«Яды, их эффекты и обнаружение. Руководство для аналитических химиков и экспертов»

Пожалуйста, обратите внимание на примечания корректора в конце этого документа.

ЯДЫ: ИХ ДЕЙСТВИЕ И ОБНАРУЖЕНИЕ.

ТОГО ЖЕ АВТОРА.

Четвертое издание. Готовится к печати.

ПИЩЕВЫЕ ПРОДУКТЫ:

ИХ СОСТАВ И АНАЛИЗ.

С многочисленными таблицами и иллюстрациями.

Общее оглавление.

История фальсификации — Законодательство, прошлое и настоящее — Аппаратура, полезная для аналитика пищевых продуктов — «Зола» — Сахар — Кондитерские изделия — Мед — Патока — Варенье и консервированные фрукты — Крахмалы — Пшеничная мука — Хлеб — Овес — Ячмень — Рожь — Рис — Кукуруза — Просо — Картофель — Горох — Китайский горох — Чечевица — Бобы — Молоко — Сливки — Масло — Сыр — Чай — Кофе — Какао и шоколад — Алкоголь — Бренди — Ром — Виски — Джин — Арак — Ликеры — Пиво — Вино — Уксус — Лимонный и лаймовый сок — Горчица — Перец — Сладкий и горький миндаль — Аннато — Оливковое масло — Вода. Приложение: Текст английского и американского законов о фальсификации.

«Будет использоваться каждым аналитиком». — Ланцет.

«Не имеет себе равных по полноте информации... Поистине "практический" труд для руководства практикующих специалистов». — Санитарное обозрение.

«Прекрасный обзор новейшего состояния знаний... Интересно даже для неспециалистов». — Химические новости.

В большом формате 8vo, в роскошном переплетном коленкоре. 21 шилл.

СУДЕБНАЯ МЕДИЦИНА И ТОКСИКОЛОГИЯ.

Д-ра Дж. Диксона Манна (J. Dixon Mann, M.D., F.R.C.P.), профессора медицинской юриспруденции и токсикологии в Оуэнс-колледже в Манчестере; экзаменатора по судебной медицине в Лондонском университете и в Викторианском университете; врача Солфордской королевской больницы.

Часть I. Судебная медицина. Часть II. Душевная болезнь в судебно-медицинском отношении. Часть III. Токсикология.

«Безусловно, самая надежная, самая научная и самая современная книга по медицинской юриспруденции из всех, что нам известны». — Дублинский медицинский журнал.

«Весьма полезный справочник... Представляет ценность для всех, кто в качестве врачей или юристов участвует в делах, где показания медицинских экспертов составляют часть доказательств». — Юридический журнал.

Лондон: Чарльз Гриффин и Ко, лтд., Эксетер-стрит, Стрэнд.

ЯДЫ: ИХ ДЕЙСТВИЕ И ОБНАРУЖЕНИЕ. РУКОВОДСТВО ДЛЯ АНАЛИТИЧЕСКИХ ХИМИКОВ И ЭКСПЕРТОВ.

С ВВОДНЫМ ОЧЕРКОМ О РАЗВИТИИ СОВРЕМЕННОЙ ТОКСИКОЛОГИИ.

АЛЕКСАНДРА УИНТЕРА БЛАЙТА, члена Королевского колледжа хирургов, члена Института химии, члена Химического общества и т. д., барристера; общественного аналитика графства Девон; медицинского сотрудника по здравоохранению и общественного аналитика Сент-Мэрилебона.

ТРЕТЬЕ ИЗДАНИЕ, ИСПРАВЛЕННОЕ И ДОПОЛНЕННОЕ.

С таблицами и иллюстрациями.

ЛОНДОН: ЧАРЛЬЗ ГРИФФИН И КОМПАНИЯ, ОГРАНИЧЕННАЯ ОТВЕТСТВЕННОСТЬ, ЭКСЕТЕР-СТРИТ, СТРЭНД. 1895.

(Все права защищены.) ИЗДАТЕЛЬСТВО Д. ВАН НОСТРАНД, НЬЮ-ЙОРК.

ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ К ТРЕТЬЕМУ ИЗДАНИЮ.

Настоящее издание, сохраняющее прежний общий план, тем не менее во многом переписано, дополнено и исправлено.

Методы анализа, признанные опытом ошибочными, были исключены и заменены более новыми и точными процессами.

Тесная связь, существование которой между расположением составных частей органической молекулы и физиологическим действием было показано недавними исследованиями, подробно рассмотрена в отдельной главе.

Кадаверные алкалоиды, или птомаины, — вещества, играющие столь большую роль при отравлениях пищей и в проявлениях болезней, — в этом издании рассмотрены столь полно, насколько позволяют рамки книги.

Поэтому автор выражает надежду, что эти разнообразные улучшения, изменения и исправления позволят книге «Яды» сохранить то положение, которое она в течение столь многих лет занимает в уважении токсикологов и медицинской профессии в целом.

The Court House, St. Marylebone, W.

June, 1895.

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ.

PART I.—INTRODUCTORY.

I. THE OLD POISON-LORE.

Section Page

1. The History of the Poison-lehre—The Origin of Arrow-Poison—Greek Myths, 1

2. Knowledge of the Egyptians relative to Poisons—Distillation of Peach-Water, 2

3. Roman and Greek Knowledge of Poison—Sanction of Suicide among the Ancients—The Classification of Poisons adopted by Dioscorides, 2-4

4. Poisoning among Eastern Nations—Slow Poisons, 4, 5

5. Hebrew Knowledge of Poisons, 5

6. The part which Poison has played in History—Statira—Locusta—Britannicus—The Rise of Anatomy—The Death of Alexander the Great—of Pope Alexander VI.—The Commission of Murder given by Charles le Mauvais—Royal Poisoners—Charles IX.—King John—A Female Poisoner boiled alive, 5-9

7. The Seventeenth Century Italian Schools of Criminal Poisoning—The Council of Ten—John of Ragubo—The Professional Poisoner—J. B. Porta’s Treatise on Natural Magic—Toffana and the “Acquetta di Napoli”—Organic Arsenical Compounds—St. Croix and Madame de Brinvilliers—Extraordinary Precautions for the Preservation from Poison of the Infant Son of Henry VIII., 9-13

II. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE MODERN METHODS OF CHEMICALLY DETECTING POISONS.

8. Phases through which the Art of Detecting Poisons has passed, 13

9. Treatise of Barthélémy d’Anglais—Hon. Robert Boyle—Nicolas l’Emery’s Cours de Chimie—Mead’s Mechanical Theory of Poisons—Rise of Modern Chemistry—Scheele’s Discoveries, 13, 14

10. History of Marsh’s Test, 14, 15

11. Orfila and his Traité de Toxicologie—Orfila’s Method of Experiment, 15

12. The Discovery of the Alkaloids—Separation of Narcotine, Morphine, Strychnine, Delphinine, Coniine, Codeine, Atropine, Aconitine, and Hyoscyamine, 15, 16

13. Bibliography of the Chief Works on Toxicology of the Nineteenth Century, 16-19

PART II.

I. DEFINITION OF POISON.

14. The Legal Definition of Poison—English Law as to Poison, 20, 21

15. German Law as to Poisoning—French Law as to Poisoning, 21, 22

16. Scientific Definition of a Poison—The Author’s Definition, 22, 23

II. CLASSIFICATION OF POISONS.

17. Foderé’s, Orfila’s, Casper’s, Taylor’s, and Guy’s Definition of Poisons—Poisons arranged according to their Prominent Effects, 23, 24

18. Kobert’s Classification, 24, 25

19. The Author’s Arrangement, 25-28

III. STATISTICS.

20. Statistics of Poisoning in England and Wales during the Ten Years 1883-92—Various Tables, 28-31

21. German Statistics of Poisoning, 31-33

22. Criminal Poisoning in France, 33, 34

IV. THE CONNECTION BETWEEN TOXIC ACTION AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION.

23. The Influence of Hydroxyl—The Replacement of Hydrogen by a Halogen—Bamberger’s Acylic and Aromatic Bases, 35, 36

24. The Replacement of Hydrogen by Alkyls in Aromatic Bodies, 36-38

25. The Influence of Carbonyl Groups, 39

26. Oscar Loew’s Theory as to the Action of Poisons, 39-41

27. Michet’s Experiments on the relative Toxicity of Metals, 41, 42

V. LIFE TESTS: OR THE IDENTIFICATION OF POISON BY EXPERIMENTS ON ANIMALS.

28. The Action of Poisons on Infusoria, Cephalopoda, Insects, 42-44

29. Effect of Poisons on the Heart of Cold-blooded Animals, 44, 45

30. The Effect of Poisons on the Iris, 45, 46

VI. GENERAL METHOD OF PROCEDURE IN SEARCHING FOR POISON.

31. Concentration in a Vacuum—Drying the Substance—Solvents—Destruction of Organic Matter, 46-50

32. Autenrieth’s General Process—Distillation—Shaking up with Solvents—Isolation of Metals—Investigation of Sulphides Soluble in Ammonium Sulphide—of Sulphides Insoluble in Ammonium Sulphide—Search for Zinc and Chromium—Search for Lead, Silver, and Barium, 50-53

VII. THE SPECTROSCOPE AS AN AID TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF CERTAIN POISONS.

33. The Micro-Spectroscope—Oscar Brasch’s Researches of the Spectra of Colour Reactions—Wave Lengths, 54-56

Examination of Blood or of Blood-Stains.

