ЗОЛОТО, СПОРТ И КОФЕЙНЫЕ ПЛАНТАЦИИ В МАЙСУРЕ
С ГЛАВАМИ О
КОФЕЙНЫХ ПЛАНТАЦИЯХ В КУРГЕ, МАЙСУРСКОМ ПРЕДСТАВИТЕЛЬНОМ СОБРАНИИ, ИНДИЙСКОМ КОНГРЕССЕ, КАСТАХ И ИНДИЙСКОМ СЕРЕБРЯНОМ ВОПРОСЕ
И ПРЕДСТАВЛЯЮЩИМИ СОБОЙ 38-ЛЕТНИЙ ОПЫТ МАЙСУРСКОГО ПЛАНАТОРА
АВТОР
РОБЕРТ Х. ЭЛЛИОТ
АВТОР КНИГ «ВПЕЧАТЛЕНИЯ ПЛАНАТОРА», «НАПИСАННОЕ НА ИХ ЛБАХ» И ДР.
С ЦВЕТНОЙ КАРТОЙ
ВЕСТМИНСТР 1898 Г.
ПОСВЯЩЕНИЕ.
Я с большим удовольствием посвящаю эту книгу моему другу СИРУ К. ШЕШАДРИ АЙЕРУ (K.C.S.I., дивану Майсура) и надеюсь, что она окажется полезной для более полного ознакомления с ресурсами штата, делами которого он столь мудро и умело управлял в течение многих лет.
ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ.
В 1871 году я опубликовал книгу «Записки плантатора в джунглях Майсура» и намеревался выпустить ее новое издание, но по различным причинам осуществление этого проекта затянулось, и когда я наконец занялся им, то обнаружил, что с 1871 года произошло столько событий, что возникла необходимость написать новую книгу. В ней практически ничего не воспроизведено из «Записок», за исключением очень немногих заметок по естественной истории и главы о кастах — теме, на которую я хотел бы особо обратить внимание тех, кто интересуется индийскими миссиями.
Мне оказывали большую помощь информаторы, слишком многочисленные для того, чтобы упоминать их здесь, и я могу назвать лишь тех, кто оказал мне наиболее заметное содействие. Среди них я весьма признателен моему другу сиру К. Шешадри Айеру (K.C.S.I., дивану Майсура) за предоставленный мне доступ к информации, находящейся в распоряжении правительства, и за отчеты, подготовленные специально для этой книги. От моих друзей г-на Грэма Андерсона и г-на Брука Моккетта, двух наиболее способных и опытных плантаторов в Майсуре, я почерпнул много информации и помощи. Я особенно обязан моему другу доктору Фёлькеру [1] за множество ценных советов, и глава об удобрениях выиграла от того, что была просмотрена им. Сведениями об истории кофе в Курге я во многом обязан г-ну Мейнеллу, который представляет крупные интересы фирмы «Матесон и Ко.» в этой провинции, и поистине без его помощи я никак не смог бы отдать должное этой теме. Г-ну Грею, управляющему рудником Нандидроуг, я обязан информацией касательно золотых приисков и той любезной помощью, которую он оказывал мне во многих отношениях, когда я посещал их в январе прошлого года. Я также признателен полковнику Гранту, суперинтенданту департамента доходов, съемок и кадастра Майсура, за информацию об охоте и о предлагаемом законе об охране диких животных для Майсура.
Я собирался добавить главу о культивации кардамона и перца, но не сделал этого, поскольку из-за отсутствия свежих сведений от лиц, непосредственно занимающихся этими культурами, я не был уверен, что смогу в полной мере раскрыть тему. Впрочем, могу сказать, что в отношении кардамона у меня есть веские основания полагать, что к посвященной ему главе, появившейся в «Записках», мало что можно добавить.
Хотя я собрал немало впечатлений, я, конечно, понимаю, что предстоит собрать еще гораздо больше, и был бы весьма признателен плантаторам и всем тем, кто мог бы поделиться со мной своим опытом (сведения по естественной истории и охоте были бы очень кстати), если бы они были столь любезны сделать это. Их я предполагаю включить в улучшенное издание, которое надеюсь выпустить, когда накопится достаточный объем дополнительной информации. Если те, кто располагает какими-либо сведениями, предложениями или критическими замечаниями, будут столь добры связаться со мной, то сможет выйти в свет улучшенное издание, которое будет представлять огромную ценность для всех тропических аграриев и всех, кто интересуется различными темами, о которых я написал.
