ИСТОРИЯ ЦИВИЛИЗАЦИИ В АНГЛИИ.
СОЧИНЕНИЕ ГЕНРИ ТОМАСА БОКЛЯ. В ТРЕХ ТОМАХ. ТОМ I. НОВОЕ ИЗДАНИЕ. ТОРОНТО: ИЗДАТЕЛЬСКАЯ КОМПАНИЯ «РОУЗ-БЕЛФОРД», 60 ЙОРК-СТРИТ. 1878.
АНАЛИТИЧЕСКОЕ ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ.
CHAPTER I.
STATEMENT OF THE RESOURCES FOR INVESTIGATING HISTORY, AND PROOFS OF THE REGULARITY OF HUMAN ACTIONS. THESE ACTIONS ARE GOVERNED BY MENTAL AND PHYSICAL LAWS: THEREFORE BOTH SETS OF LAWS MUST BE STUDIED, AND THERE CAN BE NO HISTORY WITHOUT THE NATURAL SCIENCES.
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Materials for writing history 1–3
Narrow range of knowledge possessed by historians 4–5
Object of the present work 6
Human actions, if not the result of fixed laws, must be due to chance or to supernatural interference 8
Probable origin of free-will and predestination 9–12
Theological basis of predestination, and metaphysical basis of free-will 12–16
The actions of men are caused by their antecedents, which exist either in the human mind or in the external world 18–20
Therefore history is the modification of man by nature, and of nature by man 20–21
Statistics prove the regularity of actions in regard to murder and other crimes 22–26
Similar proof respecting suicides 27–29
Also respecting the number of marriages annually contracted 31–32
And respecting the number of letters sent undirected 32
The historian must ascertain whether mind or nature has most influenced human actions; and therefore there can be no history without physical science 33–35
Note A. Passages from Kant on free-will and necessity 35–38
CHAPTER II.
INFLUENCE EXERCISED BY PHYSICAL LAWS OVER THE ORGANIZATION OF SOCIETY AND OVER THE CHARACTER OF INDIVIDUALS.
Man is affected by four classes of physical agents; namely, climate, food, soil, and the general aspect of nature 39–41
Operation of these agents on the accumulation of wealth 41–51
Their operation on the distribution of wealth 51–64
Illustrations of these principles from Ireland 65–67
From Hindustan 69–82
From Egypt 82–93
From Central America 93–94
And from Mexico and Peru 95
Operation of physical laws in Brazil 101–108
Influence of the general aspects of nature upon the imagination and the understanding 118–119
Under some aspects, nature is more prominent than man; under others, man more than nature 120
In the former case the imagination is more stimulated than the understanding, and to this class all the earliest civilizations belong 120–121
The imagination is excited by earthquakes and volcanoes 122–124
And by danger generally 125–126
Also by an unhealthy climate making life precarious 126–130
From these causes the civilizations exterior to Europe are mainly influenced by the imagination, those in Europe by the understanding 130–132
This proposition illustrated by a comparison between Hindustan and Greece 132–147
Further illustration from Central America 147–148
Chemical and physiological note on the connection between food and animal heat 148–151
CHAPTER III.
EXAMINATION OF THE METHOD EMPLOYED BY METAPHYSICIANS FOR DISCOVERING MENTAL LAWS.
In the last chapter, two leading facts have been established, which broadly separate Europe from other parts of the world 152–156
Hence it appears that of the two classes of mental and physical laws the mental are the more important for the history of Europe 156–157
Examination of the two metaphysical methods of generalizing mental laws 158–165
Failure of these methods 165–167
CHAPTER IV.
MENTAL LAWS ARE EITHER MORAL OR INTELLECTUAL. COMPARISON OF MORAL AND INTELLECTUAL LAWS, AND INQUIRY INTO THE EFFECT PRODUCED BY EACH ON THE PROGRESS OF SOCIETY.
