«Римское общество от Нерона до Марка Аврелия»

КОНЕЦ

Отпечатано в Великобритании в типографии Р. и Р. Кларк, Лимитед , Эдинбург .

Примечания

1.Ann. iii. 55; xvi. 5; cf. Suet. Vesp. ix. xii.2.Suet. Vesp. ii. quare princeps quoque et locum incunabulorum assidue frequentavit, manente villa, qualis fuerat olim, etc.3.Tac. Ann. xv. 23; xvi. 21, 34; Agric. 2, 45; Plin. Ep. iii. 16, § 10; vii. 19, § 3; iii. 11, § 3; ix. 13, § 3.4.Tac. Ann. xiv. 60.5.Tac. Ann. iv. 6; i. 80; xiii. 50, 51; xi. 24; Suet. Nero, x.; Dom. viii.; cf. Merivale, vii. 385; Renan, Apôtres, p. 308 sqq; Gréard, Morale de Plut. p. 200.6.Suet. Vitell. v.; Otho, iii. provinciam administravit moderatione atque abstinentia singulari.7.Sen. Ep. 47; De Ira, i. 5; iii. 24; De Benef. iv. 11, § 3; De Brev. Vit. xiii. § 7; Plin. Ep. iv. 22; Juv. xiv. 15 sqq.; xv. 131; D. Cass. lxvi. 15; Or. Henz. Inscr. Lat. 7244, Bene fac, hoc tecum feres; Denis, Hist. des Idées Morales, ii. 156, 172, 181.8.Sid. Apoll. Ep. viii. 6, § 5.9.Or. Henz. iii. Ind. p. 27 sq.10.Apul. Apol. c. 55, sacrorum pleraque initia in Graecia participavi, et plurimos ritus ... didici; Lamprid. Alex. Sev. c. 29, 43.11.Max. Tyr. Diss. viii.; xi. § 3; xvii.; D. Chrys. Or. xii. § 83.12.Renan, Les Évangiles, p. 382.13.Friedl. Sittengesch. iv. 420; Denis, Idées Morales, ii. 200 sqq.; Renan, M. Aurèle, p. 24 sqq.14.Luc. Som. 32; Traj. 15; Charon, 15, 20; Tim. 14, 36; M. Aurel. v. 10, 33: ix. 29; 34; x. 19: cf. Sen. De Ira, ii. 8; Ad Marc. ii. 17, 20, 22; Petron. Sat. 88.15.Ep. 108, § 22; cf. Suet. Tib. lxi. nullus a poena hominum cessavit dies.16.Suet. Tib. 61; Tac. Ann. iv. 34.17.D. Cass. lix. 19; Suet. Calig. 53.18.Nec. Inj. xviii.; cf. Suet. Calig. 50; Sen. De Ira, i. 20; iii. 18; De Tranq. xiv.; Ad Polyb. xiii. xvii.; Ad Helv. x. 4; De Benef. iv. 31.19.Sen. De Ira, ii. 33.20.Tac. Ann. xii. 8; D. Cass. 60. 8; 61. 10; Sen. Ad Polyb. 13. 2; Ad Helv. 15. 2.21.For the worst charges v. D. Cass. lxii. 2; lxi. 10; Tac. Ann. 13. 13.22.D. Cass. l.c.; Tac. Ann. 13. 42. But cf. Seneca’s reply, Tac. Ann. 14. 53, and 15. 62.23.Tac. Ann. 15. 65.24.Sen. Frag. 108.25.Sen. De Tranq. x. 6.26.Sen. Ep. i. 18; Tac. Ann. 14. 