Сопротивление Биджай Сингха. —During six months he defended himself gallantly in Nagor, against which the desultory Mahrattas, little accustomed to the operations of a siege, made no impression, while they suffered from the sallies of their alert antagonist. Encouraged by their inactivity, the young prince, imbued with all the native valour of his race, and impelled by that decisive energy of mind which characterized his father, determined upon a step which has immortalized his memory. He resolved to cut his way through the enemy, and solicit succours in person. He had a dromedary corps five hundred strong. Placing on these a devoted band of one thousand Rajputs, in the dead of night he passed the Mahratta lines unobserved, and made direct for Bikaner. Twenty-four hours sufficed to seat him on the same gaddi with its prince, and to reveal to him the melancholy fact, that here he had no hopes of succour. Denied by a branch of his own house, he resorted to a daring experiment upon the supporter of his antagonist. The next morning he was on his way, at the head of his dromedary escort, to the capital of the Kachhwahas, Jaipur. The “ships of the desert” soon conveyed him to that city. He halted under the walls, and sent a messenger to say that in person he had come to solicit his assistance.
Исари Сингх, сын и преемник великого Саваи Джай Сингха, не обладал ни талантами своего отца, ни даже твердостью, которая была общим достоянием [756] его рода. Он страшился соперника-ратхора; и трусость, из-за которой он стал убийцей отца, побудила его нарушить священные законы гостеприимства (которые наряду с мужеством составляют добродетель, почти неотделимую от души раджпута) и взять сына в плен. Но этот гнусный замысел был сорван проявлением преданности и решимости, которые послужат тому, чтобы избавить раджпутский характер от мрачных красок, которые верный историк иногда вынужден вносить в картину. Гражданская война есть породительница всякого преступления и разрывает все узы, как моральные, так и политические; не следует также ожидать, что Раджпутана составит исключение из правила, применимого ко всему человечеству при схожих обстоятельствах. Гражданские войны в Англии и Франции во время столкновений Белой и Алой Роз, а также войны Лиги являют взору сцены, которых было бы достаточно, чтобы окрасить в самые темные тона целую династию раджпутов. Пусть подобные деяния будут записаны на сторону добродетели, а преступления на противоположной стороне будут отнесены на счет особенностей их положения.
Преданность мертиев. —The devoted sacrifice of Sher Singh, the chief of the Mertia clan, has already been recorded. When victory declared against the side he espoused, the victorious Bakhta Singh resumed the estates of Rian from his line, and conferred them on a younger branch of the family. Jawan Singh was the name of the individual, and he was now with the chosen band of the son of his benefactor, soliciting succour from the king of the Kachhwahas. He had married the daughter of the chief of Achrol, one of the great vassals of Jaipur, who was deep in the confidence of his sovereign, to whom he imparted his design to seize the person of his guest and suppliant at the interview he had granted. Aware that such a scheme could not be effected without bloodshed, the Achrol chieftain, desirous to save his son-in-law from danger, under an oath of secrecy revealed the plot, in order that he might secure himself. The Jaipur prince came to the ‘Travellers’ hall’ (dharmsala), where the Rathor had alighted; they embraced with cordiality, and seated themselves on the same gaddi together. While compliments were yet passing, the faithful Mertia, who, true to his pledge, had not even hinted to his master the danger that threatened him, placed himself immediately behind the Jaipur prince, sitting, as if accidentally, on the flowing skirt of his robe. The Raja, turning round to the leader of “the first of the swords of Maru,” remarked “Why, Thakur, have you taken a seat in the background to-day?” “The day requires it, Maharaja” [757], was the laconic reply: for the post of the Mertias was the sovereign’s right hand. Turning to his prince, he said, “Arise, depart, or your life or liberty is endangered.” Bijai Singh arose, and his treacherous host made an attempt to follow, but felt his design impeded by the position the loyal chief had taken on his garment, whose drawn dagger was already pointed to his heart, where he threatened to sheathe it if any hindrance was offered to the safe departure of his sovereign, to whom he coolly said, as the prince left the astonished assembly, “Send me word when you are mounted.” The brave Bijai Singh showed himself worthy of his servant, and soon sent to say, “He now only waited for him”: a message, the import of which was not understood by the treacherous Kachhwaha. The leader of the Mertias sheathed his dagger—arose—and coming in front of the Raja, made him a respectful obeisance. The Jaipur prince could not resist the impulse which such devotion was calculated to produce; he arose, returned the salutation, and giving vent to his feelings, observed aloud to his chiefs, “Behold a picture of fidelity! It is in vain to hope for success against such men as these.”
