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ЦЕРКОВЬ И ГОСУДАРСТВО В ИХ ОТНОШЕНИИ К ФОРМИРОВАНИЮ ХРИСТИАНСКОГО МИРА. СОЧИНЕНИЕ Т. В. АЛЛИСА, МАГИСТРА ИСКУССТВ
АВТОР КНИГ: «PER CRUCEM AD LUCEM, ИТОГ ЖИЗНИ», «РЕШЕНИЕ ВСЕЙ ЖИЗНИ», «ДНЕВНИК ВО ФРАНЦИИ И ПИСЬМА ИЗ ИТАЛИИ», «ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ ХРИСТИАНСКОГО МИРА» И ДР. ЛОНДОН: БЕРНС И ОУТС. 1882.
ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ.
PROLOGUE.
PAGE
The Kingdom as Prophesied and as Fulfilled, xix
CHAPTER I.
Relation Between the Civil and the Spiritual Powers from Adam to Christ.
1. The Divine and the Human Society, founded in Adam, refounded in Noah.
The origin of man, of woman, of marriage, and of the human family, 1
Archetypal character of the fact that man is created a Race, 3
Sole creation of Adam in the maturity of thought and speech and the perfection of knowledge, as shown in the naming of creatures, 4
Subsequent building of woman from man, 5
The divine Image and Likeness in the individual man, 5
A further Image of the ever-blessed Trinity in the Race, 6
Indication of the Headship and the Passion of Christ in the original creation, 8
Beauty and splendour of the divine plan, 9
The part in the divine plan which belongs to man’s free-will, 10
The divine treatment of man as a Race not broken by the Fall, 11
Adam after the Fall the head of the civil and the religious order, 12
Bearing of man’s condition before the Fall upon his subsequent state, 13
Adam receives in a great promise a disclosure of the future, 14
He becomes the Teacher and likewise the Priest of his Race, 15
The rite of sacrifice, 15
Triple dignity of Adam in this first society, 16
Man breaks up this society by the misuse of his free-will, 17
Resumption of the unity of the Race and its reparation in Noah, 18
Condition of man, individual and collective, at this new beginning of the race; marriage and sacrifice, 19
Express establishment of civil government by divine authority, 20
Union of religion with civil government from the beginning, 21
Parallel between Adam and Noah, 22
2. The Divine and Human Society in the Dispersion.
Unity of human language withdrawn on account of a great sin, 24
Coeval with which the various nations spring forth out of the one original society, 26
Injury to human society by the degradation of the conception of God, 28
Loss of belief in the divine unity followed by loss of the sense of man’s brotherhood, 29
Proof of this brotherhood recovered by science in the case of the Aryan family of nations, 31
The one universal society becomes many nations at enmity with each other, 32
Their state after a long lapse of time, when their several histories begin, 33
Original goods of the race still remaining—
1. Marriage, 35
2. Religion as centered in the rite of sacrifice, 37
3. Civil government, 38
4. Alliance between government and religion, 41
Cumulative testimony of the four in their contrast with slavery to the unity of man’s Race, as its origin is recorded by Moses, 43
Summary of the course of mankind from the Dispersion to Christ, 44
3. Further Testimony of Law, Government, and Priesthood in the Dispersion.
The fiction of universal savagery, or different races, or simial descent, 45
The author of “Ancient Law” upon original society, 46
Proof from comparative jurisprudence of the patriarchal theory, 47
Law and government in their commencement, 48
Family the ancient unit of society, 49
Universal belief or assumption of blood-relationship, 50
The Roman Patria Potestas a relic of the original rule, 52
Family everything, the individual unknown, 52
Original union of religion with government, 53
Origin of law and property, 54
Summary of the foregoing witness, 55
The Two Powers from the beginning, 56
Degradation of worship and degradation of society in Gentilism, 57
Deification of the State, 58
Which, however, remains a lawful power, 59
The distinction between sacerdotal and civil power in the Roman republic, 60
The power of the Pontifex Maximus united to that of the Principate, 62
The College of Pontifices reversing a tribunitial law, 63
The distinction between Sacerdotal and Civil Power running through all ancient nations, 64
Witness of the heathen priesthood to the unity of man’s Race, 65
The providence of Abraham’s call, 66
Relation of the Two Powers in the Mosaic law, 67
The actual result of the coming of Christ, 68
CHAPTER II.
