Most advantageous construction of manufactories for the health of the workpeople 240
The employers’ influence on the health of workpeople:— 245
By modes of payment which do not lead to temptations to intemperance 245
By the promotion of personal cleanliness 253
By the ventilation of the places of work and the prevention of noxious fumes, dust, &c. 256
By promoting respectability in dress 261
Employers’ or owners’ influence in the improvement of habitations and sanitary arrangements for the protection of the labouring classes in the rural districts 261
Instances of, in the Bedford Union, 262; Stafford Union, 263, in Norfolk and Suffolk, 264; at Harlaxton, Lincolnshire, 266; at the Earl of Rosebery’s estate, Scotland, 266; at Closeburn, Dumfries, 266; Turton and Bollington, Lancashire, 267; Birmingham 267
Instances of the influence of the materials used in building upon the health of the inmates in Cheshire, Lancashire, Buckingham and Berkshire 267
Instances of efficient improvements in the detail of labourers’ dwellings in Scotland 270
Improvements proposed for the construction of the dwellings of the lower classes in towns 272
Effects of public walks and gardens on the health and morals of the lower classes of the population 275
VII. Recognised principles of legislation and state of the existing law for the protection of the public health:— 279
Necessity of legislative interference for the protection of the health of the population 279
Spread of old evils in unprotected new districts by inefficient legislation 280
Dangers of increased charges for inefficient sanitary measures shifting without improving the population 282
Expulsion of labourers from old tenements without providing appropriate new ones, not invariably beneficial 286
Advantages in the regulation of the sites of dwellings 287
General state of the law for the protection of the public health:— 288
Medical police in Germany 288
Existing laws for the protection of the public health in England 289
Early state of the law for the protection of the public health 291
State of the special authorities for reclaiming the execution of the laws for the protection of the public health:— 296
General desuetude of the laws for the protection of the public health 296
State of the administration of the laws for the protection of the public health, by court leets and local trusts 299
State of the local executive authorities for the erection and maintenance of drains and other works for the protection of the public health:— 302
State of the obstructions to land drainage and works of private profit redounding to the public health 302
Injuries to private property as well as to the public health, occasioned by defective administration 305
Continuance of the causes of disease in the face of representations of their effects on the population 307
Areas of jurisdiction for drainage inconsistent with efficient operations 309
Prevalent misconceptions as to the objects and state of management of existing sewerage 311
Objections made to the existing local administration of the sewers’ rate 315
Securities requisite to obviate opposition to new expenditure for sewerage 316
Necessity of the subordinate drainage of private tenements being comprehended as part of one system 319
Disturbing local interests opposed to efficient management of expenditure in new districts 322
Obstacles arising from defective local arrangements for efficient expenditure in local public works 323
Inconveniences of legislation on details, and the want of scientific and trustworthy direction 328
High rates of charges, by fees, for superintendence of imperfect structural arrangements 329
Extent of waste in expenditure on local public works, and on separate collections 333
Public facilities for private land drainage afforded by consolidation 337
Grounds of unpopularity and distrust of new local expenditure 339
Boards of Health or public officers for the prevention of disease:— 340
Inefficiency of Boards of Health, as ordinarily constituted 340
Failure of Boards of Health in Ireland 342
Importance of the functions of medical officers in connexion with the executive authority 343
Means and economy of skilled services for the prevention of diseases 348
Administrative measures for the prevention of disease amongst the labouring classes 349
Administrative means for promoting the extension of medical science 352
VIII. Common lodging-houses the means of propagating disease and vice:— 356
State of the common lodging-houses in the Barnet union, 357; in Birmingham, 357; in Brighton, 358; in Manchester, 358; in the Stockport union, 360; in the Macclesfield union, 360; in Durham, 361; in the Teesdale union, 361; in the Tynemouth union, 361; in Newcastle-on-Tyne, 362; in Tranent, Haddingtonshire, 362; in Tain, Ross-shire, 362; in the borough of Warwick, 363; in Chelmsford 364
Grounds for subjecting common lodging-houses to the responsibilities of public-houses and beer-shops 364
Practical illustration of the regulations of common lodging-houses 366
IX. Recapitulation of conclusions:— 368
Recapitulation of the chief conclusions deduced on the information obtained in the course of the inquiry 369
Conclusions as to the available means of prevention 370
Grounds for uniformity of legislation 372
APPENDIX.
