Фактически правительственный арест таранов произошел лишь в середине октября, хотя под официальный надзор их поместили 9 сентября. Обе стороны маневрировали в преддверии судебного разбирательства, когда дело должно было поступить в суды [1033]. Сначала Рассел даже подумывал о том, чтобы заявить официальный протест Мейсону в Лондоне, и проект такого протеста был подготовлен, одобрен юрисконсультами и впоследствии пересмотрен Палмерстоном, но в конце концов отправлен не был [1034]. Возможно, посчитали, что подобное обращение к Мейсону слишком приближается к признанию его в желаемом официальном качестве, поскольку в декабре в протесте, который в конечном итоге было велено направить через генерального консула Кроуфорда в Гаване, ему предписали отправиться в Ричмонд и, очень четко заявив об отсутствии какого-либо признания Конфедерации, изложить следующее:
"It appears from various correspondence the authenticity of which cannot be doubted, that the Confederate Government having no good ports free from the blockade of the Federals have conceived the design of using the ports of the United Kingdom for the purpose of constructing ships of war to be equipped and armed to serve as cruisers against the commerce of the United States of America, a State with which Her Majesty is at peace...."
"These acts are inconsistent with the respect and comity which ought to be shewn by a belligerent towards a Neutral Power.
"Her Majesty has declared her Neutrality and means strictly to observe it.
"You will therefore call upon Mr. Benjamin to induce his Government to forbear from all acts tending to affect injuriously Her Majesty's position[1035]."
Для выполнения этого указания требовалось разрешение Кроуфорду пройти через блокаду, однако Сьюард отказал в этом, когда Лайонс обратился с такой просьбой [1036].
Однако далеко не все в Великобритании одобряли курс правительства на задержание таранов. Юридические круги в особенности были настроены против этого шага весьма единодушно. Адамс теперь добивался либо изменения британского закона, либо заключения конвенции с Америкой, устанавливающей схожее взаимное толкование нейтральных обязанностей. Рассел ответил, что «пока не состоятся судебные процессы по делам „Александры“ и паровых таранов, вряд ли можно сказать, что мы знаем наши законы, а следовательно, не можем знать, требуют ли они изменений. Тем не менее я сказал, что он может заверить мистера Сьюарда в желании и намерении правительства сделать наш нейтралитет честным и добросовестным» [1037]. Но, за исключением крайних и явных сторонников Юга, критика правительства была направлена не столько на остановку таранов, сколько на политические нападки, пытавшиеся изобразить слабость министра иностранных дел и его унижение Великобритании из-за того, что он «поддался американским угрозам». Так, 11 февраля 1864 года, после возобновления работы парламента, Дерби предпринял партийную атаку на Рассела и правительство в Палате лордов. Дерби одобрил остановку таранов, но попытался доказать, что правительство опозорило Англию, не пожелав действовать по собственной воле до тех пор, пока ему не стали угрожать из Америки. Он с большим пафосом процитировал депешу Сьюарда от 11 июля, которая теперь фигурировала в печатных материалах американской дипломатической переписки без каких-либо указаний на то, что она не являлась инструкцией, немедленно переданной Расселу. Атака провалилась, так как Рассел просто ответил, что Адамс никогда не предъявлял подобной инструкции. Это заставило Дерби искать иную почву, и 15 февраля он вернулся к этому вопросу, пытаясь теперь доказать по датам различных документов, что «в самый последний момент» Адамс выступил с угрозой войны, а Рассел уступил. Ответ Рассела вновь был кратким и сводился к тому, что приказания остановить тараны были отданы до получения посланий от Адамса. Наконец, 23 февраля в Палате общин внесли предложение запросить всю переписку с Адамсом и с Лэйрдами. Правительство согласилось на первое, но отказало в отношении переписки с Лэйрдами, и его поддержали 187 голосами против 153 [1038].