34. Naked-eye Appearance of Blood-Stains—Dragendorff’s Process for Dissolving Blood, 56, 57

35. Spectroscopic Appearances of Blood—Spectrum of Hydric Sulphide Blood—of Carbon Oxide Hæmoglobin—Methæmoglobin—of Acid Hæmatin—Tests for CO Blood—Piotrowski’s Experiments on CO Blood—Preparation of Hæmatin Crystals—The Guaiacum Test for Blood, 57-62

36. Distinction between the Blood of Animals and Men—The Alkalies in various Species of Blood, 62, 63

PART III.—POISONOUS GASES: CARBON MONOXIDE—CHLORINE—HYDRIC SULPHIDE.

I. CARBON MONOXIDE.

37. Properties of Carbon Monoxide, 64

38. Symptoms—Acute Form—Chronic Form, 64-66

39. Poisonous Action on the Blood—Action on the Nervous System, 66, 67

40. Post-mortem Appearances, 67

41. Mass Poisonings by Carbon Monoxide—The Leeds Case—The Darlaston Cases, 67-70

42. Detection of Carbon Monoxide—The Cuprous Chloride Method—Wanklyn’s Method—Hempel’s Method, 70, 71

II. CHLORINE.

43. Chlorine; its Properties—The Weldon Process of manufacturing “Bleaching Powder,” 71, 72

44. Effects of Chlorine, 72

45. Post-mortem Appearances, 72

46. Detection of Free Chlorine, 72

III. HYDRIC SULPHIDE (SULPHURETTED HYDROGEN).

47. Properties of Hydric Sulphide, 72, 73

48. Effects of breathing Hydric Sulphide—Action on the Blood—The Cleator Moor Case, 73, 74

49. Post-mortem Appearances, 74

50. Detection, 74

PART IV.—ACIDS AND ALKALIES.

Sulphuric Acid—Hydrochloric Acid—Nitric Acid—Acetic Acid—Ammonia—Potash—Soda—Neutral Sodium, Potassium, and Ammonium Salts.

I. SULPHURIC ACID.

51. Varieties and Strength of the Sulphuric Acids of Commerce—Properties of the Acid—Nordhausen Sulphuric Acid, 75, 76

52. Properties of Sulphuric Anhydride, 76

53. Occurrence of Free Sulphuric Acid in Nature, 76

54. Statistics—Comparative Statistics of different Countries, 76, 77

55. Accidental, Suicidal, and Criminal Poisoning—Sulphuric Acid in Clysters and Injections, 77, 78

56. Fatal Dose, 78, 79

57. Local Action of Sulphuric Acid—Effects on Mucous Membrane, on the Skin, on Blood, 79, 80

58. Action of Sulphuric Acid on Earth, Grass, Wood, Paper, Carpet, Clothing, Iron—Caution necessary in judging of Spots—Illustrative Case, 80, 81

59. Symptoms—(1) External Effects—(2) Internal Effects in the Gullet and Stomach—Intercostal Neuralgia, 81-83

60. Treatment of Acute Poisoning by the Mineral Acids, 83

61. Post-mortem Appearances—Rapid and Slow Poisoning—Illustrative Cases, 83-85

62. Pathological Preparations in the different London Hospital Museums, 85, 86

63. Chronic Poisoning, 86

Detection and Estimation of Free Sulphuric Acid.

64. General Method of Separating the Free Mineral Acids—The Quinine Process—The Old Process of Extraction by Alcohol—Hilger’s Test for Mineral Acid, 87, 88

65. The Urine—Excretion of Sulphates in Health and Disease—The Characters of the Urine after taking Sulphuric Acid, 88-90

66. The Blood in Sulphuric Acid Poisoning, 90

67. The Question of the Introduction of Sulphates by the Food—Largest possible Amount of Sulphates introduced by this Means—Sulphur of the Bile—Medicinal Sulphates, 90, 91

II. HYDROCHLORIC ACID.

68. General Properties of Hydrochloric Acid—Discovery—Uses—Tests, 91, 92

69. Statistics, 92, 93

70. Fatal Dose, 93

71. Amount of Free Acid in the Gastric Juice, 93, 94

72. Influence of Hydrochloric Acid on Vegetation—Present Law on the Subject of Acid Emanations from Works—The Resistant Powers of various Plants, 94

73. Action on Cloth and Manufactured Articles, 95

74. Poisonous Effects of Hydrochloric Acid Gas—Eulenberg’s Experiments on Rabbits and Pigeons, 95, 96

75. Effects of the Liquid Acid—Absence of Corrosion of the Skin—Pathological Appearances—Illustrative Cases, 96, 97

76. Post-mortem Appearances—Preparations in the different London Museums, 97, 98

77. (1) Detection of Free Hydrochloric Acid—Günzburg’s Test—A. Villiers’s and M. Favolle’s Test—(2) Quantitative Estimation, Sjokvist’s Method—Braun’s Method, 98-101

78. Method of Investigating Hydrochloric Acid Stains on Cloth, &c., 101, 102

III. NITRIC ACID.

79. Properties of Nitric Acid, 102, 103

80. Use in the Arts, 103

81. Statistics, 103

82. Fatal Dose, 104

83. Action on Vegetation, 104

84. Effects of Nitric Acid Vapour—Experiments of Eulenberg and O. Lassar—Fatal Effect on Man, 104, 105

85. Effects of Liquid Nitric Acid—Suicidal, Homicidal, and Accidental Deaths from the Acid, 105, 106

86. Local Action, 106

87. Symptoms—The Constant Development of Gas—Illustrative Cases, 106, 107

88. Post-mortem Appearances—Preparations in various Anatomical Museums, 107-109

89. Detection and Estimation of Nitric Acid, 109, 110

IV. ACETIC ACID.

90. Symptoms and Detection, 110

V. AMMONIA.

91. Properties of Ammonia, 111

92. Uses—Officinal and other Preparations, 111, 112

93. Statistics of Poisoning by Ammonia, 112

94. Poisoning by Ammonia Vapour, 112

95. Symptoms—Illustrative Case, 112, 113

96. Chronic Effects of the Gas, 113

97. Ammonia in Solution—Action on Plants, 113

98. Action on Human Beings and Animal Life—Local Action on Skin—Action on the Blood—Time of Death, 113-115

99. Post-mortem Appearances, 115

100. Separation of Ammonia—Tests, 115, 116

101. Estimation of Ammonia, 116

VI. CAUSTIC POTASH AND SODA.

102. Properties of Potassium Hydrate, 116, 117

103. Pharmaceutical Preparations, 117

104. Carbonate of Potash, 117

105. Bicarbonate of Potash, 117

106. Caustic Soda—Sodium Hydrate, 117, 118

107. Carbonate of Soda, 118

108. Bicarbonate of Soda, 118

109. Statistics, 118

110. Effects on Animal and Vegetable Life, 118, 119

111. Local Effects, 119

112. Symptoms, 119

113. Post-mortem Appearances, 119-121

114. Chemical Analysis, 121

115. Estimation of the Fixed Alkalies, 121, 122

VII. NEUTRAL SODIUM, POTASSIUM, AND AMMONIUM SALTS.

116. Relative Toxicity of Sodium, Potassium, and Ammonium Salts, 122

117. Sodium Salts, 122

118. Potassium Salts—Potassic Sulphate—Hydropotassic Tartrate—Statistics, 122

119. Action on the Frog’s Heart, 122

120. Action on Warm-Blooded Animals, 122, 123

121. Elimination, 123

122. Nitrate of Potash, 123

123. Statistics, 123

124. Uses in the Arts, 123

125. Action of Nitrates of Sodium and Potassium—Sodic Nitrite, 123, 124

126. Post-mortem Appearances from Poisoning by Potassic Nitrate, 124

127. Potassic Chlorate, 124

128. Uses, 124

129. Poisonous Properties, 124

130. Experiments on Animals, 124, 125

131. Effects on Man—Illustrative Cases of the Poisoning of Children by Potassic Chlorate, 125

132. Effects on Adults—Least Fatal Dose, 126

133. Elimination, 126

134. Essential Action of Potassic Chlorate on the Blood and Tissues, 126

135. Detection and Estimation of Potassic Chlorate, 126, 127

Toxicological Detection of Alkali Salts.