1. Evidence of Mr. John Roe, civil engineer, on the practical improvement in sewerage and drainage tried in the Holborn and Finsbury divisions of the metropolis 373
2. Evidence of Mr. John Darke, contractor for cleansing, as to the obstacles to cleansing, and the conversion of the refuse of the metropolis to productive uses 379
3. Evidence of Mr. John Treble, contractor for cleansing, as to the obstacles to cleansing, and the conversion of the refuse of the metropolis to productive uses 380
4. Extract from the report of Fourcroy and others, showing the calculation of the extent of pollution of the Seine from the discharge of the refuse of the streets of Paris 381
5. Communication from Captain Vetch, of the Royal Engineers, on the structural arrangements of new buildings, and protection of the public health 382
6. Evidence of Mr. George Gutch, district surveyor, on shifting and building inferior tenements in the suburbs, to avoid the provisions of the Metropolis building Act 394
7. Estimate by Mr. Howell, of the cost of structural arrangements of sewerage, drainage, water-tank, and means of house cleansing for labourers’ tenements in the metropolis 394
8. Description of specification of Mr. Loudon’s agriculturists’ model cottage 395
9. Statement of the requisites of cottage architecture, by Mr. Loudon 396
10. Specification of the cost of erection, weekly rents, interest on the capital invested, and the numbers of the tenements and cottages occupied by the poor and labourers; taken from returns made by the relieving officers of their respective districts in 24 unions in the counties of Chester, Stafford, Derby, and Lancaster 400
11. Tables of the expense of building cottages and repairs, in England and Scotland 401
12. Examination of the Rev. Thomas Whateley, Cookham, Berks, on cottage allotments and the keeping of pigs by cottagers 403
13. Arrangement of public walks in towns: plan of the arboretum at Derby, laid out by Mr. Loudon 405
14. Boards of Health: report on the labours of the “Conseil de Salubrité,” of Paris, from 1829 to 1839, by M. Trebuchet 409
16. Qualifications of officers of public health: statement by M. Duchâtelet 423
17. Instance by MM. Duchâtelet and D’Arcet, of the erroneous medical inferences as to the insalubrity of particular trades 424
18. On the habitations of the lower orders of Paris 426
19. On the habitations and lodgings of the lower orders in Paris 428
20. Extract from the report of the commission appointed by the Central Board of Public Health, to ascertain the condition of the dwellings of the working classes in Brussels, and to suggest means for their improvement 429
21. Principles of sanitary police in Germany: extracts from Professor Mohl 431
22. A report on the statements of Dr. Mauthner, regarding the sanitary condition of the operatives in the new cotton manufactures, Vienna, given at the monthly meeting on the 2nd of November, 1841. By Herr L. M. Von Pacher 432
23. Typhus fever, the vast amount of, produced amongst the poor of Liverpool, from want of ventilation and cleanliness: extract from Dr. Currie’s medical reports 441
24. Extract from Dr. Ferriar’s “Advice to the Labouring Classes in Manchester,” given in 1800 441
25. Principles of jurisprudence and responsibility for accidents: extract from the First Report of the Commissioners of Inquiry into the Labour of Children in Factories 442
26. Extract from the report of Mr. John L. Kennedy, barrister-at-law, to the Commissioners for inquiring into the Labour of Young Persons in Mines and Manufactories 445
27. Tables of Sickness in prisons 449
28. Tables of Sickness in the wynds of Edinburgh 452
29. Suggested form of notification to owners or occupiers, for the distribution of the expense of permanent alterations and the avoidance of overcharges on persons enjoying only portions of the benefit 453
30. Extracts from evidence as to the moral and physical evils that may be created by defective arrangements for hiring and paying workpeople 454
ПЕРЕЧЕНЬ ИЛЛЮСТРАЦИЙ.
Map, exhibiting the track of fever and cholera, and the badly-cleansed portions of the town of Leeds 160
Map, exhibiting the numbers and places of death from epidemic and other diseases affected by locality, in the parish of Bethnal Green, during one year 160
Linear representation of the comparative numbers and progress of deaths from consumption, from epidemics, and other classes of disease, in the metropolis, during the two years ended the 1st of January, 1842 167
Plans and views of habitations for the labouring classes 266
Group of Northumberland cottages, copied from a view given by Dr. Gilly, canon of Durham;—Group of cottages at Harlaxton, erected by Gregory Gregory, Esq.;—Plans and elevations of cottages, erected by the Rev. Benyon de Beauvoir, at Culford, Suffolk;—Plans of labourers’ cottages, erected by the Earl of Leicester, at Holkham; by the Earl of Roseberry in Scotland;—Plan of a new form of labourers’ cottages, erected by Sir Stewart Monteath, at Closeburn;—Plan of labourers’ cottages, erected by Messrs. H. and E. Ashworth, at Turton; by S. Greg, Esq., at Bollington.