The historical method of studying mental laws is superior to the metaphysical method 168–174
The progress of society is twofold, moral and intellectual 174–175
Comparison of the moral with the intellectual element 175
There is no evidence that the natural faculties of man improve 176–177
Progress, therefore, depends on an improvement in the circumstances under which the faculties come into play 178
The standard of action having varied in every age, the causes of action must be variable 179
But moral truths have not changed 179
And intellectual truths are constantly changing 181
Intellectual truths are the cause of progress 182
Ignorant men are mischievous in proportion to their sincerity 183–185
Illustrations of this from Rome and Spain 185–188
The diminution of religious persecution is owing to the progress of knowledge 188–190
The diminution of the warlike spirit is owing to the same cause 190–192
Illustrations from Russia and Turkey 195–197
As civilization advances, men of intellect avoid becoming soldiers 198
Illustrations of this from ancient Greece and modern Europe 198–202
The three principal ways in which the progress of knowledge has lessened the warlike spirit are:
1. The invention of gunpowder 203–209
2. The discoveries made by political economists 210–211
3. The application of steam to purposes of travelling 219–223
Inference to be drawn as to the causes of social progress 224–226
CHAPTER V.
INQUIRY INTO THE INFLUENCE EXERCISED BY RELIGION, LITERATURE, AND GOVERNMENT.
Recapitulation of preceding arguments 227
Moral feelings influence individuals, but do not affect society in the aggregate 228–229
This being as yet little understood, historians have not collected proper materials for writing history 230
Reasons why the present history is restricted to England 231–235
Comparison of the history of England with that of France 235–236
With that of Germany 237–240
With that of the United States of America 240–242
Necessity of ascertaining the fundamental laws of intellectual progress 243
Much may be gained in that respect from studying the histories of Germany, America, France, Spain, and Scotland 244–246
Deductive spirit in Scotland 246–252
Influence of religion on the progress of society 253–266
Illustration from the efforts of missionaries 254–256
Illustration from the Hebrews 257–258
Illustration from the early history of Christianity 259–262
And from Sweden and Scotland 263–266
Influence of literature on the progress of society 268–272
Influence of government on the progress of society 272–287
Illustrated by repeal of the corn-laws 273–274
The best legislation abrogates former legislation 275
The interference of politicians with trade has injured trade 276–278
Legislators have caused smuggling with all its attendant crimes 278–280
They have also increased hypocrisy and perjury 281–283
By their laws against usury they have increased usury 283–284
By other laws they have hindered the advance of knowledge 284–285
England has been less interfered with in these ways than other nations, and is therefore more prosperous than they 286–287
CHAPTER VI.
ORIGIN OF HISTORY, AND STATE OF HISTORICAL LITERATURE DURING THE MIDDLE AGES.
Conclusions arrived at by the preceding investigations 288
An inquiry into the changes in historical researches will throw light on the changes in society 289–290
The earliest histories are ballads 291–295
One cause of error in history was the invention of writing 296–300
A change of religion in any country also tends to corrupt its early history 300–307
But the most active cause of all was the influence of the clergy 307–308
Absurdities which were consequently believed 309–317
Illustration of this from the history of Charlemagne by Turpin 318–321
And from the history of the Britons by Geoffrey 321–325
The first improvement in writing history began in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries 325
But credulity was still prevalent, as is seen in Comines 327–328
And in the predictions of Stœffler respecting the Deluge 330
Also in the work of Dr. Horst on the Golden Tooth 331–332
CHAPTER VII.
OUTLINE OF THE HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH INTELLECT FROM THE MIDDLE OF THE SIXTEENTH TO THE END OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.
