27. [Равал Берси, сын Лачхмана, сына Кехара, упоминается в надписях как вождь Джайсалмера в 1436 и 1440 гг. н. э. (Erskine iii. B. 9).]
28. Рао Кайлан установил свою власть над девятью замками — центрами округов, а именно: Асини, или Ашвиникут, Бикампур, Марот, Пугал, Деравар, Кахрор (в двадцати двух косах, или около сорока миль, от Бахавалпура), Гуман, Бахан, Надно и Матела на Инде.
29. Никогда еще не было ничего столь унизительного для царственного достоинства, как эгоистичная защита, гарантируемая ему этим Ликургом индуистов, который говорит: «Ради несчастья пусть сохранит он свое богатство; ценой своего богатства пусть сохранит он свою жену; но пусть во всяком случае сбережет он себя, даже ценой жены и сокровищ». — Ману, Законы, VII. 213. Вся история раджпутов показывает, что они не уделяют много внимания столь немужским максимам.
ГЛАВА 5
Джайсалмер — могольский лен. —We have now reached that period in the Bhatti annals when Shah Jahan was emperor of India. Elsewhere, we have minutely related the measure which the great Akbar adopted to attach his Rajput vassalage to the empire; a policy pursued by his successors. Sabal Singh, the first of the princes of Jaisalmer who held his dominions as a fief of the empire, was not the legitimate heir to the ‘gaddi of Jaisal [262].’[1] Manohardas had obtained the gaddi by the assassination of his nephew, Rawal Nathu, the son and heir of Bhim, who was returning from his nuptials at Bikaner, and had passed the day at Phalodi,[2] then a town of Jaisalmer, when poison was administered to him by the hands of a female. But it was destined that the line of the assassin should not rule, and the dignity fell to Sabal Singh, the third in descent from Maldeo, second son of Rawal Nunkaran.
Равал Сабал Сингх, 1651–61 гг. н. э. —The good qualities of young Sabal, and the bad ones of Ramchand, son of the usurper, afforded another ground for the preference of the former. Moreover, Sabal was nephew to the prince of Amber, under whom he held a distinguished post in the government of Peshawar, where he saved the royal treasure from being captured by the Afghan mountaineers. For this service, and being a favourite of the chiefs who served with their contingents, the king gave Jaswant Singh of Jodhpur command to place him on the gaddi. The celebrated Nahar Khan Kumpawat[3] was entrusted with this duty, for the performance of which he received the city and domain of Pokaran, ever since severed from Jaisalmer.
Покаран утрачен для Джайсалмера. —This was the first considerable abstraction from the territories which had been progressively increased by Rawal Jaisal and his successors, but which have since been woefully curtailed. A short time before Babur’s invasion, the dependencies of Jaisalmer extended on the north to the Gara River,[4] west to the Mihran or Indus; and on the east and south they were bounded by the Rathors of Bikaner and Marwar who had been gradually encroaching for two centuries, and continue to do so to this day. The entire thal of Barmer and Kotra,[5] in the south, were Bhatti chieftainships, and eastward to the site of Bikaner itself.
Равал Амар Сингх, 1661–1702 гг. н. э. —Amra Singh, son of Sabal, succeeded. He led the tika-daur against the Balochs, who had invaded the western tracts, and was installed on the field of victory. Soon after, he demanded aid from his subjects to portion his daughter, and being opposed by his Rajput minister, Raghunath, he put him to death. The Chana Rajputs, from the north-east, having renewed their old raids, he in person attacked and compelled them to give bonds, or written obligations, for their future good conduct.
Раздраженные ежедневными посягательствами кандхалотских раторов, Сундардас и Далпат, вожди Бикампура, решили ответить тем же: «Давайте обретем имя в [263] мире, — сказал Далпат, — и нападем на земли раторов». Соответственно, они вторглись, разграбили и сожгли город Джаджу на границе Биканера. Кандхалоты ответили набегом на города Джайсалмера, и произошло сражение, в котором бхатты одержали победу, перебив двести раторов. Равал разделил триумф своих вассалов. Раджа Ануп Сингх [6] из Биканера служил тогда в имперских армиях в Декане. Получив это известие, он приказал своему министру разослать призыв каждому кандхалоту, способному носить оружие, вторгнуться в Джайсалмер, взять и сравнять с землей Бикампур, иначе он сочтет их изменниками. Министр разослал призыв; каждый ратор подчинился ему, и в качестве вспомогательного отряда он добавил паштанского вождя с его отрядом из Хиссара. Равал Амра собрал вокруг себя своих бхаттов и вместо того, чтобы ожидать нападения, выступил ему навстречу; он перебил многих вождей, сжег пограничные города и вернул Пугал, заставив раторских вождей Бармера и Котры возобновить обязательства верности и службы.