Биджай Сингх возвращается в Нагор. —Foiled in all his endeavours, Bijai Singh had no resource but to regain Nagor, which he effected with the same celerity as he quitted it. Six months more passed away in the attempt to reduce Nagor; but though the siege was fruitless, not so were the efforts of his rival Ram Singh in other quarters, to whom almost all the country had submitted: Marot, Parbatsar, Pali, Sojat had received his flag; and besides the capital and the town he held in person, Jalor, Siwana, and Phalodi were the only places which had not been reduced. In this extremity, Bijai Singh listened to an offer to relieve him from these multiplied difficulties, which, in its consequences, alienated for ever the brightest gem in the crown of Marwar.
Убийство Джай Апы Синдхии, 1759 г. н. э. —A Rajput and an Afghan, both foot-soldiers on a small monthly pay, offered, if their families were provided for, to sacrifice themselves for his safety by the assassination of the Mahratta commander. Assuming the garb of camp-settlers, they approached the headquarters, feigning a violent quarrel. The simple Mahratta chief was performing his ablutions at the door of his tent, and as they approached they became more vociferous, and throwing a bundle of statements of account on the ground, begged he would decide between them. In this manner they came nearer and nearer, and as he listened to their story, one plunged his dagger in his side, exclaiming, “This for Nagor!” and “This for Jodhpur!” said his companion [758], as he repeated the mortal blow. The alarm was given; the Afghan was slain; but the Rajput called out “Thief!” and mingling with the throng, escaped by a drain into the town of Nagor.[24] Though the crime was rewarded, the Rathor refused to see the criminal. The siege continued, but in spite of every precaution, reinforcements both of men and provisions continued to be supplied. It ill suited the restless Mahratta to waste his time in these desert regions, which could be employed so much more profitably on richer lands: a compromise ensued, in which the cause of Ram Singh was abandoned, on stipulating for a fixed triennial tribute, and the surrender of the important fortress and district of Ajmer in full sovereignty to the Mahratta, in mundkati, or compensation for the blood of Jai Apa. The monsoon was then approaching; they broke up, and took possession of this important conquest, which, placed in the very heart of these regions, may be called the key of Rajputana.
Крест святого Георга ныне ревеет над бастионами Аджмера, [25] водруженный — если верить политическим декларациям — отнюдь не с целью завоевания или увеличения доходов Британской Индии, но ради защиты вольностей и законов этих древних княжеств от грабежа и беспорядков. Остается надеяться, что это знамя никогда не будет использовано иначе и что храбрый раджпут никогда не проклянет его.
Отвергнутый Рам Сингх продолжал отстаивать свои права с тем же упорством, с каким он их лишился; ради них он ставил на кон свою жизнь не менее чем в восемнадцати стычках против своего дяди и двоюродного брата. Наконец, после смерти Исари Сингха из Джайпура, лишившись главной опоры, он согласился на марварскую долю соляного озера Самбхар, а Джайпур отказался от другой половины, и он прожил там до самой своей смерти [759].
1. [Acacia catechu.]
2. [Фасоль аконитолистная, Phaseolus aconitifolius.]
3. [См. с. 913 ниже.]
4. Образцы всех их я привез с собой.
5. [Это, по-видимому, всего лишь пример змеепоклонства.]