This absurd way of writing history was the natural result of the state of the age 333
The spirit of doubt was a necessary precursor of improvement 334
Hence the supreme importance of scepticism 335–336
Origin of religious toleration in England 337
Hooker contrasted with Jewel 339–343
Scepticism and spirit of inquiry on other subjects 343–346
This tendency displayed in Chillingworth 347–350
Chillingworth compared with Hooker and Jewel 350
Subsequent movement in the same direction, and increasing indifference to theological matters 352–355
Great advantage of this 356–358
Under James I. and Charles I. this opposition to authority assumes a political character 359–361
Under Charles II. it takes a frivolous form at court 363
Influence of this spirit upon Sir Thomas Browne 365–367
Its influence upon Boyle 367–370
It causes the establishment of the Royal Society 371
Impetus now given to physical science, and attempts of the clergy to oppose it 372
The clergy are naturally hostile to physical science, because it lessens their own power 372–373
Illustration of this by the superstition of sailors and agriculturists as compared with soldiers and mechanics 375–380
Legislative improvements in the reign of Charles II. in spite of political degradation 380–386
These improvements were due to the sceptical and inquiring spirit 387–388
Aided by the vices of the king 388
And by his dislike of the church 389
He encouraged Hobbes, and neglected the ablest of the clergy 390–393
The clergy, to recover their ground, allied themselves with James II. 394–396
This alliance was dissolved by the Declaration of Indulgence 397–399
The clergy then united with the dissenters and brought about the Revolution of 1688 399–400
Importance of the Revolution 401–403
But the clergy regretted it, and repented of their own act 403
Hostility between them and William III. 405–410
Hence a schism in the church 410–413
Fresh encouragement thus given to scepticism 413–414
Convocation first despised, and then abolished 414–415
After the Revolution the ablest men confine themselves to secular professions, and avoided entering the church 415
The clergy lost all offices out of the church, and their numbers diminished in both Houses of Parliament 416–418
The church rallied for a moment under Anne 418–420
But was weakened by the dissenters, headed by Wesley and Whitefield 420–424
Theology separated from morals and from politics 424–426
Rapid succession of sceptical controversies 427–429
Knowledge begins to be diffused, and takes a popular form 430–433
Political meetings, and publication of parliamentary debates 433–434
Doctrine of personal representation, and idea of independence 436
Corresponding change in the style of authors 436–439
Hence great reforms became inevitable 439–440
This tendency was aided by George I. and George II. 441–443
But discouraged by George III., under whom began a dangerous political reaction 444–446
Ignorance of George III. 446
Subserviency of Pitt 446–449
Incompetence of other statesmen, and the king's hatred of great men 449–451
Deterioration of the House of Lords 451–455
Ability and accomplishments of Burke 458–461
He opposed the views of George III., and was neglected by him 462–467
Burke's subsequent hallucinations and violence 467–476
The king now favoured him 476–477
Policy of George III. respecting America 478–482
This policy reacted upon England 482–483
Policy in regard to France 483–486
This also reacted upon England 486
And produced arbitrary laws against the liberties of England 487–493
Which were zealously enforced by the executive 494–496
Gloomy political prospects of England late in the eighteenth century 496–498
But, owing to the progress of knowledge, a counter reaction was preparing 498–502
To which, and to the increasing power of public opinion, England owes her great reforms of the nineteenth century 502–505
СПИСОК ЦИТИРУЕМЫХ АВТОРОВ.
[In order to assist those who wish to verify my references, and also with the view of indicating the nature and extent of the materials which I have used, I have drawn up the following list of the principal works quoted. When no edition is mentioned, the size is 8vo et infra. When the name of the author is enclosed between brackets, the book is anonymous; but in such cases I have usually subjoined some authority who gives evidence of the authorship.]
[Аарсенс де Сомердейк] Путешествие по Испании, совершенное в 1655 году. Париж, 1665. В 4 л. Барбье (Dictionnaire des Ouvrages Anonymes, т. II, с. 468, Париж, 1806) ссылается на издание 1666 года.
Абд-Альлатиф, Описание Египта, перевод Сильвестра де Саси. Париж, 1810. В 4 л.
Абердин: Выписки из Регистра Совета бурга Абердина с 1398 по 1570 гг., напечатанные для Сполдингского клуба. Абердин, 1844. В 4 л.
То же, с 1570 по 1625 гг., напечатанное для Сполдингского клуба. Абердин, 1848. В 4 л.
Абернети (Дж.) Хантеровская орация за 1819 год. Лондон, 1819.
