Extinction of species, cause of, i. 8.
Extinctions and creations, law of, ii. 311.
Eye, arranged on refined principles of optics, i. 5.
Functions of, ii. 380.
Capabilities of the human, ii. 383.
Fabricius ab Aquapendente discovers the valves in the veins, ii. 285.
Fairies destroyed by tobacco, ii. 126.
Faith, two kinds of, ii. 192.
Fallopius distinguished by his dissections, ii. 284.
Fasting, continued, its effect on the mind, i. 429.
Faustus, his accusation to Augustine, i. 310.
Felix V., Pope, abdicates, ii. 103.
Felix, Bishop of Rome, excommunicated by Acacius, Bishop of Constantinople, i. 352.
Fernel establishes the true nature of syphilis, ii. 232.
Measures the size of the earth, ii. 255.
Fetiches supposed a panacea, i. 386.
Fetichism displaced by star worship, i. 3.
Difficulty of early cultivators of philosophy to emerge from, i. 100.
Feudal system, how it originated, i. 376.
Fire, asserted by Heraclitus to be the first principle, i. 104.
Fire, liquid or Greek, used by the Arabs, i. 408.
Fireworks used by the Arabs, i. 408.
Flagellants, their origin, ii. 76.
Flavianus, Bishop of Constantinople, deposed, i. 297.
Florence, the Academy of Athens revived in the Medicean gardens of, ii. 193.
Florentine Academicians erroneously suppose water to be incompressible, ii. 372.
Originate correct notions of the radiation of heat, ii. 383.
Show that dark heat may be reflected by mirrors, ii. 390.
Florentius, a priest, attempts to poison St. Benedict, i. 435.
Food, location of animals controlled by, ii. 310.
Its nature, ii. 341.
Force, animal, its source, ii. 339.
Formosus, Pope, converted the Bulgarians, i. 367.
Forms contrasted with law, i. 22.
Introduction of, personified, i. 37.
Fictitious permanence of, successive, i. 104.
Fracasta, an early cultivator of fossil remains, ii. 391.
Francis, St., his early life, ii. 64.
Placed by the lowest of his order in the stead of our Saviour, ii. 83.
Franciscans, higher English, their opposition to Pope Boniface, ii. 83.
Franks Christianized at the end of the fifth century, i. 365.
Fratricelli, their affirmation, i. 283.
Burned by the inquisition for heresy, ii. 79.
Frederick II., Emperor of Germany, birth of, ii. 25.
His Mohammedan tendencies, ii. 66.
Free trade, its effects, i. 254.
Freewill not inconsistent with the doctrine of law, i. 21.
Galen, his opinions, i. 259.
His division of physicians into two classes, i. 399.
Galileo, the historical representative of the intellectual impulse, ii. 134.
Invents the telescope, ii. 261.
Astronomical discoveries of, ii. 261.
Is condemned by the Inquisition, ii. 263.
Publishes "The System of the World," ii. 263.
His degradation and punishment, ii. 264.
His death, ii. 265.
His three laws of motion, ii. 269.
Re-discovers the mechanical properties of fluids, ii. 372, 390.
Geber, or Djafar, the alchemist, discovers nitric acid and aqua regia, i. 409.
Gelasius, his fearless address to the Emperor, i. 353.
Geminus, an Alexandrian astronomer, i. 202.
Genoa, her commerce, ii. 158.
Genseric, King of the Vandals, invited by Count Boniface into Africa, i. 327.
Invited to Rome, i. 350.
Geocentric theory, its adoption by the Church, ii. 254.
Important result of its abandonment, ii. 335.
Geographical discovery, effects of, i. 44.
Geography, primitive, i. 39.
Its union with the marvellous, i. 42.
Of Ptolemy, i. 204.
End of Patristic, ii. 164.
Geological movements of Asia, i. 29.
Geology, ii. 294.
Evidence furnished by, as to the position of man, ii. 338.
Gepidæ, converted in the fourth century, i. 365.
Gerbert, life of, ii. 4.
His Saracen education, ii. 4.
His ecclesiastical advancement, ii. 5.
Becomes Pope Sylvester II., ii. 6.
Is the first to conceive of a European crusade, ii. 21.
Said to have introduced a knowledge of the Arabic numerals into Europe, ii. 49.
