«Международное право»

137. Нарушение блокады

The Juffrow Maria Schroeder, 3 C. Rob. 147

«Если судно совершило правонарушение, выйдя в плавание с намерением войти в блокированный порт или выйдя из него, правонарушение не смывается до окончания рейса; до завершения этого периода любые крейсеры правомочны задержать его и возбудить против него производство за это правонарушение». В этом деле довод о небрежности блокирующих сил, допускавших вход или выход судов, был признан состоятельным, и судно, являвшееся прусским и захваченное во время рейса из Руана в Альтону, в отношении которого велось производство за прорыв блокады Гавра, было возвращено.

138. Продолжающиеся рейсы

The Hart, 3 Wall. 559, 560

«Нейтралы, которые ставят свои суда под контроль воюющей стороны и вовлекают их в торговлю воюющей стороны; или позволяют отправлять их с контрабандными грузами под прикрытием ложного пункта назначения в нейтральные порты, в то время как истинным пунктом назначения являются порты воюющей стороны, придают им характер воюющей стороны, на службе которой они состоят, и не могут жаловаться, если они захвачены и конфискованы как имущество неприятеля». См. предыдущее дело, «The Bermuda», 3 Wall. 514.

The Maria, 5 C. Rob. 365

Это было дело о продолжающемся рейс в колониальной торговле неприятеля. Суд пересмотрел прежние дела и запросил дополнительные доказательства по фактам. На основании таких дополнительных доказательств суд постановил произвести реституцию. См. «The William», 5 C. Rob. 385.

139. Призы и призовые суды

The Ship La Manche, 2 Sprague, 207

В этом деле было постановлено, что захватчики не несут ответственности за убытки, если захваченное судно представляет вероятное основание для захвата, даже если оно попало в затруднительное положение невольно и по ошибкам должностных лиц таможенного ведомства собственного правительства захватчика.

УКАЗАТЕЛЬ

Abrogation of treaties, 234.

Absolutely contraband, what articles are, 304.

Accretion, acquisition of territory by, 102.

Acquisition of territorial jurisdiction, 98.

Admiralty law, a basis of international law, 10.

Africa, partition of, 92, 103, 104.

См. Сферы влияния.

Соглашения. См. Договоры.

Aids to the memory, what they are, 171

Aix-la-Chapelle, treaty of, 21, 155, 167, 206.

Дело «Alabama». См. Женевский арбитраж.

Alaska, sale of, to the United States, 101;

territorial waters of, 116.

Aliens, rights of, as to naturalization, 125, 126;

jurisdiction over, 130–133.

Alternat, use of, in signing treaties, 89, 169.

Амальфитанские таблицы. См. Морские законы.

Ambassadors, sending of, 13;

jurisdiction of Supreme Court as to, 31;

immunities of vessels carrying, 119;

office of, in early days, 153, 154;

rules as to, 154–159;

suite of, 160;

who may send, 160;

who may be sent as, 161, 162;

credentials, etc., of, 162 et seq.;

ceremonial as to, 165–170;

functions of, 170–172;

termination of mission of, 172–175;

immunities and privileges of, 175–182.

Amnesty, treaty of peace as to, 273.

Angary, 307 n.

Appeal from prize courts, 30, 325.

Arbitration as a means of settling disputes, 219.

См. Женевский арбитраж, Венесуэла.

Armed neutralities of 1780 and 1800, 22, 278, 300, 315.

Armies, instructions for United States, 331–367.

Перемирия. См. Парламентерские флаги.

Army, within the jurisdiction of another state, 137, 138.

Assassination, when forbidden, 253.

Убежище. См. Право убежища.

Austria, one of the Great Powers, 90;

attitude of, at the Congress of Troppau, 90;

relations of, to the Triple Alliance, 92;

convention of, as to the Suez Canal, 111;

jurisdiction of, over foreign-born subjects, 123.

Balance of power in Europe, 75, 76;

intervention to preserve, 83.

Balloons, launching of projectiles, etc., from, 253.

Base of operations, neutral territory as, 288.

Bays, as affecting jurisdiction, 108;

as affecting neutrality, 287.

Belgium, recognition of, 44, 47;

neutralization of, 52, 92, 211, 212, 278;

attitude of Great Powers as to, 92;

jurisdiction of, as to foreign-born subjects, 124;

marriage, 125.

Belligerency, recognition of, 59–63.

Belligerents, non-hostile relations of, 264–269;

carriage of, 309.

Bering Sea, controversy as to, 113, 116, 117.

Berlin Conference, attitude of, as to spheres of influence, 103;

Berlin Decree of Napoleon, 315.

Berlin, treaty of, 206.

Bessarabia, cession of a portion of, 100.

Blockade, in case of United States of Colombia, 58;

Pacific, 223–225;

visit and search in case of, 311;

history of, 314, 315;

conditions of existence of, 315, 316;

a war measure, 316;

declaration of, 316;

notification of, 316;

must be effective, 317, 318;

cessation of, 318, 319;

violation of, 319, 320;

continuous voyages in case of, 320–324.

Bombardment, 253.

Booty, 244.

Brazil, belligerency in case of, 58;

neutrality of, 293.

Briefs of the conversation, 171.

British Guiana, boundary line of, 78.

British Orders in Council of 1807, 222.

British South Africa Company, history of, 55.

Brussels conference, language used in, 206; provisions of, 384–394.

Canada, fisheries of, 114–116.

Canals, Suez, 110–112;

Panama, 112;

Nicaraguan, 112;

Kiel, 112;

neutralization of, 279, 280.

Canning, George, on the neutrality of the United States, 282.

Canon law, 9, 15.

Capitulation, what it is, 269;

in excess of authority, 269.

Capture of hostile private property, 247, 257–259;

goods as determined by ownership, 299.

Cartel ship, exemption of, from capture, 245, 246;

defined, 265.

Cartels, what they are, 201, 263, 265.

Ceremonials, inequalities in, 89;

maritime, 89.

Cessation of hostilities, 267, 271.

Cession, as a means of acquiring territory, 100;

of jurisdiction, 101.

Chargés d'Affaires, rules as to, 156 et seq.

Charitable institutions, 240.

Chile, belligerency in case of, 58;

right of asylum in, 181.

China, international law as applied to, 5, 64;

jurisdiction of, over aliens, 131, 132;

termination of treaty of, with Japan, 215;

treaty of peace of, with Japan, 272.

Церкви. См. Религия.

Citizenship, as affected by naturalization, 125–130.

Гражданское право. См. Римское право.

Civil war, intervention in case of, 85;

when it begins, 230, 231.

Classification of treaties, 210–212.

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, as laying down new rules, 32;

as to the Panama or Nicaraguan Canal, 112.

Cleveland, President, attitude of, as to United States of Colombia, 58;

neutrality proclamation of, 284 n.

Coal, when not to be supplied to belligerents, 291;

as contraband of war, 305;

auxiliary ships carrying, 310.

Combatants, who are, 235–237.

Commencement of war, 229–231.

Common law, a basis of international law, 10.

Condemnation for carrying contraband, 306.

Conditionally contraband, what articles are, 305.

Conference of London of 1871, 32.

Conferences and congresses as a means of settling disputes, 218.

Confiscation of property in war, 241, 242.

Congo Free State, recognition of, 44;

neutralization of, 52.

Conquest, acquisition of title by, 99;

termination of war by, 270, 271.

Consolato del Mare. См. Морские законы.

Constitution of the United States as to ambassadors, etc., 31, 183, 184;

citizens of the United States, 123;

naturalization, 125;

criminal prosecutions, 179;

treaties, 207.

Consulates, development of, 18.

Consuls, jurisdiction of Supreme Court as to, 31;

exemptions of, 137;

courts of, 140, 141;

historically considered, 186;

rank of, 188;

nomination of, 189;

functions of, 190;

powers of, in Eastern and non-Christian states, 193, 194;

privileges and immunities of, 194–196;

vacating the office of, 196, 197.

Continuous voyages, rule as to, 320–324.