Plan, by Mr. Sydney Smirke, of lodging-houses for workmen in towns 274
Section of the chief forms of sewers used in the metropolis 378
Plan of the arrangement of the future increment of towns for the protection of the sanitary condition and convenience of the population, by Captain Vetch, of the Royal Engineers 384
General plan of house and street sewerage, and of the construction of streets favourable to cleansing and dryness, by Captain Vetch 389
Isometrical view of a model agricultural labourer’s cottage, by Mr. Loudon 396
Isometrical view of a mechanic’s model double cottage, by Mr. Loudon 398
Furniture of cottages: plans of construction of beds and windows 399
Plans and elevations of labourers’ cottages erected by the Messrs. H. and E. Ashworth;—Plans and elevations of houses in Birmingham 402
Plan for the arrangement of public walks in restricted space in towns, as shown in the arrangement of the Arboretum, in Derby, by Mr. Loudon 406
ОТЧЕТ О САНИТАРНОМ СОСТОЯНИИ ТРУДЯЩЕГОСЯ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ И О СРЕДСТВАХ ЕГО УЛУЧШЕНИЯ.
London, May, 1842.
Господа, — С тех пор как мое особое внимание было обращено на расследование главных устранимых обстоятельств, влияющих на здоровье беднейших слоев населения, я пользовался каждой возможностью для сбора информации относительно них. В компании с доктором Арноттом я посетил Эдинбург и Глазго и осмотрел те жилища, которые были указаны местными властями как главные очаги болезней. Я также посетил Дамфрис. Осмотр подобных районов в Спиталфилдсе, Манчестере, Лидсе и Маклсфилде, а также расследования, некогда проводившиеся в рамках Комиссии по расследованию законов о бедных, и осмотры состояния жилищ беднейших классов в частях Беркшира, Сассекса и Хартфордшира предоставили мне средства для сравнения. Отказавшись от любых изысканий касательно средств лечения в строгом смысле или терапии болезней после их появления, я направил допросы свидетелей и отчеты медицинских работников главным образом на сбор информации о наилучших доступных средствах предотвращения рассматриваемых зол. На основании документальных свидетельств медицинских работников и допросов свидетелей, подкрепленных личными осмотрами, имею честь доложить следующее:—
Частичные описания условий жизни трудящихся классов в отношении их жилищ и привычек, влияющих на их здоровье, дают лишь слабое представление о тех бедах, которые являются предметом данного исследования. Если приводить лишь отдельные примеры или некие группы частных случаев, может создаться ошибочное впечатление, что они носят сравнительно редкий характер. Однако следующая сводная ведомость, составленная на основе регистрации причин смерти в Англии и Уэльсе, которая является наиболее полной из всех до сих пор полученных, даст достаточно верное представление о масштабах рассматриваемых бедствий, если ее проиллюстрировать свидетельствами очевидцев — медицинских работников, в чьи обязанности входило присутствовать на месте и облегчать их страдания. Таблица включает в себя краткие данные о смертности от основных заболеваний, которые, по мнению медицинских работников, в наибольшей степени зависят от физических условий, в которых находится население, — таких как внешнее и внутреннее состояние их жилищ, дренаж и вентиляция.
Комиссарам по делам бедных.
Deaths in Counties from Diseases governed by Locality.
COUNTIES. Number of Deaths during the Year ended 31st December, 1838 from Proportion of Deaths from the preceding Causes in every 1000 of the Population, 1841. Proportion of Deaths from all Causes of Mortality in every 1000 of the Population, 1841.
1
Epidemic, Endemic, and Contagious Diseases. 2 Diseases of Respiratory Organs 3
Diseases of Brain Nerves and Senses. 4
Diseases of Digestive Organs
Total Deaths from the four preceding Classes of Diseases.
Fever: Typhus, Scarlatina. Small-pox. Measles. Hooping Cough. Consumption. Pneumonia. All other Classes.
England.