6. Традиционные строфы бесценны для получения знаний как об отечественной истории, так и о географии:
“Kasyapgarh, Surajpura,
Basakgarh, Tako,
Udhanigarh, Jagrupura,
Jo Phulgarh, i Lakho.”
В этой строфе приведены названия шести древних городов пустыни, принадлежавших Лахе, тако, таку или такшаку, то есть представителю расы, образно именуемой «змеем». [Много рассказывают о Лахе Пхулани, который, по одной из версий, был рао Катча и погиб в бою в Катхиаваре (BG, v. 133, viii. 111 note). Другие отождествляют его с Лахой, сыном Пхулады, который победил чалуккского короля Мулараджу в одиннадцатом веке (ibid. i. Part i. 160). По другой версии, он был тезкой великого Сиддхараджи (Tod, WI, 179). Он упоминается дважды позднее. Вероятно, он был могущественным царем пустыни, вокруг которого собралось много легенд.]
7. [Кальхоры, тесно связанные с даудпутрами, пришли к власти в долине Нижнего Инда в конце XVII века н. э. Они возводят свое происхождение к Аббасу, дяде Пророка. Они были изгнаны Фатех Али из Талпура, и последний из кальхоров бежал в Джодхпур, где его потомки ныне занимают видное положение (IGI, xxii. 397 ff.).]
8. Мистер Стоукс из Королевского Азиатского общества определяет его как стеатит.
9. У рао Дуды было три сына, помимо Малдео, а именно: во-первых, Раемалл; во-вторых, Бирсингх, основавший Амцжеру в Малве, которой до сих пор владеют его потомки; в-третьих, Ратан Сингх, отец Миры Баи, знаменитой жены Кумбхи Раны.
10. [См. выше, т. I, с. 382.]
11. См. т. I, с. 567.
12. [См. выше, т. I, с. 467.]
13. Барды добавляют к именам эпитеты ради рифмы: Аджит означает «непобедимый»; Аджмал — сокращение от Аджаямал, «непобедимое богатство».
14. [Пандит мајора Луарда приводит слово в третьей строке как сихара или сихра, вуаль, которую носит жених, чтобы отвести дурной глаз.]
15. Этот ответ отсылает к обычаю, аналогичному скифской инвеституре путем подношения «воды и почвы». [Колы и другие лесные племена передают горсть земли покупателю земельного участка (Macpherson, Memorials of Service, 64).]
16. Сугун ферна означает отведение дурного знамения.
17. [Автор, цитируемый Комптоном (Military Adventurers, 61), упоминает «серд копперах валлас» (zard kaprawāla — «те, кто носит желтые свадебные одежды») в качестве отряда смертников в битве.]
18. [Пандит мајора Луарда читает в первой строке бхалбхала — «блеск», а в третьей — кхарохо — «скакавший галопом».]
19. [Шейное украшение.]
20. [Исари Сингх, махараджа Джайпура, 1742–1760 гг. н. э.]
21. [Наваб Мубаризу-ль-мульк, губернатор Гуджарата при Мухаммаде Шахе, с какового поста он был смещен за то, что согласился выплачивать дань (чаутх) маратхам. Он отказался оставить свой пост и впал в немилость. Впоследствии он был губернатором Аллахабада и умер в 1745 г. н. э. (Beale, Dict. Oriental Biog. s.v.; BG, i. Part i. 304 ff.).]
22. Или Рахин на карте, на дороге из Мерты в Джахил.
23. [Монеты, отчеканенные в царствование Биджай Сингха (1753–1793 гг. н. э.) (Webb, Currencies of the Hindu States of Rājputāna, 40).]
24. [Согласно Грант Даффу (Hist. Mahrattas, 310), Биджай Сингх, последовав позорному примеру своего отца в отношении Пиладжи Гаеквара, нанял двух лиц, которые под обещание пожалования свободной от арендной платы земли (джагира) явились к Джай Апе в качестве аккредитованных посланников и убили его. Хари Чаран Дас (Elliot-Dowson viii. 210) утверждает, что раджпутский лидер предупредил Джай Апу, чтобы тот покинул Марвар. Джай Апа оскорбил его, и раджпут убил его ударом кинжала. Трое из раджпутского отряда были убиты, а трое, несмотря на ранения, спаслись.]