Contraband of war, capture of, 247, 297;

what is, 303–306;

penalty for carrying, 306, 307;

difference between, and unneutral service, 308–310;

visit and search for, 310–313;

rule of, in case of, 313, 314;

relations of, to blockade, 314–319;

violation of blockade, 319, 320;

continuous voyages, 320–324;

prize and prize courts, 324–328;

visit and search for, 311.

Contributions, what they are, 242, 243.

Convention, difference between, and treaty, 199. See Treaties.

Convoy, vessels under, 313, 314.

Corporations, status of, 54.

Correspondence, diplomatic and consular, 309.

Courts of admiralty, 30;

prize, 30, 324–328;

arbitration, 31;

domestic matters, 31.

Crete, Pacific blockade of, 223, 224.

Crew of merchant vessels, status of, 236.

Crimes, jurisdiction of consular courts as to, 139–141;

extradition for, 142–146.

Crusades, influence of, 16, 19.

Cuba, intervention in case of, 85.

Custom, practice and usage, 29, 30.

Амстердамские обычаи. См. Морские законы.

Death of diplomatic agent, proceedings in case of, 172.

Debts, law as to, in time of war, 274.

Deceit involving perfidy, 252, 253.

Declaration of Paris, agreed to by the United States, 33;

provisions of, 247, 255, 302, 303, 315, 317;

form of, 247, 398.

Declaration of war, 231, 232;

blockade, 316.

Declarations, defined, 200, 212.

Definition of international law, 3;

a state, 39, 40;

of neutralized states, 51;

of corporations, 54;

insurgents, 56;

belligerents, 59;

jurisdiction, 96;

territorial domain, etc., 97;

prescription, 101;

nationality, 121;

diplomacy, 151;

treaties, 198;

non-hostile redress, 220;

retorsion, 220;

reprisals, 221;

embargo, 221;

Pacific blockade, 223;

war, 229;

contributions, 243;

requisitions, 243;

booty, 244;

belligerent occupation, 251;

prisoners of war, 262;

cartel, 265;

cartel ship, 265;

license to trade, 266;

capitulation, 269;

neutrality, 277;

neutralization, 278;

contraband of war, 303;

unneutral service, 308;

convoy, 313;

blockade, 314;

prize, 324.

Denmark, intervention in affairs of, 80;

jurisdiction of, over Danish Sound and Two Belts, 109.

Denunciation of treaties, 216.

Devastation forbidden in war, 254.

Diplomatic agents, exemptions of, 137;

laws as to, 152–197.

Diplomatic negotiation as a means of settling disputes, 218.

Дипломатические документы. См. Государственные бумаги.

Diplomatic relations, breaking off of, 173, 174.

Discovery of America, 18;

a method of acquiring territory, 98.

Dispatches, carriage of, 308.

Disputes, amicable settlement of, 217–225.

Domicile, papers proving, 128.

Draft of treaties, 203.

"Due diligence," in the Alabama case, 297.

Eastern and non-Christian states, powers of consuls in, 193–196.

East India Company, powers of, 54, 55.

Educational institutions, exemption of, 239, 240.

Egypt, relations of, to Great Powers, 92;

mixed courts of, 141.

Embargo, defined, 221, 222.

"Enemy's Ships, enemy's goods," doctrine of, 22, 300.

Enemy subjects, status of, 238.

English orders in council of 1806 and 1807, 315.

Enlistment of troops for belligerent service, 295.

Посланники. См. Послы, Дипломатические агенты.

Equality of states, 68, 88–93.

Equity, a basis of international law, 10.

Estuaries, as affecting jurisdiction, 108.

Exchange, as a means of acquiring territory, 100;

of prisoners of war, 263, 265.

Exequatur, form of, 190;

what it relates to, 190, 191, 194, 195.

Exploration, exemption of vessels engaged in, 245, 246.

Exterritoriality, what it is, 134 et seq., 177.

Extradition, law as to, 141–146.

False colors, use of, 252.

«Наибольшее благоприятствование». См. Режим наибольшего благоприятствования.

Feudalism, influence of, 16, 19.

Financial transactions, intervention on the ground of, 86, 87.

Fisheries, on the high seas, 114;

Canadian, 114–116;

Bering Sea, 116.

Fishing vessels, exemption of, from capture, 246.

Flags of truce, use of, 253, 264, 265, 267–269, 272.

Foraging, when may be resorted to, 243.

Forbidden methods in war, 252–254.

Foreign-born subjects, jurisdiction over, 122.

Foreign Enlistment Act of Great Britain, 283.

France, recognition of republic of, 45–47;

relation of, to balance of power, 83;

one of the Great Powers, 90;

friendship of, with Russia, 93;

sale of territory to, by Monaco, 101;

by Sweden, 101;

partition of Africa by, 103;

jurisdiction of, over certain gulfs, 108;

treaty of, with England as to enclosed waters, 108;

convention of, as to the Suez Canal, 111;

jurisdiction over foreign merchantmen within her ports, 120, 121;

as to foreign-born subjects, 122–124;

marriage, 125;

naturalization, 127;

sale of forests of, by Prussians, 261;

termination of wars of, 271;

relations of, to neutrality and neutralization, 278, 279;

citizens of, on expedition during Franco-German War, 289;

views of, as to horses as contraband, 305.

"Free ships, free goods," doctrine of, 247, 278, 300–303.

Gallatin, Minister, liability of servant of, to local jurisdiction, 180.

Garfield, President, testimony of foreign minister at trial of assassin of, 179.

Genêt, M., action of, as to privateers in the United States, 282;

consular prize courts of, 325.

Geneva Arbitration, treaty as to, 204;

the Alabama case at the, 297.

Geneva Convention, as laying down new rules, 32;

sick and wounded under, 264, 280;

provisions of, 395–399.

Germany, recognition of, 44;

one of the Great Powers, 90;

a party to the Triple Alliance, 92;

partition of Africa by, 103;

convention of, as to the Suez Canal, 111;

jurisdiction of, over foreign-born subjects, 123, 124;

citizens of, in China, 131;

volunteer navy of, 255;

sale of French forests by, 261;

application of, to transport wounded across Belgium, 287;

law of, as to prize money, 327.

Gift, as a means of acquiring territory, 100.

Good offices, settlement of disputes by resorting to, 218.

Government of armies of United States, 331–365.

Grant, President, recognition of France by, 45;

proclamation of, as to belligerent vessels leaving United States ports, 291, 292.

Great Britain, diplomatic papers of, 34;

protectorates of, 52, 53;

power of, over various companies, 54, 55;

recognition of belligerency by, 60;

relations of, to treaty of Utrecht, 76;

difference of, with Venezuela, 78;

intervention of, in affairs of Denmark, 80;

relation of, to balance of power, 83;

one of the Great Powers, 90;

attitude of, at the congress of Troppau, 90;

Verona, 91;

cession of Horse-shoe Reef by, to United States, 100;

sale of territory to, by Netherlands, 101;

partition of Africa by, 103;

treaty of, with France as to enclosed waters, 108;

convention of, as to the Suez Canal, 111;

attitude of, as to the three-mile limit, 112–114;

treaties of, as to Canadian fisheries, 114–116;

Bering Sea, 116, 117;

territorial waters jurisdiction act of, 120;

jurisdiction of, over foreign-born subjects, 123;

attitude of, as to naturalization, 127;

jurisdiction of, over aliens, 131;

immunities of diplomatic agents of, 180 et seq.;

protectorate of, over Ionian Islands, 214;

war of, with the Transvaal, 230;

volunteer navy of, 256;

guaranty of, as to Suez Canal, 280;

neutrality laws of, 283;

attitude of, as to, Terceira affair, 288;

Alabama case, 297;

contraband, 307;

convoy, 313;

blockade, 319, 320;

continuous voyages, 320–324;

law of, as to prize money, 327.

Great Powers, enumeration of, 90;

policy of, 90–93.

Greece, in early international law, 13;

recognition of, 44;

intervention in affairs of, 84, 211;

attitude of Great Powers as to, 91, 92, 279;

recall of citizens by, 130;

pacific blockade of, 223;

volunteer navy of, 256.

