ВЕЛИКИЕ СОБЫТИЯ
В ИСТОРИИ
СЕВЕРНОЙ И ЮЖНОЙ АМЕРИКИ;
ОТ ПРЕДПОЛАГАЕМОГО ОТКРЫТИЯ КОНТИНЕНТА
СКАНДИНАВАМИ В X ВЕКЕ ДО НАСТОЯЩЕГО ВРЕМЕНИ;
С БИОГРАФИЧЕСКИМИ ОЧЕРКАМИ ВЫДАЮЩИХСЯ ЛЮДЕЙ, СВЯЗАННЫХ С АМЕРИКАНСКОЙ ИСТОРИЕЙ. ЧАРЛЬЗА А. ГУДРИЧА,
АВТОРА «ИСТОРИИ СОЕДИНЕННЫХ ШТАТОВ», «ЖИЗНЕОПИСАНИЙ ЛИЦ, ПОДПИСАВШИХ ДЕКЛАРАЦИЮ НЕЗАВИСИМОСТИ АМЕРИКИ» И Т. Д., И Т. Д. ИЛЛЮСТРИРОВАНО БОЛЕЕ ЧЕМ ДВУСТАМИ ГРАВЮРАМИ, ПРЕИМУЩЕСТВЕННО С ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫХ ЭСКИЗОВ ВЫДАЮЩИХСЯ ХУДОЖНИКОВ. ХАРТФОРД:
ИЗДАТЕЛЬСТВО «ХАУС И БРАУН»
1851.
ЗАРЕГИСТРИРОВАНО В СООТВЕТСТВИИ С АКТom КОНГРЕССА В 1849 ГОДУ ЧАРЛЬЗОМ А. ГУДРИЧЕМ,
В КАНЦЕЛЯРИИ ОКРУЖНОГО СУДА КОННЕКТИКУТА.
ЛИТЕЙНАЯС. АНДРУСА И СЫНА,ХАРТФОРД. ТИПОГРАФИЯУОЛТЕРА С. УИЛЬЯМСА,ХАРТФОРД.
ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ.
План нижеследующего труда, каково бы ни было мнение о его исполнении, судя по всему, заслужит одобрение общественного вкуса и здравого смысла. Он основывается на принципе отбора и посвящен главным образом великим событиям американской истории, рассматриваемым как отдельные темы. В этом отношении данная работа отличается от других исторических сочинений на ту же тему.
Преимущества труда, составленного подобным образом, слишком очевидны, чтобы в них нуждаться. И все же можно отметить, что великие события в истории подобны великим творениям природы и искусства. Мы с удовольствием останавливаемся на более ярких ландшафтных чертах страны, на более дорогих и величественных зданиях города, на более высоких и сложных достижениях искусства. Точно так же великие события привлекают наше внимание и вызывают интерес благодаря своим взаимосвязям, высшим свойствам ума, которые, возможно, породили их, а также поразительным и прочным переменам, проистекающим из них. Они служат вехами в нашем течении по реке времени. Мы отсчитываем время от них. Мы ссылаемся на них. Мы измеряем расстояния между ними. Мы сравниваем их друг с другом — их причины, ход, влияние; и при этом наши знания о людях и вещах расширяются, наши ложные мнения исправляются, а темы для интересных и полезных размышлений и умозаключений многократно умножаются. Тщательное чтение труда, построенного таким образом, обеспечит, как полагают, более глубокое и прочное знание истории страны, нежели с десяток прочтений той же истории, написанной по обычному плану.
Принцип отбора делает эту работу особенно ценной для определенных категорий людей: для тех, кто, стремясь к глубокому знанию истории своей страны, располагает лишь ограниченным временем для ее изучения; для молодежи, чьи умы склонны утомляться и путаться от обилия деталей второстепенных событий; а также для тех, кто желает освежить свои воспоминания без труда и потери времени, неизбежных при чтении трудов, составленных по обычному плану. Каждая из этих групп найдет в предлагаемой книге удовлетворение своих запросов, в то время как рядовой читатель сможет с пользой перейти от чтения такого тома к тем, которые описывают события и детали более подробно.