25. [Передан британцам Даулатом Рао Синдхией по договору от 25 июня 1818 года и занят агентом миссис Уилдер 28 июля того же года.]
ГЛАВА 29
Махададжи Синдхия, 1759–1794 гг. н. э. Битва при Лальсоте, 1787 г. н. э. —Mahadaji Sindhia succeeded to the command of the horde led by his relation, Jai Apa. He had the genius to discover that his southron horse would never compete with the Rajputs, and he set about improving that arm to which the Mahrattas finally owed success. This sagacious chief soon perceived that the political position of the great States of Rajasthan was most favourable to his views of establishing his power in this quarter. They were not only at variance with each other, but, as it has already appeared, were individually distracted with civil dissensions. The interference of the Rana of Udaipur had obtained for his nephew, Madho Singh, the gaddi of Jaipur; but this advantage was gained only through the introduction of the Mahrattas, and the establishment of a tribute, as in Marwar. This brave people felt the irksomeness of their chains, and wished to shake them off. Madho Singh’s reign was short; he was succeeded by Partap, who determined to free himself from this badge of dependence.[1] Accordingly, when Mahadaji Sindhia invaded his country, at the head of a powerful army, he called on the Rathors for aid. The cause was their own; and they jointly determined to redeem what had been lost. As the bard of the Rathors observes, they [760] forgot all their just grounds of offence[2] against the Jaipur court, and sent the flower of their chivalry under the chieftain of Rian, whose fidelity has been so recently recorded. At Tonga (the battle is also termed that of Lalsot), the rival armies encountered. The celebrated Mogul chiefs, Ismail Beg and Hamdani, added their forces to those of the combined Rajputs, and gained an entire victory, in which the Rathors had their full share of glory. The noble chief of Rian formed his Rathor horse into a dense mass, with which he charged and overwhelmed the flower of Sindhia’s army, composed of the regulars under the celebrated De Boigne.[3] Sindhia was driven from the field, and retired to Mathura; for years he did not recover the severity of this day. The Rathors sent a force under the Dhaibhai, which redeemed Ajmer, and annulled their tributary engagement.
Битва при Патане, 20 июня 1790 г. —The genius of General Comte de Boigne ably seconded the energetic Sindhia. A regular force was equipped, far superior to any hitherto known, and was led into Rajputana to redeem the disgrace of Tonga. The warlike Rathors determined not to await the attack within their own limits, but marched their whole force to the northern frontier of Jaipur, and formed a junction with the Kachhwahas at the town of Patan (Tuarvati).[4] The words of the war-song, which the inspiring bards repeated as they advanced, are still current in Marwar; but an unlucky stanza, which a juvenile Charan had composed after the battle of Tonga, had completely alienated the Kachhwahas from their supporters, to whom they could not but acknowledge their inferiority:
Ūdhalti Amber né rākhi Rāthorān.
“The Rathors guarded the petticoats of Amber.”[5]
Эта строфа сохранилась в памяти со времен битвы при Патане; и если общее [761] утверждение может служить доказательством, именно она стала причиной ее проигрыша, а вместе с ней — и утраты раджпутской независимости. Национальная гордость была уязвлена: между маратхами и джайпурцами было заключено тайное соглашение, согласно которому последним, при условии соблюдения нейтралитета во время боя, гарантировалась защита их страны от опустошения. Как водится, ратхоры пошли в атаку на самые жерла пушек де Боня, сметая все на своем пути: но не получая никакой поддержки, они были разорваны на куски градом картечи и вынуждены оставить поле боя. Тогда, как повествуют хроники, храбрый ратхор показал разницу между сражением на парбхуме, или «чужой земле», и на собственной родной почве. Утверждают даже, что в этот злополучный день женщины отнимали у них коней; до такой степени предательское поведение их союзников сломило их дух. Джайпурцы дорого заплатили за свою месть и за двустишие, запечатлевшее ее:
Ghoro, joro, pagri,
Mūcham Khag Mārwār,
Pānch rakam mel līdha
Pātan men Rāthor.[6]
Verbatim:
“Horse, shoes, turban,
Mustachio, sword [of] Marwar,
Five things surrendered were
At Patan by the Rathor.”
