Мевар, оккупированный мусульманами: подвиг Хамира. —Mewar was now occupied by the garrisons of Delhi, and Ajaisi had besides to contend with the mountain chiefs, amongst whom Munja Balaicha was the most formidable, who had, on a recent occasion, invaded the Shero Nala, and personally encountered the Rana, whom he wounded on the head with a lance. The Rana’s sons, Sajansi and Ajamsi, though fourteen and fifteen, an age at which a Rajput ought to indicate his future character, proved of little aid in the emergency. Hamir was summoned, and accepted the feud against Munja, promising to return successful or not at all. In a few days he was seen entering the pass of Kelwara with Munja’s head at his saddle-bow. Modestly placing the trophy at his uncle’s feet, he exclaimed: “Recognize the head of your foe!” Ajaisi ‘kissed his beard,’[13] and observing that fate had stamped empire on his forehead, impressed [269] it with a tika of blood from the head of the Balaicha. This decided the fate of the sons of Ajaisi; one of whom died at Kelwara, and the other, Sajansi, who might have excited a civil war, was sent from the country.[14] He departed for the Deccan, where his issue was destined to avenge some of the wrongs the parent country had sustained, and eventually to overturn the monarchy of Hindustan; for Sajansi was the ancestor of Sivaji, the founder of the Satara throne, whose lineage[15] is given in the chronicles of Mewar.
Рана Хамир Сингх, 1301–1364 гг. н. э. —Hamir succeeded in S. 1357 (A.D. 1301), and had sixty-four years granted to him to redeem his country from the ruins of the past century, which period had elapsed since India ceased to own the paramount sway of her native princes. The day on which he assumed the ensigns of rule he gave, in the tika daur, an earnest of his future energy, which he signalized by a rapid inroad into the heart of the country of the predatory Balaicha, and captured their stronghold Pusalia. We may here explain the nature of this custom of a barbaric chivalry.
Инаугурационный набег. —The tika daur signifies the foray of inauguration, which obtained from time immemorial on such events, and is yet maintained where any semblance of hostility will allow its execution. On the morning of installation, having previously received the tika of sovereignty, the prince at the head of his retainers makes a foray into the territory of any one with whom he may have a feud, or with whom he may be indifferent as to exciting one; he captures a stronghold or plunders a town, and returns with the trophies. If amity should prevail with all around, which the prince cares not to disturb, they have still a mock representation of the custom. For many reigns after the Jaipur princes united their fortunes to the throne of Delhi their frontier town, Malpura, was the object of the tika daur of the princes of Mewar.
Читор под управлением мусульманского гарнизона. —“When Ajmall[16] went another road,” as the bard figuratively describes the demise of Rana Ajaisi, “the son of Arsi unsheathed the sword, thence never stranger to his hand.” Maldeo remained with the royal garrison at Chitor,[17] but Hamir [270] desolated their plains, and left to his enemies only the fortified towns which could safely be inhabited. He commanded all who owned his sovereignty either to quit their abodes, and retire with their families to the shelter of the hills on the eastern and western frontiers, or share the fate of the public enemy. The roads were rendered impassable from his parties, who issued from their retreats in the Aravalli, the security of which baffled pursuit. This destructive policy of laying waste the resources of their own country, and from this asylum attacking their foes as opportunity offered, has obtained from the time of Mahmud of Ghazni in the tenth, to Muhammad, the last who merited the name of Emperor of Delhi, in the eighteenth century.
Сопротивление Хамир Сингха. —Hamir made Kelwara[18] his residence, which soon became the chief retreat of the emigrants from the plains. The situation was admirably chosen, being covered by several ranges, guarded by intricate defiles, and situated at the foot of a pass leading over the mountain into a still more inaccessible retreat (where Kumbhalmer now stands),[19] well watered and wooded, with abundance of pastures and excellent indigenous fruits and roots. This tract, above fifty miles in breadth, is twelve hundred feet above the level of the plains and three thousand above the sea, with a considerable quantity of arable land, and free communication to obtain supplies by the passes of the western declivity from Marwar, Gujarat, or the friendly Bhils, of the west, to whom this house owes a large debt of gratitude. On various occasions the communities of Oghna and Panarwa furnished the princes of Mewar with five thousand bowmen, supplied them with provisions, or guarded the safety of their families when they had to oppose the foe in the field. The elevated plateau of the eastern frontier presented in its forests and dells many places of security; but Ala[20] traversed these in person, destroying as he went: neither did they possess the advantages of climate and natural productions arising from the elevation of the other. Such was the state of Mewar: its places of strength occupied by the foe, cultivation and peaceful objects neglected from the persevering hostility of Hamir, when a proposal of marriage came from the Hindu governor of Chitor, which was immediately accepted, contrary to the [271] wishes of the prince’s advisers.