Мой индийский адрес: Бартчинхулла, Сакласпур, штат Майсур; а домашний адрес: Клифтон-Парк, Келсо, Роксбургшир.
РОБЕРТ Х. ЭЛЛИОТ.
[1] Доктор Фёлькер, консультант-химик Королевского сельскохозяйственного общества Англии, с разрешения общества более года состоял на службе у правительства в Индии; его «Отчет об улучшении индийского сельского хозяйства» представляет собой фундаментальный труд объемом более 400 страниц, содержащий огромный массив тщательно переработанной информации, замечаний и мнений, которые будут иметь большую ценность для правительства и большую практическую ценность для плантаторов и всех специалистов по тропическому сельскому хозяйству.
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ.
CHAPTER I.—INTRODUCTORY. Myself and the route to Mysore in 1855.1 The pioneer planters of Southern Mysore.4 The life of a planter by no means a dull one.5 Effects of English capital on the progress of the people and the finances of the State.6 The value, in times of famine, of European settlers.9 A deferred native message of thanks to the English public.10 The causes that have led to an increase of famine and scarcities.11 Measures to promote the digging of wells by the people.12 A line of railway from Mysore to the western coast sanctioned.13 Wanted, land tenures which will promote well digging and other irrigation works.14 The late Dewan's opinions in favour of a fixed land tax.16 Evidences of irrigation works made by occupiers being promoted by a fixed land tax.17 Famine question of great importance to settlers in India.17 The number of European and native coffee plantations in Mysore.18 Probable annual value of coffee produced in Mysore. Manufactures in India.19 Manufactures in Mysore.20 Endeavours by the Dewan to develop the iron wealth of the province.20 "The Mysore and Coorg Directory." Value of the Dewan's annual addresses in the Representative Assembly.21 The Dewan's efforts to promote improvements of all kinds.21 European settlers favourably received by officials of all classes.21 Hints as to representing any matter to a Government official.22 Native officials are polite and obliging.23 CHAPTER II.—THE SCENERY AND WATERFALLS OF MYSORE. General description of the Mysore country.24 The climate. A healthy one for Europeans.26 The beautiful scenery of the western borderlands.27 The falls of Gairsoppa.29 Height of the falls; difficulty of getting at them; the Lushington, Lalgali, and Majod Falls might be visited-when on the way to Gairsoppa Falls.30 The best time for visiting the falls.31 Description of the falls.32 Startling sounds to be heard at the falls.33 To the bottom of the gorge below the falls.34 Wonderful combinations of sights and sounds.35 The scene on the pool above the falls.38 The beautiful moonlight effects.39 A flying squirrel; a tiger bounding across the road.40 The Cauvery Falls and the route to them.40 General description of the falls.42 The Gangana Chuckee Falls.43 The Bar Chuckee Falls.44 The Gairsoppa and Cauvery Falls contrasted.46 Interesting bridges built by native engineers.47 Leisure, solitude, and repose necessary to enjoy scenery.48 CHAPTER III.—MYSORE—ITS GOVERNMENT AND REPRESENTATIVE ASSEMBLY. The early history of Mysore.49 The Hindoo and Mahometan lines.50 The Hindoo line restored by us in 1799.50 The insurrection of 1830.50 The Maharajah deposed and the country in 1831 administered by the British.51 The State restored to native administration in 1881.51 The people at first generally disliked the change; causes of this.52 Value of an admixture of Europeans in the Mysore service.53 The alleged breach of good faith as regards conferring appointments on natives in British territory.54 The constitution of Mysore; terms on which it was transferred not to native rule but to native administration.55 Mysore as practically under British rule as any part of British India.56 After deducting sum allotted for Maharajah's personal expenditure, the remaining revenues to be spent on public purposes only.57 The advantages possessed by settlers in Mysore.57 The Mysore Representative Assembly.57 The notification by which the Assembly was established, and the system of nominating members.58 Contrast between it and the Egyptian General Assembly of the Legislative Council.59 First meeting of the Assembly, Oct. 7th, 1881.59 Rules of 1890 announcing a system of electing members in future.60 My election in 1891 as a member of the Assembly.61 Am appointed chairman of preliminary meetings.62 Measures agreed to at the preliminary meetings.62 Rules to regulate discussions in preliminary meetings.63 Organization desired to be established; funds for working the proposed