Germans not prone to idolatry, i. 415.
Insist on a reform in the Papacy, ii. 2.
Gesner, Luther's opinion of the manner of his death, ii. 117.
Leads the way to zoology, ii. 284.
Gilbert proposed to determine the longitude by magnetic observations, ii. 167.
Adopts the views of Copernicus, ii. 260.
Publishes his book on the magnet, ii. 284.
Gilbert of Ravenna elected antipope, ii. 20.
Gisella, Queen of Hungary, assists in the conversion of her subjects to Christianity, i. 365.
Glass, its rate of dilatation by heat, ii. 300.
Globes, used by the Saracens, ii. 41.
Gobi, dry climate of, i. 25.
Character of its botany, i. 25.
Was once the bed of a sea, i. 29.
Gold, Ancient value of, i. 251.
Potable, attempts to make, i. 407.
Problem of, solved by Djafar, i. 409.
Gotama, the founder of Buddhism, life of, i. 67.
Goths become permanently settled in the Eastern empire, i. 300.
Adopt the Byzantine system, i. 349.
Have possession of Italy, i. 350.
Date of their conversion, i. 365.
Gotschalk, his persecution, ii. 8.
Graaf, a physiologist, ii. 286.
Greece, Roman invasion of, i. 247.
Greek mythology, i. 38.
Transformations of, i. 43.
Cause of its destruction, i. 44.
Secession of literary men and philosophers, i. 47.
Movements repeated in Europe, i. 53.
Philosophy, origin of, i. 94.
Summary of, i. 141.
Its four grand topics, i. 223.
Fire, i. 408.
Learning, revival of, ii. 193.
Cause of dislike of, ii. 195.
Gregory II., Pope, defends image-worship, i. 421.
Gregory III., Pope, defies the emperor, i. 423.
Gregory VI., Pope, purchases the Papacy, i. 381.
Gregory VII., his policy, ii. 15.
Gregory IX., Pope, excommunicates Frederick II., ii. 67.
Gregory XI., Pope, restores the Papacy to Rome, ii. 96.
Gregory XII., Pope, deposed by the Council of Pisa, ii. 97.
Gregory the Great, his history, i. 355.
Burns the Palatine Library, i. 357.
Attempts to reconvert England, i. 366.
Gregory of Nazianzum, his opinion of Councils, i. 299.
Grew discovers the sexes of plants, ii. 286.
Grimaldi discovers the diffraction of light, ii. 390.
Grostête, Robert, Bishop of Lincoln, the result of his inquiry into the emoluments of foreign ecclesiastics, ii. 55.
Makes a speaking head, ii. 116.
Grotius, his opinion of the Reformation, ii. 225.
Guido, a Benedictine monk, the inventor of the scale of music, i. 437.
Gulf Stream, its influence on the western countries of Europe, i. 24; ii. 371.
Gunpowder, its composition given by Marcus Græcus, i. 408.
Hades, i. 39.
Origin of the Greek, i. 92.
Hadrian IV., Nicholas Breakspear, ii. 25.
Hallam, his opinion of Leonardo da Vinci quoted, ii. 268.
Halley's comet, how described and regarded, ii. 253.
Hallucination, fasting a frequent cause of, i. 428.
Hannina, the earliest Jewish physician, i. 400.
Haroun, a physician of Alexandria, the first to describe the small-pox, i. 401.
Haroun al Raschid, Khalif, sends Charlemagne the keys of our Saviour's sepulchre, i. 374.
Places all his public schools under John Masué, i. 392.
Patronizes a medical college and founds a university, i. 402.
Causes Homer to be translated into Syriac, ii. 34.
Harpalus, employed by Alexander in his scientific undertakings, i. 173.
Harvey discovers the circulation of the blood, ii. 285.
Hassan takes Carthage by storm, i. 334.
Heart constructed upon the principles of hydraulics, i. 5.
Heat, control of, over life, i. 8.
Distribution of, in Europe, i. 26.
Sources of, i. 103.
Boundary of organisms by, ii. 309.
Decline of, in the earth, ii. 318.
Properties of, ii. 383.
Helena, the mother of Constantine the Great, superintends the building of monumental churches, i. 309.