52.27.Ep. 70, § 14; 88, § 17; Ep. 77; De Ira, iii. 15; Ad Helv. 5, § 4.28.Mart. vii. 27, 11; Juv. xi. 4; Sen. Dial. 1, 5, 4; De Benef. vii. 22, 2; Friedl. Sittengesch. i. 281.29.Sen. De Ira, ii. 33; De Tranq. xii. 7.30.Sen. Ep. 97, § 2; Sen. De Benef. i. 10, § 1. Cf. De Ira, ii. 8; Ep. 95, § 20; Ep. 115, § 10.31.Sen. Ep. 90, § 42.32.Ep. 90, § 40.33.Ib. 90, § 38.34.Ib. 90, § 5, § 36, avaritia atque luxuria dissociavere mortales.35.Ib. 90, § 12.36.Sen. Ep. 90, § 19.37.De Brev. Vit. xvi. tarde ire horas queruntur; Ep. 77; Ep. 104, § 15.38.Ep. 115, § 10; De Ira, iii. 33; Ep. 60; Ep. 74.39.Ad Polyb. vi. 5, magna servitus est magna fortuna.40.De Ira, ii. 8.41.De Ira, ii. 33.42.Ib. iii. 35, deinde idem de republica libertatem sublatam quereris quam domi sustulisti.43.Ib. iii. 24, 32; Petron. Sat. 49, 53; Sen. Ep. 47, § 10; Juv. vi. 490; Sen. De Clem. i. 18.44.Boissier, Rel. Rom. ii. 353; Marq. Priv. i. 142; Wallon, L’Escl. dans l’Ant. ii. 146.45.Sen. De Brev. V. xiii.46.Ib. xvi. transilire dies volunt.47.Id. Ep. 104, § 15; 89, § 20; Ep. 28.48.Id. De Tranq. xii. § 7.49.Mart. ii. 7, 8 (v. note on the word in Friedländer’s ed.); iv. 78.50.Sen. Ep. i. 9; cf. Friedl. Sittengesch. i. 271.51.Juv. xi. 4; Mart. vii. 97; Quintil. vi. 3, 105; Sen. De Tranq. xii. § 7; De Ben. vii. 22, 2; De Prov. i. 5, 4; Boissier, L’Opp. p. 201 sqq.52.Ad Marc. xx.; De Tranq. x.; Ep. 94 ad fin.; Ep. 70.53.Ep. 90, § 43, at vos ad omnem tectorum pavetis sonum et inter picturas vestras, si quid increpuit, fugitis attoniti.54.Ep. 70, § 14; Ep. 88, § 17, malis paratus sum; Ep. 24, § 11; Ad Polyb. ix. nullus portus nisi mortis; Ad Marc. xx. mors quae efficit ut nasci non supplicium sit.55.Ad Marc. x.56.Ad Polyb. vi.57.Ad Marc. xxii. § 3.58.Ad Polyb. ix.; Ep. 77; Ad Marc. xxi. § 7.59.Ep. 108, § 17. He adopted the Pythagorean discipline under the influence of Sotion, a pupil of Sextius, but gave it up on the proscription of suspected rites in the reign of Tiberius, cf. Suet. Tib. 36; cf. Zeller, Die Phil. der Gr. iii. 1, 605.60.D. Cass. 62. 2; 61. 10. Zeller, iii. 1, 641, n. 1.61.D. Cass. l.c.62.Tac. Ann. xv. 55.63.Suet. Vesp. 15.64.Sen. Ep. 73, § 3.65.Ib. 103, § 4.66.De Clem. i. 19; Plin. Paneg. i. 72; D. Chrys. Or. ii. § 77; iii. § 39; 70 sqq.67.Suet. Dom. 23; Nero, 57; cf. Tac. Hist. i. 7, ipsa aetas Galbae irrisui ac fastidio erat adsuetis juventae Neronis et imperatores forma ac decore corporis ... comparantibus.68.Suet. Calig. 50; cf. Sen. Nec. Inj. 18; De Ira, i. 20; ii. 33; iii. 18; De Ben. ii. 12, 21.69.Suet. Calig. 