От фермы до Белого дома
СЕРИЯ «ИЗ ХИЖИНЫ ЛЕСОРУБА В БЕЛЫЙ ДОМ»
От фермы до Белого дома
ЖИЗНЬ ДЖОРДЖА ВАШИНГТОНА, ЕГО ДЕТСТВО, ЮНОСТЬ, ЗРЕЛОСТЬ, ОБЩЕСТВЕННАЯ И ЧАСТНАЯ ЖИЗНЬ И ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТЬ Написал Уильям М. Тейер
Автор книг «Из хижины лесоруба в Белый дом», «Из дома пионера в Белый дом», «Из мастерской кожевника в Белый дом», «От мальчика до мужчины» и др.
С ИЛЛЮСТРАЦИЯМИ
НЬЮ-ЙОРК HURST & COMPANY ИЗДАТЕЛИ
Серия «Из хижины лесоруба в Белый дом».
В ТОМ ЖЕ ОФОРМЛЕНИИ. АВТОР: УИЛЬЯМ М. ТЕЙЕР:
От мальчика до мужчины — Жизнь Бенджамина Франклина.
От фермы до Белого дома — Жизнь Джорджа Вашингтона.
Из хижины лесоруба в Белый дом — Жизнь Джеймса А. Гарфилда, с надгробной речью достопочтенного Джеймса Г. Блейна.
Из дома пионера в Белый дом — Жизнь Авраама Линкольна, с надгробной речью достопочтенного Дж. Бэнкрофта.
Из мастерской кожевника в Белый дом — Жизнь Улисса С. Гранта.
Автор: Эдвард С. Эллис:
С ранчо в Белый дом — Жизнь Теодора Рузвельта.
Цена с пересылкой — 75 центов за каждую или 4,50 доллара за комплект.
HURST & COMPANY Издатели, Нью-Йорк.
Авторское право, 1890 г., ДЖЕЙМС Х. ИРЛ.
ВСЕМ, КТО УВАЖАЕТ ИСТИННОЕ МУЖЕСТВО, эта книга, ОТРАЖАЮЩАЯ ЭЛЕМЕНТЫ УСПЕХА , от мальчика до мужчины В карьере и благородном характере ДЖОРДЖА ВАШИНГТОНА, « ОЦА СВОЕЙ ОТЧИЗНЫ », искренне и с любовью посвящается.
ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ.
Каждому американцу, старому или молодому, следует ознакомиться с жизнью Вашингтона; это укрепит их патриотизм и усилит их преданность стране. Такой характер станет для них вдохновением, пробуждая более благородные стремления и побуждая к более благородным поступкам.
Сам Вашингтон писал своему пасынку, учившемуся в колледже:
«Ты вступаешь в ту пору жизни, когда формируются хорошие или дурные привычки; когда ум обращается либо к полезным и похвальным вещам, либо к распутству и пороку. На чем бы ты ни остановился, это останется с тобой; ибо ты знаешь, и справедливо сказано: "Какое дерево с детства согнешь, под таким и состаришься". Это с очевидностью показывает, сколь уместно позволить твоему неопытному возрасту руководствоваться более зрелыми советами и поставить стражу у путей, ведущих к праздности и пороку. Последняя подступит как вор, воздействуя на твои страсти, чему, возможно, поспособствуют дурные примеры, склонность к которым возрастает пропорционально практике таковых и твоим уступкам. Добродетель и порок несовместимы, как праздность и трудолюбие; разумеется, если ты решишь придерживаться первой из этих крайностей, близость с теми, кто склоняется ко второй, окажется для тебя крайне обременительной; она станет камнем преткновения на твоем пути и походит на жернов, повешенный на шею тебе, ибо природе праздности и порока свойственно привлекать как можно больше приверженцев...»
«Именно усердному труду и настойчивости люди литературы и науки обязаны своими знаниями и полезностью; и ты находишься сейчас в том периоде жизни, когда их следует приобрести или утратить навсегда. Поскольку ты знаешь, как сильно твои друзья желают видеть тебя вступающим на великую арену жизни с преимуществами законченного образования, высокоразвитого ума и надлежащего понимания своих обязанностей перед Богом и людьми, я добавлю лишь одно напутствие перед окончанием этого письма, а именно: выказывай должное уважение и послушание своим наставникам и трепетное почитание президента колледжа, чей характер заслуживает твоего высочайшего уважения. Пусть никакой дурной пример, какой можно встретить в любых учебных заведениях, не оказывает пагубного влияния на твое поведение. Пусть оно будет таковым, и пусть твоей гордостью станет вести себя так, чтобы снискать благоволение старших и любовь товарищей по учебе».