The influence she exercised in the religion of the world, i. 366.
Her benevolence in founding hospitals, i. 386.
Adopts image-worship, i. 414.
Heliocentric theory, its meaning, ii. 254.
Resistless spread of, ii. 274.
Heming introduced street-lamps in England, ii. 241.
Henry V., Emperor of Germany, his resistance to the Popes, ii. 24.
Henry VIII., King of England, had personal reasons for discontent, ii. 216.
The instrument, not the author, of the revolution, ii. 238.
Henry the Fowler asserts the power of the monarchical principle, i. 376.
Heraclitus, his philosophical system, i. 104.
Heraclius, Emperor, resists the second Persian attack, i. 326.
His contemplated abandonment of Constantinople, i. 329.
Defeated at the battle of Aiznadin, i. 335.
The effect on commerce of his long wars, i. 337.
Hercules, legend of, i. 37.
Heresy, Pelagian, i. 293.
Nestorian, i. 295.
Eutychian, i. 296.
Followed the spread of literature, ii. 60.
Heretics, burning of, by the Inquisition, ii. 75.
Hermits, their origin, i. 424.
Aerial, i. 426.
Grazing, i. 427.
Their numbers, i. 432.
Hero, the inventor of the first steam-engine, i. 205, 387.
Herodotus, i. 49.
Herschels, their discoveries, ii. 276.
Hesiod extends the theogony of Homer, i. 43.
Hessians, period of their conversion, i. 365.
Hiero's crown gives origin to hydrostatics, i. 195.
Hieroglyphics, their origin and value, i. 83.
Hilarion, a hermit of the fourth century, i. 425.
Said to be the first to establish a monastery, i. 432.
Hilary, Bishop of Arles, his contumacy denounced, i. 300.
Hildebrand brought on an ecclesiastical reform, ii. 3.
His difficulty in reconciling the dogmas of the Church with the suggestions of reason, ii. 12.
Becomes Pope Gregory VII., ii. 15.
Hindu polytheism, i. 34.
Philosophy, i. 56.
Hipparchus, the writings of, i. 202.
Hippocrates, his opinion of Democritus, i. 126.
Review of, i. 393.
Historians, secession of, from the public faith, i. 49.
Hobbes, his philosophical opinions, i. 231.
Holy places, loss of, ii. 134.
Homer, theogony of, extended by Hesiod, i. 43.
Homœomeriæ, i. 109.
Honorius passes a law against concubinage among the clergy, i. 359.
Honorius III. compels Frederick II. to marry Yolinda de Lusignan, ii. 67.
Hooke, his paper to the Royal Society on circular motion, ii. 272.
Determines the essential conditions of combustion, ii. 286.
Hormisdas, Pope, policy pursued by, i. 353.
Horner's observation on the rate of the mud deposit of the Nile, i. 87.
Hosius of Cordova sent to Alexandria, i. 286.
Houris of Paradise, i. 346.
Humboldt pays tribute to Eratosthenes, i. 196.
His remarks on the movement of Jupiter's satellites, ii. 267.
Hume, his doctrine of mind and matter, i. 231.
Huss, John, martyrdom of, ii. 100.
Adopts the theological views of Wickliffe, ii. 148.
Hydrometer improved by Alhazen, ii. 48.
Hyksos, old empire of Egypt invaded and overthrown by the, i. 76.
Hypatia lectures on philosophy in Alexandria, i. 322.
Murdered by Cyril, i. 324.
Hypocrisy, organization of, i. 54.
Iamblicus, a wonder-worker, i. 215.
Iconoclasm, i. 416.
Ideal theory, Plato's, i. 153.
Criticism on, i. 161.
Illiberis, Council of, condemns the worship of images, i. 414.
Images, bleeding and winking, i. 415.
Image-worship resisted by Charlemagne, i. 372.
Fostered by the Empress Helena, i. 414.
In the West, i. 415.
"Imitation of Christ," tendency of, ii. 196.
Immortality, double, implied by Plato's doctrine, i. 161.
Impulses, two, against the Church, ii. 131.
Incandescence, the production of light by, ii. 384.
Incarnations, divine, necessary consequence of the belief of, i. 91.
Incas, the ancestors of one of the orders of nobility among the Peruvians, ii. 183.