136. Natural occurrence of Potassium and Sodium Salts in the Blood and Tissues—Tests for Potassic and Sodic Salts—Tests for Potassic Nitrate—Tests for Chlorates—Ammonium Salts, 127, 128

PART V.—MORE OR LESS VOLATILE POISONOUS SUBSTANCES CAPABLE OF BEING SEPARATED BY DISTILLATION FROM NEUTRAL OR ACID LIQUIDS.

Hydrocarbons—Camphor—Alcohol—Amyl Nitrite—Ether—Chloroform and other Anæsthetics—Chloral—Carbon Bisulphide—Carbolic Acid—Nitro-Benzene—Prussic Acid—Phosphorus.

I. HYDROCARBONS.

1. Petroleum.

137. Petroleum, 129

138. Cymogene, 129

139. Rhigolene, 129

140. Gasolene, 129

141. Benzoline—Distinction between Petroleum-Naphtha, Shale-Naphtha, and Coal-Tar Naphtha, 129, 130

142. Paraffin Oil, 130

143. Effects of Petroleum—Experiments on Rabbits, &c., 130, 131

144. Poisoning by Petroleum—Illustrative Cases, 131

145. Separation and Tests for Petroleum, 131

2. Coal-Tar Naphtha—Benzene.

146. Composition of Commercial Coal-Tar Naphtha, 131

147. Symptoms observed after Swallowing Coal-Tar Naphtha, 132

148. Effects of the Vapour of Benzene, 132

Detection and Separation of Benzene.

149. Separation of Benzene—(1) Purification; (2) Conversion into Nitro-Benzene; (3) Conversion into Aniline, 132, 133

3. Terpenes—Essential Oils—Oil of Turpentine.

150. Properties of the Terpenes, Cedrenes, and Colophenes, 133

4. Oil of Turpentine—Spirits of Turpentine.

151. Terebenthene—Distinction between French and English Turpentine, 133, 134

152. Effects of the Administration of Turpentine, 134

II. CAMPHOR.

153. Properties of Camphor, 135

154. Pharmaceutical Preparations, 135

155. Symptoms of Poisoning by Camphor, 135

156. Post-mortem Appearances, 136

157. Separation from the Contents of the Stomach, 136

III. ALCOHOLS.

1. Ethylic Alcohol.

158. Chemical Properties of Alcohol—Statistics of Poisoning by Alcohol, 136

159. Criminal or Accidental Alcoholic Poisoning, 137

160. Fatal Dose, 137

161. Symptoms of Acute Poisoning by Alcohol, 137, 138

162. Post-mortem Appearances, 138, 139

163. Excretion of Alcohol, 139, 140

164. Toxicological Detection, 140

2. Amylic Alcohol.

165. Properties of Amylic Alcohol, 140

166. Experiments as to the Effect on Animals of Amylic Alcohol, 140, 141

167. Detection and Estimation of Amylic Alcohol, 141

168. Amyl Nitrite—Properties—Symptoms—Post-mortem Appearances, 141

IV. ETHER.

169. Properties of Ethylic Ether, 141, 142

170. Ether as a Poison, 142

171. Fatal Dose, 142

172. Ether as an Anæsthetic, 142, 143

173. Separation of Ether from Organic Fluids, &c., 143

V. CHLOROFORM.

174. Discovery of Chloroform—Properties, Adulterations, and Methods for Detecting them, 143-145

175. Methods of Manufacturing Chloroform, 145, 146

Poisonous Effects of Chloroform.

1. As a Liquid.

176. Statistics, 146

177. Local Action, 146

178. Action on Blood, Muscle, and Nerve-Tissue, 146

179. General Effects of Liquid Chloroform—Illustrative Cases, 146, 147

180. Fatal Dose, 147

181. Symptoms, 148

182. Post-mortem Appearances, 148

2. The Vapour of Chloroform.

183. Statistics of Deaths through Chloroform—Anæsthesia, 148, 149

184. Suicidal and Criminal Poisoning—Illustrative Cases, 149, 150

185. Physiological Effects, 150

186. Symptoms witnessed in Death from Chloroform Vapour, 150, 151

187. Chronic Chloroform Poisoning—Mental Effects from Use of Chloroform, 151, 152

188. Post-mortem Appearances, 152

189. The Detection and Estimation of Chloroform—Various Tests, 152, 153

190. Quantitative Estimation, 153

VI. OTHER ANÆSTHETICS.

191. Methyl Chloride—Methene Dichloride, &c., 154

192. Pentane, 154

193. Aldehyde, 154

194. Paraldehyde, 154

VII. CHLORAL.

195. Chloral Hydrate; its Composition and Properties, 154, 155

196. Detection, 155

197. Quantitative Estimation of Chloral Hydrate, 155, 156

198. Effects of Chloral Hydrate on Animals—Depression of Temperature—Influence on the Secretion of Milk, &c., 156, 157

199. Action upon the Blood, 157

200. Effects on Man, 157, 158

201. Fatal Dose, 158, 159

202. Symptoms, 159

203. Action of Chloral upon the Brain, 159

204. Treatment of Acute Chloral Poisoning, 160

205. Chronic Poisoning by Chloral Hydrate, 160, 161

206. Manner in which Chloral is Decomposed in, and Excreted from, the Body, 161, 162

207. Separation from Organic Matters—Tests for Chloral, 162, 163

VIII. BISULPHIDE OF CARBON.

208. Properties of Bisulphide of Carbon, 163

209. Poisoning by Bisulphide of Carbon, 163

210. Action on Animals, 163, 164

211. Chronic Poisoning by Bisulphide of Carbon—Effects on the Brain, &c., 164, 165

212. Post-mortem Appearances, 165

213. Separation and Detection of Carbon Bisulphide—Tests, 165

214. Xanthogenic Acid, 165

215. Potassic Xanthogenate, 165

IX. THE TAR ACIDS—PHENOL—CRESOL.

216. Properties and Sources of Carbolic Acid, 165, 166

217. Different Forms of Carbolic Acid—Calvert’s Carbolic Acid Powder—Carbolic Acid Soaps, 166, 167

218. Uses of Carbolic Acid, 167

219. Statistics Relative to Poisoning by Carbolic Acid, 167-169

220. Fatal Dose, 169

221. Effects on Animals—Infusoria—Fish—Frogs, 169, 170

222. Effects on Warm-Blooded Animals, 170

223. Symptoms Produced in Man—External Application—Action on the Skin—Effects of the Vapour—Use of Carbolic Acid Lotions—Injections, &c.—Illustrative Cases, 170-172

224. Internal Administration—Illustrative Cases, 173

225. General Review of the Symptoms induced by Carbolic Acid, 173, 174

226. Changes Produced in the Urine by Carbolic Acid, 174, 175

227. The Action of Carbolic Acid considered Physiologically, 175, 176

228. Forms under which Carbolic Acid is Excreted, 176

229. Post-mortem Appearances, 176, 177

Tests for Carbolic Acid.

