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Написано маслом Дж. М. У. Тёрнером, королевским академиком. Гравюра и печать братьев Иллман.
ДВОРЕЦ ЦЕЗАРЕЙ К оглавлению
МУЗЕЙ
ДРЕВНОСТЕЙ
МУЗЕЙ ДРЕВНОСТЕЙ
ОПИСАНИЕ
ЖИЗНИ В ДРЕВНОСТИ:
ЗАНЯТИЯ,
РАЗВЛЕЧЕНИЯ, ОБЫЧАИ И ПРИВЫЧКИ, ГОРОДА, ДВОРЦЫ, ПАМЯТНИКИ И ГРОБНИЦЫ, ЛИТЕРАТУРА И ИИЗОБРАЗИТЕЛЬНОЕ ИСКУССТВО 3000 ЛЕТ НАЗАД.
АВТОРЫ:
Л. В. ЯГГИ, магистр естественных наук, И Т. Л. ХЕЙНС, магистр гуманитарных наук,
АВТОРЫ КНИГ «КОРОЛЕВСКИЙ ПУТЬ ЖИЗНИ», «НАШ ДОМАШНИЙ СОВЕТНИК», «МАЛЕНЬКИЕ ЖЕМЧУЖИНЫ». С ИЛЛЮСТРАЦИЯМИ.
МАДИСОН, ВИСКОНСИН: Дж. Б. ФУРМАН И КО. ЗАПАДНОЕ ИЗДАТЕЛЬСТВО, ЧИКАГО, ИЛЛИНОЙС.
1884.
Зарегистрировано в соответствии с Актом Конгресса в 1880 году Л. В. Ягги и Т. Л. Хейнсом в Библиотеке Конгресса в Вашингтоне, округ Колумбия.
ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ.
Египет, Греция и Италия были истоками нашей цивилизации и источником наших знаний; к ним мы можем проследить, звено за звеном, происхождение всего орнаментального, изящного и прекрасного. Поэтому представляет величайший интерес получить глубокое представление об изначальном состоянии и прежнем совершенстве, величестве, великолепии и высоком уровне цивилизации этих стран, а также об их домах, частной и семейной жизни, школах, церквях, обрядах, церемониях и т. д.
Многочисленные недавние раскопки в Трое, Ниневии, Вавилоне и обнажение города Помпеи с его бесчисленными сокровищами, раскрытие долго скрываемых секретов открыли информацию для целых томов материалов. Но труды, посвященные различным темам древности, по большей части не только дороги и труднодоступны, но и чересчур объемисты. Цель этой работы — сжать в минимально возможный объем квинтэссенцию информации, которая обычно содержится во многих томах, и представить ее в практичной форме для массового читателя. Мы надеемся, однако, что эта работа пробудит у читателя еще большее стремление углубить свои изыскания в этих крайне интересных областях, столь богатых всем тем, что способно утончить вкус, расширить кругозор и облагородить сердце. Нашей целью было, насколько это возможно, избегать любых личных мнений — будь то наши собственные или какой-либо школы мысли, — предоставляя, во-первых, факты, а во-вторых, тщательные ссылки, с помощью которых читатель сможет сам проверить цитирование этих фактов и проследить вытекающие из них умозаключения до их закономерного результата.
Прежде чем завершить, мы хотели бы выразить нашу глубочайшую признательность английским и немецким авторам, трудами которых мы широко пользовались при подготовке этой работы, а также директорам Британского музея в Лондоне и Обществу антикваров в Берлине, и особенно властям раскопанного города Помпеи и его сокровищ в Неаполитанском музее, где нам был предоставлен знающий гид и позволено провести дни за исследованиями. Каждому из них и всем вместе, кто столь любезно содействовал нашему труду, мы сердечно выражаем нашу искреннюю благодарность.
Многие гравюры выполнены по рисункам, сделанным на месте, но еще большее число основано на фотографиях и исполнено с величайшей точностью немецкими и французскими художниками.
Гравюры на стальных пластинах.
PAGE
The Palace of the Cæsars, 1
House of the Tragic Poet—Sallust, 112
Egyptian Feast, 270
Approach to Karnac, 384
Temple of Karnac, 470
The Philae Islands, 656
School of the Vestal Virgins, 832
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ.
Pompeii.