Incombustible men, i. 409.
Index Expurgatorius, promulgated by Paul IV., ii. 214.
Indian, American, i. 27.
Indo-Germanic invasion, i. 32.
Inductive philosophy founded by Aristotle, i. 76.
Indulgences, nature of, ii. 207.
Innocent I., Pope, settles the Pelagian controversy in favour of the African bishops, i. 294.
Innocent III., Pope, his interference in behalf of temporary political interests, ii. 53.
His death, ii. 62.
Prohibits the study of science in the schools of Paris, ii. 76.
Innocent IV., Pope, excommunicates Frederick, ii. 72.
Innocent VIII., Pope, his bull against witchcraft, ii. 116.
Inquisition, its origin, ii. 62.
Attempts to arrest the intellectual revolt, ii. 74.
Its sacrifices, ii. 188.
Its effect on Protestantism in Spain and Italy, ii. 220.
Insane, Diogenes' view of the, i. 102.
Insect an automatic mechanism, ii. 349.
Institutes of Menu, i. 63.
Intellect, the primal, Anaxagoras's view of, i. 108.
Intellectual class, the true representation of a community, i. 13.
Despair, ii. 52.
Intellectual impulse makes its attack through astronomy, ii. 133.
Development the aim of nature, ii. 359.
Interstitial death, i. 14.
Creations, ii. 312.
Investitures, the conflict on, ii. 17.
Invisible, localization of the, i. 36.
Ionian philosophy, puerilities of, i. 106.
Irene, the Empress, puts out her son's eyes, i. 374.
Her superstitious cruelty, i. 420.
Iris, its function, i. 5.
Isis, her worship, i. 187.
Isothermal lines, i. 24, 26.
Israfil, the angel, i. 345.
Italian Christianity, boundaries of, ii. 1.
System, its movements, ii. 150.
Italy, relations of, ii. 127.
Degraded state of, ii. 127.
Immorality of, ii. 136.
Cause of her degradation, ii. 143.
Scientific contributions of, ii. 390.
Causes of her depression, ii. 391.
James I., his proceedings against witchcraft, ii. 117.
Jason, the voyage of, i. 41.
Jaxartes, its drying up, i. 29.
Jerome of Prague, his martyrdom, ii. 101.
Jerome, St., denounces Pelagius, i. 294.
Translates the Bible into Latin, i. 306.
His equivocal encomiums on marriage, i. 359, 427.
Jerusalem, position of, i. 77.
Bishops of, i. 272.
Church of, i. 291.
Fall and pillage of, i. 328, 335.
Capture of, ii. 22.
Surrender of, to Frederick II., ii. 68.
Jesuits, the Order of, instituted, ii. 220.
The extent of their influence, ii. 221.
Causes of their suppression, ii. 222.
Jewish physicians, their writings, ii. 120.
Jewish-Spanish physicians, writings of, ii. 123.
Jews, conversion of, i. 270.
Are the teachers of the Saracens, i. 384.
Their influence on supernaturalism, ii. 119.
Medical studies among, ii. 121.
Expulsion of, from France, ii. 126.
Their geographical knowledge and its results, ii. 175.
John, King of England, is excommunicated by Pope Innocent III., ii. 54.
John, Pope, died in prison, i. 353.
John VIII., Pope, pays tribute to the Mohammedans, i. 379.
John XVI., Antipope, cruel and ignominious treatment of, i. 381.
John XXII., Pope, the practical character of his policy, ii. 93.
John of Damascus takes part in the Iconoclastic dispute, ii. 59.
Joshua ben Nun, a professor at Bagdad, i. 402.
Journalism is gradually supplanting oratory, ii. 204.
Judgment, future, according to the Egyptian theology, i. 92.
According to the Koran, i. 345.
Right of individual, asserted by Luther, ii. 209.
Jugurthine War, i. 247.
Julian, Emperor, attempts the restoration of paganism, i. 311.
Justinian closes the philosophical schools in Athens, i. 216.
His re-conquest of Africa, i. 327.
Effect of his wars, i. 351.
Conquers Italy, i. 354.
Justin Martyr, his illustrations of his idea of the divine ray, i. 274.
Kaleidoscope, an optical instrument, ii. 380.