У Амры было восемь сыновей, и ему наследовал Джасвант, старший, в 1758 г. с. (1702 г. н. э.), чья дочь была выдана замуж за наследника престола Мевара.
Здесь заканчивается хроника, кратким изложением которой является вышесказанное: заключительная часть анналов взята из рукописи, предоставленной живым летописцем и исправленной по другим сведениям. Это лишь печальная летопись анархии и преступлений.
Вскоре после смерти равала Амры Пугал, Бармер, Пхалоди и различные другие города и территории в Джайсалмере были отобраны у этого государства раторами. [7]
Территория, примыкающая к Гаре, была захвачена Дауд Ханом, афганским вождем из Шикарпура, и она стала ядром государства, названного по его имени — Даудпутра. [8]
Равал Джасвант Сингх, 1702–22 гг. н. э. —Jaswant Singh succeeded. He had five sons, Jagat Singh, who committed suicide, Isari Singh, Tej Singh, Sardar Singh, and Sultan Singh. Jagat Singh had three sons, Akhai Singh, Budh Singh, and Zorawar Singh.
Равал Акхай Сингх, 1722–62 гг. н. э. —Akhai Singh succeeded. Budh Singh died of the smallpox; Tej Singh, uncle to the Rawal, usurped the government, and the princes fled to Delhi to save their lives. At this period, their grand-uncle, Hari Singh (brother of Rawal Jaswant), was serving the king, and he returned in order to displace the usurper. It is customary for the [264] prince of Jaisalmer to go annually in state to the lake Gharsisar, to perform the ceremony of Las, or clearing away the accumulation of mud and sand.[9] The Raja first takes out a handful, when rich and poor follow his example. Hari Singh chose the time when this ceremony was in progress to attack the usurper. The attempt did not altogether succeed; but Tej Singh was so severely wounded that he died, and was succeeded by his son,
Саваи Сингх, трехлетний ребенок. Акхай Сингх собрал бхаттов со всех сторон, штурмовал замок, предал ребенка смерти и вернул свои права.
Акхай Сингх правил сорок лет. В течение этого правления Бахавал Хан, сын Дауд Хана, захватил Деравар и весь тракт Кхадал, первое завоевание бхаттов, и присоединил его к своему новому государству Бахавалпур, или Даудпутра.
Равал Мулрадж, 1762–1820 гг. н. э. Заговор против Мулраджа. —Mulraj succeeded in S. 1818 (A.D. 1762). He had three sons, Rae Singh, Jeth Singh, and Man Singh. The unhappy choice of a minister by Mulraj completed the demoralization of the Bhatti principality. This minister was named Sarup Singh, a Bania of the Jain faith and Mehta family, destined to be the exterminators of the laws and fortunes of the ‘sons of Jaisal.’ The cause of hatred and revenge of this son of commerce to the Bhatti aristocracy arose out of a disgraceful dispute regarding a Bakhtan, a fair frail one, a favourite of the Mehta, but who preferred the Rajput, Sardar Singh, of the tribe of Aef.[10] The Bhatti chief carried his complaint of the minister to the heir-apparent, Rae Singh, who had also cause of grievance in the reduction of his income. It was suggested to the prince to put this presumptuous minister to death; this was effected by the prince’s own hand, in his father’s presence; and as the Mehta, in falling, clung to Mulraj for protection, it was proposed to take off Mulraj at the same time. The proposition, however, was rejected with horror by the prince, whose vengeance was satisfied. The Rawal was allowed to escape to the female apartments; but the chieftains, well knowing they could not expect pardon from the Rawal, insisted on investing Rae Singh, and if he refused, on placing his brother on the gaddi. The an of Rae Singh was proclaimed; but no entreaty or threat would induce him to listen to the proposal of occupying the throne; in lieu of which he used a pallet (khat). Three months and five days had passed since the deposal and bondage of Mulraj, when a female resolved to emancipate him: this female was the wife of the chief conspirator, and confidential adviser of the regent prince. This noble dame, a Rathor Rajputni, of the Malecha clan, was the wife of Anup Singh of Jinjiniali, the premier noble of Jaisalmer, and who, wearied with the tyranny of the minister and the weakness of his [265] prince, had proposed the death of the one and the deposal of the other. We are not made acquainted with any reason, save that of Swamidharma, or ‘fealty,’ which prompted the Rathorni to rescue her prince even at the risk of her husband’s life; but her appeal to her son Zorawar, to perform his duty, is preserved, and we give it verbatim: “Should your father oppose you, sacrifice him to your duty, and I will mount the pyre with his corpse.” The son yielded obedience to the injunction of his magnanimous parent, who had sufficient influence to gain over Arjun, the brother of her husband, as well as Megh Singh, chief of Baru. The three chieftains forced an entrance into the prison where their prince was confined, who refused to be released from his manacles, until he was told that the Mahechi had promoted the plot for his liberty. The sound of the grand nakkara, proclaiming Mulraj’s repossession of the gaddi, awoke his son from sleep; and on the herald depositing at the side of his pallet the sable saropa,[11] and all the insignia of exile—the black steed and