Guaranty, treaties of, 211;

as to canals, 279, 280.

Guerrilla troops, status of, 236.

Guidon de la Mar. См. Морские законы.

Gulfs, as affecting jurisdiction, 108.

Hanseatic League, treaty of, as to tolls, 109. See Sea Laws.

Harbors, neutrality of, 287.

"Hinterland Doctrine," explained, 99, 104.

Historical collections, exemption of, 247.

Holy Alliance, relations of, to Monroe Doctrine, 77;

to intervention, 84;

opposition of, to popular liberty, 91.

Horses, as contraband of war, 305.

Hospital flag, use of, 253.

Hospital ships, exemption of, 245, 246;

neutralization of, 280.

Hostages, when last given, 9 n.;

in case of ransom, 259.

Hostile vessels, departure of, from neutral port, 291.

Hostilities, commencement of, 230.

Humanity, intervention on the ground of, 84, 85.

Hungary, jurisdiction of, over foreign-born subjects, 123.

Immunities and privileges of diplomatic agents, 175–182;

consuls, 194–197.

Independence of states, 68, 74–87.

Indians, extinguishment of title of, 99.

Individuals under international law, 56.

Inequalities among states, court precedence, 89;

matters of ceremonial, 89;

weight of influence, 89–93.

Institute of international law, as to marine jurisdiction, 113;

pacific blockade, 223.

Instructions to diplomatic agents, 163, 202;

for United States armies, 331–365.

Insurgents, who are, 56–58.

Intercourse of states, 70.

International law, definition and general scope of, 3–5;

nature of, 6–11;

historical development of, in early period, 12–14;

in middle period, 14–19;

in modern period, 19–24;

writers, 24–28;

sources of, practice and usage, 29, 30;

precedent and decisions, 30, 31;

treaties and state papers, 31–33;

text writers, 33, 34;

diplomatic papers, 34, 35;

states, definition, 39, 40;

nature, 40, 41;

recognition of new, 41–49;

legal persons having qualified status, members of confederations, etc., 50, 51;

neutralized states, 51, 52;

protectorates, suzerainties, etc., 51–53;

corporations, 54, 55;

individuals, 56;

insurgents, 56–58;

belligerents, 59–63;

communities not fully civilized, 63, 64;

general rights and obligations of states, existence, 67, 68;

independence, 68;

equality, 68, 69;

jurisdiction, 69;

property, 69, 70;

intercourse, 70;

existence, application of the right, 71, 72;

extension of the right to subjects, 72, 73;

independence, manner of exercise, 74, 75;

balance of power, 75, 76;

Monroe Doctrine, 77, 78;

non-intervention, 78, 79;

practice as to intervention, 79–87;

equality in general, 88, 89;

inequalities, 89–93;

jurisdiction, in general, 96;

domain, 97, 98;

method of acquisition, 98–102;

qualified, 103, 104;

maritime and fluvial, 104, 105;

rivers, 105, 106;

navigation of rivers, 106–108;

enclosed waters, 108–112;

the three-mile limit, 112–114;

fisheries, 114–117;

vessels, 117–121;

personal, general—nationality, 121, 122;

natural-born subjects, 122;

foreign-born subjects, 122–124;

acquired nationality, 125–130;

jurisdiction over aliens, 130–133;

exemptions from jurisdiction, 134, 135;

sovereigns, 135, 136;

state officers and property, 136–139;

special exemptions, 139–141;

extradition, 142–146;

servitudes, 146, 147;

property, in general, 148, 149;

of the state, 149;

diplomacy and international relations in time of peace, general development, 151, 152;

diplomatic agents, 152–159;

suite, 160;

who may send diplomatic agents, 160, 161;

who may be sent, 161, 162;

credentials, instructions, passport, 162–165;

ceremonial, 165–170;

functions, 170–172;

termination of mission, 172–175;

immunities and privileges, 175–182;

diplomatic practice of the United States, 183–186;

consuls, 186–197;

treaties, definition, 198, 199;

other forms of international agreements, 199–202;

negotiation of, 202–209;

validity of, 209–210;

classification of, 210–212;

interpretation of, 212–214;

termination of, 214–216;

amicable settlement of disputes, 217–219;

non-hostile redress, 220;

retorsion, 220, 221;

reprisals, 221;

embargo, 221, 222;

Pacific blockade, 223–225;

war, definition, 229;

commencement, 229, 230;

declaration, 231, 232;

object, 232, 233;

general effects, 233, 234;

status of persons in war, persons affected by war, 235;

combatants, 235–237;

non-combatants, 237, 238;

status of property on land, public property of the enemy, 239, 240;

real property of enemy subjects, 240, 241;

personal property of enemy subjects, 241–244;

status of property at sea, vessels, 245, 246;

goods, 247;

submarine telegraphic cables, 248;

conduct of hostilities, belligerent occupation, 250–252;

forbidden methods, 252–254;

privateers, 254, 255;

volunteer and auxiliary navy, 255–257;

capture and ransom, 257–259;

postliminium, 260–262;

prisoners and their treatment, 262–264;

non-hostile relations of belligerents, 264–269;

termination of war, methods of, 270;

by conquest, 270, 271;

by cessation of hostilities, 271, 272;

treaty of peace, 272–274;

definition of neutrality, 277;

forms of neutrality and of neutralization, 277–280;

history, 280–283;

declaration, 283, 284;

divisions, 284;

relations of neutral states and belligerent states, general principles of the relations between states, 285, 286;

neutral territorial jurisdiction, 286–289;

regulations of neutral relations, 289–293;

no direct assistance by neutral, 293–295;

positive obligations of a neutral state, 295–297;

neutral relations between states and individuals: ordinary commerce, 299–303;

contraband, 303–306;

penalty for carrying contraband, 306, 307;

unneutral service, 308–310;

visit and search, 310–313;

convoy, 313, 314;

blockade, 314–319;

violation of blockade, 319, 320;

continuous voyages, 320–324;

prize and prize courts, 324–328.

Internment of belligerent troops, 286, 290.

Interpretation of treaties, 212–214.

Intervention in affairs of other nations, 77–87.

Ionian Islands, protectorate of, 23, 214.

Islands, title to, when formed in rivers, 102.

Italy, one of the Great Powers, 90;

relation of, to the Triple Alliance, 92;

partition of Africa by, 103;

convention of, as to the Suez Canal, 111.

Jackson, President, attitude of, as to the Falkland Islands, 46.

Japan, recognition of, 43, 44;

jurisdiction of, over aliens, 131, 132;

freedom of Emperor of, from suit, 136;

treaty of United States with, as to consular functions, 193;

termination of treaty of, with China, 215;

prize law of, 246, 313;

treaty of peace of, with China, 272;

attitude of, as to convoy, 314.

Jettison of cargo, 13.

Jurisdiction of states, 69, 94 et seq.;

дипломатических агентов, 175-182;

консулов, 193-196;

в отношении некомбатантов, 237;

нейтральная территориальная, 286-289;

в случае блокады, 314-324;

в отношении призовых судов, 325. См. Международное право.

Jus belli, early international law, 13.

Jus fetiale, defined, 7, 13.

Jus gentium, defined, 7, 14.

Jus inter gentes, defined, 7, 14.

Jus naturale, defined, 6.

Koszta, case of, 129, 130.

Lakes, change in, as affecting territory, 102.

Language used in treaties, 205, 206;

in diplomacy, 170 n. 3.

Law of nations, term long used, 8.

Антверпенские законы. См. Морские законы.

Олеронские законы. См. Морские законы.

Laws of the Rhodians, fragment of, 13.

См. Морские законы.

Legates, rules as to, 156, et seq.

См. Послы, Дипломатические агенты.

Letter of credence, form of, 164.

Letters, in diplomatic relations, 200, 201.

Каперские свидетельства. См. Каперство.

Levies en masse, as combatants, 236, 262.

Liberia, recognition of, 44.