230. (1) The Pine-Wood Test—(2) Ammonia and Hypochlorite Test—(3) Ferric Chloride—(4) Bromine, 177, 178

231. Quantitative Estimation of Carbolic Acid, 178, 179

232. Properties of Cresol, and Tests for Distinguishing Cresol and Carbolic Acid, 179

233. Properties of Creasote—Tests, 179, 180

234. Separation of Carbolic Acid from Organic Fluids or Tissues, 180, 181

235. Examination of the Urine for Phenol or Cresol, 181

236. Assay of Disinfectants, Carbolic Acid Powders—E. Waller’s Process—Koppeschaar’s Volumetric Method—Colorimetric Method of Estimation, 181-183

237. Carbolic Acid Powders, 183

238. Carbolic Acid Soaps, 183

X. NITRO-BENZENE.

239. Properties and Varieties, 183, 184

240. Effects of Poisoning by Nitro-Benzene, 184

241. Illustrative Cases of Poisoning by Nitro-Benzene Vapour, 184, 185

242. Effects Produced by taking Liquid Nitro-Benzene, 185, 186

243. Fatal Dose, 186, 187

244. Pathological Appearances, 187

245. The Essential Action of Nitro-Benzene, 187, 188

246. Detection and Separation from the Animal Tissues, 188

XI. DINITRO-BENZOL.

247. Properties of Ortho-, Meta-, and Para-Dinitro-Benzol, 189

248. Effects of Dinitro-Benzol, 189, 190

249. The Blood in Nitro-Benzol Poisoning, 191

250. Detection of Dinitro-Benzol, 192

XII. HYDROCYANIC ACID.

251. Properties of Hydrocyanic Acid, 192

252. Medicinal Preparations of Prussic Acid—Various Strengths of the Commercial Acid, 192, 193

253. Poisoning by Prussic Acid—Uses in the Arts—Distribution in the Vegetable Kingdom, 193-195

254. Composition and Varieties of Amygdalin, 195

255. Statistics of Poisoning by Prussic Acid, 195-197

256. Accidental and Criminal Poisoning, 197, 198

257. Fatal Dose, 198

258. Action of Hydric and Potassic Cyanides on Living Organisms, 198, 199

259. Symptoms observed in Animals, 199, 200

260. Length of Interval between taking the Poison and Death in Animals, 200, 201

261. Symptoms in Man, 201, 202

262. Possible Acts after taking the Poison—Nunneley’s Experiments, 202, 203

263. Chronic Poisoning by Hydric Cyanide, 203

264. Post-mortem Appearances, 203, 204

265. Tests for Hydrocyanic Acid and Cyanide of Potassium—Schönbein’s Test—Kobert’s Test, 204-206

266. Separation of Hydric Cyanide or Potassic Cyanide from Organic Matters—N. Sokoloff’s Experiments, 206-208

267. How long after Death can Hydric or Potassic Cyanide be Detected? 208, 209

268. Estimation of Hydrocyanic Acid or Potassic Cyanide, 209

269. Case of Poisoning by Bitter Almonds, 209, 210

Poisonous Cyanides other than Hydric and Potassic Cyanides.

270. General Action of the Alkaline Cyanides—Experiments with Ammonic Cyanide Vapour, 210

271. The Poisonous Action of several Metallic and Double Cyanides—The Effects of Mercuric and Silver Cyanides; of Potassic and Hydric Sulphocyanides; of Cyanogen Chloride; of Methyl Cyanide, and of Cyanuric Acid, 210, 211

XIII. PHOSPHORUS.

272. Properties of Phosphorus—Solubility—Effects of Heat on Phosphorus, 212, 213

273. Phosphuretted Hydrogen—Phosphine, 213

274. The Medicinal Preparations of Phosphorus, 213

275. Matches and Vermin Paste, 213-215

276. Statistics of Phosphorus Poisoning, 215, 216

277. Fatal Dose, 216

278. Effects of Phosphorus, 217

279. Different Forms of Phosphorus Poisoning, 217, 218

280. Common Form, 218, 219

281. Hæmorrhagic Form, 219

282. Nervous Form, 219

283. Sequelæ, 219, 220

284. Period at which the First Symptoms commence, 220

285. Period of Death, 220

286. Effects of Phosphorus Vapour—Experiments on Rabbits, 220, 221

287. Effects of Chronic Phosphorus Poisoning, 221, 222

288. Changes in the Urinary Secretion, 222

289. Changes in the Blood, 222, 223

290. Antidote—Treatment by Turpentine, 223

291. Poisonous Effects of Phosphine, 223, 224

292. Coefficient of Solubility of Phosphine in Blood compared with Pure Water, 224

293. Post-mortem Appearances—Effects on the Liver, 224-228

294. Pathological Changes in the Kidneys, Lungs, and Nervous System, 228

295. Diagnostic Differences between Acute Yellow Atrophy of the Liver and Fatty Liver produced by Phosphorus, 228, 229

296. Detection of Phosphorus—Mitscherlich’s Process—The Production of Phosphine—Tests Dependent on the Combustion of Phosphine, 229-232

297. The Spectrum of Phosphine—Lipowitz’s Sulphur Test—Scherer’s Test, 232, 233

298. Chemical Examination of the Urine, 233, 234

299. Quantitative Estimation of Phosphorus, 234

300. How long can Phosphorus be recognised after Death? 234, 235

PART VI.—ALKALOIDS AND POISONOUS VEGETABLE PRINCIPLES SEPARATED FOR THE MOST PART BY ALCOHOLIC SOLVENTS.

Division I.—Vegetable Alkaloids.

I. GENERAL METHOD OF TESTING AND EXTRACTING ALKALOIDS.

301. General Tests for Alkaloids, 236

302. Group-Reagents, 236, 237

303. Phosphomolybdic, Silico-Tungstic, and Phospho-Tungstic Acids as Alkaloidal Reagents, 237-239

304. Schulze’s Reagent, 239

305. Dragendorff’s Reagent, 239

306. Colour Tests, 239

307. Stas’s Process, 239

Methods of Separation.

308. Selmi’s Process for Separating Alkaloids, 240, 241

309. Dragendorff’s Process, 241-254

310. Shorter Process for Separating some of the Alkaloids, 254, 255

311. Scheibler’s Process for Alkaloids, 255

312. Grandval and Lajoux’s Method, 255, 256

313. Identification of the Alkaloids, 256

314. Sublimation of the Alkaloids, 256-261

315. Melting-point, 261

316. Identification by Organic Analysis, 261, 262

317. Quantitative Estimation of the Alkaloids—Mayer’s Reagent—Compound of the Alkaloids with Chlorides of Gold and Platinum, 262-264

II. LIQUID VOLATILE ALKALOIDS.

1. The Alkaloids of Hemlock (Conium).

318. Botanical Description of Hemlock, 264

319. Properties of Coniine—Tests, 264-266

320. Other Coniine Bases, 266

321. Pharmaceutical Preparations of Hemlock, 266, 267

322. Statistics of Coniine Poisoning, 267

323. Effects of Coniine on Animals, 267, 268

324. Effects of Coniine on Man, 268

325. Physiological Action of Coniine, 268

326. Post-mortem Appearances—Fatal Dose, 268, 269

327. Separation of Coniine from Organic Matters or Tissues, 269

2. Tobacco—Nicotine.

328. General Composition of Tobacco, 269, 270

329. Quantitative Estimation of Nicotine in Tobacco, 270, 271

330. Nicotine; its Properties and Tests, 271-273

331. Effects of Nicotine on Animals, 273, 274

332. Effects of Nicotine on Man, 274, 275

333. Some Instances of Poisoning by Tobacco and Tobacco Juice, 275-277

334. Physiological Action of Nicotine, 277, 278

335. Fatal Dose, 278

336. Post-mortem Appearances, 278

337. Separation of Nicotine from Organic Matters, &c., 278, 279

3. Piturie.

338. Properties of Piturie, 279

4. Sparteine.

339. Properties of Sparteine, 279, 280

5. Aniline.

340. Properties of Aniline, 280

341. Symptoms and Effects, 280, 281

342. Fatal Dose, 281

343. Detection of Aniline, 281

III. THE OPIUM GROUP OF ALKALOIDS.

344. General Composition of Opium, 281, 282

345. Action of Solvents on Opium, 282, 283

346. The Methods of Teschemacher and Smith, of Dott and others for the Assay of Opium, 283, 284

347. Medicinal and other Preparations of Opium, 284-288

348. Statistics of Opiate Poisoning, 288, 289

349. Poisoning of Children by Opium, 289

350. Doses of Opium and Morphine—Fatal Dose, 289, 290

351. General Method for the Detection of Opium, 290, 291

352. Morphine; its Properties, 291, 292

353. Morphine Salts; their Solubility, 292, 293

354. Constitution of Morphine, 293, 294

355. Tests for Morphine and its Compounds—Production of Morphine Hydriodide—Iodic Acid Test and other Reactions—Transformation of Morphine into Codeine, 294-296

356. Symptoms of Opium and Morphine Poisoning—Action on Animals, 296-298

357. Physiological Action, 298, 299

358. Physiological Action of Morphine Derivatives, 299

359. Action on Man—(a) The Sudden Form; (b) the Convulsive Form; (c) a Remittent Form of Opium Poisoning—Illustrative Cases, 299-303