organization.64 The lady students of the Maharanee's College.65 The Assembly formally opened; the Dewan's address.65 Gold mines, railways, roads; interference of Madras Government with proposed Mysore Irrigation Works.66 Measure to promote digging of wells.68 Value of the Assembly as a means of communicating intelligence amongst the people.69 Forests. Elephants. Female education.69 The Archæological Survey. The Census. The municipal elections.70 Reform of religious and charitable institutions. An irregular meeting of members.71 A marriage law proposed. Great excitement caused thereby. Proposal adjourned.71 Proposal to store grain against times of famine.72 Revenue should be remitted in full when there is no crop.72 My speech in the Assembly as chairman of preliminary meetings.72 Members called up in order to represent grievances and wants. The marriage question again.73 Influence of public opinion as regards age for consummation of marriages.74 Opinion of two native gentlemen as regards my speech.74 An important concession gained by the representatives.75 The admirable working of the Mysore Government. General appreciation of the Dewan's administration.76 Representatives have no power and do not want any. Causes of the absence of any demand for parliamentary institutions such as those in England.77 Absence of general interest in the Assembly. Causes of this.79 Great value of Assembly in bringing rulers and ruled together. Such Assembly more necessary now than formerly. Causes of this.80 The Indian Congress. Causes of the creation of.81 Started in 1885 by a small number of the educated classes.82 Seditious pamphlets circulated by the Congress.82 Copies bought for the Athenæum Club.82 Mr. Dadabhai Naoroji, M.P. one of the sellers of the pamphlets.82 Proceedings of the Congress legitimate till it fell under guidance of Mr. Hume. Excuses for Mr. Dadabhai Naoroji.83 The composition of the first and second Congresses.83 The third Congress. The members desire to make the laws and control the finances of India.84 The Congress declares that as Indians in rural districts are not qualified to elect members, these should be elected by an electoral college composed of the flower of the educated classes.85 As the desired powers are not likely to be obtained in India, the people of England must be made to believe that India is being misgoverned.85 The Congress' schemes for bringing about a revolution in India. Native volunteers to be enrolled to bring pressure to bear on the Government. The Repeal of the Arms Act demanded.86 The seditious pamphlets issued by the Congress.87 The sums of money collected with the aid of the pamphlets.88 Opinions of Congress that natives are wanting in the qualities necessary for governing India.88 CHAPTER IV.—NATURAL HISTORY AND SPORT. The advantages and pleasures of big game shooting.90 Comparative risks from tigers, bears, and panthers.92 Boars and other wild animals more dangerous now than formerly. Advantages of this for sportsmen.93 The natural history of Mysore.94 Elephants. Tigers much more numerous in former times in Mysore.96 In a short time 118 caught in traps. Remarkable cessation of such captures. The balance of nature destroyed.97 The spread of intelligence amongst wild animals. Tiger passes. Difference of opinion as to how tigers seize their prey.98 The use of the paw in killing animals and people.99 The carrying powers of tigers and panthers.100 Reasons for not sitting on the ground when tiger shooting.101 Illustration of risk of sitting on the ground.102 Caution should be exercised when approaching a tiger supposed to be dead.103 Another illustration of the risk of sitting on the ground.105 Illustration of the importance of sitting motionless when obliged to sit on the ground.106 An exciting rush after a wounded tiger.107 Coolness and courage exhibited by a native.108 Estimate of danger of tiger shooting on foot. Should not be pursued by those whoso lives are of cash value to their families.109 People killed by wounded tigers. Difficulty of seeing a tiger in the jungle.110 Distinguishing sight of natives superior to that of Europeans.111 Tigers easily recover from wounds.112 Effects on the nerves and heart from the roar of a wounded tiger.113 Precautions that should be exercised by sportsmen with damaged hearts.115 The lame tiger. Met in the road at night.116 Tying out live baits for tigers.117 Interesting instance of tiger stalking up to a live bait.118 Another illustration of risk of approaching a tiger apparently dead.120 Importance of using a chain when tying out a bait. Sport spoiled from a chain not being used.121 Tigers eat tigers sometimes. Illustration