Абернети (М. И.) Лекарство для души. Лондон, 1622. В 4 л.
Акты парламентов Шотландии с 1124 по 1707 гг. Лондон, 1814–1844. 11 томов, инфолио.
Акты и протоколы генеральных ассамблей Шотландской церкви с 1560 по 1618 гг. Эдинбург, 1839–1845. 3 тома, в 4 л.
Акты Генеральной ассамблеи Церкви Шотландии с 1638 по 1842 гг. Эдинбург, 1843.
Адамс (Дж.) Мемуары о жизни и учении Джона Хантера. 2-е изд. Лондон, 1818.
Адольф (Дж.) История Англии со времени восшествия на престол Георга III. Лондон, 1840–1845. 7 томов.
Агессо (Канцлер д') Неизданные письма. Париж, 1823. 2 тома.
Эйкин (Л.) Жизнь Аддисона. Лондон, 1843. 2 тома.
Албемарл (Граф) Мемуары маркиза Рокингема. Лонд., 1852. 2 тома.
Альберони (Кардинал) История. Лондон, 1719.
Алисон (Сир А.) История Европы от начала Французской революции до 1815 г. Эдинбург, 1849, 1850. 14 томов.
Аллен (Дж.) Возникновение и рост королевской прерогативы в Англии. Лондон, 1849.
Андерсон (Дж.) Премиальное сочинение о состоянии общества и знаний в Хайленде Шотландии. Эдинбург, 1827.
Антекера (Д. Х. М.) История испанского законодательства. Мадрид, 1849.
Аргайл (Герцог) Пресвитерианство исследованное. Лондон, 1848.
Арнольд (Д-р) Лекции по новой истории. Лондон, 1843.
Арнот (Г.) История Эдинбурга. Эдинбург, 1788. В 4 л.
Азиатские исследования. Лондон и Калькутта, 1799–1836. 20 томов, в 4 л.
Обри (Дж.) Письма и жизнеописания выдающихся людей. Лондон, 1813. 2 тома.
Одижье (М.) Происхождение французов. Париж, 1676. 2 тома.
Асара (Ф.) Путешествия по Южной Америке. Париж, 1809. 4 тома.
Бакальяр (В.) Комментарии к войне в Испании и история ее короля Филиппа V. Генуя. 2 тома, в 4 л. (без даты).
Бэкон (Дж. Ф.) Шесть лет в Бискайе. Лондон, 1838.
Бейли (Р.) Письма и журналы с 1637 по 1662 гг., под ред. Д. Лэинга. Эдинбург, 1841–1842. 3 тома.
Бейн (А.) Чувства и интеллект. Лондон, 1855.
Бейкуэлл (Р.) Введение в геологию. Лондон, 1838.
Бальфур (Сир Дж.) Исторические труды, содержащие анналы Шотландии. Лондон, 1825. 4 тома.
Бальфур (Дж. Х.) Руководство по ботанике. Лондон, 1849.
Банкрофт (Г.) История Американской революции. Лондон, 1852–1854. 3 тома.
Баннатайн (Дж.) Журнал событий в Шотландии с 1570 по 1573 гг. Эдинбург, 1806.
Барант (М.) Очерк французской литературы XVIII века. Париж, 1847.
Баррингтон (Д.) Замечания о статутах. 5-е изд. Лондон, 1796. В 4 л.
Баррюэль (Аббат) Мемуары по истории якобинизма. Гамбург, 1803. 5 томов.
Барри (Г.) История Оркнейских островов. Эдинбург, 1805. В 4 л.
Бассомпьер (Маршал де) Мемуары. Париж, 1822, 1823. 3 тома.
Бейтс (Г.) Описание недавних смут в Англии. Лондон, 1685. 2 тома.
Бакстер (Р.) Жизнь и времена, написанные им самим. Издано М. Силвестером. Лондон, 1696. Инфолио. 3 части.
Базен (М. А.) История Франции при Людовике XIII. Париж, 1838. 4 тома.