Лучшего совета юноше еще никогда не давали; и чтобы подкрепить его, мы представляем в этой книге жизнь и характер великого человека, который столь любовно его преподал. Используя разговорный стиль, анекдотические иллюстрации и захватывающие происшествия, автор надеется успешнее достичь своей цели.
При подготовке этого труда автор воспользовался богатым материалом, предоставленным известными биографами Вашингтона: Рамзи, Уимсом, Маршаллом, Спарксом, Бэнкрофтом, Ирвингом, Эвереттом, Кастисом и др., а также анекдотами из его ранней и поздней жизни, найденными в панегириках, эссе и литературных статьях о его жизни и характере, которыми изобилует литература нашей страны. История жизни героя раскрывается через происшествия. Случаи из его детства и юности описаны особенно подробно, дабы достижения зрелого мужа яснее предстали как результат хорошо начатой жизни. На столь примерный образ родители и опекуны могут указывать с уверенностью и надеждой.
Полагая, что биографию следует писать и читать так, чтобы обеспечить глубокий анализ характера, выводя тем самым истинные качества героя на передний план, а также полагая, что для молодежи следует писать биографии лишь самых благородных мужей, поскольку «пример сильнее наставления», автор выпускает в свет этот скромный труд, призывая на него снисходительное расположение критиков и благословение Провидения.
У. М. Т. Франклин, Массачусетс.
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ.
I. ПРЕДКИ И РОЖДЕНИЕ.
Ancestors in England—John and Lawrence Washington—Family of Note—The Washington Manor and Irving—Sir Henry Washington in War—English Fox Hunting—Washington and Franklin—The Washingtons in America—Birth of George—House where born—Ceremony of placing a Slab on it by Custis—Paulding describes the Place—The House described—George baptized—Removal to Banks of Rappahannock—Large Estates—Style of Living—Vast Wilderness—Militia—Depredations by Indians—Negro Slavery 23
II. ДЕТСТВО.
Reliable Information about it—Visit to the Orchard, and the Rebuke to Selfishness—George's Name growing in the Garden—Its Lesson about God—The Hatchet, and it Lesson about Lying—Raising a Regiment of Soldiers—George's Brother in Uniform—Effect of Military Display on George—Playing Soldier—His Brother Lawrence a Good Soldier—Love Greater than War—George's Military Spirit increasing—George's Manly Bearing—Excels in Athletic Sports—What Fitzhugh said—The Sequel 36
III. ШКОЛЬНЫЕ ГОДЫ.
His Brother Lawrence educated in England—Leaving Home—George at School when Five Years Old—His Teacher, Hobby—What a Biographer says of his Progress—The Homeschool—His Writing-book and Thoroughness—A Good Speller—Studying and Playing with all his Might—Best Runner, Wrestler, etc.—The School Grounds a Military Camp—An English and Spanish Army of Boys—Juvenile Commander-in-chief—A Quarrel that George could not Conquer—Truth-teller and Peacemaker—At Mr. Williams' School, and a Mother's Lesson—Studying Surveying—Mimic War—Surveying School-grounds—Later Surveying—Settling a Difficulty—Acting as Umpire—What Mr. Weems says—What Mrs. Kirkland says 52
IV. МЕТОД И ОСНОВАТЕЛЬНОСТЬ.
Doing Things Well—Dialogue with Lawrence—His "Book of Forms," and what a Schoolmate thought of it—His "Book of Problems:" its Use and Abuse—His "Book of Drawing"—Odd Moments—Preserving Bits of Prose and Verse—What Irving says—His "Rules of Behavior"—What Lawrence Washington and his Wife thought of them—Their Influence over him—Part of them Quoted—What Everett says of them—Author's Opinion—Sample Extract from his Copy-book—These show his Character—His Heart made a Level Head 72