Licenses to trade, 266, 267.

Lien, right of state to enforce, 98.

Lincoln, President, proclamation of, as to blockade, 231, 317 n.

Loans of money, by neutral to belligerent state, 295;

by citizens of a neutral state, 295.

Luxemburg, neutralization of, 52, 278.

Madagascar, protectorate of, 53.

Mails and mail steamers, under neutral flag, 309.

Marcy, Secretary, as to naturalization, 128.

Mare Clausum, rule of, as to Bering Sea, 116.

Морская лига. См. Трехмильная зона.

Maritime ceremonials, in salutes, 89.

Морская война. См. Нейтралитет.

Marriage, as affecting nationality, 125;

performed by diplomatic agent, 172.

McKinley, President, message of, as to Cuba, 85;

proclamation of as to blockade, 317 n.

Медиация. См. Добрые услуги.

Memoranda, what they are, 171, 200.

Messages, transmission of, 310.

Milan decree of Napoleon, 315.

Military assistance not to be furnished by neutral to belligerent, 293.

Ministers, jurisdiction of Supreme Court as to, 31.

См. Послы, Дипломатические агенты.

Money, as contraband of war, 305.

Доктрина Монро, история 77;

position of United States as to, 93.

Monroe, President, author of Monroe Doctrine, 77.

Montenegro, recognition of, 44.

"Most favored nation," what it means in treaties, 213, 214.

Munitions of war, sales of, by neutral, 294.

См. Военные запасы.

Napoleon Bonaparte, relation of, to Monroe Doctrine, 77;

sale of Louisiana by, 101;

Berlin decrees of, 222, 315;

Milan decrees of, 315.

Natural-born subjects, jurisdiction over, 122.

Naturalization, law as to, 125–130.

Naval war code of the United States, 222, 400–416.

Navigation of rivers, 106–108.

Navy, exemption of, from local jurisdiction, 138.

Netherlands, sale of territory by, to Great Britain, 101;

convention of, as to Suez Canal, 111.

Neutral goods, capture of, 247, 299 et seq.

Neutrality, proclamation of, 60;

of goods, 247;

submarine telegraphic cables, 248;

definition and history of, 275–284;

laws of United States as to, 283, 296;

of nations during war between Spain and the United States, 283;

as to departure of hostile vessels from neutral ports, 291;

British regulations as to, 291 n.;

as to direct assistance, 293–295;

obligations of state, 295–297;

ordinary commerce in case of, 299–303;

contraband in ease of, 303–307;

unneutral service in case of, 308–310;

visit and search in case of, 310–313;

convoy in care of, 313, 314;

blockade, 314–319;

violation of blockade, 319, 320;

continuous voyages, 320–324;

prize and prize courts, 324–328.

Neutrality statutes of United States, 283, 417–420.

Neutralization of states, 51, 52;

forms of, 277–280.

Non-combatants, who are, 237, 238.

Non-hostile redress, what is, 220.

North Sea fisheries, convention as to, 114.

Notes, what they are, 171, 200, 212.

Notification of blockade, 316, 317.

Nuncios, rules as to, 156 et seq.

См. Послы, Дипломатические агенты.

Occupation, a method of acquiring territory, 98, 99;

belligerent, 250, 252.

Officers of merchant vessels, status of, 236.

Олеронские законы. См. Морские законы.

Oriental states, exemption of subjects of Western states in, 139–141.

Oxford Manual, provisions of, 368, 381.

Pacific Blockade, what it is, 223–225.

Paris, treaty of, 206.

Parole, release on, 263.

Passengers, capture of, 258.

Passport, form of, 133;

of diplomatic agent, 163, 171;

given in time of war, 266.

Peace of Westphalia, relation of, to the balance of power, 75;

recognition of diplomacy by, 154, 155;

preceded by armistice, 272.

Вероломство. См. Обман.

Personal property, status of, in war, 241–244.

Persons, jurisdiction over, 121;

status of, in war, 235, et seq.

Philippines, sale of, to the United States, 101.

Pillage, prohibition of, 142.

Poison, use of, forbidden in war, 253.

Poland, partition of, 22, 76, 101.

Политические беженцы. См. Право убежища.

Ports, neutrality of, 287.

Portugal, partition of Africa by, 103;

jurisdiction of, as to foreign-born subjects, 123;

relations of, to Terceira affair, 288.

Postal communication, cartels as to, 265.

Postliminium, what it is, 260.

Prescription, acquisition of territory by, 101, 102.

Престация. См. Ангария.

Prisoners of war, treatment of, 262–264;

exchange of, 265;

when must be restored, 268;

treaties as to, 273.

Privateering, history of, 254;

action of, M. Gênet as to, 282.

Private international law, of what it treats, 4, 122, 146.

Private property of enemy, capture of, at sea, 247, 300 et seq.;

inviolability of, on land, 252.

Private vessels, liability of, to capture, 245;

exemption of, 246.

Prize, courts of, 30;

disposition of, 258, 259;

salvage in case of, 260, 261;

taking of, into neutral waters, 293;

attitude of Japan as to, 313, 314;

law of, 324–328;

procedure as to, in court, 421–429.

Призовые суды. См. Приз.

Prize law of Japan, 246.

Протоколы (Procès-verbaux). См. Протокол.

Proclamation of the United States as to the Declaration of Paris, 33;

of Queen Victoria as to belligerency, 60;

of treaties, 209;

of the United States as to war with Spain, 222;

of blockade, 230, 231.

President, as to neutrality, 282;

of nations during war between Spain and the United States, 283, 288;

as to departure of belligerents on vessels from port, 291.

Projectiles, inflicting unnecessary suffering, 253;

from balloons, 253.

Promulgation of treaty, 209.

Property, in general, 148, 149;

of the state, 149;

of the enemy, status of, 239–244;

at sea, status of, 245–249.

Protectorates, states under, 52, 53;

jurisdiction in case of, 103;

spheres of influence, 103, 104.

Protocol, what it is, 171, 199, 200, 202, 208, 209, 212, 272.

Provisions, when may be supplied to belligerents, 290;

as contraband of war, 305.

Prussia, attitude of, at the Congress of Troppau, 90. См. Германия.

Public buildings, protection of, in war, 240.

Public debt, stock held by enemy in, 242.

Public international law, of what it treats, 4.

Public vessels, liability of, to capture, 245.

Quarter, refusal of, 263.

Railway plant, status of, in war, 240, 252.

Выкуп. См. Захват.

Ratification of treaties, 207–209.

Real property, status of, in war, 240, 241.

Rebellion, intervention in case of, 85, 86.

Recognition, of new states, 41–49;

of belligerency, 59–63.

Religion, protection of, 182, 240.

Repair, hostile character of ships of, 310.

Reprisals, defined, 221.

Requisitions, what they are, 240, 241, 243.

Retaliation, liability to, 263;

when forbidden, 254.

Retorsion, defined, 220, 221.

Right of asylum, on ship of war, 119, 288, 290;

as to sovereign's hotel, 137;

in house of diplomatic agent, 180–182.

См. Интернирование.

Rivers, in determining territory, 102;

as affecting jurisdiction, 105–108.

Roman law, a basis of international law, 9, 14, 15;

as to alluvium, 102.

Roumania, recognition of, 44;

cession of Bessarabia and a part of Turkey to, 100.

Russia, suzerainty of, 53;

relation of, to the balance of power, 83;

one of the Great Powers, 90;

attitude of, at the Congress of Troppau, 90;

friendship of, with France, 93;

sale of Alaska by, 101;

treaty of, with Turkey as to Bosphorus, etc., 110;

convention of, as to the Suez Canal, 111;

claim of, as to Pacific Ocean, 116;

volunteer navy of, 256.

Safe conduct, what it is, 266.

Safeguard, what it is, 266.

Sale, transfer of territory by, 100.

Salvage, granting of, 260–262.

Samoa, neutralization of, 52;

suzerainty of, 53.

Scientific works, exemption of, 239;

vessels engaged in, 245, 246.

