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Это второй том двухтомного издания, начатого в книге: История происхождения, формирования и принятия Конституции Соединенных Штатов, том I.
Указатель в конце этого тома, тома II, содержит ссылки на статьи обоих томов. Для удобства читателя была добавлена переходная таблица указателя.
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ИСТОРИЯ ПРОИСХОЖДЕНИЯ, ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ И ПРИНЯТИЯ КОНСТУЦИИ СОЕДИНЕННЫХ ШТАТОВ; С УКАЗАНИЕМ ЕЕ ОСНОВНЫХ СОСТАВИТЕЛЕЙ.
АВТОР: ДЖОРДЖ ТИКНОР КЕРТИС.
IN TWO VOLUMES.
VOLUME II.
NEW YORK:
HARPER AND BROTHERS,
Franklin Square.
1858.
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1858, by
GEORGE T. CURTIS,
in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts.
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ ТОМА ВТОРОГО.
КНИГА IV.
ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ КОНСТУЦИИ.
ГЛАВА I.
Предварительные соображения. — Организация Конвенции. — Положение штатов. — Правило исследования.
Page Explanation of the Author's Plan3, 4 Preservation of Republican Government5-7 Nature of American Freedom7-9 Its Dependence upon the Union9, 10 Intention of the Framers of the Constitution11 Hamilton's Purposes11 The Confederation officially condemned11, 12 Purposes of the States12 The declared Objects of the Convention13 Nature of the previous Union14, 15 General Purpose of the People16 Powers of the Convention17 Opposite Views of the Members18 Presence of Slavery in the States19, 20 The Slaves in some Form to be considered20-22 How they were regarded under the Confederation21 Complex Relations of the Subject22 All the States but one represented in Convention23
Absence of Rhode Island24, 25 Application of the Minority of Rhode Island25, 26 Position of the States in Convention27, 28 Reserved Authority of the People28, 29 Present Importance of the Process of forming the Constitution29 Cautions to be used in Interpretation30
ГЛАВА II.
Установление законодательной власти. — Основа представительства и правило подачи голосов. — Полномочия законодательной власти.
Randolph's Outline of a Constitution32 Referred to Committee of the Whole32 Idea of a National Government32-35 Rule of Suffrage in the Legislature35 First Parties in the Convention36 Representatives in one Branch to be chosen by the People37 Representation of the People39-40 States in some way to be represented40, 41 State Legislatures to choose the Members of the other Branch41 Ratio of Representation as between the States42-44 Basis of the Representative System44-49 Rule of Suffrage in the Senate48 Consequences of Numerical Representation49, 50 Powers to be conferred on the Legislature50 Control of State Legislation51-55 Population of the States55
ГЛАВА III.
Установление исполнительной и судебной власти.
Of how many Persons the Executive to consist56 Negative to be given to the Executive57 Mode of choosing the Executive59 Purpose and Necessity of a Judiciary60 To be made supreme65 Its Jurisdiction65 Tenure of the Judicial Office67
Note on the Judicial Tenure69
ГЛАВА IV.
Прием новых штатов. — Гарантия республиканского правления. — Полномочие на внесение поправок. — Присяга на верность новой системе. — Ратификация.
The Union destined to be enlarged75 Jefferson's Measure for the Admission of New States in 178476 Want of Power in the Confederation77 Power to be supplied in the Constitution78 Guaranty of State Governments to be provided79 Necessity and Utility of the Guaranty80-83 A Mode of Amendment to be provided84 Oath to support the Constitution84 Mode of Ratification84-86 Report of the Committee of the Whole86
ГЛАВА V.
Разногласия между Виргинским и Нью-Джерсийским планами. — Предложения Гамильтона. — Взгляд Мэдисона на Нью-Джерсийский план.
General Character of the Virginia Plan89 Difficulties and Obstacles in its Way91 The chief Cause of Opposition92 The counter Plan by the New Jersey Members92 Referred to a Second Committee of the Whole92 Argument of Patterson in its Support93 Hamilton interposes94 The Nature of the Issue pending95 Hamilton's Leading Principles95 He states the Courses open to the Convention96 Explains the Principles on which Government must be founded96-98 Objects to the New Jersey Plan98, 99 Not satisfied with the Virginia Plan99 His Views of what must be done99, 100 Introduces his own Plan101 It must be judged by the Issue pending101-106 Madison examines the New Jersey Plan106 Explains its Effect on the smaller States107 Declares the Representation to be the great Difficulty108 The States must be represented proportionally109 The Virginia Plan again adhered to109
Note on the Opinions of Hamilton110
ГЛАВА VI.