V. ЧЕТЫРЕ СЛУЧАЯ И ИХ УРОКИ.
His Father's Sudden Sickness—George at Chotauk—The Doctor's Opinion—Growing Worse, and Startling Revelation—George sent for—He arrived when his Father was dying—Affecting Scene—Death and Will—The Arabian Colt—Attempt to ride him—The Animal killed—George confessing his Wrong-doing—The "Lowland Beauty"—George in Love—A Human Heart after All—What Irving says about it—Naval Officers at Vernon—Wants to be a Midshipman—His Mother's Opposition, and Lawrence's Approval—Enlists—Appears before his Mother in Naval Costume—Her Grief—He does not go—His True Manliness asserts itself 82
VI. ЕГО МАТЬ.
Her Views of Correct Family Government—Secret of George's Correct Life—What Custis says about it—What Lawrence Washington said—Obedience commanded—How she commanded her Servants—Her One Book, next to the Bible, consulted—What Everett said of it—Quotations from it—They teach Honesty, Industry, Fidelity, Religion, etc.—Her Ancestry—Courage—Afraid of Lightning—Her Singular Dream—Weems' Explanation—Care of her Family—Mr. Sparks' Tribute—Irving's Tribute—Her Son visits her before going to War—Her Patriotism—Taking Charge of her Own Business—Her Joy over Cornwallis' Surrender—Her Son's Visit to her—The Ball, and his Staff introduced to her—Compared with Napoleon's Mother—Lafayette's Visit to her—Her Son's Visit to her before becoming President—Custis' description of the Scene—Her Death, Burial, and Monument—Jackson's Eulogy—John Adams' Words—The Mother of Such a Son, and the Son of Such a Mother 103
VII. МОЛОДОЙ ЗЕМЛЕМЕР.
His Mother's Views about his Future—The Plea of Lawrence—Goes to Live at Mount Vernon—Lawrence's Eye on a Military Life for him—Lessons in "The Manual Exercise"—Lessons in "Fencing"—Reading Military Treatises—In the Family of William Fairfax—What the Latter thought of him—Meets Lord Fairfax—What Everett says of him—What Irving says—Reading Books and Fox Hunting—An Unexpected Proposition—Becomes a Surveyor—His Appearance now—Keeping a Journal—Extracts from Letter and Journal—Mode of Life described—Hardships—What Abbott and Everett say of his Hardships—Camping Out—In Indian Wigwam—His Journal describes a Scene—Other Entries—What he recorded—Sparks' Tribute to his Thoroughness as a Surveyor—Everett's Tribute—The Stevenson Family—Sports with the Seven Sons—Among his Officers, Later—Greenaway Court—Appointed Public Surveyor—In Training for the War of Seventy-six 132
VIII. ВОИНСКИЕ ПОЧЕСТИ.
The Proposition of Lawrence, and Discussion of it—Appointed Adjutant-general—Ill Health of Lawrence—Decides to spend the Winter in Barbadoes—George goes with him—Lawrence no Better—George has the Small-pox—Returns to Virginia in April—Lawrence returns in June and dies in Six Weeks—George one of his Executors—What Everett says of it—Enters Masonic Lodge—His Commission renewed—Duties pressing upon him—Signs of War—Encroachments by the French—The Claims of the Indians—What a Chief said—The Governor's Conference with Gist—Mission to the French proposed—George offers his Services—Interview with Governor Dinwiddie—A Copy of his Commission—His Companions—Visits his Mother—Letter to French Commander 150
IX. МИССИЯ К ФРАНЦУЗАМ.
The Journey begun—Route—A Storm—A Torrent—Baggage on Canal—Visit to Shingiss—Tanacharisson—Monochatica—Meeting Deserters—Learning of the Forts from there to New Orleans—The Half-king—Describes his Visit to Pierre Paul, now Dead—His Speech—Pierre Paul's Reply—Indian Council and Washington's Speech—Indian's Reply—Results of the Council—Indians to conduct them to the Fort—Journey delayed—Way to Venango—Arrival and Conference with the French—Dinner Scene—Information 163