Обе эти «ругательные строчки» до сих пор служат предметом насмешек для обеих народностей: посредством столь низких происков рушатся троны и героика обращается в ничто!
Когда роковой исход битвы при Патане был возвещен радже Биджай Сингху, он созвал совет всех своих нобилей, в котором приняли участие независимые ветви его рода — раджи Биканера, Кишангдхарта и Рупнагарха, ибо дело касалось всех. Раджа высказал свое мнение о том, что лучше выполнить условия прежнего договора, заключенного после убийства Джай Апы, признать отмененную дань и вернуть Аджмер, который они отвоевали внезапным ударом (coup de main). Его доблестные вожди выступили против этого унизительного предложения и единогласно рекомендовали вновь испытать удару судьбы на войне, прежде чем подписывать свою капитуляцию. Их решение возымело действие на правителя, который разослал призыв каждому ратхору в своих владениях собраться под знаменем раджи, вновь водруженным на обагренных кровью равнинах Мерты. Была сформирована прекрасная армия; не нашлось ни одного ратхора, способного держать меча, кто не принес бы его для службы делу своего отечества; и ровно тридцать тысяч человек собрались 10 сентября 1790 года, преисполненные решимости стереть воспоминания о Патане [762].
Битва при Мерте, сентябрь 1790 г. н. э. —There was one miscreant of Rathor race, who aided on this occasion to rivet his country’s chains, and his name shall be held up to execration—Bahadur Singh, the chief of Kishangarh. This traitor to his suzerain and race held, jointly with his brother of Rupnagarh, a domain of two hundred and ten townships: not a fief emanating from Marwar, but all by grant from the kings; still they received the tika, and acknowledged the supremacy of the head of Jodhpur. The brothers had quarrelled; Bahadur despoiled his brother of his share, and being deaf to all offers of mediation, Bijai Singh marched and re-inducted the oppressed chief into his capital, Rupnagarh. The fatal day of Patan occurred immediately after; and Bahadur, burning with revenge, repaired to De Boigne, and conducted him against his native land. Rupnagarh, it may be supposed, was his first object, and it will afford a good proof of the efficiency of the artillery of De Boigne, that he reduced it in twenty-four hours. Thence he proceeded to Ajmer, which he invested: and here the proposal was made by the Raja for its surrender, and for the fulfilment of the former treaty. Mahadaji in person remained at Ajmer, while his army, led by Lakwa, Jiwa-dada, Sudasheo Bhao, and other Mahratta leaders of horse, with the brigades of De Boigne and eighty pieces of cannon, advanced against the Rathors. The Mahrattas, preceding by one day’s march the regulars under De Boigne, encamped at Natria. The Rathor army was drawn out on the plains of Merta, one flank resting on the village of Dangiwas. Five miles separated the Rathors from the Mahrattas; De Boigne was yet in the rear, his guns being deep sunk in the sandy bed of the Luni. Here a golden opportunity was lost, which could never be regained, of deciding ‘horse to horse’ the claims of supremacy; but the evil genius of the Rathor again intervened: and as he was the victim at Patan to the jealousy of the Kachhwaha, so here he became the martyr to a meaner cause, the household jealousies of the civil ministers of his prince. It is customary in all the Rajput States, when the sovereign does not command in person, to send one of the civil ministers as his representative. Him the feudal chiefs will obey, but not one of their own body, at least without some hazard of dissension. Khub Chand Singwi, the first minister, was present with the Raja at the capital: Gangaram Bhandari and Bhimraj Singwi were with the army. Eager to efface the disgrace of Patan, the two great Rathor leaders, Sheo Singh of Awa, and Mahidas of Asop, who had sworn to free their country or die in the [763] attempt, demanded a general movement against the Mahrattas. This gallant impatience was seconded by all the other nobles, as well as by a successful attack on the foragers of the enemy, in which the Mahrattas lost all their cattle. But it was in vain they urged the raging ardour of their clans, the policy