38.70.Id. Nero, 6.71.De Clem. i. 1, § 2, electusque sum qui in terris deorum vice fungerer.72.Ib. i. § 5.73.Ib. i. 4, 1, ille vinculum per quod respublica cohaeret, ille spiritus vitalis.74.Ib. i. 17, 1.75.Ib. i. 7, 2.76.De Clem. i. 12.77.Ib. i. 13, 2, scelera enim sceleribus tuenda sunt.78.Renan, L’Antéchr. p. 125.79.De Clem. i. 1, § 2, egone ex omnibus mortalibus placui electusque sum qui in terris deorum vice fungerer?80.Suet. Nero, c. 4.81.Ib. c. 5.82.Sen. De Clem. i. 1, § 5.83.Suet. Nero, c. 15; cf. Dom. c. viii.84.Nero, c. 16.85.Ib. c. 12, instituit et quinquennale certamen primus omnium Romae more Graeco triplex, etc.86.Ib. c. 20; 53; Renan, L’Antéchr. p. 132.87.Suet. Nero, c. 39.88.Ib. c. 50.89.Renan, L’Antéchr. p. 316.90.Suet. Nero, c. 49; Renan, L’Antéchr. 130. sqq.91.Suet. Nero, c. 24, 49, 52, 55; Tac. Ann. xiv. 16; cf. Macé, Suétone, p. 179; Boissier, L’Opp. p. 265.92.Suet. Nero, c. 53, c. 20, cf. c. 24.93.Philostr. Apoll. Tyan. iv. 36, 39; Tac. Ann. xiv. 15, 16; xv. 67, odisse coepi postquam parricida matris et uxoris, auriga et histrio et incendiarius extitisti; Suet. Nero, c. 21; D. Cass. 63. 9, 10.94.Suet. Nero, c. 23.95.Ib. c. 32.96.Merivale, viii. p. 70 sq.; Schiller, Gesch. der Röm. Kaiserzeit, i. p. 467.97.Petron. Sat. 8, where the decay of artistic sense is traced to the grossness of evil living; at nos vino scortisque demersi ne paratas quidem artes audemus cognoscere.98.Suet. Nero, c. 11, 12.99.Tac. Ann. 15. 42.100.Ib. 16. 1; Suet. Nero, 31.101.Ib. 16, 31.102.Ib. c. 31; cf. Otho, 7.103.Suet. Nero, c. 40.104.Ib. c. 29 ad fin.105.Ib. c. 32; D. Cass. 63. 17.106.Suet. Nero, c. 56.107.Suet. Nero, c. 32; D. Cass. 63. 11.108.Tac. Agric. c. 3, sic ingenia studiaque oppresseris facilius quam revocaveris.109.Peter, Gesch. Litt. ii. 53 sqq.110.Seneca died in 65 A.D. The Histories of Tacitus were published circ. 106-107; cf. Plin. Ep. vii. 20; Peter, Gesch. Litt. ii. 42.111.Tacitus was born about 55 A.D. (Peter, ii. 43; Macé, Suétone, p. 35, 81; Momms. Plin. p. 51). He was, perhaps, fifteen years older than Suetonius, and seven years older than Pliny.112.Plin. Ep. i. 6, 20; iv. 13; vi. 9, 16, 20; vii. 20, 33; viii. 7; ix. 10, 14.113.Hist. i. 1; Ann. xi. 11. This latter important passage fixes the date of his praetorship, 88 A.D.; cf. Teuffel, ii. p. 165 n. 6; Peter, ii. 43.114.Agric. c. 45.115.Hist. i. 1, sed incorruptam fidem professis, neque amore quisquam et sine odio dicendus est; Nipperdey, Einl. xxvi.116.Merivale, viii. 84, Schiller, Gesch. der Röm. Kaiserzeit, i. 140, 586. According to Schiller, Tacitus has no research, no exactness of military or geographical knowledge, no true conception of the time. He is an embittered aristocrat and rhetorician. For a sounder