Освобождение Читора. —Whether this was intended as a snare to entrap him, or merely as an insult, every danger was scouted by Hamir which gave a chance to the recovery of Chitor. He desired that ‘the coco-nut[21] might be retained’ coolly remarking on the dangers pointed out, "My feet shall at least tread in the rocky steps in which my ancestors have moved. A Rajput should always be prepared for reverses; one day to abandon his abode covered with wounds, and the next to reascend with the maur (crown) on his head." It was stipulated that only five hundred horse should form his suite. As he approached Chitor, the five sons of the Chauhan advanced to meet him, but on the portal of the city no toran,[22] or nuptial emblem, was suspended. He, however, accepted the unsatisfactory reply to his remark on this indication of treachery, and ascended for the first time the ramp of Chitor. He was received in the ancient halls of his ancestors by Rao Maldeo, his son Banbir, and other chiefs, with folded hands. The bride was brought forth, and presented by her father without any of the solemnities practised on such occasions; ‘the knot of their garments tied and their hands united,’ and thus they were left. The family priest recommended patience, and Hamir retired with his bride to the apartments allotted for them. Her kindness and vows of fidelity overcame his sadness upon learning that he had married a widow. She had been wedded to a chief of the Bhatti tribe, shortly afterwards slain, and when she was so young as not to recollect even his appearance. He ceased to lament the insult when she herself taught him how it might be avenged, and that it might even lead to the recovery of Chitor. It is a privilege possessed by the bridegroom to have one specific favour complied with as a part of the dower (daeja), and Hamir was instructed by his bride to ask for Jal, one of the civil [272] officers of Chitor, and of the Mehta tribe. With his wife so obtained, and the scribe whose talents remained for trial, he returned in a fortnight to Kelwara. Khetsi was the fruit of this marriage, on which occasion Maldeo made over all the hill tracts to Hamir. Khetsi was a year old when one of the penates (Khetrpal)[23] was found at fault, on which she wrote to her parents to invite her to Chitor, that the infant might be placed before the shrine of the deity. Escorted by a party from Chitor, with her child she entered its walls; and instructed by the Mehta, she gained over the troops who were left, for the Rao had gone with his chief adherents against the Mers of Madri. Hamir was at hand. Notice that all was ready reached him at Bagor. Still he met opposition that had nearly defeated the scheme; but having forced admission, his sword overcame every obstacle, and the oath of allegiance (an) was proclaimed from the palace of his fathers.
По возвращении сонигира встретили «салютом из арабасов» [24], и сам Мальдео привез весть о своем поражении к хильджийскому царю Махмуду, сменившему Алу. «Знамя солнца» вновь озарило стены Читора и стало для сторонников Хамира сигналом к возвращению в свои древние обители с холмов и из укрытий. Долины Кумбхалмера и западные высокогорья излили свои «потоки людей», в то время как каждый вождь истинной индусской крови радовался перспективе вновь сбросить иго варваров. Столь сильным было это чувство, и с такой активностью и искусством Хамир воспользовался этой благосклонностью судьбы, что выступил навстречу Махмуду, который продвигался вперед, чтобы вернуть утраченные владения. Царь неблагоразумно направил свой марш через восточное плато, где многочисленность войск оказалась бесполезной из-за пересеченной местности. Из трех ступеней, определяющих физиономию этого тракта — от первого подъема с равнины Мевара до спуска к Чамбалу, — царь расположился лагерем на центральной, у Синголи, где был атакован, разбит и взят в плен Хамиром, который убил в поединке Хари Сингха, брата Банбира. Царь провел в заключении в Читоре три месяца и был освобожден лишь после того, как сдал Аджмер, Рантхамбор, Нагор и Суи-Сопур, а также выплатил пятьдесят лакхов рупий и сто слонов. Хамир не стал требовать никаких обещаний прекратить дальнейшие набеги, а ограничился заверением, что отныне будет готов защищать Читор не внутри стен, а за их пределами [273] [25].