Конфликт между национальной и федеральной системами. — Разделение легислатуры на две палаты. — Разногласия штатов по поводу характера представительства в обеих палатах. — Угроза роспуска Союза.
Different Magnitudes of the States116 Inequalities in other Respects117 The Majority and Minority of States117, 118 Views of New York118-121 Luther Martin's Opinions121 Position of Connecticut122 Nature of the Question between the Larger and the Smaller States122-125 Advantages of a National System127 Difficulties attending it128 Dangers of adhering inflexibly to Theory129 Division of the Legislature into Two Chambers130 Origin of the Division in England130, 131 Practical Advantages of the Separation131, 132 Why resisted by the Minority133 Defect in the Virginia Plan133 Mode of electing the Members134 Rule of Suffrage for the House135 Madison's View of the Interest of the Small States136 Hamilton on the Consequences of Dissolution136, 137 Evil Results of a perfect Theory137 Purpose of a Senate138 Necessity for a distinct Basis138-140 Irreconcilable Differences140 Proposition of Compromise rejected141 Disagreement on the Senate141 Consequences of a Failure to form a Constitution142-144
ГЛАВА VII.
Первые великие компромиссы Конституции. — Население штатов принято за основу представительства в Палате представителей. — Правило подсчета рабов. — Равенство представительства штатов принято для Сената.
Appointment of a Committee of Compromise145
Representation adjusted by the Committee146 Character of the Compromise147 How treated in the Convention147, 148 Apportionment of Representatives re-arranged148, 149 Objections to the Plan149, 150 Representation of the Slaves150 Combined Rule of Numbers and Wealth151 Test Question respecting the Slaves153 Necessity for their Admission into the Basis of Representation154-162 The Difficulties only to be adjusted by Compromise162 Form of the Compromise163, 164 Equality of Vote adopted for the Senate165, 166 Value of this Feature of the Constitution166, 167 Population of the Slaveholding and Non-slaveholding States compared168
ГЛАВА VIII.
Полномочия законодательной власти. — Устройство и избрание исполнительной власти. — Устройство судебной власти. — Прием новых штатов. — Выполнение обязательств Конгресса. — Гарантия республиканских конституций. — Присяга на верность Конституции. — Ратификация. — Число сенаторов. — Квалификационные требования для занятия должности. — Местопребывание правительства.
The General Interests of the Union to be provided for170 Constitution, Laws, and Treaties to be Supreme170 Appointment and Powers of the Executive171 Re-eligibility of the Executive172, 173 Tenure of the Office173 Right of Suffrage in Choice of the Executive174 Appointment by Electors175 Construction of the Judiciary176 Admission of New States176 Completion of the Engagements of Congress176 Guaranty of Republican Governments177 Future Amendments177 Oath to Support the Constitution177 Ratification177 Objects of a Popular Ratification177-184 Constitution to be submitted to the Congress185
Number of Senators186 Qualifications for Office186 Property Qualification187 Seat of the National Government189 General Pinckney's Notice respecting Slaves and Exports189 Resolutions sent to Committee of Detail190
ГЛАВА IX.
Доклад Комитета по деталям. — Установление легислатуры. — Время и место ее заседаний.
Power confided to the Committee of Detail193 Their Draft of a Constitution194 Right of Suffrage194 Foreign-born Inhabitants195-196 Immigration to be encouraged197 Qualifications for Voting198-202 Power of Naturalization199 Qualifications for Office203-210 Spirit of the Constitution211 Ratio of Representation212-214 Money Bills215-222 Qualifications of Senators223, 224 Number of Senators224-226 Method of Voting in the Senate226-228 Vacancies in the Senate and House229 Powers of the Senate229-240 Senatorial Term240-242 Disqualifications of Members of both Branches242 et seq. Parliamentary Corruption242-244 Executive Influence244-256 Time and Place for Elections257 Pay of Members258, 259 Impeachments260-262 Quorum of each House262 Separate Powers of each House262-263 President of the Senate263 Enactment of Laws264 President's Negative265-268 Seat of Government268-277
Session of Congress277, 278
ГЛАВА X.
Доклад Комитета по деталям (продолжение). — Полномочия Конгресса. — Великие компромиссы Конституции относительно торговли, экспорта и работорговли.