Sea laws, amalfitan tables, 17, 186;

Consolato del Mare, 17, 186, 300;

laws of Oleron, 17, 186;

laws of Wisby, 17, 186;

Hanseatic League, 18, 29, 187;

customs of Amsterdam, 18;

laws of Antwerp, 18;

Guidon de la Mar, 18;

Lex Rhodia, 17, 187.

Осмотр. См. Осмотр и досмотр.

Self-preservation, intervention for, 80.

Servia, recognition of, 44.

Servitudes, in case of Canadian fisheries, 114;

different kinds of, 146, 147.

Ship's papers, deposit of, in consul's office, 191;

what required, 312.

Sick and wounded, treatment of, 264, 280;

exchange of, 265.

Sound dues, history of, 109.

South African Republic, protectorate of, 52;

war in, 230, 324.

South American states, husbands in, acquiring citizenship of wife, 125;

views of, as to extradition, 143.

Sovereign, exemptions and privileges of, in foreign countries, 135, 136.

Spain, relations of, to Treaty of Utrecht, 76;

interference in affairs of, 85;

relations of, to Great Powers, 90;

attitude of Congress of Verona as to, 91;

convention of, as to the Suez Canal, 111;

jurisdiction of, as to foreign-born subjects, 123;

termination of treaty of, with United States, 215;

vessels of, during war with the United States, 222, 246;

attitude of, as to Declaration of Paris, 247, 255, 302.

Spheres of influence, theory of, 92, 103, 104.

Spies, status of, 236, 237, 265.

Sponsions, defined, 201, 269.

State officers, exemptions of, 136–139.

State papers, as a source of international law, 31–35.

Statute of limitations, law of, as to debts in time of war, 274.

Steamers, status of, in war, 240.

Stock, held by enemy in public debt, 242.

Straits, jurisdiction of, 109.

Stratagems, use of, 253.

Submarine cables, convention for the protection of, 32, 248;

censorship of, 310.

Суэцкий канал. См. Каналы.

Sulphur, as contraband of war, 305, 306.

Supplies of war, not to be furnished by neutral to belligerent, 294;

ships carrying, 310.

См. Военные материалы.

Supreme Court of the United States, 30, 31.

Suspension of treaties, 234.

Suzerainty, instances of, 53.

Sweden, relations of, to Great Powers, 90;

sale of territory by, to France, 101;

jurisdiction of, over foreign-born subjects, 123.

Switzerland, neutralization of, 23, 52, 278;

state existence of, before recognition, 41;

jurisdiction of, over foreign-born subjects, 123, 124.

Taxes, lien of state for, 98;

upon property of diplomatic agent, 182;

of enemy subjects, 242;

collection of, by an occupying state, 242, 260.

Telegraph, status of, in war, 240, 248;

cables, 310.

Telephone, status of, in war, 240.

Terceira expedition, what it was, 288.

Termination of treaties, 214;

war, 270–274.

Территориальные воды. См. Трехмильная зона.

Territory, acquisition of, 98–102;

cession of, jurisdiction over, 101;

formed by alluvium, 102;

определяемые реками и озерами и т. д. 102;

annexation of, 126.

Three-mile limit, jurisdiction as to, 112–114, 120, 287.

Transfer of territory, 100, 101;

allegiance, 126.

Transport, ships of, 310.

Transvaal, war of, with Great Britain, 230.

Treaties, as a source of international law, 31–33;

intervention, because of, 82;

of United States as to Canadian fisheries, 114–116;

of extradition, 142;

definition of, 198;

other forms, 199–202;

negotiation of, 202–209;

validity of, 209, 210;

classification of, 210–212;

of London, 1831, 1839, 211;

interpretation of, 212–214;

termination of, 214, 216;

denunciation of, 216;

abrogation or suspension of, 234;

of peace, 272–274;

as to canals, 279, 280;

as to free vessels making free goods, 300 et seq.

Treaty of Berlin, suzerainties established by, 53;

relations of, to Great Powers, 92;

provision of, as to a portion of Bessarabia, 100;

closing ports, 118;

servitudes, 146;

Congo, 278.

Treaty of Paris, relations of, to Great Powers, 92;

provision of, as to Bessarabia, 100;

provision of, as to Bosphorus, etc., 110;

relations of, to Ottoman Empire, 211;

provisions of, as to privateering, neutral goods, enemy's goods, and blockade, 247, 254, 398.

Trent, case of, 309.

Tribunal, none, of international law, 11.

Triple Alliance, nations parties to, 92.

Troops, internment of belligerent, 286, 290;

enlistment of, for belligerent service, 295.

Troppau, Congress of, 90.

Перемирие. См. Парламентерские флаги.

Turkey, recognition of, 44;

suzerainty of, 53;

application of balance of power to, 83;

policy as to territory of, 91, 92;

portion of, ceded to Roumania, 100;

treaty of, with Russia as to Bosphorus, etc., 110;

convention of, as to Suez Canal, 111;

letters of minister to, 163.

Uniform of enemy, use of, 252.

United States, agrees to the Treaty of Paris, 33;

diplomatic papers of, 34;

recognition of other countries by, 44–49;

suzerainty of, over Indians, 53;

intervention of, in case of Venezuela, 78;

Cuba, 85;

attitude of, as to the Monroe Doctrine, 93;

extinguishment of Indian title by, 99;

cession of "Horse-shoe Reef" to, by Great Britain, 100;

sale of Alaska, Louisiana, and the Philippines to, 101;

territory of, formed by alluvium, 102;

claim of, to jurisdiction over Chesapeake and Delaware bays, 108;

attitude of, as to sound dues, 109;

Dardanelles, 110;

Bering Sea, 113, 116, 117;

jurisdiction of, over foreign-born subjects, 122–124;

as to marriage, 125;

laws of, as to naturalization, 125–130;

attitude of, as to Koszta, 129, 130;

jurisdiction of, over aliens, 131;

courts of consuls of, 140, 141;

attitude of, as to diplomatic agents, 178 et seq.;

diplomatic practice of, 183–186;

French language used in treaties of, 206;

making and ratification of treaties of, 207–209;

termination of treaty of, with Spain, 215;

attitude of, as to embargo of 1807, 222;

naval war code of, 222, 400;

vessels of, during war with Spain, 222;

attitude of, as to, blockade of Crete, 223, 224;

Spanish vessels during war with Spain, 246;

Declaration of Paris during war with Spain, 247, 255, 302;

volunteer navy of, 256;

destruction of vessels by, in War of 1812, 259;

attitude of, as to ransom, 259;

salvage, 260, 261;

practice of, as to exchange of prisoners, 263;

guaranty by, of neutrality of trans-isthmian canal, 279;

neutrality laws of, 283, 296, 417;

attitude of, as to Alabama case, 297;

treaties of, as to free ships making free goods, 300 et seq.;

articles enumerated by, as contraband of war, 304 et seq.;

attitude of, as to convoy, 313;

blockade, 319, 320;

continuous voyages, 322;

practice of, as to prize courts, 325 et seq.;

repeal by, of law as to prize money, 327.

Unneutral service, what it is, 308–310.

Uti possidetis, Doctrine of, 273, 274.

Utrecht, Peace of, as an epoch in international law, 21 et seq., 77, 206.

Venezuela, boundary line of, 78.

Verona, Congress of, 77, 91.

Vessels, classes of, 117;

nationality of, how determined, 117;

jurisdiction over, 117–121;

status of, at sea, 245 et seq.;

in port at outbreak of hostilities, 246;

voluntary and auxiliary navy, 255–257;

capture and ransom of, 257–258;

postliminium, 260–262;

cartel, 265;

in case of neutral relations between states and individuals, 298–328;

visit and search of, 310–343.

См. Каперство, Право убежища.

Vienna, Congress of, settling of court precedence by, 89;

determination of rank of state agents by, 155 et seq.;

language used in, 206;

as to neutralization, 278, 279.

Visit and search, right of, 310, 311;

object of, 311;

method of, 311, 312;

seizure in case of, 312, 313.