of this.123 The tiger's power of ascending trees.125 Interesting instance of a jackal warning tigers of danger.126 Tiger put to flight by the rearing of a horse.127 Effect on a tiger of the human voice. Tigers often undecided how to act.128 Tigers form plans and act in concert. Illustration of this.129 Tigers of Western Ghaut forests, if unmolested, rarely dangerous to man.130 Very dangerous man-eating tigers have existed in the interior of Mysore. Man-eaters enter villages. A tiger tearing off the thatch of a hut.131 Great courage and determination shown by natives in connection with tigers. Illustrations of this.132 The life of a planter saved by a dog attacking the tiger.134 Interesting behaviour of the dog after Mr. A. was wounded.135 Treatment of wounds from tigers. A native recovers from thirteen lacerated wounds and two on the head.136 A mad tiger. Position of body that should be adopted when waiting for a tiger. Importance of this.137 Tiger purring with evident satisfaction after having killed a man.138 CHAPTER V.—BEARS, PANTHERS, JUNGLE DOGS, SNAKES, JUNGLE PETS. Bear has two cubs at a time. Bears rapidly decreasing. Said by natives to be killed and eaten by tigers. Instances of tigers killing bears.140 Bears dreaded by natives more than any animal in the jungle. Probable cause of their often attacking people. Illustration of this.141 Attacked by an unwounded and unprovoked bear.142 If suddenly attacked by an animal at close quarters rush towards it.143 Wanton attacks made by bears on people. Approaching caves and getting bears out of them.144 Great value of stink balls.146 How not to attempt to get a bear out of a cave. Am caught by a hill fire.147 Amusing incident at a bear's cave. A man wounded.149 Value of having a good dog when out bear shooting. Am knocked down by a bear.151 Panthers. Should be hunted with dogs.152 Panther probably feigning death. A man killed.153 The wild boar the most daring animal in the jungles. Illustration in point.154 The great power of the wild boar. My manager charged by one.156 Boars make shelters for themselves in the rains. The flesh of the boar not a safe food.157 Jungle dogs. Said by natives to kill tigers.158 The use, said by the natives to be made by the dogs, of their acrid urine.159 A cross between the jungle and the domestic dog.160 Curious incident connected with jungle dogs.161 Great increase of jungle dogs. A reward should be offered for their destruction.161 Many reported deaths from snake bites probably poisoning cases. Reasons in support of this view. From 1855 to 1893 only one death from snake bite in my neighbourhood.162 The cobra not an aggressive snake. Unless hurt or provoked will probably never bite. Illustrations in support of this view.163 Snakes keep a good look out. Tigers and snakes run away.165 Many snakes are harmless, and some useful.166 Wild animals probably require to be taught by their parents to dread man.166 A tame stag. A tame flying squirrel.167 A tame hornbill.168 Probable cause of pets not caring to rejoin their wild congeners.169 Some remarks on guns. The Paradox.170 CHAPTER VI.—BISON SHOOTING. Unless molested the bison never attacks man.171 An attempt to photograph a solitary bull.173 Description of the bison.174 Height of bull bison. Account of an interesting friendship between a tame sambur deer and a bull bison.175 Bison are often attacked by tigers.177 Interesting instance of a tiger stalking up to a solitary bull.178 The tiger and bull knocked over right and left.180 Precautions that should be taken when following up a wounded bull.181 A tracker killed by a bull. Following a wounded bull.182 Stalking up to a herd. The value of peppermint lozenges.183 How a wounded bull may be lost.185 The value of a dog when following up a wounded bull.186 Wonderful bounding power of the bison. A narrow escape from a charging bull.187 Special Act required for preservation of cow bison.188 CHAPTER VII.—GOLD. The earliest tradition as regards gold in Mysore.190 Explanation of gold being found on the ears of corn. Lieutenant Warren's investigations in 1800.191 Native methods of procuring gold by washing and mining.192 Depths to which old native pits were sunk.193 Probable cause of the cessation of mining at considerable depths.194 In 1873 leave first given to a European to mine for gold. Remarkable absence in Mysore of old records or inscriptions relating to gold mining.195 Mr. Lavelle in 1873 applied for right to mine in Kolar.196 Of the mines subsequently started all practically closed in 1882, except the Mysore mine, which began to get gold in end of 1884.197 Had the Mysore Company not persevered the Kolar field would