The Glory of the City—Destruction—Excavation—Entering Pompeii (Page 21-25)—The Streets of the City—The Theatres of Pompeii—Villa of Julia Felix—Pavements and Sidewalks—Arrangement of Private Houses (Page 26-53)—Elegance of Domestic Architecture—Ground Plan of Roman House—Exterior Apartments—Interior Apartments—Dining Halls—The Triclinium—Materials and Construction—The Salve Lucru—Paintings and Decorations—The Drunken Hercules—Wall Decoration—The Peristyle—The House of Siricus—Political Inscriptions—Electioneering Advertisements—The Graffiti—Street of the Lupanar—Eighty Loaves of Bread Found—The House of the Balcony—Human Bodies Preserved—Discovered Bodies—House of Diomedes (Page 54-74)—Location of the Villa—Ground Plan of the Villa—Detail of Ground Plan—The Caldarium—Galleries and Halls—Porticoes and Terraces—Tomb and Family Sepulchre—The Villa Destroyed—Conclusive Evidence—Jewels and Ornaments—Pliny's Account of a Roman Garden—Stores and Eating Houses (Page 75-81)—Restaurant—Pompeian Bill of Fare—Circe, Daughter of the Sun—Houses of Pansa and Sallust (Page 82-102)—Curious Religious Painting—General View of House—Worship of the Lares—Domesticated Serpents—Discoveries Confirm Ancient Authors—Ornamentation and Draperies—Remarkable Mansions—House of the Vestals—Surgical and other Instruments—Shop of an Apothecary—House of Holconius (Page 103-112)—Decorations of the Bed-Chambers—Perseus and Andromeda—Epigraphs and Inscriptions—Ariadne Discovered by Bacchus—General Survey of the City (Page 113-118)—Wine Merchant's Sign—Sculptor's Laboratory— House of Emperor Joseph II 17-119
Amusements.
The Amphitheatre—Coliseum—84,000 Seats—The Bloody Entertainments—Examining the Wounded—Theatres—Roman Baths (Page 147-156)—Description of the Baths—Cold Baths—Warm Chambers—The Vapor Baths—Hot-Air Baths—Social Games and Sports (Page 157-162)—Domestic Games—Jugglers—Game of Cities—Gymnastic Arts—Social Entertainments (Page 163-180)—Characteristics of the Dance—Grace and Dress of the Dancers—Position at the Table—Vases and Ornaments—Food and Vegetables—Mode of Eating—Reminders of Mortality—Egyptian Music and Entertainments (Page 181-188)—Musical Instruments—Jewish Music—Beer, Palm Wine, Etc—Games and Sports of the Egyptians (Page 189-202)—Games with Dice—Games of Ball—Wrestling—Intellectual Capabilities—Hunting 120-202
Domestic Life.
Occupation of Women—Bathing—Wedding Ceremonies—Children's Toys—Writing Materials—Families, Schools and Marriages—Duties of Children—Dress, Toilet and Jewelry (Page 219-232)—The Chiton—Dress Materials—Styles of Wearing Hair—Head-Dress of Women—Hair-Pins—Sunshades—Crimes and Punishments; Contracts, Deeds, Etc. (Page 233-252)—Punishments—Laws Respecting Debt—Contracts—Superstition—Cure of Diseases—Houses, Villas, Farmyards, Orchards, Gardens, Etc. (Page 253-270)—Character of the People—Construction of Houses—Plans of Villas—Irrigation—Gardens—Egyptian Wealth (Page 271-280)—Gold and Silver—Worth of Gold—Treasures—Total Value of Gold 203-280
Domestic Utensils.
Writing Materials—Literature—Curious Lamps—The Candelabrum—Candelabra—Oil-Lamps—The Steelyard—Drinking Vessels—Colored Glass—Glass—Glass Vessels—Articles of Jewelry—Toilet-Boxes, Etc.—Furniture (Page 309-322)—Chairs and Stools—Bed-Room Furniture—Tables, Etc.—Pottery—Drawings on Vases—Vases (Page 323-342)—Greek Vases—Inscriptions on Vases—Historical Subjects on Vases—Uses of Vases—Vases Found in Tombs—Silver Vessels—Decorated Vases 281-342
Employment.
Colored Glass Vessels—Imitation Jewels—Potters—Carpenter's Tools—Professions—Husbandry—Rise of the Nile—Agricultural Implements—Agriculture—Baking, Dyeing and Painting (Page 363-384)—Flour Mills—Bread-Baking—Dyeing—Scouring and Dyeing—Coloring Substances—Mineral Used for Dyeing—Cost of Dyeing—Cloth Manufacture—Persian Costumes 343-384
Troy.