Volunteer and auxiliary navy of, Prussia, 255, 256;

Greece, 256;

Russia, 256;

Great Britain, 256;

United States, 256.

War, definition of, 229;

commencement of, 229, 230;

declaration of, 231, 232;

object of, 232, 233;

general effects of, 233, 234;

persons affected by, 235;

combatants in, 235–237;

non-combatants in, 237, 238;

public property of the enemy in, 239, 240;

real property of enemy subjects in, 240, 244;

personal property of enemy subjects in, 241–244;

vessels, 245, 246;

goods, 247;

submarine telegraphic cables, 248, 249;

belligerent occupation during, 250–252;

forbidden methods in, 252–254;

privateers in, 254, 255;

voluntary and auxiliary navy in, 255, 257;

capture and ransom in, 257–259;

postliminium in, 260–262;

prisoners and their treatment in, 262–264;

non-hostile relations of belligerents in, 264–269;

methods of termination of, 270–274.

Warlike expedition, what is a, 289.

Washington, President, attitude of, as to neutrality, 282.

Waters, as affecting jurisdiction, 102 et seq.

Уэбстер, Дэниел, взгляды в деле парохода «Caroline», 435.

Westphalia, Peace of, as an epoch in international law, 19.

Висбийские законы. См. Морские законы.

Women, nationality of, 125.

Works of art, exemption of, 239, 247.

Writers, upon international law, 24–28, 33, 34.

СНОСКИ:

[1] Холл, Вводная глава.

[2] Дайси, «Конфликт законов» (английский), с примечаниями по американским делам Дж. Б. Мура.

[3] «Международное право» Уитона, переведенное и ставшее учебником для китайских чиновников в 1864 году.

[4] «Институции», I., 1, 1.

[5] «О праве войны», кн. I, гл. I, § 10.

[6] I. «Политическая этика», 2-е изд., стр. 68.

[7] Мэн, «Древнее право», гл. IV.

[8] «Институции», I., 2, 1.

[9] «Институции», I., 2, 2.

[10] Хеффтер, «Völkerrecht», § 2.

[11] Цицерон, «О государстве», 2. 17.

[12] Droit international — французский термин, принятый впоследствии.

[13] Последние заложники были даны в Европе в 1748 году Англией Франции.

[14] «Лекции по юриспруденции», I.

[15] Уокер, «Наука международного права», гл. I и II, подробно обсуждает определение Остина.

[16] Блюнчли, «Völkerrecht», Введение; Лоуренс, § 20.

[17] Уокер, «Наука международного права», гл. III, стр. 58. «Но когда помимо смутного и мимолетного Мирового Закона, закона всего человечества, был признан закон, особый для определенных народов, когда было проведено различие между прогрессивными и стагнирующими, между цивилизацией и варварством, когда грек отметил [греч.: ta nomima tôn Hellênôn], а римлянин ощутил узы особого Jus Fetiale и особого Jus Belli, Международное право сбросило свои пеленки и начало свою поступь по земле».

[18] Цицерон, «В защиту закона Манилия», гл. XIII.

[19] Дигесты Юстиниана, 14. 2: «Если товары выброшены за борт для облегчения судна, поскольку это делается ради всех, убыток должен быть возмещен общим взносом».

[20] Блюнчли, «Völkerrecht», Введение; Фукидид, «Пелопоннесская война», II, 12, 22, 29.

[21] Амфиктионовый союз признавал некоторые принципы межгосударственного права и вежливости, а также сохранял эллинские институты и религиозные традиции. Это показано в присяге членов: «Мы не будем разрушать ни один амфиктионовый город и не лишим его проточной воды ни в войну, ни в мир; если кто-то совершит это, мы пойдем против него и разрушим его город. Если кто-то разграбит имущество бога, или будет соучастником этого, или замышляет коварство против того, что находится в его храме в Дельфах, мы накажем его ногой, рукой и голосом, а также всеми средствами, имеющимися в нашей власти». Они также договорились установить и соблюдать гуманные правила ведения войны. См. также Блюнчли, «Völkerrecht», Введение.

[22] Мэн, «Древнее право», гл. III. Представление о том, чем являлось jus gentium, разумеется, менялось со временем. При Империи оно утратило свое прежнее значение. См. Цицерон, «Об обязанностях», III, 17; Ливий, VI, 17; IX, 11; I, 14; V, 36; Саллюстий, «Югуртинская война», XXII; Тацит, «Анналы», I, 42; «Квинт Курций», IV, 11, 17.

[23] Брайс, «Священная Римская империя», гл. VII.

[24] Брайс, «Священная Римская империя», гл. VII и XV. «Божье перемирие», введенное духовенством (1034), оставляло для ведения войн и урегулирования распрей лишь около восьмидесяти дней в году.

[25] О влиянии крестовых походов см. Милман, «Латинское христианство», VII, 6; Халлам, «Средние века», гл. III, ч. I; Брайс, «Священная Римская империя», гл. XI, XIII.

[26] Холл, § 268, стр. 740.

[27] Висбийские законы содержат раннее упоминание о морском страховании, § 66.

[28] Расширено в 1614 году.

[29] Де Вальроже, «Морское право» (Droit Maritime), I, § 1.

[30] Морской ордонанс Людовика XIV 1681 года стал основой морского права.

[31] С упадком влияния «Священной Римской империи» использование латыни в дипломатии стало менее распространенным.

[32] Аббат Сен-Пьер в трех томах (1729), «Краткое изложение проекта вечного мира» (Abrégé du Projet de Paix perpétuelle), излагает план достижения мира посредством фиксированной системы баланса сил.

[33] «Институции», II, 1, 21, 22.

[34] Декларация России от 28 февраля 1780 года.

[35] Труды Мозера (1701–1786) и его непосредственных последователей представляют собой попытку сделать принципы международного права практически применимыми.

[36] I. Hertslet, 317.

[37] I. Hertslet, 573.

[38] Там же, 658.

[39] Холл, § 88, стр. 297.

[40] Уокер, «История права наций» (Hist. Law of Nations), стр. 283, 336.

[41] Список авторов и трудов см. на стр. xix.

[42] Дженкс, «Право и политика в средние века», стр. 30.

[43] The Santa Cruz, 1 C. Rob., 49, 61.

[44] Акт Конгресса от 3 марта 1891 года. 26 U. S. Sts. at Large, 826.

[45] Лоуренс, § 64.

[46] Bolton v. Gladstone, 5 East, 155, 160.

[47] United States v. Rauscher, 1886, 119 U. S., 407.

[48] Конституция Соединенных Штатов Америки, ст. III, § 2. Английскую точку зрения см. у Уокера, стр. 46, который цитирует 3 Burr, 1480.

[49] Декларации, протоколы, конвенции, прокламации, ноты и т. д.

[50] III. Hertslet, 1904.

[51] Хольцендорф, «Введение в государственное право» (Introduction droit public), 44.

[52] Холл, § 1, стр. 18; I., Ривье, § 3, 9, I.

[53] Холл, § 1, стр. 20.

[54] Внутренние акты де-факто государства являются действительными независимо от позиции международного сообщества. В качестве примера: в 1777 году во время Войны за независимость британский губернатор Флориды выдал земельный грант на территории, которая ныне является южной частью Соединенных Штатов Америки. Пятьдесят лет спустя потомок лица, получившего грант, предъявил права на эту землю, однако Верховный суд Соединенных Штатов Америки заявил: «Соединенными Штатами никогда не признавалось, что они приобрели что-либо путем уступки от Великобритании по этому договору [Мирному договору 1783 года]. Он рассматривался лишь как признание ранее существовавших прав, и на этом принципе земля и суверенитет в пределах их признанных границ принадлежали им в такой же мере во время Декларации независимости, как и в настоящий час. Обратившись к договору, можно обнаружить, что он сводится к простому признанию независимости и границ Соединенных Штатов Америки без какого-либо языка, предполагающего уступку или отказ от права со стороны Великобритании... гранты земли, сделанные flagrante bello стороной, потерпевшей поражение, могут обрести действительность только из положений договора». Harcourt v. Gaillard, 12 Wheat., 523, 527. См. также M'Ilvaine v. Coxe's Lessee, 4 Cr., 209, 212.