Относительно того, что именно составляет «великие события американской истории», могут существовать различные мнения. Что касается своего отбора, то у автора хватает скромности не полагать его наилучшим из возможных. Путь был долгим, и, конечно же, не удивительно, если какие-то события были преувеличены до неподобающего значения, в то время как события, возможно, еще более важные, были упущены — либо из-за недостатка здравого суждения, либо по нехватке более глубокого размышления.
В ходе работы автор постарался воздать должное первопоселенцам Соединенных Штатов и их прямым потомкам, показав их постоянное ощущение своей зависимости от Бога. Читатель увидит, что наши предки были людьми, боявшимися Бога, искавшими Его благословения во всех своих великих начинаниях; а когда успех венчал эти предприятия, они были готовы признать Его благую длань, которая пребывала с ними. Во времена мрака они постились и молились, во времена процветания — радовались и возблагодаревали.
В этих отношениях наши предки, поистине, исполнили лишь свой долг; однако подрастающему поколению, которое вскоре возьмет в свои руки управление делами этой уже могущественной нации — растущей в численности населения, богатстве и значении с каждым годом, — весьма подобает подражать столь справедливому, столь прекрасному, столь впечатляющему примеру!
Автору остается лишь вкратце добавить, что работа была начата несколько лет назад, однако до сих пор у него не было возможности завершить ее; и он не испытал бы этого удовольствия даже по сей день, если бы не важная помощь высоко ценимого им литературного друга, давно и благоприятно известного публике преподобного Ройала Роббинса из Берлина, шт. Коннектикут, которому он рад выразить здесь признательность за ценные разделы этого тома.
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ.
СЕВЕРНАЯ АМЕРИКА. — СОЕДИНЕННЫЕ ШТАТЫ.
page
INTRODUCTION, 13
I.—EARLY DISCOVERIES.
I. Northmen.—Claims for the Northmen; Voyages of Biarne, Leif, Thorwald, Thorfinn, Helge, and Finnboge, 19
II. Columbus.—Birth and Education of Columbus; Unsuccessful application to several European Courts; Patronized by Isabella; Sails from Palos; Early Discontent of his Crew; Expedients by which they are quieted; Discovery of Land; First appearance of the Natives; Cuba and Hispaniola discovered; Columbus sets sail on his Return; Incidents of the Voyage; Marks of consideration bestowed upon him; Second Voyage; Further Discoveries; Complaints against him; Third Voyage; Discovery of the Continent; Persecuted by Enemies; Sent home in Chains; Kindness of Isabella; Fourth Voyage; Return and Death, 26
III. Sebastian Cabot.—Discovery of the North American Continent by Sebastian Cabot, 45
II.—EARLY SETTLEMENTS.
I. VIRGINIA, OR SOUTHERN COLONY.
Unsuccessful Attempts to settle America; Expeditions of Sir Humphrey Gilbert; Sir Walter Raleigh; Sir Richard Grenville; Sir John White; First Permanent Settlement at Jamestown; Colonists early in Want; Dissensions in their Councils; Hostility of the Indians; Capture of Captain Smith; Generous Conduct of Pocahontas; Gloomy Condition of the Colony; Timely arrival of Assistance; Returning Prosperity; Establishment of a Provisional Government; Introduction of Negro Slavery; Cruel Massacre of the Colonists, 48
II. NEW ENGLAND, OR NORTHERN SETTLEMENTS.
Plymouth; Massachusetts; Connecticut; New Haven; New Hampshire; Rhode Island; Maine; Vermont—Character of the Early Settlers, 61
III. MIDDLE AND SOUTHERN SETTLEMENTS.
New York; New Jersey; Delaware; Maryland; N. Carolina; S. Carolina; Georgia; Pennsylvania, 96
III.—INDIANS: THEIR TRIBES AND WARS.