Начав с неосторожной личной и мелкой критики Рассела, тори докатились до попытки вынести министерству нечто вроде вотума недоверия, хотя они столь же громко, как и правительство, превозносили Адамс и одобряли задержание таранов. Естественно, их позиции ослабли, и министерство, сославшись на высказывания и намерения, обозначенные еще в марте 1863 года и намекая тем самым без прямых заявлений, что реальное решение было принято тогда, с легкостью одержало победу при голосовании [1038]. Дерби совершил ошибку партийного лидера, и эта оплошность не давала ему покоя, так как в апреле 1864 года он снова попытался втянуть Рассела в дискуссию о датах документов. Ответ Рассела полностью проигнорировал этот пункт [1039]. В его планы не входило прямо заявлять о том факте, что еще в апреле как Адамсу, так и через Лайонса Сьюарду были даны заверения в том, что будут приняты меры для предотвращения ухода судов Юга из британских портов. Подобное разоблачение потребовало бы объяснения того, почему были даны такие заверения, а это обнажило бы влияние на Рассела и Лайонса американского плана по созданию блокады крейсерскими эскадрами из каперов. В этом и заключалась реальная угроза. Последующие задержки и кажущаяся неопределенность британских действий тревожили Адамса, но нет никаких свидетельств того, что Рассел когда-либо менял свои намерения. Он добивался более веских улик, прежде чем действовать, и рассчитывал на более мощную поддержку со стороны юридических советников, но он не спускал глаз с таранов и, когда те достигли стадии, при которой возникла опасность побега, задержал их, даже несмотря на то, что желанных улик все еще не хватало [1040]. План Сьюарда с «законопроектом о каперстве», возможно, предпринятый в момент отчаяния и без четких разъяснений с его стороны относительно его точного применения, по мере того как тревога британских дипломатов усиливалась, был умело использован ими для того, чтобы допустить — если не заявить открыто — толкование, которое они сами на него возлагали, и результатом стало прекращение того неадекватного нейтралитета, на который жаловалась Америка.
FOOTNOTES:
[966] In other respects, also, this question of belligerent ship-building and equipping in neutral ports was, in practice, vaguely defined. As late as 1843 in the then existing Texan war of independence against Mexico, the British Foreign Secretary, Aberdeen, had been all at sea. Mexico made a contract for two ships of war with the English firm of Lizardi & Company. The crews were to be recruited in England, the ships were to be commanded by British naval officers on leave, and the guns were to be purchased from firms customarily supplying the British Navy. Aberdeen advised the Admiralty to give the necessary authority to purchase guns. When Texas protested he at first seemed to think strict neutrality was secured if the same privileges were offered that country. Later he prohibited naval officers to go in command. One Mexican vessel, the Guadaloupe, left England with full equipment as originally planned; the other, the Montezuma, was forced to strip her equipment. But both vessels sailed under British naval officers for these were permitted to resign their commissions. They were later reinstated. In all this there was in part a temporary British policy to aid Mexico, but it is also clear that British governmental opinion was much in confusion as to neutral duty in the case of such ships. See my book, British Interests and Activities in Texas, Ch. IV.
[967] Bullock, Secret Service under the Confederacy.
[968] Bernard, Neutrality of Great Britain during the American Civil War, p. 338-9.
[969] Parliamentary Papers, 1863, Commons, LXXII. "Correspondence respecting the 'Alabama.'" Also ibid., "Correspondence between Commissioner of Customs and Custom House Authorities at Liverpool relating to the 'Alabama.'" The last-minute delay was due to the illness of a Crown adviser.
[970] State Department, Eng., Vol. 81, No. 264. Adams to Seward, Nov. 21, 1862.
[971] Selborne, in his Memorials: Family and Personal, II, p. 430, declared that in frequent official communication with all members of the Cabinet at the time, "I never heard a word fall from any one of them expressive of anything but regret that the orders for the detention of the Alabama were sent too late." Of quite different opinion is Brooks Adams, in his "The Seizure of the Laird Rams" (Proceedings, Mass. Hist. Soc., Vol. XLV, pp. 243-333). In 1865 his father, the American Minister, made a diary entry that he had been shown what purported to be a copy of a note from one V. Buckley to Caleb Huse, Southern agent in England, warning him of danger to his "protegé." "This Victor Buckley is a young clerk in the Foreign Office." (Ibid., p. 260, note.)
[972] Fox, Confidential Correspondence, I, p. 165. Fox to Dupont, Nov. 7, 1862.
[973] It is interesting that the opinion of many Continental writers on international law was immediately expressed in favour of the American and against the British contention. This was especially true of German opinion. (Lutz, Notes.)
[974] Lyons Papers. To Lyons, Dec. 20, 1862.
[975] I am aware that Seward's use of the "Privateering Bill," now to be recounted is largely a new interpretation of the play of diplomacy in regard to the question of Southern ship-building in England. Its significance became evident only when British correspondence was available; but that correspondence and a careful comparison of dates permits, and, as I think, requires a revised statement of the incident of the Laird Rams.