[55] Suarez, "De Legibus," 6.

[56] Wheat., D., 41 n.

[57] Центральноамериканские Соединенные Штаты, 1 ноября 1898 г., от республик Никарагуа, Сальвадор и Гондурас.

[58] Япония общепризнана с 1894 г., и ее внешние отношения находились в процессе пересмотра.

[59] 1 Whart., § 70.

[60] I. Rivier, §§ 44, 125.

[61] См. по этому вопросу 1 Whart., § 70.

[62] 13 Pet., 415. See also Jones v. United States, 137 U. S. 202; Foster v. Neilson, 2 Pet., 253.

[63] Штат Миссисипи против Джонсона, президента, 4 Wall., 475, 500. Обзор данного вопроса за последнее время см.: 32 Amer. Law Rev., 390, У. Л. Пенфилд (W. L. Penfield).

[64] I. Rivier, Droit des gens, §§ 3, 11.

[65] Hall, § 26*, note 1, p. 93.

[66] Hall, § 27, p. 100.

[67] Lawrence, § 51, p. 75.

[68] «Политические ежегодники» («Political Annuals»), начиная с 1887 года, изобилуют обсуждениями вопросов нейтрализации.

[69] Statesman's Year Book 1901, p. 591.

[70] Ibid., pp. 657, 1237.

[71] 6 American Cycl., 376.

[72] Lawrence, p. 82, § 54.

[73] Wheat., D., note 15, p. 37.

[74] Подробное обсуждение см.: Wilson, "Insurgency" lectures U. S. Naval College, 1900.

[75] Hall, § 5, p. 31, ff.

[76] 3 Whart., § 381; United States v. "Ambrose Light," 25 Fed. Rep. 408. Snow, 206, "Montezuma."

[77] Послание президента Кливленда от 2 декабря 1885 г. U. S. For. Rel. 1885, pp. 254, 273.

[78] Parl. Papers, 1887, 1 Peru, 18.

[79] 3 Whart., § 381, "Huascar."

[80] 33 Albany Law Jour., 125.

[81] Lawrence, § 162.

[82] 1885, For. Rel. U. S. 252, 264.

[83] 1885, For. Rel. U. S. 254, 273.

[84] См. 3 Whart., § 381; Bluntschli, § 512; Hall, § 5, p. 34; U. S. For. Rel. (1885), 252, 254, 264, 273.

[85] См. многочисленные ссылки в 51 Br. and Fr. St. Papers; а также Hall, § 5, p. 39.

[86] Hall, § 5, p. 35.

[87] Wheat., D., note 15, p. 34.

[88] 1 Whart., §§ 69, 71.

[89] Story, "Santissima Trinidad," 7 Wheat. 354.

[90] Hall, § 83, p. 281.

[91] "Caroline," 1 Whart., § 50 c; 2 ibid., § 224. См. Приложение, стр. 434.

[92] 3 Whart., § 327, p. 147. Snow's Cases, § 179.

[93] § 87, p. 291.

[94] Hall, § 87, p. 294.

[95] Von Gentz, "Fragments upon the Balance of Power in Europe," 1806.

[96] Юм (Hume), «Эссе» («Essays»), VII.

[97] Nys, "Origines," pp. 165 ff.

[98] Лекции Бернарда (Bernard) по «Дипломатии» («Diplomacy»), 98.

[99] Такер (Tucker), «Доктрина Монро» («Monroe Doctrine»), 4.

[100] «Доктрина Монро» («The Monroe Doctrine»), VI.

[101] См. Tucker, "Monroe Doctrine."

[102] Ann. Cycl. (1895), p. 741; (1896), p. 804; (1899), p. 845, а также U. S. For. Rel. 1896.

[103] Bonfils, No. 295; Pradier-Fodéré, No. 355.

[104] § 92, p. 304.

[105] Hall, § 88, p. 297.

[106] Bonfils, 295.

[107] "Letters to Historicus," p. 41.

[108] См. Rolin-Jaequemyns, R. D. I., XVIII., 591.

[109] Hall, § 91, p. 301.

[110] Hertslet, 1181, 1193.

[111] § 85, p. 129. См. также 1 Halleck, 507.

[112] 1 Hertslet, 317. Ibid., 658.

[113] Walker, p. 151.

[114] Ann. Cycl. 1898, p. 159; U. S. For. Rel., 1898, p. 760.

[115] 30 U. S. Sts. at Large, 738.

[116] Bluntschli, § 477.

[117] § 94, p. 307.

[118] 1 Hertslet, 664 ff.

[119] См. гл. XV.

[120] См. § 70 (b).

[121] 1 Hertslet, 574.

[122] Подробную сводку за 1826–1881 гг. см.: Holland, "European Concert in the Eastern Question," Ch. II.

[123] "European Concert in the Eastern Question," p. 221.

[124] Lawrence, "Disputed Questions," V.

[125] Lawrence, "Disputed Questions," V., конец.

[126] 3 Kent Com., 379, 380; 1 Gould and Tucker, 484.

[127] В случае Соединенных Штатов Америки, хотя президент после объявления войны может завоевать и удерживать иностранную территорию, для придания титулу окончательной юридической силы посредством договора необходимы совместные действия президента и Сената.

[128] Treaties of U. S., 444.

[129] Woolsey, 496.

[130] См. обсуждение в: Hall, § 36, note 1, p. 124.

[131] "The Anna," 5 C. Rob., 373.

[132] "Institutes," II., 1, 20.

[133] См. Lawrence, 153, 161, 164-167; Reinsch, "World Politics," pp. 60, 113, 184.

[134] Wheat., D., § 193, p. 274.

[135] Ed. Engelhardt, "Du régime conventionnel des fleuves internationaux," Ch. II.

[136] Grotius, II., ii., 12-14; Pufendorf, III., 3, 4; Vattel, §§ 104, 126-130, 132-134; Bluntschli, § 314; Calvo, §§ 259, 290-291; Fiore, §§ 758, 768; Carnazza-Amari, "Traite," § 2, Ch. VII., 17; Heffter, § 77; Wheat., D., § 193.

[137] Wheat., D., §§ 197-204; Whart., § 30; Pradier-Fodéré, "Traite," §§ 727-755.

[138] Justinian, "Inst.," 2, t. 1, §§ 1-5.

[139] 3 Whart., § 305 a.

[140] Parl. Papers, 1889, Commercial, No. 2; Holland, "Studies in International Law," p. 270.

[141] См. Tucker, "Monroe Doctrine," pp. 43-76; Lawrence, "Disputed Questions," 72-146.

[142] See Regina v. Keyn, 2 L. R. (Exch. Div.), 63.

[143] Ann. Cycl. (1894), 292.

[144] Lawrence, pp. 138, 182.

[145] См. работу Кушинга (Cushing) «Договор в Вашингтоне» ("Treaty of Washington").

[146] 24 U. S. Sts. at Large, 475.

[147] См. Whart., §§ 301-308.

[148] Treaties of U. S., 940.

[149] Proceedings Fur Seal Arbitration, 1893; а также 27 U. S. Sts. at Large, 947.

[150] Примечание 63, § 105.

[151] IV. Hertslet, 2783.

[152] Ст. 28 Генерального акта Брюссельской конференции от 2 июля 1890 г.

[153] Wildenhus's Case, 120 U. S. 1, 18.

[154] Bonfils, "De la compétence des tribunaux français," § 326.

[155] Statutes, 41 and 42, Vict., p. 579.

[156] U. S. Rev. Sts., § 1993; 1 Gould and Tucker, 478; 2 ibid., 178, 203.

[157] Гражданский кодекс, ст. 28.

[158] Закон от 1 июня 1870 г.

[159] 24 декабря 1879 г.

[160] 27 февраля 1858 г.

[161] 3 июля 1876 г.

[162] Whart., § 183 ff.

[163] 3 Pradier-Fodéré, 1648-1653.