Ruins at Hissarlik—Settlement of Troy—First Settlers—Scæan Gate—Call of Menelaus—Houses at Troy—Objects Found in Houses—Silver Vases—Taking out the Treasure—Shield of the Treasure—Contents of the Treasure—Ear-Rings and Chains—Gold Buttons, Studs, Etc.—Silver Goblet and Vases—Weapons of Troy—Terra Cotta Mugs—Condition of the Roads—Lack of Inscriptions 385-422
Nineveh and Babylon.
Explorations of Niebuhr and Rich—Excavations at Kouyunjik Palace—Sennacherib's Conquests—Highly-Finished Sculptures—North Palace, Kouyunjik—Temple of Solomon—The Oracle—Description of the Palace—Modern Houses of Persia—Chambers in the Palace—The Walls—Grandeur of Babylon—Building Materials—History of Babylon—Karnac and Baalbec (Page 461-473)—Stupendous Remains—Temple of Luxor—Chambers of the Great Pyramid—The Great Temple—The Pantheon at Rome—Egyptian Obelisks—Obelisks 423-484
Religion or Mythology.
Mythology—Mythological Characters—The Pythian Apollo—Phœbus Apollo—Niobe and Leto—Daphne—Kyrene—Hermes—The Sorrow of Demeter—The Sleep of Endymion—Phaethon—Briareos—Dionysos—Pentheus—Asklepios—Ixion—Tantalos—The Toils of Herakles—Admetos—Epimetheus and Pandora—Io and Prometheus—Deukalion—Poseidon and Athene—Medusa—Danae—Perseus—Andromeda—Akrisios—Kephalos and Prokris—Skylla—Phrixos and Helle—Medeia—Theseus—Ariadne—Arethusa—Tyro—Narkissos—Orpheus and Eurydike—Kadmos and Europa—Bellerophon—Althaia and the Burning Brand—Iamos 485-642
Fine Arts.
Egyptian Sculpture—Etruscan Painting—Renowned Painters—Parrhasius—Colors Used—Sculpture Painting—Fresco Painting—Sculpturing (Page 667-694)—Sculpture in Greece and Egypt—Sculptures of Ancient Kings—Animal Sculpture—Modeling of the Human Figure—"The Sculptor of the Gods"—Grandeur of Style—Statues—Description of Statues—Work of Lysippus—The Macedonian Age—Roman Art—Copies of Ancient Gods—Mosaic (Page 695-702)—Mosaic Subjects—Battle Represented in Mosaics—Grandeur of Style 643-702
Literature.
Homer—Paris—Achilles—The Vengeance of Odysseus—Sophocles—Herodotus—The Crocodile—Artabanus Dissuades Xerxes—Socrates—Socrates and Aristodemus—Aristophanes—Plato—The Perfect Beauty—Last Hours of Socrates—Demosthenes—Philip and the Athenians—Measures to Resist Philip—Former Athenians Described—Oration on the Crown—Invective against Catiline—Expulsion of Catiline from Rome—The Tyrant Prætor Denounced—Immortality of the Soul—Julius Cæsar—The Germans—Battle of Pharsalia—Virgil—Employment of the Bee—Punishments in Hell—Horace—To Licinius—Happiness Founded on Wisdom—The Equality of Man—Plutarch—Proscription of Sylla—Demosthenes and Cicero Compared 703-832
Tombs and Catacombs.
Extent of the Tombs—An Acre and a quarter in a Tomb—Sculpturings—Painting—Burying According to Rank—Mummies—Mummy Cases and Sarcophagi—Roman Tombs—Inscriptions—The Catacombs (Page 873-910)—Inscriptions—Catacombs—Christian Inscriptions—Early Inscriptions—Catacombs, nearly 900 miles long—Utensils from the Catacombs—Paintings—S. Calixtus—Lord's Supper 833-910
Truth of the Bible.
The Assyrian and Babylonian Discoveries—1100 Christian Inscriptions—The use of the Bible for Excavators—Accordance with Ancient Writings—Frieze from the Arch of Titus—No Book produced by Chance—God the Author—Its Great Antiquity—The Pentateuch—Preservation of the Scripture—Its Important Discoveries—Its Peculiar Style—Its Harmony—Its Impartiality—Its Prophecies—Its Important Doctrines—Its Holy Tendency—Its Aims—Its Effects—Its General Reception—Persecuted but not Persecuting 911-944
ИЛЛЮСТРАЦИИ НЕМЕЦКИХ ХУДОЖНИКОВ.