estimate v. Peter, ii. 43, 60, 63; Nipperdey, Einl. xxv. For the influence on the work of Suetonius of the Senatorial tradition, v. Macé, Suétone, p. 84; Peter, Gesch. Litt. ii. 69.117.Peter, Gesch. Litt. ii. 66.118.Merivale, viii. 95 sqq.119.Peter, ii. 46 sqq.120.Ib. ii. 188, 200.121.His father was probably a Roman Eques, procurator in Belgium; Plin. H. N. vii. 16, 76.122.Macé, Suétone, p. 83, Peter, ii. 69 sqq.123.Tac. Ann. i. 7; xv. 71; Agr. 45; Peter, ii. 62.124.Ann. xiv. 12, 57; Hist. iv. 6; Agr. 42; Peter, ii. 47.125.Agr. 42.126.Ann. iii. 65, praecipuum munus annalium reor, ne virtutes sileantur, utque pravis dictis factisque ex posteritate et infamia metus sit; cf. Peter, ii. 46; Nipperdey, Einl. xxvi.127.Tac. Ann. i. 39, 41.128.Ib. c. 61, 62.129.Hist. ii. 49.130.Ann. ii. 82.131.Hist. iii. 72.132.Ib. iii. 83.133.Agr. 32.134.Germ. 17, 19, 20, 23, 25.135.Germ. 33, ad fin.136.Hist. i. 3; ii. 38; iii. 72; Peter, ii. 62. Yet this should be qualified by such passages as Ann. iii. 55; Agr. i.; cf. Nipperdey, Einl. xxvii.137. Ann. iii. 65.138.Ib. iii. 26.139.M. Aurel. ix. 29, 34; x. 19.140.Tac. Ann. iii. 55; M. Aurel. vii. 1; ix. 4; x. 23; ix. 28.141.Agr. 3.142.Plin. Paneg. 35, 53, 54, 66; cf. Tac. Hist. i. 1.143.Hist. i. 1, omnem potentiam ad unum conferri pacis interfuit; cf. Hist. i. 16; ii. 38.144.Ann. xiv. 47; Hist. iv. 8, bonos imperatores voto expetere, qualescumque tolerare.145.Ann. xv. 46; vi. 42; iv. 33; iii. 27; Hist. ii. 38.146.Peter, ii. 53; Ann. vi. 42.147.Hist. i. 16; Peter, ii. 61.148.Tac. Agr. i.149.Peter, ii. 48.150.Tac. Ann. i. 76; quanquam vili sanguine nimis gaudens. Cf. Dial. de Or. 29; Plin. Ep. vi. 34, 1.151.Ann. xiv. 43; Germ. 20.152.Germ. 33. Cf. his contempt for the Christians and devotees of Eastern cults, Ann. ii. 85; xv. 44.153.Ann. i. 53; iv. 3; iii. 39: vi. 29; xii. 12; iii. 24; xvi. 16. Cf. Peter, ii. 51.154.Ann. xiv. 14.155.Ann. ii. 21; vi. 27; iv. 3.156.De Or. 29.157.Agr. 4.158.Germ. 19, saepta pudicitia agunt, nullis spectaculorum inlecebris ... corruptae; De Or. 29.159.Hist. iii. 37; Ann. i. 7; xv. 57, 71.160.Agr. 22.161.Ib. 40.162.Ann. xv. 60.163.Ib. xv. 57.164.Ib. xiv. 60.165.Ann. xv. 71.166.Hist. i. 2.167.Agr. 4, memoria teneo solitum ipsum narrare se studium philosophiae acrius, ultra quam concessum Romano ac Senatori, exhausisse. Cf. Fabian, Quid Tac. de num. Div. judicaverit, p. 1.168.Hist. v. 5; Nipperdey, Einl. xiv.169.Hist. i. 22; ii. 78; i. 86. But cf. Ann. xii. 43, 64; xiv. 32; xv. 8; Hist. i. 3; ii. 50; and Fabian, pp. 17, 19.170.Ann. iv. 20; cf. vi. 22.171.Hist. ii. 38.172.Ann. xiv. 12; Fabian, p. 23.173.Ann. xvi. 33, aequitate deum erga bona malaque documenta.174.Ann. iii. 55; cf. xvi. 5.175.Friedl. Sittengesch. iii. pp. 80, 81.176.Plin. Paneg. 