I. INDIAN TRIBES.
General Division; Tribes in the Central and Southern parts of New England; Tribes in the Northern parts; East of Lake Erie and South of Lake Ontario; Southern Tribes, 104
II. ORIGIN OF THE AMERICAN INDIANS.
Various Speculations on the subject; Opinions of Voltaire, of Rev. Thos. Thorowgood, Dr. Boudinot, Roger Williams, Hubbard, Thos. Morton, John Josselin, Cotton Mather, Dr. Mitchell, Dr. Swinton, 109
III. VIRGINIA INDIAN WARS.
Early Troubles of the English with the Indians; Power and Cruelty of Powhatan; his apparent Friendship for the Colonists; Treacherous Conduct; Kindness of Pocahontas; Inhuman Conduct of Lord De la War; Captivity of Pocahontas; Cruel Massacre of the Whites; Opecancanough; Troubles with Totopotomoi; Anecdote of Jack-of-the-feather, 113
IV. PLYMOUTH COLONY AND THE INDIANS.
Early Rencontre at Plymouth; Friendly Intercourse established by means of Samoset; Kindness of Squanto; Intercourse with Massasoit; Contemplated Massacre defeated; Caunbitant; Hobomok, 125
V. ENGLISH AND NARRAGANSETS.
Territory of the Narragansets; Canonicus their Sachem; his mode of Challenging the English to War; Union proposed between the Pequods and Narragansets; how Defeated; Haughty Bearing of Miantonimoh; Accused of a Conspiracy against the English; Accusations repelled; Peace concluded between him and Massachusetts; War between Uncas and Miantonimoh; the latter captured, and delivered to the English; how disposed of; Character of Uncas; Troubles with the Narragansets under Ninigret; Expedition against him; its Issue, 142
VI. PEQUOD WAR.
Territory of the Pequods; their Character; Sassacus; his Hatred of the English; Cruelties practiced towards them; War declared by Connecticut; Expedition of Captain Mason; Surprise and Destruction of the Fort; Further Prosecution of the War; Consequences resulting from it, 153
VII. PHILIP'S WAR.
Causes of Philip's War; Character of Philip; General Spirit of Hostility among the Indians; Outbreak at Swansey; Expedition under General Savage; Expedition under Captain Church; Perilous Situation of this latter party; Timely Arrival of Captain Hutchinson; Second Expedition of Captain Church; Critical Situation of Philip; Effects his Escape; Annoys the Back Settlements of Massachusetts; Treachery of the Nipmucks; Attack on Brookfield; Bloody Affair at Muddy Brook; Attack on Springfield; Attack on Hatfield; Outrages at Northampton; Large Force raised by Massachusetts, Plymouth, and Connecticut, against the Narragansets; Philip's Fortress at Kingston, Rhode Island; Destruction of it; Lancaster destroyed; other Towns burned; Fatal Affair at Pawtuxet river, Rhode Island; Stratagem of Cape Cod Indians; Attacks on Rehoboth, Chelmsford, Sudbury, &c.; Expedition of Connecticut troops; Conanchet captured; Long Meadow attacked; Hadley; Fortunes of Philip on the wane; Successful Expedition at Connecticut-river Falls; Attack on Hatfield; on Hadley; Remarkable Interposition of a Stranger at Hadley, supposed to be Goffe; Decline of Philip's Power; Pursued by Captain Church; Death of Philip; Disastrous Effects of the War; Philip's Warriors; Annawon; Reflections, 161
VIII. WAR OF WILLIAM III.
Combination of French and Indians against the Americans; Burning of Schenectady; Cause of it; Horrors attending it; Attack upon Salmon Falls and upon Casco; Results of Expeditions fitted out by New York and New England; Reduction of Port Royal; Atrocities which marked the War; Attack on Haverhill, Massachusetts; Heroic Conduct of Mrs. Dustan; Peace, 190