X. ФРАНЦУЗСКАЯ МИССИЯ — (ПРОДОЛЖЕНИЕ).
The Next Fort—Introduction to Commander—Arrival of Paul's Successor—Receives Dinwiddie's Letter—Washington draws Plan of the Fort—His Inquiries about Certain Captures—Reparti's Reply to Dinwiddie—French attempt to bribe Indians—Injury to White Thunder, and Delay—Return Journey—Snow—Washington and Gist leave the Party—Their Adventure—The Indian Guide—He proves False—A Startling Episode—The Indian disposed of—Reaching the River—Building a Raft—Attempt to Cross—Washington straggling in the Water—They reach an Island—Escape—Twenty Indian Warriors—The Indian Queen—Arrival at Williamsburg—Interview with the Governor—His Journal printed 178
XI. ЕГО ПЕРВАЯ БИТВА.
Effect of Washington's Mission—Orders from the King—Recruiting—The Governor's Bounty to Soldiers—Washington offered the Command—Talk with a Friend—Letter to Colonel Corbin—Does not accept Command—Payne knocks Washington down—How the Affair ended—What McGuire says of Washington's Magnanimity—Washington takes up his March—Meeting Captain Trent—Need of More Men—Courier announces Surrender of Fort—Declaration of War—Washington's Prompt Action—March to Red Stone Creek and Great Meadows—The French surprised, and a Battle—Jumonville killed—Entrenching at Great Meadows—Short of Supplies—His Own Chaplain—Order against Swearing—Marching to meet the Foe—Retreat to Great Meadows—A Hot Battle—Washington surrenders—Return to Williamsburg—Honors, and Larger Provisions—Death of Jumonville justified—Dinwiddie's Words 194
XII. В ШТАБЕ ГЕНЕРАЛА БРЭДДОКА.
Governor Dinwiddie's Proposition—Washington dissents—Dinwiddie insists—Washington's Letter—His Rank reduced from Colonel to Captain—He resigns, and retires to Mount Vernon—The Enterprise abandoned—A Convention of the Colonies—The King sends General Braddock with Army—He demands the Services of Washington—Their Correspondence and Interview—Washington's Motive—On the Staff—Meeting with his Mother—The March begins—Grand Spectacle—Braddock's Talk with Dr. Franklin—Underrating Indian Tactics—Washington disabled by Sickness—Talk with Braddock about Indians—Army Wagons Useless—Braddock's Temper and Love of Drink—Good Disciplinarian—Washington's Advice rejected—Indian Allies—How deserted—What Scarvoyadi said—Surprised by Indians—Terrible Battle—Washington's Bravery—Dr. Craik's Word—An Eye-witness—How British fought—Braddock mortally wounded—Whole Command on Washington—Retreat—Braddock's Confession—Dies at Fort Necessity—Burial—Horrible Scenes at Duquesne—Testimony of a Prisoner—Words of Washington—Letter to his Mother—Letter to his Brother 211
XIII. НА РУБЕЖЕ.
General Dunbar a Coward—Goes into Winter Quarters in Philadelphia—Assembly meets—Washington's Advice to the Governor—The Assembly Timid—Washington appointed Commander-in-chief of Virginia Forces—Failure of the Other Expeditions—Conference with Fairfax—Headquarters at Winchester—A Great Scare—Its Funny Termination—Washington's Appeal to Dinwiddie—Trouble with Captain Dagworthy—Goes to Boston on Horseback—Meets Miss Phillips in New York—Honors—His Return—Love in New York—Sudden Alarm calls him to Winchester—Hurried Steps at Defence—Letter to Loudoun describing the Condition of Frontier—Appeal to Dinwiddie for the Terrified People—Indian Atrocities—Dreadful Scenes described by Washington—Washington Sick Four Months—Changes 232
XIV. ПРОСВЕТ В ОБЛАКАХ.
Great Need of the Hour—The People Timid—Washington's Mother again—Another Expedition against Duquesne—Size of the Army—Goes to Williamsburg—Mr. Chamberlain's Salutation—Stops to Dine—Meets Mrs. Custis—A Widow Bewitching—Business done—Returning, stops to see Mrs. Custis—A Treaty of Love—The New Road Project—Washington opposes it—Elected to House of Burgesses—Delay—Army moved in September—Braddock's Folly repeated—Washington overruled—His Prophecy—Major Grant—His Reckless Course—Conceit of Grant and Forbes—Marching into an Indian Ambuscade—A Bloody Battle—Defeat of the English—Retreat—Where was Washington—His Views—Forbes proposes Winter Quarters—Washington proposes and leads Another Attack—The Enemy escapes from the Fort—Washington plants Flag over it—Leaves Force to rebuild—French War ended—Washington resigns—Goes to Mount Vernon—Testimonial of Officers 249