Kalid, the "Sword of God," defeats Heraclius at the battle of Aiznadin, i. 335.
Kant, his philosophical doctrines, i. 232.
Kempis, Thomas à, author of the "Imitation of Christ," ii. 106.
Kepler, the effect of the discovery of his laws, i. 4.
His work prohibited by the Inquisition, ii. 263.
His mode of inquiry, ii. 266.
Discovery of his laws, ii. 267.
Cause of his laws, ii. 274.
Kiersi, Council of, quotation from, i. 369.
Kirk's lambs, ferocity of, ii. 244.
Koran, passages from the, i. 331.
Review of the, i. 340.
Labarum, story of, believed, i. 309.
Lactantius, his argument against the globular form of the earth, i. 315.
"Ladder of Paradise," ii. 59.
Langton, Stephen, Magna Charta originates from his suggestion, ii. 54.
Languages, modern, their effects, ii. 192.
Languedoc, light literature of, ii. 35.
Laplace discovers the cause of the irregularity of the moon's motion, ii. 278.
On some of the phenomena of the solar system, ii. 280.
Lapland, cause of the contentment and inferiority of, i. 13.
Lateran Council, second, vests the elective power to the Papacy in the Cardinals, ii. 15.
Third, defines the new basis of the Papal system, ii. 18.
Fourth, establishes the necessity of auricular confession, ii. 65.
Latin, the use of, as a sacred language, required by the Church, ii. 191.
Lavaur, massacre of, ii. 62.
Law, the world ruled by, i. 20.
Succession of affairs determined by, i. 389.
Eternity and universality of, ii. 359.
Lawyers, their agency first recognized, ii. 81.
Their power antagonistic to the ecclesiastical, ii. 82.
Their opposition to supernaturalism, ii. 113.
Leaning towers, i. 30.
Leaves of plants, their action, ii. 339.
Legends of Western Saints, i. 435.
Legion, Roman, how constructed, i. 251.
Leibnitz, his doctrine of the mind, i. 231.
His contribution to geology, ii. 286.
Leif, the first discoverer of America, ii. 164.
Lentulus, spurious letter of, to the Roman senate, i. 361.
Leo III., Pope, crowns Charlemagne in St. Peter's, i. 371.
Assaulted by the nephews of Adrian, i. 378.
Leo the Chazar continues an iconoclastic policy, i. 419.
Leo the Great, i. 352.
Leo the Isaurian, the founder of a new dynasty at Constantinople, i. 416.
Publishes an edict prohibiting the worship of images, i. 417.
Leo X., Pope, exposed to obloquy, ii. 213.
His character, ii. 215.
Is reported to have contracted syphilis, ii. 232.
Leontius Pilatus, description of, by Boccaccio, ii. 194.
Lesches, poems of, i. 51.
Levites, their manner of healing, i. 400.
Lewenhoeck discovers spermatozoa, ii. 286.
Liberty not appreciated in India,i. 62.
Mental when maintained, ii. 227.
Libraries, Alexandrian, size of, i. 188.
Establishment of, i. 317.
Licinius neutralizes the policy of Constantine, i. 278.
Life, individual, is of a mixed kind, i. 2.
Social, its nature, i. 2.
First opinion of savage, i. 3.
Variable rapidity of, i. 18.
Light, velocity of motion of, ii. 279, 298.
Proves the age of the world, ii. 298.
White, ii. 379.
Chemical influences of, ii. 383.
Limestone deposited from the sea, ii. 321.
Lipari, the crater of, supposed to be the opening into hell, i. 354, 357.
Lippershey first constructs a telescope, ii. 261.
Lisbon, the great earthquake of, ii. 302.
Listening contrasted with reading, ii. 203.
Lister, author of a synopsis of shells, ii. 286.
Ascertains the continuity of strata, ii. 286.
Literary men, their influence, ii. 150.
Literature, spread of gay, from Spain, ii. 60.
Profligate character of, in England, ii. 244.
Lithotomy, new operations for, by the Alexandrian surgeons, i. 399.
Livy, writings of, vindictively pursued by Gregory the Great, i. 357.
Locke, his theory of the sources of ideas, i. 231.
Locomotion, followed by mental development, ii. 119, 136.
Provisions for, show the social condition of a nation, ii. 239.