IX. QUEEN ANNE'S WAR.
Principal Scenes of this War in America; Attack upon Deerfield; Captivity and Sufferings of Rev. Mr. Williams; Other Disasters of the War; Peace; Death of Queen Anne; Accession of George I.; Continued Sufferings of the Colonies of Massachusetts and New Hampshire; Peace concluded with the Indians at Boston, 200
X. WAR OF GEORGE II.
War between England and France, 1744; French take Casco; Effect of this Declaration of War upon the Indians; Attack upon the Great Meadows (now Putney); also, upon Ashuelot (now Keene); Expedition against Louisburg; Particulars of it; Surrender of it; Continuance of the War; Various places assaulted; Savage Barbarities following the surrender of Fort Massachusetts; Peace declared, 208
XI. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR.
Declaration of War between England and France; Causes of the War; Mode of conducting it; Various Expeditions planned; Nova Scotia taken from the French; General Braddock's Signal Defeat; Failure of Expeditions against Niagara and Fort Frontenac; Expedition against Crown Point; Battle of Lake George; Campaign of 1756; Inefficiency of Lord Loudon; Loss of Fort Oswego; Indian Atrocities in Pennsylvania; Campaign of 1757; Massacre at Fort William Henry; Exploits of Colonel Trye; Captain John Burke and others; Campaign of 1758; Capture of Louisburg; Unsuccessful Expedition against Ticonderoga; Capture of Fort Frontenac; Fort du Quesne taken; Campaign of 1759; Ticonderoga and Crown Point taken; Niagara captured; Siege and Capture of Quebec; Death of Wolfe and Montcalm; Final Surrender of the French Possessions in Canada to the English; Peace of Paris, 214
IV.—REVOLUTION.
I. CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION.
Objects proposed in the Settlement of America; Forms of Government conducive to Independence; Influence of Expenses; Colonies obliged to defend themselves, and to defray the Expenses of their own Wars and those of the Mother-country; British system of Taxation commenced; Writs of Assistance; Stamp Act; Formidable Opposition to it; Non-importation Act; Arrival of British Forces; Boston Massacre; Destruction of the Gaspee; Destruction of Tea; Boston Port Bill; Arrival of General Gage; his Obnoxious Measures; Meeting of Congress; Preparations for War; Obstinacy of the King and Parliament; Crisis arrives; Determination of the Colonists, 238
II. EVENTS OF THE REVOLUTION.
I. Battle of Lexington.—Cause or Occasion of the Battle; British Detachment proceeds towards Concord; Reaches Lexington; First Blood shed; Hancock and Adams; Captain Wheeler and the British Officer; Stores destroyed; the British harassed by the Americans; Retreat from Concord; Effect of this affair upon the Country; Proceedings of the Massachusetts Provincial Congress, 266
II. Battle of Bunker's Hill.—American Patriotism; American and British Forces; Fortification of Bunker's Hill; Attacked by British Ships; Asa Pollard, the First Martyr; Preparations of the British; Warren; Prescott's Injunction to his Troops; British repulsed with terrible slaughter; Second Attack; Charlestown set on fire at the same time; Second Repulse; Putnam and Major Small; Death of Colonel Gardiner; Thrilling Incident; Third Advance of the British; Death of Major Pitcairn; Americans in want of Ammunition; Retreat; Death of Warren; Respective Losses; Results of the Battle, 274
III. Washington, Commander-in-Chief.—Effects of the Battle of Bunker's Hill; Meeting of Congress; Appointment of a Commander-in-Chief proposed; Difficulties in regard to a Selection; Claims of Individuals; Interview between John and Samuel Adams; Speech of the former; Washington Nominated; Unanimously Confirmed; Manifesto of Congress; Public Fast, 291
IV. Evacuation of Boston.—General Officers appointed; Washington repairs to Cambridge; State of the Army; Great Want of Gunpowder; Sickness in the Camp; Dorchester Heights fortified; Proposal of the British General to attack the American Intrenchments; Alters his plan, and evacuates Boston; Embarkation of the British; Washington enters the city, 299