Банбир, сын Мальдео, предложил свои услуги Хамиру, который выделил округа Нимач, Джидан, Ратанпур и Керар для поддержания достойного положения семьи его жены; вручая грамоту, он заметил: «Ешь, служи и будь верен. Когда-то ты был слугой турка, а теперь — индуса твоей собственной веры; ибо я лишь вернул свое собственное, скалу, орошенную кровью моих предков, дар божества, которому я поклоняюсь и которое поддержит меня в нем; и я не поставлю его под угрозу из-за поклонения прекрасному лицу, как это сделал мой предшественник». Банбир вскоре после этого захватил штурмом Бхаинсрор, и это древнее владение, охраняющее Чамбал, было вновь присоединено к Мевару. Вожди Раджпутаны радовались тому, что во главе снова встал индус, охотно отдавали ему дань уважения и помогали службой по первому требованию.
Могущество раны Хамир Сингха. —Hamir was the sole Hindu prince of power now left in India: all the ancient dynasties were crushed, and the ancestors of the present princes of Marwar and Jaipur brought their levies, paid homage, and obeyed the summons of the prince of Chitor, as did the chiefs of Bundi, Gwalior, Chanderi, Raesin, Sikri, Kalpi, Abu, etc.
Сколь ни велико было могущество Мевара до татарской оккупации Индии, оно едва ли могло превзойти прочность власти, которой страна пользовалась в течение двух веков после отвоевания Хамиром столицы. От этого события и до следующего вторжения из той же киммерийской обители под предводительством Бабура в ее летописях запечатлена череда славных имен, и хотя вскоре ей было суждено оказаться окруженной новыми мусульманскими династиями как в Малве и Гуджарате, так и в Дели, она успешно противостояла им всем. Расколотое состояние дел, когда роды Хильджи, Лоди и Сур попеременно боролись за владычество в Дели и получали его, было благоприятно для Мевара, чья власть к тому времени настолько укрепилась, что он не только отражал армии от своей территории, но и переносил войну за ее пределы, оставляя следы побед в Нагоре, в Саураштре и у стен Дели.
Общественные работы. —The subjects of Mewar must have enjoyed not only a long repose, but high prosperity during this period, judging from their magnificent public works, when a triumphal [274] column must have cost the income of a kingdom to erect, and which ten years’ produce of the crown-lands of Mewar could not at this time defray. Only one of the structures prior to the sack of Chitor was left entire by Ala, and is yet existing, and this was raised by private and sectarian hands. It would be curious if the unitarian profession of the Jain creed was the means of preserving this ancient relic from Ala’s wrath.[26] The princes of this house were great patrons of the arts, and especially of architecture; and it is a matter of surprise how their revenues, derived chiefly from the soil, could have enabled them to expend so much on these objects and at the same time maintain such armies as are enumerated. Such could be effected only by long prosperity and a mild, paternal system of government; for the subject had his monuments as well as the prince, the ruins of which may yet be discovered in the more inaccessible or deserted portions of Rajasthan. Hamir died full of years, leaving a name still honoured in Mewar, as one of the wisest and most gallant of her princes, and bequeathing a well-established and extensive power to his son.
Кшетра, или Кхет Сингх, 1364–1382 гг. н. э. —Khetsi succeeded in S. 1421 (A.D. 1365) to the power and to the character of his father. He captured Ajmer and Jahazpur from Lila Pathan, and reannexed Mandalgarh, Dasor, and the whole of Chappan (for the first time) to Mewar. He obtained a victory over the Delhi monarch Humayun[27] at Bakrol; but unhappily his life terminated in a family broil with his vassal, the Hara chief of Bumbaoda, whose daughter he was about to espouse.