[164] U. S. Rev. Sts., § 1994; 1 Gould and Tucker, 479; 2 ibid., 178.

[165] 3 Pradier-Fodéré, 1656 ff.

[166] Конституция Соединенных Штатов Америки, ст. I, § 8.

[167] U. S. Rev. Sts., §§ 2165-2174; 1 Gould and Tucker, 513; 2 ibid., 202.

[168] 2 Pradier-Fodéré, 863; 3 ibid., 1671 ff.

[169] Treaties of U. S., 1262; 2 Whart., § 181.

[170] Hall, § 71, p. 240 ff.

[171] 2 Whart., § 175, Фрелингхайзен — Уоллесу, 25 марта 1887 г.

[172] 2 Whart., § 175, Байард — Уильямсу, 29 октября 1885 г.

[173] 2 Whart., § 193, Марси — Зибелсу, 27 мая 1854 г.

[174] 2 Whart., § 193, Марси — Фею, 27 мая 1854 г.

[175] 2 Whart., § 198, Марси — Хюзельманну, 26 сентября 1853 г.

[176] 6 Messages and Papers of President, 168.

[177] Bonfils, 337.

[178] § 48, p. 173.

[179] Snow's "Cases," 72 ff., по этому и другим делам.

[180] Snow's "Cases," 82, Rothschild v. Queen of Portugal; Bynkershoek, "De Foro Legatorum," C. XVI.

[181] Подробное обсуждение см. в § 80 (f).

[182] Exchange v. M'Faddon, 7 Cr., 116, 139.

[183] "International Law," Naval War Col., 2d ed., p. 23.

[184] Hall, § 55.

[185] Snow's "Cases," p. 114.

[186] § 55, p. 205.

[187] 1 Whart., § 125.

[188] В соответствии с договорами с Японией, вступившими в силу в 1899 г., такие суды в этой империи были упразднены. 29 U. S. Sts. at Large, 848.

[189] 1 U. S. Rev. Sts., §§ 4083-4130; 1 Gould and Tucker, 770-772; 2 ibid., 503; Treaties of U. S., 1279, 1288; 1 Whart., § 125.

[190] Прокламация от 27 марта 1876 г.; 19 U. S. Sts. at Large, 662.

[191] «Выдача лиц, совершивших преступления и бежавших от правосудия, является вопросом конвенционного соглашения между государствами, поскольку нормами права наций такое обязательство не налагается». In the Matter of Metzger, 5 How. 176, 188.

[192] 2 Whart., § 268.

[193] Snow's "Cases," 151 ff.; Treaties of U. S., 1289-1293.

[194] I. Moore, "Extradition," 156.

[195] 26 U. S. Sts. at Large, 1508; Snow's "Cases," 151 et seq.; 2 Whart., § 270; 1 Moore, "Extradition," 196 ff.; Treaties of U. S., 1289 et seq.; 1 Gould and Tucker, 987.

[196] Treaties of U. S., 437 and 1289-1293; 26 U. S. Sts. at Large, 1510; U. S. Rev. Sts., §§ 5270-5280; 1 Gould and Tucker, 979-989; 2 Whart., §§ 274-280.

[197] В деле «Чесапик» («Chesapeake», 1863 г.) консул действовал в качестве агента. Wheat., D., § 428, note 207; 3 Pradier-Fodéré, 1876.

[198] 3 Pradier-Fodéré, 1877.

[199] "Annuaire de l'Institut de droit international," 1881-1882, p. 128.

[200] IV. Hertslet, 2783.

[201] Ibid.

[202] По общему вопросу см. 2 Pradier-Fodéré, 834, 845.

[203] § 43, p. 167.

[204] U. S. Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882, 1 Gould and Tucker, 502 et seq.; 2 ibid., 193 et seq.

[205] Digest, LVII., 17.

[206] 3 Pradier-Fodéré, 1233.

[207] Nys, "Les Origines du Droit International," 297.

[208] Walton, "Life of Wotton," 155.

[209] Calvo, § 1311 ff.

[210] I. Hertslet, 62, 63.

[211] I. Hertslet, 575. Эти правила были приняты Государственным департаментом Соединенных Штатов Америки.

[212] Calvo, § 1328 ff.

[213] March 1, 1893, 27 U. S. Sts. at Large, c. 182.

[214] 1 Whart., §§ 82, 82 a, 83.

[215] "The American Passport," U. S. Dept. State, 1898, p. 7.

[216] Wicquefort, "The Embassador and his Functions," Digby's translation, Ch. XXII., p. 201.

[217] "Droit des gens," Liv. IV., Ch. VI.

[218] Calvo, § 1328 ff.

[219] Lehr, "Manuel des Agents Diplomatiques," § 367 ff.

[220] Государственный департамент предписывает представителям Соединенных Штатов Америки следовать этой практике.

[221] U. S. Rev. Sts., § 2000.

[222] U. S. Rev. Sts., § 4075.

[223] До царствования Людовика XIV языком дипломатии был латинский; с того времени все шире стал использоваться французский. Начиная с Венского конгресса 1815 г., без ущерба для дела может использоваться любой язык, ст. 120.

[224] 22 U. S. Sts. at Large, 216, § 5.

[225] U. S. Rev. Sts., § 1750; 1 Gould and Tucker, 446; 2 ibid., 158.

[226] Hall, § 53, n. 1., p. 192.

[227] 16 Ann. Cycl., 833.

[228] 1 Whart., § 84.

[229] "Droit Int.," § 1481, ff.

[230] Lehr, "Manuel," §§ 988-998.

[231] Despagnet, "Droit international public," 2d ed., § 235; Heffter, § 204.

[232] Grotius, "De Jure Belli," II., 18.

[233] § 50.

[234] U. S. Rev. Sts., §§ 4063, 4064; Wheat., D., 308-310.

[235] Instructions to Diplomatic Officers, § 47.

[236] 1 Whart., § 98.

[237] Ibid.

[238] De Martens, "Causes Cél.," I., 174.

[239] Instructions to Diplomatic Officers, 1897, § 50.

[240] Hall, § 52, p. 189.

[241] См. работу Барри Гилберта (Barry Gilbert) «Право убежища в миссисипских (?) / миссиях США в Центральной и Южной Америке» («Right of Asylum in the Legations of the United States in Central and South America»), в Harvard Law Review за июнь 1901 г., стр. 118.

[242] Конституция США, ст. III, § 2, 2.

[243] Конституция США, ст. I, § 9, 8.

[244] 1 Whart., § 100.

[245] 1 Whart., § 105.

[246] Instructions to Diplomatic Officers, U. S., 1897, §§ 68, 69.

[247] U. S. Rev. Sts., § 1751.

[248] 1 Whart., § 99.

[249] 1 Whart., § 102.

[250] U. S. Rev. Sts., § 1226.

[251] Ibid., § 1688.

[252] Schuyler, "Amer. Dip.," 144.

[253] Instructions to Diplomatic Officers, U. S., § 67.

[254] U. S. Rev. Sts., §§ 1674-1752; 1 Gould and Tucker, 439-447; 2 ibid., 155-158.

[255] Nys, "Les origines du droit international," "Le Commerce," p. 286.

[256] Lawrence, "Commentaire sur Wheaton," IV., p. 6.

[257] Consular Regulations, 1896, 1.

[258] U. S. Rev. Sts., § 1674.

[259] U. S. Rev. Sts., § 1674.

[260] § 105, p. 331.

[261] См. договоры: Соединенные Штаты Америки и Колумбия (Новая Гранада), 1850; Соединенные Штаты Америки и Франция, 1853; Соединенные Штаты Америки и Австрия, 1870; Соединенные Штаты Америки и Германия, 1871; Австрия и Португалия, 1873; Германия и Россия, 1874; Франция и Россия, 1874; Соединенные Штаты Америки и Италия, 1878; Португалия и Бельгия, 1880; Соединенные Штаты Америки и Румыния, 1881; Соединенные Штаты Америки и Свободное государство Конго, 1891, и др.