General Principles of the Powers of Legislation279, 280 Limitations280 Exports and the Slave-Trade281 Fitness and Unfitness of a Tax on Exports282 Variety in the Exports of the United States283 Impracticability of such a Tax284 The Slave-Trade Controversy285 et seq. How adjusted289 et seq. Restrictions on the Revenue and Commercial Powers289 Regulation of Commerce291 et seq. Settlement of the Revenue and Commercial Powers295 et seq. Proposition of Compromise301 Arrangement of the Compromise303 Value of the Compromise307 Benefits of the Revenue and Commercial Powers309
ГЛАВА XI.
Доклад Комитета по деталям (продолжение). — Оставшиеся полномочия Конгресса. — Ограничения в отношении Конгресса и штатов.
Purpose of the Revenue Power318-322 Preference of Ports prohibited323, 324 Duties, &c. to be equal325 Commerce with the Indian Tribes325-328 Uniform Rule of Naturalization328 Coining and Regulating Value of Money328 Standard of Weights and Measures328 Post-Offices and Post-Roads328 Power to borrow Money328-330 Tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court330 Rules as to Captures330 Offences against the Law of Nations331 Counterfeiting332
War Power332 Raising and supporting Armies333 Navy334 Power over the Militia334-338 Necessary and proper Laws to execute the Specific Powers338 Patents and Copyrights339 Power over Territories341-358 Admission of New States358 Restraints upon Congress359 Suspension of the habeas corpus359 Bills of Attainder360 Ex post facto Laws360 et seq. Titles of Nobility362 Gifts and Emoluments from foreign Princes362 Restraints upon the States362 et seq. Obligation of Contracts365 State Imposts369 Tonnage Duties370 Other Restraints371
ГЛАВА XII.
Доклад Комитета по деталям (продолжение). — Верховенство национального правительства. — Определение и наказание за государственную измену.
Principles of the National Supremacy372 Preamble of the Constitution373 Supremacy effected through the Judicial Power374 Ratification375 Meaning and Operation of the Supremacy376-381 Its Effect on the Growth of the Country381-384 Definition and Punishment of Treason384-387
ГЛАВА XIII.
Доклад Комитета по деталям (продолжение). — Избрание и полномочия Президента.
Election of the President, why not made directly by the People388 Origin of the Plan of Electors389 Choice of President and Vice-President390-395
Succession of the Vice-President to the Presidency395-398 Mode of filling the Vacancy when there is no Vice-President398 Mode of choosing the Electors398, 399 Opening of the Votes of the Electors399, 400 Modifications of the Mode of Election made by the Amendment400, 401 Contingency, for which no Provision is made401-403 Qualifications for the Presidency404 Salary of the President404-407 Question of a Cabinet, or a Council407-409 Powers of the President409 et seq. Executive Power412, 413 Pardoning Power413, 414 Treaty-making Power414-417 Appointing Power417, 418 To give Information on the State of the Union419 Power to convene Congress419
ГЛАВА XIV.
Доклад Комитета по деталям (продолжение). — Формирование судебной власти.
Scope of the Judicial Power421-431 Its Purposes431-445
ГЛАВА XV.
Доклад Комитета по деталям (продолжение). — Юридическая сила документов. — Межштатные привилегии. — Беглые преступники и лица, обязанные службой.
Intimacy of the Relations between the People of the States447 Difference between the Confederation and the Constitution447, 448 Privileges of Citizenship in all the States448 Effect of Records449 Fugitives from Justice449, 450
Fugitives from Service450-467
ГЛАВА XVI.
Доклад Комитета по деталям (продолжение). — Гарантия республиканского правления и внутреннего спокойствия. — Присяга на верность Конституции. — Порядок внесения поправок. — Ратификация и введение в действие Конституции. — Подписание членами Конвенции.
Purpose of the Guaranty of Republican Government468 Meaning of the Guaranty469 American Sense of a "Republican" Government471 Amendment a Conservative Element473 Distinction between Amendment and Revolution473-474 Settlement of the Mode of Amending the Constitution474-477 Restrictions on the Power of Amendment477, 478 Oath to support the Constitution478 Establishment of the Constitution provided for479-485 Signatures of the Delegates485-487 The Issue presented487
КНИГА V.
ПРИНЯТИЕ КОНСТУЦИИ.
ГЛАВА I.
Общее восприятие Конституции. — Надежды на воссоединение с Великобританией. — Действия Конгресса. — Настроения в Массачусетсе, Нью-Йорке, Виргинии, Южной Каролине, Мэриленде и Нью-Гэмпшире. — Назначение их конвентов.