[976] Bullock dreamed also of ascending rivers and laying Northern cities under contribution. According to a statement made in 1898 by Captain Page, assigned to command the rams, no instructions as to their use had been given him by the Confederate Government, but his plans were solely to break the blockade with no thought of attacking Northern cities. (Rhodes, IV. 385, note.)
[977] U.S. Diplomatic Correspondence, 1862, p. 134.
[978] Wallbridge, Addresses and Resolutions. Pamphlet. New York, n.d. He began his agitation in 1856, and now received much popular applause. His pamphlet quotes in support many newspapers from June, 1862, to September, 1863. Wallbridge apparently thought himself better qualified than Welles to be Secretary of the Navy. Welles regarded his agitation as instigated by Seward to get Welles out of the Cabinet. Welles professes that the "Privateering Bill" slipped through Congress unknown to him and "surreptitiously" (Diary, I, 245-50), a statement difficult to accept in view of the Senate debates upon it.
[979] Cong. Globe, 37th Congress, 2nd Session, Pt. IV, pp. 3271, 3325 and 3336.
[980] Ibid., 3rd Session, Pt. I, pp. 220, 393, and Part II, pp. 960, 1028, 1489.
[981] Brooks Adams, "The Seizure of the Laird Rams." (Mass. Hist. Soc. Proceedings, Vol. XLV, pp. 265-6.)
[982] U.S. Diplomatic Correspondence, 1863, Pt. I, p. 116, Feb. 19, 1863.
[983] F.O., Am., Vol. 878, No. 180. Lyons to Russell.
[984] Ibid., Vol. 879, No. 227. Lyons to Russell, March 10, 1863.
[985] Ibid., No. 235. Lyons to Russell, March 13, 1863. Privately Lyons also emphasized American anger. (Russell Papers. To Russell, March 24, 1863.)
[986] U.S. Diplomatic Correspondence, 1863, Pt. I, p. 141. Seward to Adams, March 9, 1863.
[987] F.O., Am., Vol. 869, No. 147. Russell to Lyons, March 24, 1863.
[988] Ibid., Vol. 869, No. 155. Russell to Lyons, March 27, 1863.
[989] Welles, Diary, I, pp. 245-50.
[990] Bigelow, Retrospections, I, 634, Slidell to Benjamin, March 4, 1863.
[991] For example of American contemporary belief and later "historical tradition," see Balch, The Alabama Arbitration, pp. 24-38. Also for a curious story that a large part of the price paid for Alaska was in reality a repayment of expenses incurred by Russia in sending her fleet to America, see Letters of Franklin K. Lane, p. 260. The facts as stated above are given by F.A. Golder, The Russian Fleet and the Civil War (Am. Hist. Rev., July, 1915, pp. 801 seq.). The plan was to have the fleet attack enemy commerce. The idea of aid to the North was "born on American soil," and Russian officers naturally did nothing to contradict its spread. In one case, however, a Russian commander was ready to help the North. Rear-Admiral Papov with six vessels in the harbour of San Francisco was appealed to by excited citizens on rumours of the approach of the Alabama and gave orders to protect the city. He acted without instructions and was later reproved for the order by his superiors at home.
[992] The Liberator, March 6, 1863.
[993] American opinion knew little of this change. An interesting, if somewhat irrational and irregular plan to thwart Southern ship-building operations, had been taken up by the United States Navy Department. This was to buy the Rams outright by the offer of such a price as, it was thought, would be so tempting to the Lairds as to make refusal unlikely. Two men, Forbes and Aspinwall, were sent to England with funds and much embarrassed Adams to whom they discreetly refrained from stating details, but yet permitted him to guess their object. The plan of buying ran wholly counter to Adams' diplomatic protests on England's duty in international law and the agents themselves soon saw the folly of it. Fox, Assistant Secretary of the Navy, wrote to Dupont, March 26, 1863: "The Confederate ironclads in England, I think, will be taken care of." (Correspondence, I, 196.) Thurlow Weed wrote to Bigelow, April 16, of the purpose of the visit of Forbes and Aspinwall. (Bigelow, Retrospections, I, 632.) Forbes reported as early as April 18 virtually against going on with the plan. "We must keep cool here, and prepare the way; we have put new fire into Mr. Dudley by furnishing fuel, and he is hard at it getting evidence.... My opinion to-day is that we can and shall stop by legal process and by the British Government the sailing of ironclads and other war-ships." (Forbes MS. To Fox.) That this was wholly a Navy Department plan and was disliked by State Department representatives is shown by Dudley's complaints (Forbes MS.). The whole incident has been adequately discussed by C.F. Adams, though without reference to the preceding citations, in his Studies Military and Diplomatic, Ch. IX. "An Historical Residuum," in effect a refutation of an article by Chittenden written in 1890, in which bad memory and misunderstanding played sad havoc with historical truth.