probably have been closed. Depths to which mines have been sunk. The Champion Lode.198 General description of the Kolar field. Notes by a lady resident.199 Life on the field. Gardening. Visitors from England.200 The volunteers at the mines. Sport near the field.201 Servants and supplies. Elevation and the climate. A healthy one.202 Mining and the extraction of gold.203 The rates of wages. No advances given to labourers.204 Expenditure by the companies in Mysore in wages. Consequential results therefrom on the prosperity of the people.205 Measures which the State should take to encourage the opening of new mines.206 Royalty on mines that are not paying should be reduced or abolished. Act required to check gold stealing.207 Some summary process should be adopted to check gold thefts.208 Want of water on the field. Measures proposed for conserving it.209 The want of tree planting. Other auriferous tracts in Mysore. Mr. R. Bruce Foote's report.210 Brief analysis of Mr. Bruce Foote's report on the various auriferous tracts. The central group of auriferous rocks.211 The west-central group.212 The western group. Expects that many other old abandoned workings will be discovered in the jungly tracts.213 An inexhaustible supply of beautiful porphyry near Seringapatam and close to a railway.214 CHAPTER VIII.—CASTE. Valuable to rural populations.215 My inquiry limited to its rural and practical effects on life.210 Its moral effects as regards the connection of the sexes.217 Its value in limiting the use of alcohol.219 Morality in Manjarabad superior to that of England.220 Widows may contract a kind of marriage. The value of caste in socially segregating inferior from superior races.221 The mental value of the separation caused by caste.222 The separation caused by caste has not hindered advancement amongst the rural population. The Coorgs an instance of this.223 Disadvantages of caste as regards town populations.224 Instances of the evils of caste amongst the higher classes in the towns.225 Inquiry as to how far caste has acted beneficially in opposing the existing interpretation of Christianity.227 Worthlessness of pure dogmas when adopted by a degraded people.228 Native Christians readily revert to devil worship in cases of danger or sickness.229 Native Christians neither better nor worse than the low-classes from which they are usually drawn. Experience of the Abbé Dubois.230 The upper class peasantry having to give up caste would be injured by being converted.231 The town population would not be injured by conversion.232 Causes of the outcry against caste.233 Its alleged tendencies.234 The way to retain the good and lessen the evil of caste.235 To become a Christian our missionaries compel the entire abandonment of caste. Their version of Christianity wisely rejected.230 Mischievous action of our missionaries as regards caste. Their erroneous views a bar to the progress of Christianity.237 Bishop Heber's "Letter on Caste".238 Bishop Wilson's fatal "Circular" requiring absolute abandonment of caste by Christians.240 Secession of native Christians in consequence of the "Circular." Erroneous views contained in the Report of the Madras Commissioners.242 Views of the Tanjore missionaries as regards caste.243 Mr. Schwartz's opinions.244 The Tanjore missionaries not unfavourable to the retention of caste by their converts.245 Inquiry into the origin of caste.240 No connection between caste and idolatry. They may and do exist apart.247 Caste as it exists in Ceylon.249 The way in which caste probably did originate.250 The Jews a strictly guarded caste.251 Caste difficulties as regards taking the Sacrament.252 Its sanitary advantages.254 Caste no bar to the exercise of hospitality and charity.255 Advantages of caste in increasing hospitality and charity.257 Caste has a levelling as well as a keeping down tendency.260 Instances of people rising into a superior caste.261 Rigidity of caste laws much exaggerated. They vary in different places. Occasional violations of caste law condoned. Remarkable instance of this.263 Infringement of caste when out tiger shooting.264 Instance of variation in caste law. Caste apt to be made the scapegoat of every Indian difficulty.266 Mr. Pope's remarks on the effects of caste.267 Mr. Raikes's remarks on the evil effects of caste. Thinks that it is the cause of infanticide.268 Instance to show that infanticide can exist amongst people free from caste. Polyandrous habits not necessarily a cause of infanticide.269 Summary of principal conclusions arrived at.270 Curious customs of the Marasa Wokul tribe in Mysore.273 The effect of caste on the transmission of acquired aptitudes.