PART OF THE BATTLEFIELD OF GETTYSBURG.
(From a War Department photograph.)
BRIGADIER-GENERAL FRANCIS T. NICHOLLS, C. S. A.
История критической борьбы за обладание холмом Литл-Раунд-Топ или, по крайней мере, его важной частью была живо описана адъютантом Портером Фарли из 140-го Нью-Йоркского полка, поднявшегося одновременно с батареей Хезлетта. Капитан Фарли пишет:
"Just at that moment our former brigadier, Gen. G. K. Warren, chief engineer of the army, with an orderly and one or two officers, rode down toward the head of our regiment. He came from the direction of the hill-top. His speed and manner indicated unusual excitement. Before he reached us he called out to O'Rorke to lead his regiment that way up the hill. O'Rorke answered him that General Weed had gone ahead and expected this regiment to follow him. 'Never mind that,' answered Warren, 'I'll take the responsibility.' Warren's words and manner carried conviction of the importance of the thing he asked. Accepting his assurance of full justification, O'Rorke turned the head of the regiment to the left, and, following one of the officers who had been with Warren, led it diagonally up the eastern slope of Little Round Top. Warren rode off, evidently bent upon securing other troops. The staff officer who rode with us, by his impatient gestures, urged us to our greatest speed. Some of the guns of Hazlett's battery broke through our files before we reached the hill-top amid the frantic efforts of the horses, lashed by the drivers, to pull their heavy pieces up that steep acclivity. A few seconds later the head of our regiment reached the summit of the ridge, war's wild panorama spread before us, and we found ourselves upon the verge of battle. It was a moment which called for leadership. There was no time for tactical formation. Delay was ruin. Hesitation was destruction. Well was it for the cause he served that the man who led our regiment that day was one prompt to decide and brave to execute. The bullets flew in among the men the moment the leading company mounted the ridge; and as not a musket was loaded, the natural impulse was to halt and load them. But O'Rorke permitted no such delay. Springing from his horse, he threw the reins to the sergeant-major; his sword flashed from its scabbard into the sunlight, and calling, 'This way, boys,' he led the charge over the rocks, down the hillside, till he came abreast the men of Vincent's brigade, who were posted in the ravine to our left. Joining them, an irregular line was formed, such as the confusion of the rocks lying thereabout permitted; and this line grew and was extended toward the right as the successive rearward companies came upon the seen of action. There, while some were partly sheltered by the rocks and others stood in the open, a fierce fight went on with an enemy among the trees and underbrush. Flushed with the excitement of battle, and bravely led, they pushed up close to our line. The steadfastness and valor displayed on both sides made the result for some few minutes doubtful; but a struggle so desperate and bloody could not be a long one. The enemy fell back; a short lull was succeeded by another onslaught, which was again repelled.
"When that struggle was over, the exultation of victory was soon chilled by the dejection which oppressed us as we counted and realized the cost of all that had been won. Of our regiment eighty-five enlisted men and six officers had been wounded. Besides these, twenty-six of the comrades who had marched with us that afternoon had fallen dead before the fire of the enemy. Grouped by companies, a row of inanimate forms lay side by side beneath the trees upon the eastern slope. No funeral ceremony, and only shallow graves, could be accorded them. In the darkness of the night, silently and with bitter dejection, each company buried its dead. O'Rorke was among the dead. Shot through the neck, he had fallen without a groan, and we may hope without a pang. The supreme effort of his life was consummated by a death heroic in its surroundings and undisturbed by pain."