black vestments—the prince, obeying the command of the emancipated Rawal, clad himself therein, and accompanied by his party, bade adieu to Jaisalmer and took the road to Kotra. When he arrived at this town, on the southern frontier of the State, the chiefs proposed to “run the country”; but he replied, “the country was his mother, and every Rajput his foe who injured it.” He repaired to Jodhpur, but the chieftains abided about Sheo Kotra and Barmer, and during the twelve years they remained outlaws, plundered even to the gates of Jaisalmer. In the first three years they devastated the country, their castles were dismantled, the wells therein filled up, and their estates sequestrated. At the end of the twelve, having made the talak, or oath against further plunder, their estates were restored, and they were readmitted into their country.
Изгнанный князь провел два с половиной года у раджа Биджай Сингха, который обращался с ним как с сыном. Но он привез свое высокомерное поведение и в Джодхпур; ибо однажды, когда он отправлялся на охоту, бания, которому он задолжал, схватил его коня за уздечку и, призвывая ан Биджай Сингха, потребовал уплаты своего долга. Князь, в свою очередь, потребовал от него со словами: «Именем Мулраджа!» — отпустить хватку. Но богач, проигнорировав призыв, дерзко ответил: «Что мне Мулрадж?» Это было последнее слово, которое он произнес; меч Рае Сингха был обнажен, и голова бании покатилась по земле; затем, повернув коня [266] лицом к Джайсалмеру, он воскликнул: «Лучше сразу стать рабом, чем жить чужим подаянием». Его неожиданное появление у стен родного города вывело на улицу все население, чтобы посмотреть на него. Его отец, равал, прислал узнать, что стало причиной его появления, и он ответил, что это лишь подготовка к паломничеству. Ему было отказано в доходе; его сторонников разоружили, и его отправили жить в крепость Дева вместе с его сыновьями Абхай Сингхом и Дхонкалом Сингхом и их семьями.
Салим Сингх, премьер-министр. —Salim Singh, who succeeded his father as prime minister of Jaisalmer, was but eleven years of age at the time of his murder. His young mind appears, even at that early age, to have been a hotbed for revenge; and the seeds which were sown soon quickened into a luxuriance rarely equalled even in those regions, where human life is held in little estimation. Without any of that daring valour which distinguishes the Rajput, he overcame, throughout a long course of years, all who opposed him, uniting the subtlety of the serpent to the ferocity of the tiger. In person he was effeminate, in speech bland; pliant and courteous in demeanour; promising, without hesitation, and with all the semblance of sincerity, what he never had the most remote intention to fulfil. Salim, or, as he was generally designated by his tribe, the Mehta, was a signal instance of a fact of which these annals exhibit too many examples, namely, the inadequacy of religious professions, though of a severe character, as a restraint on moral conduct; for though the tenets of his faith (the Jain) imperatively prescribe the necessity of “hurting no sentient being,” and of sitting in the dark rather than, by luring a moth into the flame of a lamp, incur the penalty attached to the sin of insect-murder, this man has sent more of ‘the sons of Jassa’ to Yamaloka[12] than the sword of their external foes during his long administration. He had scarcely attained man’s estate when the outlawed chiefs were restored to their estates by a singular intervention. Raja Bhim Singh had acceded to the gaddi of Marwar, and the Mehta was chosen by the prince of Jaisalmer, as his representative, to convey his congratulations, and the tika of acknowledgment on his succession, to Raja Bijai Singh. On his return from this mission, he was waylaid and captured by the outlawed chieftains, who instantly passed sentence of death upon the author of their miseries. The sword was uplifted, when, “placing his turban at the feet of Zorawar Singh,” he implored his protection—and he found it! Such is the Rajput—an anomaly amongst his species; his character a compound of the opposite and antagonistical qualities which impel mankind to virtue and to crime. Let me recall to the mind of the reader that the protector of this vampire [267] was the virtuous son of the virtuous Rajputni who, with an elevation of mind equal to whatever is recorded of Greek or Roman heroines, devoted herself, and a husband whom she loved, to the one predominant sentiment of the Rajput, Swamidharma, or ‘fealty to the sovereign.’ Yet had the wily Mehta effected the disgrace of this brave chief, to whom the Rawal owed his release from bondage and restoration to his throne, and forced him to join the outlaws amidst the sand-hills of Barmer. Nothing can paint more strongly the influence of this first of the Bhatti chiefs over his brethren than the act of preserving the life of their mortal foe, thus cast into their hands; for not only did they dissuade him from the act, but prophesied his repentance of such mistaken clemency. Only one condition was stipulated, their restoration to their homes. They were recalled, but not admitted to court: a distinction reserved for Zorawar alone.