360. Diagnosis of Opium Poisoning, 303, 304

361. Opium-Eating, 304-306

362. Treatment of Opium or Morphine Poisoning, 306

363. Post-mortem Appearances, 306, 307

364. Separation of Morphine from Animal Tissues and Fluids, 307

365. Extraction of Morphine, 308, 309

366. Narcotine; its Properties and Tests, 309, 310

367. Effects of Narcotine, 310

368. Codeine—Properties of Codeine, 310, 311

369. Effects of Codeine on Animals—Claude Bernard’s Experiments, 311

370. Narceine—Properties of Narceine—Tests, 312, 313

371. Effects of Narceine, 313, 314

372. Papaverine—Properties of Papaverine—Tests, 314

373. Effects of Papaverine, 314

374. Thebaine; its Properties, 314, 315

375. Thebaine; its Effects, 315

376. Cryptopine, 315, 316

377. Rhœadine, 316

378. Pseudomorphine, 316

379. Opianine, 316

380. Apomorphine, 316, 317

381. Reactions of some of the Rarer Opium Alkaloids, 317

382. Tritopine, 317

383. Meconin (Opianyl), 317

384. Meconic Acid—Effects of Meconic Acid—Tests, 318, 319

IV. THE STRYCHNINE OR TETANUS-PRODUCING GROUP OF ALKALOIDS.

1. Nux Vomica Group—Strychnine—Brucine—Igasurine.

385. Nux Vomica—Characteristics of the Entire and of the Powdered Seed, 319

386. Chemical Composition of Nux Vomica, 319

387. Strychnine—Microscopical Appearances—Properties—Medicinal Preparations—Strychnine Salts, 319-322

388. Pharmaceutical and other Preparations of Nux Vomica, with Suggestions for their Valuation—Vermin-Killers, 322-324

389. Statistics, 324-325

390. Fatal Dose—Falck’s Experiments on Animals as to the Least Fatal Dose—Least Fatal Dose for Man, 325-328

391. Action on Animals—Frogs, 328, 329

392. Effects on Man—Symptoms—Distinction between “Disease Tetanus” and “Strychnos Tetanus,” 329-331

393. Diagnosis of Strychnine Poisoning, 331, 332

394. Physiological Action—Richet’s Experiments—The Rise of Temperature—Effect on the Blood-Pressure, 332, 333

395. Post-mortem Appearances, 333

396. Treatment, 333

397. Separation of Strychnine from Organic Matters—Separation from the Urine, Blood, and Tissues, 334-337

398. Identification of the Alkaloid—Colour Tests—Physiological Tests, 337-339

399. Hypaphorine, 339

400. Quantitative Estimation of Strychnine, 339, 340

401. Brucine; its Properties, 340, 341

402. Physiological Action of Brucine—Experiments of Falck, 341, 342

403. Tests for Brucine, 342, 343

404. Igasurine, 344

405. Strychnic Acid, 344

2. The Quebracho Group of Alkaloids.

406. The Alkaloids of Quebracho—Aspidospermine—Quebrachine, 344

3. Pereirine.

407. Pereirine, 344, 345

4. Gelsemine.

408. Properties of Gelsemine, 345

409. Fatal Dose of Gelsemine, 345

410. Effects on Animals—Physiological Action, 345

411. Effects of Gelsemine on Man, 346

412. Extraction from Organic Matters, or the Tissues of the Body, 347

5. Cocaine.

413. Cocaine; its Properties, 47, 348

414. Cocaine Hydrochlorate, 348

415. Pharmaceutical Preparations, 348

416. Separation of Cocaine and Tests, 348, 349

417. Symptoms, 349

418. Post-mortem Appearances, 349, 350

419. Fatal Dose, 350

6. Corydaline.

420. Properties of Corydaline, 350

V. THE ACONITE GROUP OF ALKALOIDS.

421. Varieties of Aconite—Description of the Flower, and of the Seeds, 350, 351

422. Pharmaceutical Preparations of Aconite, 351

423. The Aconite Alkaloids, 351

424. Aconitine, 351, 352

425. Tests for Aconitine, 352

426. Benzoyl-Aconine Properties—Recognition of Benzoic Acid, 353, 354

427. Pyraconitine, 354

428. Pyraconine, 354

429. Aconine, 355

430. Commercial Aconitine—English and German Samples of Aconitine—Lethal Dose of the Alkaloid and of the Pharmaceutical Preparations, 355-358