Relation between the Spiritual and the Civil Powers after Christ.
1. The Spiritual Power in its Source and Nature.
The Spiritual Power not only allied but subordinate to the Civil throughout the Gentile world at the death of Christ, 70
1. Its independence in Israel alone, as acknowledged by the people, a result of the creation of the Aaronic priesthood, 72
Special offices of the High Priest, 73
2. The part of the High Priest through the whole history from Moses to Christ, 75
3. The actual jurisdiction of the High Priest under the Roman Empire, 77
4. The High-priesthood and the system of worship over which it presided viewed as a prophecy and preparation for Christ, 80
Bearing of the High-priesthood to Christ at His coming, 82
The undisputed circumstances of Christ’s death, 83
Extreme antecedent improbability of what followed, 84
Its dependence upon a supernatural and miraculous fact, 85
As the Race springs from Adam in Paradise, so the Spiritual Power from Christ at His Resurrection, 86
The inward cohesion of Priesthood, Teaching, and Jurisdiction, 87
The two forces of the Primacy and the Hierarchy from the beginning, 90
The unity and triplicity of power in the regimen of the Church an image of the Divine Unity and Trinity, 92
2. The Spiritual Power a Complete Society.
The supernatural society exists for a supernatural end, 93
To which the present life is subordinated, 94
And which is beyond the provision of temporal government, 95
Analogy between the Two Powers, 96
Complete philosophical basis on which the Spiritual Power rests, 98
How the inward life which it imparts is united with the Person of Christ, 99
From whom, in worship, belief, and conduct, the Christian people derives, 101
The King and the Kingdom not of this world but in it, fulfilled in thirteen particulars, 103
1. A kingdom ruling all the relations of man Godward, 103
2. Having an end outside this life, 103
3. Deriving all authority from Christ as Apostle and High Priest, 103
4. Producing its people from its King, 103
5. Imparting grace from the King in its sacraments, 104
6. Transmitting the King’s truth by the order of its regimen, 104
7. Having a complete analogy with civil government, 104
8. Fulfilling man’s need of supernatural society, 105
9. Generating an universal law for all relations of public and private life, 105
10. Possessing independence of the Temporal Power, 106
11. Not limited in space, 106
12. Not limited in time, 107
13. A kingdom of charity through union with its King, 107
3. Relation of the Two Powers to each other.
Principles which ruled the relation between the Two Powers before Christ, 108
A new basis given to the Spiritual Power by Christ, from which every relation to the Temporal Power springs, 110
1. All Christians subject to the Spiritual Power, 112
2. And likewise to the Temporal Power as God’s Vicegerent, 112
3. The relation between the Two Powers intended by God is amity, 114
4. A separate action of the Two Powers, without regard to each other, not intended, 115
5. Persecution of the Spiritual by the Temporal not intended, 119
6. Contrast between human kingdoms and the divine kingdom, 120
The end the ground of the subordination of the one to the other, 122
Doctrine of St. Thomas to that effect, 123
The indirect power over temporal things, 124
Sum of the foregoing chapter; Orders of Nature and Grace, 125
Co-operation of the Two Powers as stated by St. Gregory VII., 126
The image of marriage, as describing the ideal relation and the various deflections from it, 128
CHAPTER III.
Transmission of Spiritual Authority from the Person of our Lord to Peter and the Apostles, as set forth in the New Testament.