Bedford 155 75 40 66 457 97 57 304 131 1382 13 22
Berks 204 288 21 86 739 231 162 467 201 2399 15 25
Bucks 256 85 61 27 575 131 61 348 152 1696 11 19
Cambridge 231 136 57 90 686 156 70 318 189 1933 12 21
Chester 592 279 178 87 1742 366 345 1442 421 5452 14 21
Cornwall 443 135 168 491 1270 342 124 631 228 3832 11 18
Cumberland 165 188 11 83 562 75 142 278 169 1673 9 21
Derby 394 77 79 71 905 200 205 777 268 2976 11 18
Devon 615 460 287 312 1649 564 298 1237 471 5893 11 18
Dorset 137 255 80 58 571 146 106 380 159 1892 11 19
Durham 347 316 139 304 1007 362 207 1138 274 4094 13 21
Essex 417 460 83 163 1250 276 234 782 268 3933 11 19
Gloucester 352 457 440 244 1395 578 476 1142 510 5594 13 20
Hereford 84 83 17 36 333 56 57 238 62 966 8 18
Hertford 160 116 45 48 620 107 90 453 155 1794 11 20
Huntingdon 61 18 1 17 216 45 42 140 72 612 10 18
Kent 955 510 169 214 1701 564 526 1650 651 6940 13 21
Lancaster 2866 1628 898 910 8124 2660 1916 7457 3231 29690 18 25
Leicester 273 98 17 70 941 243 154 668 314 2778 13 21
Lincoln 370 138 29 88 874 248 242 1090 358 3437 9 17
Middlesex 4422 3359 487 1749 6220 3097 2334 6643 2492 30803 20 27
Monmouth 328 321 49 91 481 183 78 550 100 2181 16 24
Norfolk 515 126 63 109 1388 325 281 793 395 3995 10 19
Northamptn 348 148 36 36 762 192 124 503 212 2361 12 21
Northumbd 366 149 46 113 715 287 240 709 388 3013 12 21
Nottingham 222 73 18 80 911 225 201 901 287 2918 12 20
Oxford 222 81 51 59 655 108 152 389 180 1897 12 21
Rutland 11 2 13 64 14 8 56 28 196 9 17
Salop 213 154 112 138 995 242 168 550 284 2856 12 21
Somerset 560 710 401 46 1446 426 373 982 473 5417 12 21
Southamptn 454 164 78 148 1222 338 331 881 372 3988 17 19
Stafford 610 249 182 268 1809 539 419 1251 597 5924 12 18
Suffolk 480 325 53 158 1306 315 184 538 275 3634 12 20
Surrey 1348 814 177 565 2196 978 700 2325 763 9866 11 25
Sussex 391 80 159 88 1047 222 181 863 295 3326 11 18
Warwick 454 415 153 164 1495 678 361 978 638 5336 13 20
Westmoreld 41 40 6 41 248 33 44 154 46 653 12 21
Wilts 246 259 263 140 869 268 212 606 241 3104 12 20
Worcester 381 305 122 258 990 353 235 645 446 3735 16 29
York, E. R. 194 92 167 149 725 194 176 1009 251 2957 13 21
York, N. R. 123 28 69 114 550 102 135 553 1861 9 17
York, W. R. 1298 993 799 507 4253 1202 848 4374 1494 15768 14 21
Wales.
North. 660 575 4 210 1227 102 223 1311 198 4510 13 18
South. 1613 1004 199 398 1834 129 277 1200 380 7034 14 21
Total, 1838 24,577 16,268 6514 9107 59,025 17,999 13,799 49,704 19,306 216,299 14 22
Total, 1839 25,991 9131 10,937 8165 59,559 18,151 12,855 49,215 20,767 214,771 14 21
Масштабы бедствий, являющихся предметом исследования
Для анализа выбрана регистрация причин смерти за 1838 год, так как именно в этот год был подготовлен доклад о санитарном состоянии трудящегося населения в метрополии, который послужил основой для более широкого исследования.
Не существует статистических данных или достаточных сведений для получения статистических данных, показывающих долю смертей от вышеуказанных причин среди населения Шотландии, однако имеются данные, к которым будет сделана отсылка ниже, указывающие на то, что смертность от лихорадки в Глазго, Эдинбурге и Данди выше, чем в самых перенаселенных городах Англии.
Зарегистрированная смертность от всех указанных заболеваний в Англии и Уэльсе за 1838 год составила 282 940 человек, или 18 на тысячу населения. Эти данные по смертности не включают случаи смерти от старости, число которых составило 35 564, а также случаи смерти от насильственных причин, число которых составило 12 055. Число смертей от неустановленных причин составило 11 970. Общее количество смертей за тот год составило 342 529. В следующем году общее число смертей составило 338 979, из которых зарегистрированные случаи смерти от старости составили 35 063, а от насильственных причин — 11 980. Доля смертности для всего населения составила 21 на тысячу.
Оказывается, что лихорадка, опустошив ряды детского населения, с наибольшей силой обрушивается на взрослое население в расцвете сил. Периоды, в которые происходят вспышки других заболеваний — чахотки, оспы и кори, — известны достаточно хорошо. Пропорции, в которых эти заболевания распространялись в различных графствах, заслуживают особого внимания.