Было хорошо сказано, что Геттисберг был битвой простого солдата; что его великие результаты были обусловлены не столько каким-либо полководческим искусством в стратегии или тактике, сколько разумным мужеством и великолепной стойкостью северного солдата. Если какой-то один человек и был в большей степени, чем другие, героем битвы, то это был генерал Хэнкок, который за свои заслуги на этом поле получил благодарность Конгресса. Сенатор Уэшберн, видевший его на следующий год у Уайлдернесса, заметил: «Он был самым прекрасным из живущих мужчин; он был самим олицетворением войны». Хэнкок не только выбрал место для битвы и привел все в порядок для столкновения второго дня, но и казался присутствующим повсюду, оживляя людей духом собственной доблести и энтузиазма. Он был особенно заметен во время ужасной канонады, предшествовавшей великой атаке третьего дня, медленно проезжая взад и вперед по линиям. Говорят, что когда он начал эту поездку, его сопровождали тридцать человек, а когда он закончил ее, с ним остался лишь один человек — всадник, везший флаг его корпуса. Все остальные были либо поражены снарядами противника, либо вызваны на неотложную службу на разные участки линии. Проезжая медленно, он часто останавливался, чтобы поговорить с людьми, которые лежали на земле, избегая снарядов и пуль, сжимая свои винтовки наготове вскочить и встретить атаку, которая, как они знали, последует, как только артиллерийский огонь прекратится. Пока эта знаменитая атака продолжалась, Хэнкок подъехал, чтобы поговорить с генералом Станнардом, чьи вермонтцы должны были двинуться вперед и ударить по атакующей колонне во фланг, и в этот момент он был тяжело ранен. Пуля из винтовки ударила в луку его седла, вырвав и согнув из нее гвоздь, и и пуля, и гвоздь вошли в его бедро. Двое адъютантов генерала Станнарда подхватили его, когда он падал с лошади, и усадили в санитарную повозку. Здесь он написал записку генералу Миду с настоятельным советом, чтобы сразу после окончания атаки конфедератов была проведена ответная атака относительно свежими силами 6-го корпуса. Некоторые думают, что если бы это было сделано, Северовиргинская армия нашла бы конец своей карьеры тут же, а не у Аппоматтокса полтора года спустя. Но генерал Лонгстрит говорит, что он ожидал такой атаки и был готов к ней, и что если бы она была предпринята, людям Седжуика пришлось бы так же туго, как и людям Пикетта.
Немного трудно понять, почему в литературе так много шумихи вокруг этой атаки Пикетта, если только, пожалуй, дело не в живописных обстоятельствах. Это было в конце величайшего сражения войны; оно было предвещано мощнейшей канонадой войны; за ним наблюдали две великие армии; оно было совершено посреди полудня летнего дня, на пологом склоне, с солнцем за спинами нападавших, что являлось наилучшим расположением для грандиозного зрелища; оно продемонстрировало великолепное мужество и уверенность со стороны совершивших его солдат и не меньшее мужество и уверенность со стороны тех, кто встретил и пресек его. Возможно, именно по этим причинам оно стало неоправданно знаменитым; ибо, в конце концов, это была оплошность и неудача. В войне были и другие атаки, которые испытывали преданность и выносливость солдат ничуть не меньше, и не все они заканчивались неудачами. Атака людей Хукера и Томаса на высоты Лукаут-Маунтин и Мишн-Ридж была еще более живописной и увенчалась грандиозным успехом. Федеральная позиция под Геттисбергом всегда изображается проходящей по хребту, и это в общих чертах верно; но ближе к центру хребет настолько низок, что почти сходит на нет в равнину, и люди Пикетта, направленные в эту точку, должны были подниматься лишь по самому пологому склону. Генерал Александр С. Уэбб, чье командование находилось в этой точке, говорил в беседе: «У нас там не было никаких окопов, ни один дерн не был перевернут». — «Но почему вы не окопались?» — «Потому что мы никогда не предполагали, что кто-то окажется достаточно безумным, чтобы идти туда в атаку». Опасность для атакующей колонны исходила скорее от перекрестного огня батарей на более высоких высотах справа и слева, чем от прямого огня с фронта.
BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG, THIRD DAY.
GROUP OF CONFEDERATE PRISONERS BEING MARCHED TO THE REAR UNDER GUARD.
(From the Panorama of Gettysburg, at Chicago.)
