] Pickett Papers. Hotze to Hunter, March 11, 1862.
[501] Lyons Papers. Russell to Lyons, Feb. 8, 1862.
ГЛАВА VIII
БЛОКАДА
Шесть месяцев, последовавших за инцидентом с Трент, составили период сравнительного затишья в отношениях между Великобританией и Америкой, однако на протяжении всего этого времени на передний план неуклонно выходили все более эффективные усилия северян-воюющих сторон, которые все сильнее дестабилизировали британскую торговлю и, следовательно, все больше становились предметом тревожного рассмотрения со стороны правительства. Речь шла о блокаде южных портов и береговой линии, которую Линкольн объявил в намерениях в своей прокламации от 19 апреля 1861 года.
Еще в декабре 1860 года Лайонс поднял вопрос об отношении британских судов и купцов к сецессионистскому порту Чарлстон в Южной Каролине и получил от судьи Блэка уклончивый ответ [502]. В марте 1861 года Рассел предвидел возможность блокады, написав Лайонсу, что американский прецедент потребует, по крайней мере, ее эффективности, в то время как Лайонс прилагал большие усилия, чтобы убедить Сьюарда в том, что любое вмешательство в британскую торговлю будет гибельным для дела Севера в Англии. Он даже дошел до того, что намекнул на британское вмешательство с целью сохранения торговли [503]. Но 15 апреля Лайонс, хотя и полагал, что эффективная блокада невозможна, считал попытку ее установления менее предосудительной, чем законодательство, «закрывающее южные порты как порты захода», что в действительности являлось простой бумажной блокадой и могло бы «оправдать Великобританию и Францию в признании Южной Конфедерации...» Таким образом, он начал ослаблять свое противодействие любому вмешательству [504]. Его прежние высказывания в адрес Сьюарда были лишь доводами, не связывая его правительство определенным курсом политики, и были призваны заставить Сьюарда действовать осторожно.
Возможно, Лайонс думал, что сможет запугать Север и отговорить его от проведения блокады. Но когда Гражданская война действительно началась и Линкольн 19 апреля объявил, что он «счел целесообразным начать блокаду», и что после размещения «компетентной силы», «чтобы предотвратить вход и выход судов», любому судну, пытающемуся войти в блокированный порт или покинуть его, будет сделано предупреждение с отметкой на его регистре о таковом предупреждении, за которым последует захват, если оно снова попытается прорвать блокаду, Лайонс счел, что: «Если она будет осуществляться с разумным учетом интересов иностранных флагов и в строгом соответствии с международным правом, полагаю, она должна быть признана [505]». В прокламации были названы первоначальные семь отделившихся штатов, а 27 апреля к ним добавилась Виргиния. Блокада фактически началась в некоторых портах Виргинии 30 апреля, а к концу мая военные корабли стояли у всех более или менее важных гаваней Юга [506]. Такой метод введения блокады в действие посредством предупреждения в порту, а не путем общего уведомления, переданного европейским правительствам и устанавливающего дату, создавал трудности для британских купцов, поскольку они теперь не были уверены в том, будет ли разрешен вход судам, направляющимся в южный порт. На практике суда при первом выходе из блокированной гавани получали предупреждение и им разрешалось выйти, но те, которые пытались войти, получали предупреждение и поворачивали назад. По сути, в период установления блокады прокламация Линкольна имела для робкого британского купца, хотя и не для смелого, нечто вроде характера бумажной блокады. Этого четко не понимал Лайонс, который считал, что нейтральные страны должны смириться, «исчерпав все возможные средства противодействия», но утешал себя мыслью, что «еще некоторое время» британская торговля сможет продолжаться [507].