Aristotle opens his treatise on ethics by establishing that every human action aims at some good, with the ultimate good being happiness. Unlike mere pleasure or wealth, happiness consists in the active exercise of the soul's faculties in accordance with virtue over a complete life. Virtue itself is defined not as a passive state, but as a deliberate disposition to choose the mean between the extremes of excess and defect, such as courage between rashness and cowardice. The text provides detailed examinations of specific moral virtues, including liberality, magnificence, greatness of mind, and meekness, illustrating how each navigates social and personal situations.
A significant portion of the work is dedicated to justice, dividing it into distributive and corrective forms, and emphasizing its role as the bond of the social community. The inquiry then shifts to intellectual virtues, distinguishing between scientific knowledge, art, practical wisdom, and intuitive reason. Practical wisdom is highlighted as essential for moral action, guiding individuals to discern the right course in ever-changing circumstances. Finally, Aristotle evaluates pleasure and concludes that the highest form of happiness is found in the contemplative life of the philosopher, engaging in continuous intellectual activity. Throughout the treatise, the argument bridges individual morality with political science, asserting that the state exists to foster good character and enable human flourishing.