Лакш Сингх, 1382–1397 гг. н. э. —Lakha Rana, by this assassination, mounted the throne in Chitor in S. 1439 (A.D. 1373). His first act was the entire subjugation of the mountainous region of Merwara, and the destruction of its chief stronghold, Bairatgarh, where he erected Badnor. But an event of much greater importance than settling his frontier, and which most powerfully tended to the prosperity of the country, was the discovery of the tin and silver mines of Jawara, in the tract wrested by Khetsi from the Bhils of Chappan.[28] Lakha Rana has the merit of having first worked them, though their existence is superstitiously alluded to so early as the period of the founder. It is said the ‘seven metals’ (haft-dhat)[29] were formerly [275] abundant; but this appears figurative. We have no evidence for the gold, though silver, tin, copper, lead, and antimony were yielded in abundance (the first two from the same matrix), but the tin that has been extracted for many years past yields but a small portion of silver.[30] Lakha Rana defeated the Sankhla Rajputs of Nagarchal,[31] at Amber. He encountered the emperor Muhammad Shah Lodi, and on one occasion defeated a royal army at Badnor; but he carried the war to Gaya, and in driving the barbarian from this sacred place was slain.[32] Lakha is a name of celebrity, as a patron of the arts and benefactor of his country. He excavated many reservoirs and lakes, raised immense ramparts to dam their waters, besides erecting strongholds. The riches of the mines of Jawara were expended to rebuild the temples and palaces levelled by Ala. A portion of his own palace yet exists, in the same style of architecture as that, more ancient, of Ratna and the fair Padmini; and a minster (mandir) dedicated to the creator (Brahma), an enormous and costly fabric, is yet entire. Being to ‘the One,’ and consequently containing no idol, it may thus have escaped the ruthless fury of the invaders.
У Лахи было многочисленное потомство, оставившее после себя кланы, названные в их честь, такие как лунаваты и дулаваты — ныне крепкие аллодиальные собственники альпийских регионов, граничащих с Огной, Панарвой и другими трактами в Аравалли [33]. Но обстоятельство, отменившее права первородства и передавшее корону Читора от его старшего сына Чонды младшему Мокалу, чуть было не передало ее другой ветви. О последствиях превращения старшей ветви в могущественный вассальный клан с претензиями на трон, что стало главной причиной ее последующего упадка, мы расскажем в другой главе [276].
1. [Рана Лачхман Сингх не был, строго говоря, правителем Читора. Он принадлежал к ветви раны и наследовал Джай Сингху. Когда Читор был осажден, он пришел на помощь своему родственнику равалу Ратан Сингху, мужу Падмини и правителю Читора, и был убит вместе с семью своими сыновьями (Эрскин, т. II, B, с. 10).]
2. [«Лотос». Феришта в своем рассказе об осаде ничего не говорит о Падмини (т. I, с. 353 и след.). Ее история рассказана в «Аин», т. II, с. 269 и след.]
3. [Сказка типа «троянского коня», распространенная в Индии; см. Рис Дэвидс, «Буддийская Индия», с. 4 и след.; Феришта, т. II, с. 115; Грант Дафф, «История маратхов», с. 64, примеч.; ср. Геродот, v. 20.]
4. [Читор был захвачен в августе 1303 года (Феришта, т. I, с. 353; Эллиот-Доусон, т. III, с. 77).]
5. «Я голодна».
6. Лампада.
7. Это знаки королевского достоинства. Кирания — это зонт от солнца от «киран» («луч»); чхатра — это зонт, всегда красный; чамара — это развевающийся хвост дикого быка в золотой рукояти, используемый для отгона мух.
8. [Сэр Дж. Грирсон сообщает мне, что джохар (джаухар) происходит от «джатугриха» — «дом, построенный из лака или других горючих материалов», намекая на историю в «Махабхарате» (т. I, гл. 141–151) о попытке уничтожения Пандавов путем поджога такого здания. О других примерах этого обряда см. Феришта, т. I, с. 59 и след.; Эллиот-Доусон, т. I, с. 313, 536 и след., т. III, с. 426, 433, т. IV, с. 277, 402, т. V, с. 101; Форбс, «Рас Мала», с. 286; Малкольм, «Мемуары по Центральной Индии», 2-е изд., т. I, с. 483. О недавних случаях см. Ирвайн, «Армия индийских Моголов», с. 242; «Заметки и вопросы по Пенджабу», т. IV, с. 102 и след.]
9. Автор побывал у входа в это убежище, которое, согласно «Хуман Раесе», ведет к подземному дворцу, однако мефитические испарения и ядовитые рептилии не располагали к приключениям, даже если бы служебное положение позволяло проявить такое пренебрежение к этим предрассудкам. Автор — единственный англичанин, допущенный в Читор со времен Герберта, который, судя по всему, описывал то, что видел сам.