Public Anxiety491 Rumors about the Bishop of Osnaburg492 Scheme of the Tories493, 494 Publication of the Constitution495 Its Friends and Opponents495, 496
Position of the People497, 498 Reception of the Instrument in Congress499 Action upon it500 Reception in Massachusetts501 Reception in New York502-504 Reception in Virginia505, 506 Jefferson's Opinion506, 507 Course recommended by Jefferson508 Washington's Exertions509 Patrick Henry's Course in the Legislature510 Debate in the Legislature of South Carolina511 Action of the Legislature of Maryland512 Luther Martin's Address512-514 State of Opinion in New Hampshire514 The real Crisis anticipated515 Chances for the Constitution516 Uncertainty of the Result517
ГЛАВА II.
Безоговорочные ратификации Делавэра, Пенсильвании, Нью-Джерси, Джорджии и Коннектикута. — Конец 1787 года. — Начало 1788 года. — Ратификация Массачусетса, шестого штата, с предложениями поправок. — Безоговорочная ратификация Мэриленда. — Южная Каролина, восьмой штат, принимает [Конституцию] и предлагает поправки.
Delaware ratifies unanimously518 Prestige of Philadelphia519 James Wilson in the Convention of Pennsylvania520 His Defence of the Constitution521-524 Ratification of Pennsylvania524 Position of New Jersey524, 525 Ratifies the Constitution526 Position of Georgia526 Ratifies the Constitution527 Convention of Connecticut527, 528 Her Adoption529 New Aspect of the Subject529, 530 Convention of Massachusetts assembles530
Nature of her Opposition531 Value of her State Constitution532 Parties in her Convention532, 533 Samuel Adams and the Opposition533, 534 The Federal Leaders534 They recognize the Necessity for Amendments535 Dangers of this Admission535, 536 Hancock proposes the Amendments537 Ratification procured by them538 Conduct of the Minority539 Nature of the Amendments539, 540 The People of Boston rejoice540 Influence of Massachusetts on New Hampshire541 Critical Position of Maryland542 Her Ratification543 Rejoicings in Baltimore543 Good News from South Carolina544 Liberal Conduct of her People544, 545 Defence of the Constitution by her Delegates546 The Convention admits the Justice of the Commercial Power547 Efforts of the Opposition548 Charleston celebrates the Constitution548
ГЛАВА III.
Ратификации Нью-Гэмпшира, Виргинии и Нью-Йорка с предложенными поправками.
New Hampshire, Virginia, and New York are to act in the same Month549 Hamilton's Expresses arranged550 Virginia Convention meets551 Patrick Henry leads the Opposition552 His peculiar Tendencies553 Character of his Politics554 Edmund Randolph's Position555 Unexpectedly supports the Constitution556 George Mason on the Power of Direct Taxation557 Henry denounces the Constitution558 Madison defends it559 He denies the Dangers imputed to it560
Henry vouches the Advice of Jefferson561 Jefferson's Advice misconstrued562 Henry persists in pressing his View of it563 It strengthens the Opposition564 They employ the Mississippi Question565 True Aspect of that Question566 Madison's Answer to the Opposition567 Negotiations opened with the Anti-Federalists of New York and Pennsylvania568 The Convention of New York assembles568 Hamilton at the Intersection of his Expresses569 His Critical and Responsible Position569, 570 Nature of his Ambition570, 571 His Opinion of the Purposes of the Opposition571 His Answer to their Plans572 He receives News of the Ratification by New Hampshire573 Chancellor Livingston announces the Ratification of the Ninth State574 The Opposition not subdued574 Hamilton's Conduct at this Crisis575-578 He despatches a Courier to Richmond578 But the Constitution is ratified before the Courier arrives578 How its Ratification was obtained579-581 Henry's magnanimous Submission581 The News from Virginia received at Philadelphia582 Elaborate Procession in Honor of the Constitution583 Hamilton receives the News from Virginia584 He consults his Friends585 They force the Opposition to an Issue586 Hamilton advises with Madison587 An Unconditional Ratification carried588 The Federalists unite in a Call for a Second General Convention588 Their Justification for so doing589-592 The City of New York celebrates the Adoption of the Constitution592 Honors paid to Hamilton by the People592-595
ГЛАВА IV.
Действия Северной Каролины и Род-Айленда. — Заключение.
Convention of North Carolina assembles596 Refuses to ratify the Constitution597
Elements of the Opposition in Rhode Island598 Local Parties in the State599 Town and Country divided600 Spirit of a Majority of the People600, 601 They reject the Constitution602 Embarrassing Position of the Union603 Conclusion604