Смерть Рае Сингха. —When Rae Singh was incarcerated in Dewa, his eldest son, Abhai Singh, Rajkumar, ‘heir-apparent,’ with the second son, Dhonkal, were left at Barmer, with the outlawed chiefs. The Rawal, having in vain demanded his grandchildren, prepared an army and invested Barmer. It was defended during six months, when a capitulation was acceded to, and the children were given up to Mulraj on the bare pledge of Zorawar Singh, who guaranteed their safety; and they were sent to the castle of Dewa, where their father was confined. Soon after, the castle was fired, and Rae Singh and his wife were consumed in the flames. On escaping this danger, which was made to appear accidental, the young princes were confined in the fortress of Ramgarh, in the most remote corner of the desert, bordering the valley of Sind, for their security and that of the Rawal (according to the Mehta’s account), and to prevent faction from having a nucleus around which to form. But Zorawar, who entertained doubts of the minister’s motives, reminded the Rawal that the proper place for the heir-apparent was the court, and that his honour stood pledged for his safety. This was sufficient for the Mehta, whose mind was instantly intent upon the means to rid himself of so conscientious an adviser. Zorawar had a brother named Ketsi, whose wife, according to the courtesy of Rajwara, had adopted the minister as her brother. Salim sounded his adopted sister as to her wish to see her husband become lord of Jinjiniali. The tempter succeeded: he furnished her with poisoned comfits, which she administered to the gallant Zorawar; and her lord was inducted into the estates of Jinjiniali. Having thus disposed of the soul of the Bhatti nobility, he took off in detail the chiefs of Baru, Dangri, and many others, chiefly by the same means, though some by [268] the dagger. Ketsi, who, whether innocent or a guilty participant in his brother’s death, had benefited thereby, was marked in the long list of proscription of this fiend, who determined to exterminate every Rajput of note. Ketsi knew too much, and those connected with him shared in this dangerous knowledge: wife, brother, son, were therefore destined to fall by the same blow. The immediate cause of enmity was as follows. The minister, who desired to set aside the claims of the children of Rae Singh to the gaddi, and to nominate the youngest son of Mulraj as heir-apparent, was opposed by Ketsi, as it could only be effected by the destruction of the former; and he replied, that “no co-operation of his should sanction the spilling of the blood of any of his master’s family.” Salim treasured up the remembrance of this opposition to his will, though without any immediate sign of displeasure. Soon after, Ketsi and his brother Sarup were returning from a nuptial ceremony at Kanera, in the district of Balotra. On reaching Bhikarai, on the Jaisalmer frontier, where the ministers of the Mehta’s vengeance were posted, the gallant Zorawar and his brother were conducted into the castle, out of which their bodies were brought only to be burnt. Hearing of some intended evil to her lord, Ketsi’s wife, with her infant son, Megha, sought protection in the minister’s own abode, where she had a double claim, as his adopted sister, to sanctuary and protection. For five days, the farce was kept up of sending food for herself and child; but the slave who conveyed it remarking, in coarse, unfeeling language, that both her husband and her brother were with their fathers, she gave a loose to grief and determined on revenge. This being reported to the Mehta, he sent a dagger for her repose.