V. Independence Declared.—Independence begun to be contemplated; Causes which increased a desire for such an event; Question of a Declaration of Independence enters the Colonial Assemblies; Introduced to Congress by Richard Henry Lee; Debated; State of Parties in respect to it; Measures adopted to secure a favorable vote; Question taken, and Declaration adopted; Signed; the Great Act of the Revolution; its Influence immediately perceptible; Character of the Signers; the Fourth of July, a time-honored and glorious day; How it should be celebrated, 310
VI. Attack on Sullivan's Island.—Invasion of Southern Colonies proposed; Expedition dispatched; Charleston its first Object; Proceedings of its Citizens; Sullivan's island Fortified; Arrival of General Lee; his Opinion of Fort Moultrie; British Fleet arrives; Preliminary Movements; Fort Moultrie attacked; Remarkable Defence; Action described; Heroic Conduct of Sergeant Jasper; Repulse of the British; Respective Losses; Liberality of Governor Rutledge; Standards presented by Mrs. Elliot; Death of Jasper, 322
VII. Military Reverses: Loss of New York.—British take possession of Staten Island; Strongly reinforced; State of the American Army; New York and Brooklyn occupied; Battle of Brooklyn; Americans repulsed; Long Island abandoned; Remarkable retreat; Gloomy State of the American Army; Washington retreats to Harlem; Movements of the British; Washington retires to White Plains; Loss of Fort Washington; American Army pursued; Retreats successively to New Brunswick, Princeton, and Trenton; thence to the Pennsylvania side of the Delaware; British go into Winter-quarters; Capture of General Lee; Prevalent Spirit of Despondency, 338
VIII. Returning Prosperity: Battles of Trenton and Princeton.—Reliance of the Patriots upon God for Success; Public Fast recommended by Congress; Offensive Operations decided upon; Battle of Trenton; Washington victorious; Battle of Princeton; British repulsed; American Army at Morristown; British at Brunswick; Prospects brightening, 344
IX. Occupation of Philadelphia.—Position of the Armies; British remove to New York; Sail for the Chesapeake; Advance towards Philadelphia; American Army also move towards the same place; Meet at Brandywine; Battle; Americans repulsed; British enter Philadelphia; Congress retire to Lancaster; Battle of Germantown; Americans retreat; Ineffectual Attempts to force the British to evacuate Philadelphia, 353
X. Surrender of Burgoyne.—British Project for securing the command of the Hudson between New York and Albany; Intrusted to Generals Howe and Burgoyne; the latter leaves Canada with a strong Force; Invests and takes Crown Point and Ticonderoga; Affair of Skenesborough; Fort Edward abandoned; Retreat of Americans to Stillwater; Battle of Bennington; General Gates supersedes General Schuyler; Critical position of Burgoyne; he advances upon Saratoga; Battle; Battle of Stillwater; Burgoyne retreats, pursued by Gates; Capitulates; Public Rejoicings, 360
XI. Progress of the War.—State of affairs in England; Treaty with France; Movements in the British Parliament; Overtures to Congress; Rejection of them; Battle of Monmouth; Disastrous Retreat of General Lee; Fortunate Interposition of Washington; his Rebuke of Lee; Tremendous Battle; Sufferings of the Armies; Renewal of the Contest; Midnight Retreat of the British army; Subsequent Trial and Dismission of General Lee, 378
XII. Treachery of Arnold.—The Vulture in the Hudson; Midnight Adventure; Benedict Arnold; Repairs to Cambridge; Expedition to Canada; Created a Brigadier-general; Grounds of Complaint; Honorable Conduct in Connecticut; Appointed to the command at Philadelphia; Charges preferred against him; Reprimanded by Washington; Plots against his Country; Correspondence with Sir H. Clinton; Appointed to the command of West Point; Interview with Andre; Capture of Andre; Arrival of Washington; Escape of Arnold; Developments of his Traitorous Intentions; Trial and Condemnation of Andre; Subsequent Incidents in the life of Arnold, 391