of taking advantage of it, and the absence of De Boigne, owing to whose admirable corps and well-appointed park the day at Patan was lost; Bhimraj silenced their clamour for the combat by producing a paper from the minister Khub Chand commanding them on their allegiance not to engage until the junction of Ismail Beg, already at Nagor. They fatally yielded obedience. De Boigne extricated his guns from the sands of Alniawas, and joined the main body. That night the Bikaner contingent, perceiving the state of things, and desirous to husband their resources to defend their own altars, withdrew. About an hour before day-break, De Boigne led his brigade to the attack, and completely surprised the unguarded Rajputs.[7] They were awoke by showers of grape-shot, which soon broke their position: all was confusion; the resistance was feeble. It was the camp of the irregular infantry and guns which broke, and endeavoured to gain Merta; and the civil commanders took to flight. The alarm reached the more distant quarters of the brothers-in-arms, the chiefs of Awa and Asop. The latter was famed for the immense quantity of opium he consumed; and with difficulty could his companion awake him, with the appalling tidings, “The camp has fled, and we are left alone!” “Well, brother, let us to horse.” Soon the gallant band of both was ready, and twenty-two chiefs of note drank opium together for the last time. They were joined by the leaders of other clans; and first and foremost the brave Mertias of Rian, of Alniawas, Irwa, Chanod, Govindgarh; in all four thousand Rathors. When mounted and formed in one dense mass, the Awa chieftain shortly addressed them: “Where can we fly, brothers? But can there be a Rathor who has ties stronger than shame (laj)? If any one exist who prefers his wife and children to honour, let him retire.” Deep silence was the only reply to this heroic appeal; and as the hand of each warrior was raised to his forehead, the Awa chief gave the word “Forward!” They soon came up with De Boigne’s brigade, well posted, and defended by eighty pieces of cannon. “Remember Patan!” was the cry, as, regardless of showers of grape, this heroic band charged up to the cannon’s mouth, driving everything before them, cutting [764] down the line which defended the guns, and passing on to assault the Mahrattas, who were flying in all directions to avoid their impetuous valour. Had there been a reserve at this moment, the day of Merta would have surpassed that of Tonga. But here the skill of De Boigne, and the discipline of his troops, were an overmatch for valour unsustained by discipline and discretion. The Rathor band had no infantry to secure their victory; the guns were wheeled round, the line was re-formed, and ready to receive them on their return. Fresh showers of shot and grape met their thinned ranks; scarcely one of the four thousand left the field. The chiefs of Asop, Irwa, Chanod, Govindgarh, Alniawas, Morira, and others of lesser note, were among the slain; and upon the heaps of wounded, surrounded by his gallant clan, lay the chief of Awa, pierced with seven-and-twenty wounds. He had lain insensible twenty-four hours, when an old servant, during the night, searched for and found him on the field. A heavy shower had fallen, which increased the miseries of the wounded. Blind and faint, the Thakur was dragged out from the bodies of the slain. A little opiate revived him; and they were carrying him off, when they were encountered by Lakwa’s harkaras in search of chiefs of note; the wounded Thakur was conveyed to the headquarters at Merta. Lakwa sent a surgeon to sew up his wounds; but he disdained the courtesy, and refused all aid, until the meanest of his wounded vassals was attended to. This brave man, when sufficiently recovered, refused all solicitation from his sympathizing foes that the usual rejoicing might be permitted, and that he would shave and perform the ablutions after sickness, till he could see his sovereign. The Raja advanced from his capital to meet him, and lavished encomiums on his conduct. He now took the bath, preparatory to putting on the honorary dress; but in bathing his wounds opened afresh, and he expired.