Генерал Сиклс подвергся несколько суровой критике за ошибочное положение, занятое его корпусом на второй день битвы, которое привело к великой бойне в персиковом саду и на пшеничном поле. Во время последующего визита в Геттисберг он дал следующее объяснение своим действиям:
"It was quite early when I rode to General Meade's headquarters for orders. The general told me that he did not think we would be attacked, as he believed the enemy was in no condition to renew the fight. I freely expressed to him my belief that the enemy would not only force a battle at Gettysburg, but would do so soon. From General Meade's conversation, and from his manner, I concluded he did not intend to fight the battle at Gettysburg if he could avoid it. General Butterfield, his chief of staff, told me that orders were being then prepared for a change of position to Pipe Clay Creek. After waiting some time for a decision as to what was to be done, I said to General Meade that I should put my command in position with a view to meet any emergency along my front, and at the same time asked him to send General Butterfield with me to look over the field and inspect the position I had decided to occupy. 'Butterfield is busy,' said he, and he suggested that I use my own judgment. I again replied that I should prefer to have some one of his staff officers sent with me, and asked that General Hunt, chief of the artillery, be sent. General Meade assented, and Hunt and I rode away. Carefully we surveyed the ground in my front. I expressed the opinion that the high ground running from the Emmetsburg road to Round Top was the most advantageous position. Hunt agreed with me.
"'Then I understand that I am to take this position, and you, as General Meade's representative, so order.' 'I do not care,' said he, 'to take the responsibility of ordering you to take that position, but as soon as I can ride to General Meade's headquarters you will receive his orders to do so.'
"He rode away, but before he reached headquarters, or I received orders, my danger became imminent, and I was forced to go into line of battle. Just after I had taken position on the high ground selected, with Humphrey on the right, within and beyond the peach orchard, and Birney on the left toward Round Top, I received an order from General Meade to report at his headquarters. There was vigorous skirmishing on my front, and I returned word to the general that I was about to be attacked and could not leave the field. It was not long before I received a peremptory order to report at once to headquarters, as General Meade was going to hold an important conference of corps commanders. I sent for Birney, put him in command, and rode rapidly to Meade's headquarters. As I rode along I could hear the increasing fire along the line, and felt very solicitous for my command. As I came up to headquarters at a rapid gait, Meade came out hurriedly and said: 'Don't dismount, don't dismount; I fear your whole line is engaged; return to your command, and in a few moments I will join you on the field.' I rode back with all possible speed, reaching my corps before the enemy had made his first furious assault. General Meade soon joined me, as he had promised, and together we inspected the position I had taken. 'Isn't your line too much extended?' said he. 'It is,' I replied; 'but I haven't the Army of the Potomac, and have a wide space to cover. Reserves should at once be sent up. My dependence will have to be upon my artillery until support comes, and I need more guns.' 'Send to Hunt for what you want,' said he, and he glanced over the slender line of infantry that stretched toward Round Top. Just before he left I said to him: 'Does my position suit you? If it does not, I will change it.' 'No, no!' he replied quickly; 'I'll send up the Fifth Corps, and Hancock will give any other supports you may require.'
"He rode away, and soon after the battle began. The terrific struggle along the whole line, and especially in the peach orchard and the wheat-field on the right and left of my line, respectively, need not be gone over. It is a matter of history. I sent to Hunt, when Meade had gone, for forty pieces of artillery, which, added to the sixty I had, gave me the guns to keep up the fighting while I waited for reinforcements. Warren, who was then an engineer officer, was on Round Top sending urgent appeals to me to send troops to hold that important position. One brigade sent to me I immediately despatched him. As the fighting went on and increased in intensity, I looked for the Fifth Corps again and again, and sent an aid several times to hurry them up. Sykes was slow, and, finding the needs of the hour growing greater and greater every moment, I sent to Hancock for help. Hancock was always prompt and generous, and with eager haste pushed forward his best troops to the assistance of the struggling Third Corps. But the moments I waited for reinforcements that day were as long to me as an eternity, and the brave boys who wore the diamond during all this time were obliged to stand the shock of as furious an assault as was ever dealt against troops on any battlefield of modern times. The struggle in that now peaceful peach-orchard was then fierce as death. The wheat-field yonder was like the winepress with the dead and dying. Men fought there, hand to hand, I think, as never they grappled before. Onward and over against each other they bent again and again. Now the Confederates would drive madly into the conflict. Now our boys would push them back again at the point of the bayonet. Graham's and the Excelsior Brigades, that I organized and commanded during the first of the war, were in that section of the field, and hundreds of them lay down to sleep under the shade of the peach trees that hot July day."