Destruction of Pompeii 17
View of Pompeii. (From a Photograph) 23
Plan of a Roman House 28
Vestibule of a Pompeian House 30
Triclinium or Dining-room 33
Hercules Drunk. (From Pompeii) 37
Discovered Body at Pompeii 51
Ground Plan of the Suburban Villa of Diomedes 57
Wall Painting at Pompeii 69
Household Utensils 72
Restaurant. (From Wall Painting) 77
Bed and Table at Pompeii. (From Wall Painting) 78
Plan of a Triclinium 79
Head of Circe 81
Kitchen Furniture at Pompeii 84
Brooches of Gold found at Pompeii 98
Scales found at Pompeii 100
Wall Painting found at Pompeii 105
Gold Breastpins found at Pompeii 114
A Laboratory, as found in Pompeii 117
First Walls Discovered in Pompeii 118
View of the Amphitheatre at Pompeii 121
Coliseum of Rome 128
Examining the Wounded 133
Asking Pardon 135
Not Granted 135
Combats with Beasts 137
View of the Tepidarium 151
Ancient Bath Room. (As Discovered) 155
Egyptian Vases 173
Social Enjoyment of Women. (From an Ancient Painting) 205
Gold Pins 220
Shawl or Toga Pin 220
Pearl Set Pins 221
Stone Set Brooches 224
Hair Dress. (From Pompeii) 227
Toilet Articles found at Pompeii 231
Wreath of Oak. (Life Saving) 247
Tabulæ, Calamus, and Papyrus 283
Tabulæ, Stylus, and Papyrus 283
Tabulæ and Ink Stand 284
Libraries and Money 284
Gold Lamp. (Found at Pompeii) 287
Candelabrum, or Lamp Stand 289
Candelabra, or Lamp Stands 290
Standing Lamp 293
Ancient Lamps 293
Scales and Weights 295
Vessels. (From Pompeii) 296
Drinking Vessel 297
Glass Vessels. (From Pompeii) 302
Cups and Metals 304
Gold Jewelry. (From Pompeii) 305
Heavy Gold Pins 306
Brooches Inset with Stone 307
Safety Toga Pins 308
Plundering Corinth 317
Greek Vase 321
Etruscan Vase 324
Roman Vases 325
Vase Representing a Marriage. (Found at Pompeii) 328
Vase Representing Trojan War. (Found at Pompeii) 333
Vase. (Found at Pompeii) 334
Vase Representing Greek Sacrifice 336
Vase 2,000 Years Old 337
Silver Platter 339
Silver Cup. (Found at Hildesheim) 340
Vase of the First Century 341
Dish of the First Century 341
Ancient Glass Vessels 346
Glass Brooch 347
Imitation of Real Stone 348
Ancient Egyptian Pottery 350
Mill and Bakery at Pompeii 365
Bread Discovered in Pompeii 371
Metals and Beads 389
Terra-cotta Lamps 394
Bronze Lamps 394
Golden Cups of Priam. (Found at Troy) 396
Wonderful Vases of Terra-cotta from Palace of Priam 399
From Palace of Priam 400
Lids and Metals of Priam 401
Treasures of Priam. (Found at Troy) 404
Part of Machine of Priam 406
Jewelry of Gold and Stones 406
Vessel Found in the Palace of Priam 407
Shield of the Palace of Priam 408
Gold Necklace of Troy 409
Gold Tassels of Troy 409
Lamps found at Troy 409
Studs and Bracelets of Priam 411
Gold Pins with Set Gems 411
Gold Ear-rings of Troy 412
Spears, Lances, Ax and Chain 415
Shears, Knives and Spears 415
Lances Found at Palace of Priam, Troy 416
Coins or Metals 418
Elegant Brooch of Troy 421
Lamp found at Troy 422
Palace of Sennacherib 427
Discovered in the Palace 435
View of a Hall 445
Columns of Karnac 463
The Great Pyramids and Sphinx 469
Ruins of Baalbec 473
View of the Pantheon at Rome 475
Pantheon at Rome 477
Half Section of the Pantheon 478
Obelisk of Heliopolis 481
Jupiter. (or Zeus) 491
Apollo. (From an Ancient Sculpture) 495
Pluto and His Wife 503
Ceres. (or Demeter. From Pompeii Wall Painting) 512
Juno. (or Here) 516
Diana. (or Artemis) 520
Vulcan. (or Hephaistos) 526
Minerva. (or Pallas Athene. Found at Pompeii) 530
Ancient Sculpturing on Tantalos 537
Urania. (Muse of Astronomy) 538
Jupiter. (or Zeus with his Thunderbolt) 544
Thalia, the Muse 550
Laocoon, the False Priest 555
Grecian Altar. (3000 years old) 563
Themis. (Goddess of Law) 565
Euterpe. (Muse of Pleasure) 577
Thalia. (Muse of Comedy) 584
Numa Pompilius Visiting the Nymph Egeria 591
Polyhymnia. (Muse of Rhetoric) 603
Sphinx of Egypt 607
Calliope. (Muse of Heroic Verse) 614