431. Effects of Aconitine on Animal Life—Insects, Fish, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals, 358-360

432. Statistics, 361

433. Effects on Man, 361

434. Poisoning by the Root (Reg. v. M’Conkey), 361, 362

435. Poisoning by the Alkaloid Aconitine—Three Cases of Poisoning, 363, 364

436. Lamson’s Case, 364, 365

437. Symptoms of Poisoning by the Tincture, &c., 365, 366

438. Physiological Action, 366

439. Post-mortem Appearances, 366, 367

440. Separation of Aconitine from the Contents of the Stomach or the Organs, 367, 368

VI. THE MYDRIATIC GROUP OF ALKALOIDS—ATROPINE—HYOSCYAMINE—SOLANINE—CYTISINE.

1. Atropine.

441. The Atropa belladonna; its Alkaloidal Content, 368, 369

442. The Datura stramonium—Distinction between Datura and Capsicum Seeds, 369, 370

443. Pharmaceutical Preparations—(a) Belladonna; (b) Stramonium, 370, 371

444. Properties of Atropine, 371, 372

445. Tests for Atropine, Chemical and Physiological, 372-374

446. Statistics of Atropine Poisoning, 375

447. Accidental and Criminal Poisoning by Atropine—Use of Dhatoora by the Hindoos, 375, 376

448. Fatal Dose of Atropine, 376, 377

449. Action on Animals, 377

450. Action on Man, 377-380

451. Physiological Action of Atropine, 380

452. Diagnosis of Atropine Poisoning, 380

453. Post-mortem Appearances, 380

454. Treatment of Cases of Poisoning by Atropine, 380, 381

455. Separation of Atropine from Organic Matters, &c., 381

2. Hyoscyamine.

456. Distribution of Hyoscyamine—Properties, 381-383

457. Pharmaceutical and other Preparations of Henbane, 383, 384

458. Dose and Effects, 384

459. Separation of Hyoscyamine from Organic Matters, 385

3. Hyoscine.

460. Hyoscine, 385

4. Solanine.

461. Distribution of Solanine, 385, 386

462. Properties of Solanine, 386

463. Solanidine, 386, 387

464. Poisoning from Solanine, 387

465. Separation from Animal Tissues, 387

5. Cytisine.

466. The Cytisus laburnum, 387

467. Reactions of Cytisine, 388

468. Effects on Animals, 389

469. Effects on Man—Illustrative Cases, 389, 390

VII. THE ALKALOIDS OF THE VERATRUMS.

470. The Alkaloids found in the Veratrum Viride and Veratrum Album—Yield per Kilogram, 390-392

471. Veratrine—Cevadine, 392

472. Jervine, 393

473. Pseudo-jervine, 393

474. Protoveratridine, 393

475. Rubi-jervine, 394

476. Veratralbine, 394

477. Veratroidine, 394

478. Commercial Veratrine, 394, 395

479. Pharmaceutical Preparations, 395

480. Fatal Dose, 395

481. Effects on Animals—Physiological Action, 395, 396

482. Effects on Man—Illustrative Cases, 396

483. Symptoms of Acute and Chronic Poisoning, 396, 397

484. Post-mortem Signs, 397

485. Separation of the Veratrum Alkaloids from Organic Matters, 397

VIII. PHYSOSTIGMINE.

486. The Active Principle of the Calabar Bean, 397, 398

487. Physostigmine or Eserine—Properties, 398, 399

488. Tests, 399

489. Pharmaceutical Preparations, 399, 400

490. Effects on Animals—On Man—The Liverpool Cases of Poisoning, 400

491. Physiological Action, 401

492. Post-mortem Appearances, 401

493. Separation of Physostigmine, 401, 402

494. Fatal Dose of Physostigmine, 402

IX. PILOCARPINE.

495. Alkaloids from the Jaborandi, 402

496. Pilocarpine, 402, 403

497. Tests, 403

498. Effects of Pilocarpine, 403, 404

X. TAXINE.

499. Properties of Taxine, 404

500. Poisoning by the Common Yew, 404

501. Effects on Animals—Physiological Action, 404

502. Effects on Man, 404, 405

503. Post-mortem Appearances, 405

XI. CURARINE.

504. Commercial Curarine—Properties, 405-407

505. Physiological Effects, 407

506. Separation of Curarine, 407, 408

XII. COLCHICINE.

507. Contents of Colchicine in Colchicum Seeds, 408, 409

508. Colchicine—Method of Extraction—Properties, 409

509. Tests, 409, 410

510. Pharmaceutical Preparations, 410

511. Fatal Dose, 410, 411

512. Effects of Colchicine on Animals, 411

513. Effects of Colchicum on Man—Illustrative Cases, 411, 412

514. Symptoms Produced by Colchicum—Post-mortem Appearances, 412, 413

515. Separation of Colchicine from Organic Matters, 413

XIII. MUSCARINE AND THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF CERTAIN FUNGI.

516. Description of the Amanita Muscaria—Use of it by the Natives of Kamschatka, 413, 414

517. Cases of Poisoning by the Fungus itself, 414, 415

518. Muscarine—Its Properties and Effects, 415, 416

519. Antagonistic Action of Atropine and Muscarine, 416

520. Detection of Muscarine, 416, 417

521. The Agaricus Phalloides—Phallin, 417

522. Post-mortem Appearances, 417, 418

523. The Agaricus Pantherinus—The Agaricus Ruber—Ruberine—Agarythrine, 418

524. The Boletus Satanus, or Luridus, 418

525. Occasional Effects of the Common Morelle, 418

Division II.—Glucosides.

I. DIGITALIS GROUP.

526. Description of the Digitalis Purpurea, or Foxglove, 419

527. Active Principles of the Foxglove—The Digitalins, 419

528. Digitalein, 420

529. Digitonin—Digitogenin, 420

530. Digitalin, 420

531. Digitaletin, 420

532. Digitoxin—Toxiresin, 420, 421

533. Digitaleretin—Paradigitaletin, 421

534. Other Active Principles in Digitalis; such as Digitin, Digitalacrin, Digitalein, &c., 421, 422

535. Reactions of the Digitalins, 422

536. Pharmaceutical Preparations of Digitalin, 422

537. Fatal Dose, 422-424

538. Statistics of Poisoning by Digitalis, 424

539. Effects on Man—Illustrative Cases, 424-427

540. Physiological Action of the Digitalins, 427

541. Local Action of the Digitalins, 427, 428

542. Action on the Heart and Circulation, 428, 429

543. Action of the Digitalins on the Muco-Intestinal Tract and other Organs, 429

544. Action of Digitalin on the Common Blow-Fly, 429

545. Action of the Digitalins on the Frog’s Heart, 429, 430

546. Post-mortem Appearances, 430

547. Separation of the Digitalins from Animal Tissues, &c.—Tests, Chemical and Physiological, 431

II. OTHER POISONOUS GLUCOSIDES ACTING ON THE HEART.

1. Crystallisable Glucosides.

548. Antiarin—Chemical Properties, 432

549. Effects of Antiarin, 432

550. Separation of Antiarin, 432

551. The Active Principles of the Hellebores—Helleborin—Helleborein—Helleboretin, 433

552. Symptoms of Poisoning by Hellebore, 433

553. Euonymin, 433

554. Thevetin, 434

2. Substances partly Crystallisable, but which are not Glucosides.

555. Strophantin, 434

556. Apocynin, 434

3. Non-Crystallisable Glucosides almost Insoluble in Water.

557. Scillain, or Scillitin—Adonidin, 434

558. Oleandrin, 435

559. Neriin, or Oleander Digitalin, 435

560. Symptoms of Poisoning by Oleander, 435, 436

561. The Madagascar Ordeal Poison, 436

4. Substances which, with other Toxic Effects, behave like the Digitalins.

562. Erythrophlein, 436

III. SAPONIN—SAPONIN SUBSTANCES.

563. The Varieties of Saponins, 436, 437

564. Properties of Saponin, 437

565. Effects of Saponin, 437, 438

566. Action on Man, 438

567. Separation of Saponin, 438, 439

568. Identification of Saponin, 439

Division III.—Certain Poisonous Anhydrides of Organic Acids.

I. SANTONIN.

569. Properties of Santonin, 439, 440

570. Poisoning by Santonin, 440

571. Fatal Dose, 440

572. Effects on Animals, 440

573. Effects on Man—Yellow Vision, 440, 441

574. Post-mortem Appearances, 441

575. Separation from the Contents of the Stomach, 441, 442

II. MEZEREON.

576. Cases of Poisoning by the Mezereon, 442

Division IV.—Various Vegetable Poisonous Principles—not Admitting of Classification Under the Previous Three Divisions.

I. ERGOT OF RYE.

577. Description of the Ergot Fungus, 442, 443

578. Chemical Constituents of Ergot—Ergotinine—Ecboline—Scleromucin—Sclerotic Acid—Sclererythrin—Scleroidin—Sclerocrystallin—Sphacelic Acid—Cornutin, 443-445

579. Detection of Ergot in Flour, 445

580. Pharmaceutical Preparations, 445

581. Dose, 446

582. Ergotism—Historical Notice of Various Outbreaks, 446, 447

583. Convulsive Form of Ergotism, 447

584. Gangrenous Form of Ergotism—The Wattisham Cases, 447, 448

585. Symptoms of Acute Poisoning by Ergot, 448

586. Physiological Action, as shown by Experiments on Animals, 448-450

587. Separation of the Active Principles of Ergot, 450

II. PICROTOXIN, THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLE OF THE COCCULUS INDICUS.

588. Enumeration of the Active Principles contained in the Menispermum Cocculus, 451

589. Picrotoxin; its Chemical Reactions and Properties, 451, 452

590. Fatal Dose, 452

591. Effects on Animals, 452, 453

592. Effects on Man, 453

593. Physiological Action, 453

594. Separation from Organic Matters, 453, 454

III. THE POISON OF ILLICIUM RELIGIOSUM.

595. Dr. Langaard’s Researches, 454

IV. PICRIC ACID AND PICRATES.

596. Properties of Picric Acid, 454

597. Effects of Picric Acid, 454, 455

598. Tests, 455

V. CICUTOXIN.

599. Description of the Cicuta Virosa, 456

600. Effects on Animals, 456

601. Effects on Man, 456, 457

602. Separation of Cicutoxin from the Body, 457

VI. ÆTHUSA CYNAPIUM (FOOL’S PARSLEY).

603. Dr. Harley’s Experiments, 457

VII. ŒNANTHE CROCATA.

604. The Water Hemlock—Description of the Plant—Cases of Poisoning, 457, 458

605. Effects of the Water Hemlock, as shown by the Plymouth Cases, 458

606. Post-mortem Appearances, 459

VIII. OIL OF SAVIN.

607. Effects and Properties of Savin Oil, 459

608. Post-mortem Appearances, 460

609. Separation and Identification, 460

IX. CROTON OIL.

610. Chemical Properties of Croton Oil, 461

611. Dose—Effects—Illustrative Cases, 461

612. Post-mortem Appearances, 461

613. Chemical Analysis, 462

X. THE TOXALBUMINS OF CASTOR OIL SEEDS AND ABRUS.

614. The Toxalbumin of Castor Oil Seeds, 462

615. Toxalbumin of Abrus, 462, 463

XI. ICTROGEN.

616. Ictrogen, 463

XII. COTTON SEEDS.

617. Cotton Seeds as a Poison, 464

XIII. LATHYRUS SATIVUS.

618. Poisonous Qualities of Vetchlings, 464, 465

XIV. ARUM—LOCUST-TREE—BRYONY—MALE FERN.

619. Arum Maculatum, 465

620. The Black Bryony, 465

621. The Locust Tree, 465

622. Male Fern, 465, 466

PART VII.—POISONS DERIVED FROM LIVING OR DEAD ANIMAL SUBSTANCES.

Division I.—Poisons Secreted by Living Animals.