Бособр (М.) Критическая история Манехея и манихейства. Амстердам, 1734–9. 2 тома, в 4 л.
Беклар (П. А.) Элементы общей анатомии. Париж, 1852.
Бедфордская переписка, под ред. лорда Дж. Рассела. 1842–1846. 3 тома.
Бичи (Ф. В.) Путешествие к Тихому океану. Лондон, 1831. 2 тома.
Белшем (У.) История Великобритании с 1688 по 1802 гг. Лондон, 1805. 12 томов. [Из этого труда я использовал только последние семь томов, которые относятся к периоду, в отношении которого Белшем был современным авторитетом. Более ранние тома не представляют ценности.]
[Бенуа] История Нантского эдикта. Делфт, 1693–1695. 5 томов, в 4 л.
Беркли (Епископ Клойнский) Сочинения. Лондон, 1843. 2 тома.
Бервик (Маршал де) Мемуары, написанные им самим. Париж, 1778. 2 тома.
Биша (К.) Трактат о мембранах. Париж, 1802.
Биша (К.) Общая анатомия. Париж, 1821. 4 тома.
Биша (К.) Исследования о жизни и смерти, изд. Мажанди. Париж, 1829.
Биннинг (Г.) Проповеди, под ред. Дж. Кокрейна. Эдинбург, 1839, 1840. 3 тома.
Универсальная биография. Париж, 1811–1828. 52 тома.
Бирч (Т.) Жизнь Тиллотсона, архиепископа Кентерберийского. Лондон, 1753.
Биссет (Р.) Жизнь Эдмунда Берка. 2-е изд. Лондон, 1800. 2 тома.
Блек (Дж.) Лекции по химии, под ред. Джона Робисона. Эдинбург, 1803. 2 тома, в 4 л.
Комментарии Блэкстона к законам Англии. Лондон, 1809. 4 тома.
Бленвиль (Д.) Общая и сравнительная физиология. Париж, 1833. 3 тома.
Блэр (Р.) Автобиография с 1593 по 1636 гг.; с продолжением до 1680 г. У. Роу, под ред. Т. МакКри для Общества Вудро. Эдинбург, 1848.
Бланки (М.) История политической экономии в Европе. Париж, 1845. 2 тома.
Бог (Д.) и Беннетт (Дж.) История нонконформистов с 1688 по 1808 гг. Лондон, 1808–1812. 4 тома.
Болен (П.) Древняя Индия с особым вниманием к Египту. Кенигсберг, 1830. 2 тома.
[Буазель] Журнал путешествия по Испании. Париж, 1669. В 4 л. См. Барбье, Dict. des Ouvr. Anonymes, т. II, с. 621, Париж, 1806.
Борда-Демолен, Картезианство. Париж, 1843. 2 тома.
Боссюэ (Епископ Моский) Рассуждение о всеобщей истории. Париж, 1844.
Бостон (Т.) Проповеди. Глазго, 1752.
Бостон (Т.) Человеческая природа в ее четырежды смененном состоянии. Переиздано, Лондон, 1809.
Буйар (Ж.) Медицинская философия. Париж, 1836.
Буйе (М. де) Мемуары о Французской революции. Париж, 1801–9. 2 тома.
Буйе (М.) История различных корпусов Военного дома королей Франции. Париж, 1818.
Буленвилье (Граф) История древнего правления Франции. Ла-Гаага, 1727. 3 тома.
Бургуэн (Ж. Ф.) Очерк современной Испании, четвертое издание. Париж, 1807. 3 тома.
Бутервек (Ф.) История испанской и португальской литературы. Лондон, 1823. 2 тома.
Боудич (Т. Е.) Миссия в Ашанти. Лондон, 1819. В 4 л.
Бауэр (А.) История Эдинбургского университета. Эдинбург, 1817–1830. 3 тома.
Боулес (Х.) Введение в естественную историю и физическую географию Испании. Третье издание. Мадрид, 1789. В 4 л.
Боулз (У. Л.) Жизнь епископа Кена. Лондон, 1830, 1831. 2 тома.