The Origin of Man 617
Erate. (Muse of the Lute) 623
Terpsichore. (Muse of Dancing) 625
Ancient Sacrifice. (From Wall Painting of Pompeii) 631
Melpomene. (Muse of Tragedy) 639
Clio. (Muse of History) 642
Ancient Art and Literature 645
Painting. (2600 years old) 655
Dying Gladiator 689
Mosaic Floor 696
Mosaic Doves 697
Apollo Charming Nature 701
Ancient Authors 709
Library of Herculaneum 723
Trojan Heroes 735
Ancient Metal Engraving 745
Socrates Drinking the Poison 762
From Ancient Sculpturing 775
King Philip. (of Macedon) 784
Augustus Cæsar. (Found at Pompeii) 795
Julius Cæsar. (From an Ancient Sculpturing) 805
Virgil and Horace 813
Euclid 824
Alexander Severus 831
Egyptian Tomb 835
Sarcophagus, or Coffin. (With Noah's Ark Cut in Relief on the Outside) 841
Coffin of Alabaster. (Features of the Deceased Sculptured) 843
Discovered Tomb with its Treasures. (At Pompeii) 847
Articles Found in a Tomb 852
Hieroglyphics 857, 858, 859
Egyptian Pillar 862
Egyptian Column 867
Sections of the Catacombs with Chambers 874
Plan of the Catacombs at Rome 875
Stone Coffin 878
Stone Coffin with Open Side 879
Inside View of the Catacombs 881
Lamps Found in the Catacombs 884
Tomb Inscription 896
Painted Ceiling 906
Chamber of a Catacomb 909
Frieze from the Arch of Titus 916
Pentateuch, Written 3200 Years Ago 921
Shishak and His Captives on Sculptured Wall at Karnac 935
Portrait of Rehoboam 936
Обращение к мумии.
"And thou hast walked about, (how strange a story!)
In Thebes' streets three thousand years ago,
When the Memnonium was in all its glory,
And time had not begun to overthrow
Those temples, palaces and piles stupendous,
Of which the very ruins are tremendous.
"Perhaps that very hand now pinioned flat,
Has hob-a-nobbed with Pharaoh, glass to glass;
Or dropped a half-penny in Homer's hat;
Or doffed thine own to let Queen Dido pass;
Or held, by Solomon's own invitation,
A torch at the great Temple's dedication.
"Thou couldst develop—if that withered tongue
Could tell us what those sightless orbs have seen—
How the world looked when it was fresh and young
And the great deluge still had left it green;
Or was it then so old that history's pages
Contained no record of its early ages?
"Since first thy form was in this box extended
We have, above ground, seen some strange mutations;
The Roman Empire has begun and ended,
New worlds have risen—we have lost old nations;
And countless kings have into dust been humbled,
While not a fragment of thy flesh has crumbled.
"If the tomb's secrets may not be confessed,
[16] The nature of thy private life unfold:
A heart has throbbed beneath that leathern breast,
And tears adown that dusty cheek have rolled;
Have children climbed those knees and kissed that face?
What was thy name and station, age and race?"
Ответ.
"Child of the later days! thy words have broken
A spell that long has bound these lungs of clay,
For since this smoke-dried tongue of mine hath spoken,
Three thousand tedious years have rolled away.
Unswathed at length, I 'stand at ease' before ye.
List, then. O list, while I unfold my story."
* * * * * * * * *
ПОМПЕИ. К оглавлению
ГИБЕЛЬ ПОМПЕЙ. К списку иллюстраций
Помпеи находились в полном расцвете в начале христианской эры. Это был богатый и изысканный город с населением около 35 000 человек, прекрасно расположенный у подножия Везувия; он обладал всеми местными преимуществами, какие только мог пожелать самый изысканный вкус. Расположенный на берегу моря, у входа в плодородную равнину, на берегу судоходной реки, он сочетал в себе удобства торгового города с надежностью военного поста и романтической красотой места, во все времена славившегося своей выдающейся прелестью. Его окрестности, вплоть до высот Везувия, были покрыты виллами, а побережье вплоть до Неаполя было столь украшено садами и деревлениями, что берега всего залива казались единым городом.