Один из участников кровопролитной борьбы на пшеничном поле на второй день пишет:
"General Birney rode up and ordered a forward movement, and directed that the largest regiment of the brigade be sent double-quick to prolong the line on the left, so as to fill in the intervening gap to the foot of Round Top, for the occupation of which both forces were now engaged in a deadly struggle. General de Trobriand designated the Fortieth New York for this duty, and ordered me to conduct it to its assigned position, and, if necessary, to remain there with it. We proceeded. The air was filled with smoke and the interchanging fires of artillery and musketry. The shouts of both armies were almost deafening, but I succeeded in placing the regiment where it was ordered, and decided to remain with it.
"The enemy had us at a disadvantage. They were on higher ground, and were pouring a terrific fire into our front. I trust in God I may never again be called to look upon such scenes as I there beheld. Col. Thomas W. Egan, the commander of the regiment, one of the bravest men I ever knew, was charging with his command, when a ball from the enemy pierced the heart of his mare, who sank under him. Major Warner of the same regiment was borne past me for dead, but was only terribly wounded. He afterward recovered. His horse came dashing by a few moments afterward, and my own having been disabled from wounds and rendered unfit for use, I caught and mounted him. The poor brute that I was riding had two minie balls buried in him—one in the shoulders, the other in the hip—and was so frantic with pain that he had wellnigh broken my neck in his violent fall. My sword was pitched a dozen yards from me, and was picked up by one of the men and returned to me that night.
"Col. A. V. H. Ellis, of the One Hundred and Twenty-fourth New York, one of the most chivalrous spirits that ever breathed, had received his mortal wound. He was riding at the head of his regiment, waving his sword in the air, and shouting to his men—his orange blossoms, as he called them, the regiment having been raised in Orange County, New York—when a bullet struck him in the forehead. He was borne to the rear, his face covered with blood, and the froth spirting from his mouth. He died in a few moments. Major Cromwell, also of that regiment, was killed almost at the same instant by a shot in the breast. He died without a groan or struggle. The adjutant of the regiment was killed by a shot through the heart as it was moving off the field. He had fought bravely for hours, and it seemed hard that one so young and hopeful should be thus stricken down by a chance shot after having faced the thickest of the fight unharmed. I learned afterward that the noble young soldier was engaged to be married to a beautiful young lady in his native State.
"It happened by the merest accident that I was within a few feet of General Sickles when he received the wound by which he lost his leg. When our command fell back after being relieved by General Sykes, I hastened to find General De Trobriand, and, seeing a knot of officers near the brick house into which General Sickles was so soon to be taken, I rode up to see whether he (De Trobriand) was among them. The knot of officers proved to be General Sickles and his staff. I saluted him and was just asking for General De Trobriand, when a terrific explosion seemed to shake the very earth. This was instantly followed by another equally stunning, and the horses all began to jump. I instantly noticed that General Sickles's pants and drawers at the knee were torn clear off to the leg, which was swinging loose. The jumping of the horse was fortunate for him, as he turned just in time for him to alight on the upper side of the slope of the hill. As he attempted to dismount he seemed to lose strength, and half fell to the ground. He was very pale, and evidently in most fearful pain, as he exclaimed excitedly, 'Quick, quick! get something and tie it up before I bleed to death.' These were his exact words, and I shall never forget the scene as long as I live, for we all loved General Sickles, who commanded our corps. He was carried from the field to the house I have mentioned, coolly smoking a cigar, quietly remarking to a Catholic priest, a chaplain to one of the regiments in his command, 'Man proposes and God disposes.' His leg was amputated within less than half an hour after his receiving the wound."