[994] U.S. Diplomatic Correspondence, 1863, Pt. I, p. 157. To Seward, March 24, 1863.
[995] Ibid., p. 160. To Seward, March 27, 1863.
[996] State Department, Eng., Vol. 82, No. 356. Adams to Seward, March 27, 1863.
[997] Palmerston MS. Russell to Palmerston, March 27, 1863.
[998] Rhodes, IV, p. 369, notes, April 4, 1863. Bright was made very anxious as to Government intentions by this debate.
[999] This topic will be treated at length in Chapter XVIII. It is here cited merely in relation to its effect on the Government at the moment.
[1000] Trevelyan, John Bright, 307-8.
[1001] Hansard, 3rd Series, CLXX, 33-71, for entire debate.
[1002] U.S. Diplomatic Correspondence, 1863, Pt. I, p. 164. Adams to Seward, March 28, 1863.
[1003] Rhodes, IV, 369-72.
[1004] Palmerston MS.
[1005] Bernard, p. 353. The case was heard in June, and the seizure held unwarranted. Appealed by the Government this decision was upheld by the Court of Exchequer in November. It was again appealed, and the Government defeated in the House of Lords in April, 1864.
[1006] Manchester Examiner and Times, April 7, 1863. Goldwin Smith was one of the principal speakers. Letters were read from Bright, Forster, R.A. Taylor, and others.
[1007] F.O., Am., Vol. 869, No. 183.
[1008] "Historicus," in articles in the Times, was at this very moment, from December, 1862, on, discussing international law problems, and in one such article specifically defended the belligerent right to conduct a cruising squadron blockade. See Historicus on International Law, pp. 99-118. He stated the established principle to be that search and seizure could be used "not only" for "vessels actually intercepted in the attempt to enter the blockaded port, but those also which shall be elsewhere met with and shall be found to have been destined to such port, with knowledge of the fact and notice of the blockade." (Ibid., p. 108.)
[1009] F.O., Am., Vol. 869, No. 158. Russell to Lyons, March 28, 1863.
[1010] F.O., Am., Vol. 881, No. 309. To Russell.
[1011] Ibid., No. 310. To Russell, April 13, 1863.
[1012] Russell Papers. To Russell, April 13, 1863.
[1013] F.O., Am., Vol. 882, No. 324. Copy enclosed in Lyons to Russell, April 17, 1863.
[1014] Russell Papers. To Russell.
[1015] F.O., Am., Vol. 882, No. 341. Lyons to Russell, April 24, 1863.
[1016] Lyons Papers, April 27, 1863. Lyons wrote: "The stories in the newspapers about an ultimatum having been sent to England are untrue. But it is true that it had been determined (or very nearly determined) to issue letters of marque, if the answers to the despatches sent were not satisfactory. It is very easy to see that if U.S. privateers were allowed to capture British merchant vessels on charges of breach of blockade or carrying contraband of war, the vexations would have soon become intolerable to our commerce, and a quarrel must have ensued."
[1017] Parliamentary Papers, 1863, Commons, LXXII. "Memorial from Shipowners of Liverpool on Foreign Enlistment Act."
[1018] Ibid.
[1019] U.S. Diplomatic Correspondence, 1863, Pt. I, pp. 308-10.
[1020] The despatch taken in its entirety save for a few vigorous sentences quite typical of Seward's phrase-making, is not at all warlike. Bancroft, II, 385 seq., makes Seward increasingly anxious from March to September, and concludes with a truly warlike despatch to Adams, September 5. This last was the result of Adams' misgivings reported in mid-August, and it is not until these were received (in my interpretation) that Seward really began to fear the "pledge" made in April would not be carried out. Adams himself, in 1864, read to Russell a communication from Seward denying that his July 11 despatch was intended as a threat or as in any sense unfriendly to Great Britain. (F.O., Am., Vol. 939, No. 159. Russell to Lyons, April 3, 1864.)