I. POISONOUS AMPHIBIA.

623. Poisonous Properties of the Skin of the Salamandra Maculosa—Salamandrine, &c., 467

624. Poison from the Toad, 468

II. THE POISON OF THE SCORPION.

625. Various Species of Scorpions—Effects of the Scorpion Poison, 468

III. POISONOUS FISH.

626. Poisonous Fish—Illustrative Cases, 468-470

IV. POISONOUS SPIDERS AND INSECTS.

627. The Bite of the Tarantula—The Bite of the Latrodectus Malmignatus, 470

628. Effects of the Bite of the Katipo, 471

629. Ants, &c., 471

630. The Poison of Wasps, Bees, and Hornets, 471

631. Cantharides, 471

632. Cantharidin, 471, 472

633. Pharmaceutical Preparations of Cantharides, 472

634. Fatal Dose, 472

635. Effects on Animals—Radecki’s Experiments—Effects on Man—Heinrich’s Auto-Experiments, 472, 473

636. General Symptoms Produced by Cantharides, 473, 474

637. Post-mortem Appearances, 474

638. Tests for Cantharidin—Distribution in the Body—Dragendorff’s Process, 475-477

V. SNAKE POISON.

639. Classes of Poisonous Snakes, 477

640. The Poison of the Cobra, 478

641. Fatal Dose of Cobra Poison, 479

642. Effects on Animals, 479

643. Effects on Man, 479, 480

644. Antidotes and Treatment—Halford’s Treatment by Ammonia—Permanganate of Potash, 480, 481

645. Detection of the Cobra Venom, 482

646. Effects of the Bite of the Duboia Russellii, or Russell’s Viper, 483

647. The Poison of the Common Viper—The Venom of Naja Haje (Cleopatra’s Asp), 483, 484

Division II.—Ptomaines—Toxines.

648. Definition of a Ptomaine, 485

Isolation of Ptomaines.

649. Gautier’s Process, 485

650. Brieger’s Process, 485-487

651. Benzoyl Chloride Method, 487, 488

652. The Amines, 488-490

653. Methylamine, 491

654. Dimethylamine, 491

655. Trimethylamine, 491

656. Ethylamine, 491

657. Diethylamine, 491

658. Triethylamine, 491

659. Propylamine, 491

660. Isoamylamine, 492

Diamines.

661. Rate of Formation of Diamines, 492

662. Ethylidenediamine, 492

663. Neuridine, 493, 494

664. Cadaverine, 494-496

665. Putrescine, 496

666. Metaphenylenediamine, 497

667. Paraphenylenediamine, 497

668. Hexamethylenediamine, 497

669. Diethylenediamine, 497, 498

670. Mydaleine, 498

671. Guanidine, 498, 499

672. Methylguanidine, 499, 500

673. Saprine, 500

674. The Choline Group, 500, 501

675. Neurine, 501

676. Betaine, 501, 502

677. Peptotoxine, 502

678. Pyridine-like Alkaloid from the Cuttle-fish, 502, 503

679. Poisons connected with Tetanus—Tetanine, 503

680. Tetanotoxine, 503, 504

681. Mydatoxine, 504

682. Mytilotoxine, 505

683. Tyrotoxicon, 504, 505

684. Toxines connected with Hog Cholera, 505, 506

685. Other Ptomaines, 506

Division III.—Food Poisoning.

686. The Welbeck—The Oldham—The Bishop Stortford—The Wolverhampton—The Carlisle, and other Mass Poisonings by changed Food—Statistics of Deaths from Unwholesome Food, 506-508

687. German Sausage Poisoning, 509

PART VIII.—THE OXALIC ACID GROUP OF POISONS.

688. Distribution of Oxalic Acid in the Animal and Vegetable Kingdoms, 510

689. Properties and Reactions of Oxalic Acid, 510, 511

690. Oxalate of Lime; its Properties, 511, 512

691. Use of Oxalic Acid in the Arts, 512

692. Properties of Hydropotassic Oxalate (Binoxalate of Potash), 512

693. Statistics of Oxalic Acid Poisoning, 512

694. Fatal Dose of Oxalic Acid, 513

695. Effects of Oxalic Acid and Oxalates on Animals, 513

696. Researches of Kobert and Küssner on the Effects of Sodic Oxalate, 513, 514

697. Effects of Vaporised Oxalic Acid, 514, 515

698. Effects of Oxalic Acid and Hydropotassic Oxalate on Man—Illustrative Cases, 515, 516

699. Physiological Action, 516, 517

700. Pathological Changes produced by Oxalic Acid and the Oxalates, 517, 518

701. Preparations in Museums Illustrative of the Effects of Oxalic Acid, 518

702. Pathological Changes produced by the Acid Oxalate of Potash, 518, 519

703. Separation of Oxalic Acid from Organic Substances, the Tissues of the Body, &c., 519-521

704. Oxalate of Lime in the Urine, 521

705. Estimation of Oxalic Acid, 521, 522

Certain Oxalic Bases—Oxalmethyline—Oxalpropyline.

706. The Experiments of Schulz and Mayer on Oxalmethyline, Chloroxalmethyline, and Oxalpropyline, 522, 523

PART IX.—INORGANIC POISONS.

I. Precipitated from a Hydrochloric Acid Solution by Hydric Sulphide—Precipitate Yellow or Orange.

ARSENIC—ANTIMONY—CADMIUM.

1. Arsenic.

707. Metallic Arsenic; its Chemical and Physical Properties, 524

708. Arsenious Anhydride—Arsenious Acid; its Properties and Solubility, 524, 525

709. Arseniuretted Hydrogen (Arsine), 525-527

710. Arseniuretted Hydrogen in the Arts, &c., 527

711. The Effects of Arseniuretted Hydrogen on Man—Illustrative Cases, 527, 528

712. The Sulphides of Arsenic, 528, 529

713. Orpiment, or Arsenic Trisulphide, 529

714. Haloid Arsenical Compounds—Chloride of Arsenic—Iodide of Arsenic, 529

715. Arsenic in the Arts, 529, 530

716. Pharmaceutical Preparations of Arsenic—Veterinary Arsenical Medicines—Rat and Fly Poisons—Quack Nostrums—Pigments—External Application of Arsenic for Sheep—Arsenical Soaps—Arsenical Compounds used in Pyrotechny, 530-534

717. Statistics of Poisoning by Arsenic, 534

718. Law Relative to the Sale of Arsenic, 535

719. Dose of Arsenic, 535

720. Effects of Arsenious Acid on Plants, 535, 536

721. Effects of Arsenic upon Life—Animalcules—Annelids—Birds—Mammals, 536-538

722. Effects of Arsenious Acid on Man—Arsenic Eaters, 538, 539

723. Manner of Introduction of Arsenic, 539

724. Cases of Poisoning by the External Application of Arsenic, 539-541

725. Arsenic in Wall-Papers, 541, 542

726. Forms of Arsenical Poisoning—Acute Form, 542

727. Subacute Form—Case of the Duc de Praslin, 543

728. Nervous Form—Brodie’s Experiments on Rabbits—A “Mass” Poisoning reported by Dr. Coqueret, 544, 545

729. Absence of Symptoms, 545, 546

730. Slow Poisoning, 546

731. The Maybrick Case, 546-548

732. Post-mortem Appearances met with in Animals after Arsenical Poisoning—The Researches of Hugo, 548, 549

733. Post-mortem Appearances in Man—Illustrative Pathological Preparations in Various Museums, 549-551

734. Pathological Changes induced in the Gullet and Stomach—Fatty Degeneration of the Liver and Kidneys—Glossitis—Retardation of Putrefaction, 551, 552

735. Physiological Action of Arsenic, 552, 553

736. Elimination of Arsenic—Question of Accumulation of Arsenic, 553

737. Antidotes and Treatment, 553, 554

738. Detection of Arsenic—Identification of Arsenious Acid in Substance—Test of Berzelius—Identification of Arsenites and Arseniates—Detection of Arsenious Acid in Solution—Distinguishing Marks between the Sulphides of Tin, Cadmium, Antimony, and Arsenic—Marsh’s Original Test for Arsenic—Blondlot’s Modification of Marsh’s Test—Distinguishing Marks between Arsenical and Antimonial Mirrors—Reinsch’s Tests, 554-560

739. Arsenic in Glycerin, 560

740. Arsenic in Organic Matters—Orfila’s Method of Destroying Organic Matter—Extraction with Hydrochloric Acid—Modifications in the Treatment of Oils—Resinous Matters—Experiments on the Distribution of Arsenic by Scolosuboff, Ludwig, and Chittenden—The Question of Contamination of a Corpse by Arsenical Earth, 560-562

741. Imbibition of Arsenic after Death—Mason’s Case, 563-565

742. Analysis of Wall-Paper for Arsenic, 565, 566

743. Estimation of Arsenic—Galvanic Process of Bloxam—Colorimetric Methods, 566-568

744. Destruction of the Organic Matter by Nitric Acid, and Subsequent Reduction of the Arsenic Acid to Arseniuretted Hydrogen, and Final Estimation as Metallic Arsenic, 568-571