XV. ЕГО ЖЕНА И ДОМ.
Who was Mrs. Custis—Rich and Beautiful—Washington's Marriage—What Negro said of him—Took Seat in House of Burgesses—Happy Man—The Legislature do him Honor—Removes to Mount Vernon—His Estates described—Sixteen Spinning Wheels—Mrs. Washington at the Head—Irving's Description—Rank necessarily maintained—Company, and English Style—Mrs. Washington's Wardrobe—His Wardrobe—Education of her Children—Their Wardrobe—Her Kindness to Slaves—Domestic Habits—Washington labored on Farm—Systematic Habits—Improvements on Farm—Reclaiming Dismal Swamp—Hunting in Winter—Interlopers, and the War against them—The Hunter conquered—Attending Episcopal Church—Mrs. Washington a Devout Christian—Building a House of Worship—Washington at Church—Death of Mrs. Washington's Daughter—The Son Wayward—Letter about Love—King's College, and Incident—Keeping his Books—In her Husband's Headquarters in Winter—Death—Mount Vernon now 270
XVI. ГЛАВНОКОМАНДУЮЩИЙ.
More Indian Depredations, and War—Washington's Conference with Mason on English Tyranny—Taxation without Representation—Oppressive Acts multiplied—The Stamp Act—Patrick Henry in the Assembly—Treason—Governor dissolved the Assembly—A Re-election—Washington stands with Patrick Henry—Discussion with Fairfax on the State of Affairs—Dr. Franklin before a Committee of Parliament—Friends of America in Parliament—Next Assembly Bolder, and dissolved by Governor—Washington's Plan to use no Articles taxed—The Tax removed except on Tea—Tea thrown into Boston Harbor—Action of the Citizens against British Soldiers—Day of Fasting and Prayer—Effigies and Mock Processions Boston Port Bill—Washington's Journey to Ohio in Behalf of his Old Soldiers—First American Congress—The Chaplain Memorial to the King—Chatham's Defence of the Colonies—British Soldiers sent to Boston—The Patriots aroused—Battles of Lexington and Concord—The Revolution begun—Putnam and the Grand Rally—Second American Congress—Washington and Adams—Raise an Army, and choose Washington for Commander-in-chief—Adams' Opinion of him 295
XVII. ОСАДА БОСТОНА.
Adams to Washington—Prepares to Take Command—Letter to Mrs. Washington—His Will—Another Letter—Starts—Meets a Courier—His Journey—Legislature—Assumes Command—Mrs. Adams' Opinion—Talk with Gen. Ward—Order and Discipline—Condition of the Army—Washington's first Order—Change Wrought—Scarcity of Powder—Feat of Knox—Washington's Headquarters—Day of Fasting—Arrival of Supplies—Cruelty of British to Prisoners—Remonstrance Against—Retaliation—Army Reduced—Feelings of Washington—Proposed Attack on Boston—His Plan—Cannonading Described—British Repulsed by Storm—Boston Evacuated—British Depredation—Washington Provides for Charity at Home—Mrs. Washington in Cambridge—His Rigid Discipline, an Incident—Old South and North Church—A Theatre and a Scare—British Pride Humbled—Action of Congress 321
XVIII. ЗАЩИТА НЬЮ-ЙОРКА.
Where the Enemy is going—General Putnam in Command at New York—Washington Goes There—Hears from the Enemy—Condition of our Army in New York—Words of Washington—Letter to his Brother—Action of Congress—Plot to Seize Washington—A Conspirator Hung—Enemy in the Harbor—Declaration of Independence Read to the Army—Statue of George III. destroyed—Putnam and Hamilton—Sir Henry Clinton—Attacking Fort Moultrie—Cudjo—The Army encouraged—The Corporal rebuked—The Sabbath honored—Washington's Address—Army in Bad plight—Order against Profanity—The Enemy moving to capture Brooklyn Heights—Livingston's Message—Washington's Address to Army—Terrible Battle—Americans retreat under cover of Storm—What Sparks says of it—A Council of War—Deserters—Retreat from New York—Stand at Harlem—Nathan Hale—Washington's Daring—Great Fire in New York—Loss in Canada—Disaffection in Army—General Lee returns to Harlem—Council of War—Another Retreat necessary 349