The Church a kingdom subsisting from age to age by its own force, but its original records to be considered, 131
Institution of the Priesthood; St. Paul’s and St. Luke’s testimony, 132
St. Matthew, St. Mark, and St. John, 133
Transmission of Spiritual Power as recorded by St. Matthew, 136
The same according to St. Mark, 138
The same according to St. Luke in his Gospel, 139
And in the Acts, 139
His record of a peculiar promise made to Peter, 141
Conversation which forms his main addition to the narrative, 141
Contrast between Gentile and Christian rule, 143
The kingdom disposed to the Apostles, 144
The confirmation of the brethren, 145
The time of the confirming marked out, 146
St. Luke distinguishes Peter as markedly as St. Matthew and St. John, 148
Testimony of St. John as to the promises made to the Apostles, 149
And as to the universal pastorship bestowed on St. Peter, 152
Two classes of passages, 153
Comparison of the two, 154
And of the testimony of the four Evangelists, 156
Caution that what is recorded is not all that passed, 157
Perfect instruction of the Apostles in the forty days, 158
The powers comprising the Apostolate, 159
The powers bestowed on Peter, 160
Testimony of St. Paul; conception of the Church as the Body of Christ, 161
Of the one ministry by which the Body is compacted together, 162
Of mission from this Body as necessary to every herald of the gospel, 164
Of the grace given by ordination, 165
Mow the unity set forth by St. Paul bears witness to the Primacy of St. Peter, 166
Of the inseparable bond of unity, truth, and government in St. Paul’s mind, 167
Six names by which he designates the principle of his own authority, 168
The great vision of our Lord and His Church in the Apocalypse in accordance with St. Paul and the Evangelists, 171
Four qualities of Spiritual Power in this Scriptural testimony, 175
1. The coming from above, 175
2. Its completeness, 176
3. Its unity, 179
4. Its independence, 181
How the idea of perpetuity pervades all these qualities, 182
CHAPTER IV.
Transmission of Spiritual Authority, as Witnessed in the History of the Church from A.D. 29 to A.D. 325.
The letter of St. Clement of Rome, 184
Description of this letter by St. Irenæus, 185
St. Clement urges the Roman military discipline as an example for Christian obedience, 186
Minute regulations given by Christ as to religious ordinances, 187
The descent of all spiritual order from above, 188
Example of Moses in establishing the Jewish Pontificate, 189
How the Apostles appointed everywhere Bishops with a rule of succession, 190
St. Clement fills up details omitted in the Gospel record, 190
How he attests the continuation of the Mosaic hierarchy of high priest, priest, and levite in the Christian Church, 191
How he says that Christian ordinances are to be observed more accurately than Mosaic, 193
How the Apostles carried out the descent of power from above, 194
Why St. Clement instances the origin of the Jewish hierarchy, 195
How St. Clement exercises the Primacy, 197
St. Ignatius of Antioch supplements St. Clement of Rome, 200
His statement as to Bishops throughout the world, combined with his statement as to the authority of the local Bishop, 201
The complete testimony of St. Clement and St. Ignatius, 203
The historian Eusebius notes three periods in the first ninety years, 205
Sum of his testimony as to the great Sees and the Episcopate, 206
How Tertullian describes the first propagation of the Church, 211
And how Irenæus, 213
Concordance with the Gospels of these statements of St. Clement, St. Ignatius, Eusebius, St. Irenæus, and Tertullian, 215
Bishops in every city and town of the Empire before the peace of the Church, 216
St. Peter, St. Paul, and the Apostles appointed everywhere local Bishops, 217
The Bishop universally said to wield a government, 218
Bishops sent out from Rome to convert the nations, 219
Episcopal government universal, 220
But the One Episcopate much more than this, 222
St. Cyprian’s One Episcopate illustrated by St. Leo the Great, 223
What the One Episcopate adds to the universal establishment of Bishops, 224
The special character of the miracle which St. Chrysostom and St. Augustine proclaimed, 227
St. Augustine’s criterion in the fourth century applied to the nineteenth, 229
St. Chrysostom’s epitome of the Church’s course preceding his time, 230
Christ’s special miracle is that He founds the race of Christians, 231
Contrast of the race with that out of which it was formed, 232
The incessant conflict amid which it was done, 233
A reflection upon this picture of the Church, 236
CHAPTER V.
The One Episcopate Resting upon the One Sacrifice.