745. Arsine developed from an Alkaline Solution, 571

746. Precipitation as Tersulphide—Methods of Dealing with the Sulphides obtained—(a) Solution in Ammonia and Estimation by Iodine—(b) Drying the Purified Precipitate at a High Temperature, and then directly weighing—(c) Oxidation of the Sulphide and Precipitation as Ammonia Magnesian Arseniate, or Magnesia Pyro Arseniate—(d) Conversion of the Trisulphide of Arsenic into the Arseno-Molybdate of Ammonia—Conversion of the Sulphide into Metallic Arsenic, 571-575

747. Conversion of Arsenic into Arsenious Chloride, 575, 576

2. Antimony.

748. Properties of Metallic Antimony, 577

749. Antimonious Sulphides, 577, 578

750. Tartarated Antimony—Tartar Emetic, 578, 579

751. Metantimonic Acid, 579

752. Pharmaceutical, Veterinary, and Quack Preparations of Antimony—(1)Pharmaceutical Preparations—(2) Patent and Quack Pills—(3) Antimonial Medicines, chiefly Veterinary, 579-582

753. Alloys, 582

754. Pigments, 582

755. Dose, 582

756. Effects of Tartar Emetic on Animals—Influence on Temperature—Dr. Nevin’s Researches on Rabbits, 582, 583

757. Effects of Tartar Emetic on Man—Illustrative Cases, 583, 584

758. Chronic Antimonial Poisoning, 585

759. Post-mortem Appearances—Preparations in Museums—Pathological Appearances in Rabbits, according to Nevin, 585, 586

760. Elimination of Antimony, 586

761. Antidotes for Tartar Emetic, 586

762. Effects of Chloride or Butter of Antimony, 587

763. Detection of Antimony in Organic Matters, 587-589

764. Quantitative Estimation of Antimony, 589, 590

3. Cadmium.

765. Properties of the Metal Cadmium, 590

766. Cadmium Oxide, 590

767. Cadmium Sulphide, 590

768. Medicinal Preparations of Cadmium—Cadmium Iodide—Cadmium Sulphate, 590

769. Cadmium in the Arts, 590

770. Fatal Dose of Cadmium, 590

771. Separation and Detection of Cadmium, 590, 591

II. Precipitated by Hydric Sulphide in Hydrochloric Acid Solution—Black.

LEAD—COPPER—BISMUTH—SILVER—MERCURY.

1. Lead.

772. Lead and its Oxides—Litharge—Minium, or Red Lead, 591, 592

773. Sulphide of Lead, 592

774. Sulphate of Lead, 592

775. Acetate of Lead, 592

776. Chloride of Lead—Carbonate of Lead, 592, 593

777. Preparations of Lead used in Medicine, the Arts, &c.—(1) Pharmaceutical—(2) Quack Nostrums—(3) Preparations used in the Arts—Pigments—Hair Dyes—Alloys, 593, 594

778. Statistics of Lead-Poisoning, 594

779. Lead as a Poison—Means by which Lead may be taken into the System, 595, 596

780. Effects of Lead Compounds on Animals, 596, 597

781. Effects of Lead Compounds on Man—Acute Poisoning—Mass Poisoning by Lead—Case of Acute Poisoning by the Carbonate of Lead, 597-599

782. Chronic Poisoning by Lead, 599, 600

783. Effects of Lead on the Nervous System—Lead as a Factor of Insanity, 600, 601

784. Amaurosis Caused by Lead-Poisoning—Influence on the Sexual Functions—Caries—Epilepsy, 601-603

785. Uric Acid in the Blood after Lead-Poisoning, 603

786. Influence of Lead on Pregnant Women and on Fœtal Life—The Keighley Case of Poisoning by Water Contaminated by Lead—Case of Reg. v. L. J. Taylor, 603-605

787. Post-mortem Appearances, 605

788. Physiological Action of Lead, 605, 606

789. Elimination of Lead, 606

790. Fatal Dose, 606, 607

791. Antidotes and Treatment, 607

792. Localisation of Lead, 607, 608

793. Detection and Estimation of Lead, 608, 609

794. Detection of Lead in Tartaric Acid, in Lemonade and Aërated Waters, 609, 610

2. Copper.

795. Properties of Copper, 610

796. Cupric Oxide, 610

797. Cupric Sulphide, 610

798. Solubility of Copper in Water and Various Fluids—Experiments of Carnelley, W. Thompson, and Lehmann, 610-612

799. Copper as a Normal Constituent of Animal, Vegetable, and other Matters—Dupré’s Experiments—Bergeron and L. L’Hôte’s Researches, 612-614

800. The “Coppering” of Vegetables—Copper in Green Peas—Phyllocyanic Acid, 614, 615

801. Preparations of Copper used in Medicine and the Arts—(1) Medicinal Preparations—(2) Copper in the Arts, 615, 616

802. Dose—Medicinal Dose of Copper, 616, 617

803. Effects of Soluble Copper Salts on Animals, 617-619

804. Toxic Dose of Copper Salts, 619

805. Cases of Acute Poisoning, 619, 620

806. Effects of Subacetate, Subchloride, and Carbonate of Copper, 620

807. Post-mortem Appearances seen in Acute Poisoning by Copper, 620, 621

808. Chronic Poisoning by Copper, 621, 622

809. Detection and Estimation of Copper—General Method—Special Method for Copper in Solution in Water and other Liquids—Detection of Copper in Animal Matters, 622-624

810. Volumetric Processes for the Estimation of Copper, 624

3. Bismuth.

811. Bismuth as a Metal, 624

812. Teroxide of Bismuth, 624

813. The Sulphide of Bismuth, 624

814. Preparations of Bismuth used in Medicine and the Arts—(1) Pharmaceutical Preparations—(2) Bismuth in the Arts, 624, 625

815. Medicinal Doses of Bismuth, 625

816. Toxic Effects of Sub-nitrate of Bismuth, 625, 626

817. Extraction and Detection of Bismuth in Animal Matter, 626, 627

818. Estimation of Bismuth—Volumetric Processes, 627, 628

4. Silver.

819. Properties of Metallic Silver, 628, 629

820. Chloride of Silver, 629

821. Sulphide of Silver, 629

822. Preparations of Silver used in Medicine and the Arts—(1) Medicinal Preparations—(2) Silver in the Arts, 629, 630

823. Medicinal Dose of Silver Compounds, 630

824. Effects of Nitrate of Silver on Animals—Chronic Poisoning, 630, 631

825. Toxic Effects of Silver Nitrate on Man—(1) Acute—(2) Chronic Poisoning, 631, 632

826. Post-mortem Appearances, 632

827. Detection and Estimation of Silver, 632, 633

5. Mercury.

828. The Metal Mercury—Mercurous Chloride, or Calomel, 633, 634

829. Sulphide of Mercury, 634

830. Medicinal Preparations of Mercury, 634-638

831. Mercury in the Arts—The Sulphocyanide of Mercury—Acid Solution of Nitrate of Mercury, 639

832. The more common Patent and Quack Medicines containing Mercury, 639, 640

833. Mercury in Veterinary Medicine, 640

834. Medicinal and Fatal Dose, 640, 641

835. Poisoning by Mercury—Statistics, 641

836. Effects of Mercurial Vapour and of the Non-Corrosive Compounds of Mercury—(a) On Vegetable Life—(b) On Animal Life, 641, 642

837. Effects on Man, 642, 643

838. Absorption of Mercury by the Skin, 643

839. Symptoms of Poisoning by Mercury Vapour, 643, 644

840. Mercurial Tremor, 644, 645

841. Mercuric Methide—Effects of, as Illustrated by two Cases, 645, 646

842. Effects of the Corrosive Salts of Mercury, 646, 647

843. Death from the External Use of Corrosive Sublimate, 647

844. Effects of the Nitrates of Mercury, 647

845. Case of Reg. v. E. Smith, 648

846. Mercuric Cyanide, 648

847. White Precipitate, 648

848. Treatment of Acute and Chronic Poisoning, 648

849. Post-mortem Appearances—Pathological Preparations in Various Anatomical Museums, 648-650

850. Pathological Appearances from the Effects of Nitrate of Mercury, 650

851. Elimination of Mercury, 650, 651

852. Tests for Mercury, 651, 652

853. The Detection of Mercury in Organic Substances and Fluids, 652-654

854. Estimation of Mercury—The Dry Method, 654

855. Volumetric Processes for the Estimation of Mercury, 654, 655