St. Clement’s assertion of the care with which our Lord instituted the government of His Church, 238
Christ’s High-priesthood consisting in two acts, 239
1. The assumption of a created nature, 240
2. The offering that nature in sacrifice, 241
His union of these two acts in instituting the Priesthood of His Church, 242
The institution of bloody sacrifice in the world before Christ, 243
Lasaulx’s statement how it enters into all the acts of human life, 245
What the ceremonial of Gentile sacrifice was, 250
Union and correspondence of prayer and sacrifice, 253
The sense of guilt in bloody sacrifice, 254
Bloody sacrifice a positive divine enactment, 254
Statement of St. Augustine to this effect, 255
St. Thomas on sacrifice as offered to God alone, 256
Bloody sacrifice the most characteristic fact of the pre-Christian world, 257
The practice of human sacrifices running through the history of ancient nations, 259
Conclusion as to the divine appointment of sacrifice, 261
The Christian Sacrifice the counterpart of the original institution, 263
And the compendium of the whole dispensation, 265
Containing in itself all the original force of sacrifice, 267
But besides it is guardian of the Divine Unity, 268
And of the Divine Trinity, 268
And of the Incarnation, 269
And of the Redemption, 270
And of the adoption to Sonship, 271
It contains also the fountain of spiritual life, 272
And the source of sanctification, 273
And the medicine of immortality, 274
The presence of Christ’s physical body, St. Chrysostom, 275
The unity of the Christian people its result, St. Augustine, 276
How our Lord impressed His High-priesthood on the world, 276
Jurisdiction necessary to constitute a kingdom, 278
Jurisdiction in the diocese and in the whole Church, 279
The fulfilment of the parable, “I am the true vine,” 280
The Eucharistic Sacrifice the centre of life in the Church during eighteen hundred years, 283
CHAPTER VI.
Independence of the Ante-Nicene Church shown in her Organic Growth.
The Church’s triple independence in government, teaching, and worship as actually carried out, 287
Occasion of the Nicene Council’s convocation, 289
The Emperor thereby recognised the Church as a divine kingdom, 290
This kingdom, as it appeared in A.D. 29 and in A.D. 325, 291
The Emperor also acknowledged the solidarity of the Episcopate, 292
The Christian Council and the Roman Senate, 293
Force of the Council as to the relation between Church and State, 294
A. Independence of the Church’s government shown in five points, 295
1. The ordered gradation of the hierarchy in mother and daughter churches, 296
Recognised as original in the 6th canon of the Council, 297
This principle carried through the whole structure of the Church, 298
Symbolised in the building of the great medieval cathedrals, 301
2. Development of Provincial Councils, 302
3. Action of the Church in hearing and deciding causes, 303
Her proper jurisdiction in the exterior and interior forum, 304
The episcopal magistracy exercised in a fourfold gradation, 306
4. Election of Bishops and the inferior ministers, 307
St. Cyprian’s testimony, 308
Outcome of the three centuries in this respect, 309
The principle upon which all this practice was built, 310
5. Administration of temporal goods, 311
Three states as to these goods in the early Church, 312
Acquisition and usage of temporal goods, 313
Temporal goods in A.D. 29 and in A.D. 325, 315
B. Independence of the Church’s teaching, 316
The first teaching purely oral, based upon authority, 317
Three classes of truths forming the divine and the apostolical tradition, 319
Importance in this period of exclusively oral teaching in exhibiting the Church’s office of teacher, 320
Seen in the rite of baptism, 321
In the Eucharistic Liturgy, 322
Picture of the Eucharistic Sacrifice by an Apostle, 324
Further exhibition in the rite of Ordination, 328
Fullness of the Magisterium expressed in these rites, 329
The Church’s teaching office neither changed nor diminished by the writings of the New Testament, 331
Shown by the nature of the office in itself, 331
By the circumstances under which these writings came, 331
By their internal arrangement, 332
By their own positive testimony, 335
The living personal authority an unchangeable principle, 335
Things in the Church which preceded the publication of the New Testament, 336
The written record of our Lord’s words and acts, 337
The various parts of ecclesiastical tradition, 338
CHAPTER VII.
Independence of the Ante-Nicene Church shown in her mode of Positive Teaching and in her mode of Resisting Error.
Germ of the Church in the missionary circuits of our Lord, 340
The mission carried on by the Apostles, 341
Its two parts: work of positive teaching and defence against error, 343
As to the first—
1. The system of catechesis, 344
2. The employment of a Creed, 347
3. The dispensing of Sacraments, 349
4. The system of Penance, 351
5. The Scriptures carried in the Church’s hand, 352