45; Claudian, In Cons. Hon. 299, componitur orbis Regis ad exemplum.177.Suet. De Clar. Rhet. c. 1.178.Id. Nero, 21; Philostr. Apoll. Tyan. iv. 39.179.Friedl. Sittengesch. i. 54.180.Suet. Calig. 37; Sen. Ad Helv. x.181.Suet. Calig. 37.182.Suet. Nero, c. 30.183.Ib. c. 27.184.Ib. c. 30.185.Ib. c. 31; Tac. Ann. xv. 42.186.Suet. Otho, 5, nihilque referre, ab hoste in acie, an in foro sub creditoribus caderet.187.Id. Vitell. c. 13.188.Id. Vesp. 16; D. Cass. 66. 2, 8, 10.189.D. Cass. 67. 5; Suet. Dom. 12.190.D. Cass. 68. 2, συστέλλων ὡς οἷόν τε τὰ δαπανήματα.191.Capitol. M. Aurel. c. 17, in foro divi Trajani auctionem ornamentorum imperialium fecit vendiditque aurea pocula et cristallina, etc.192.Suet. Dom. iii.193.Suet. Otho, iii.; Vitell. v.; Dom. viii.; Boissier, L’Opp. p. 170.194.Tac. Ann. i. 72; ii. 50; xiv. 48. For a clear account of this v. Boissier, L’Opp. p. 165.195.Suet. Dom. x.; cf. xii. satis erat obici qualecunque factum dictumve adversus majestatem principis.196.Ib. xii.197.Tac. Ann. xi. 27; xiii. 6, in urbe sermonum avida; Hist. ii. 91; Mart. v. 20; Friedl. Sittengesch. i. p. 280.198.D. Cass. 52. 37.199.Mart x. 48, 21; cf. Friedl. Chronologie der Epigr. Mart. p. 62; Friedl. Sittengesch. i. p. 285; Epict. Diss. iv. 13, 21, 5; Aristid. Or. ix. 62.200.Tac. Ann. iv. 69.201.Philostr. Apoll. Tyan. vii. 24.202.Tac. Ann. i. 72, 74, Crispinus formam vitae iniit quam postea celebrem miseriae temporum et audaciae hominum fecerunt, etc.; cf. iii. 25; Sen. De Ben. iii. 26; Suet. Tib. lxi.203.Tac. Ann. iv. 20.204.Suet. Dom. xx. praeter commentarios et acta Tiberii nihil lectitabat; Plin. Paneg. 42, 48.205.Suet. Dom. xv.206.Tac. Hist. ii. 10; Plin. Paneg. 35; D. Cass. 68. 1; Jul. Capitol. Ant. P. c. 7; id. M. Aurel. c. 11; Meriv. vii. 370.207.Tac. Ann. xv. 34; iii. 66; Hist. iv. 42.208.Schol. ad Juv. iv. 53; Duruy, iv. 660.209.Tac. Ann. iv. 20.210.Ib. xvi. 33; Boissier, L’Opp. p. 186.211.Plin. Ep. ii. 20, 13; iv. 2; cf. Tac. Hist. iv. 42; Mart. vii. 31.212.Boissier, L’Opp. p. 193.213.Plin. Ep. ii. 11, 22.214.Ib. iv. 7; i. 20, 15.215.Ib. ii. 11, 22; ii. 20.216.Plin. Ep. ii. 20, 2.217.Ib. iv. 7.218.E.g. Boissier, L’Opp. p. 296; Peter, Gesch. Litt. ii. p. 65: Teuffel, § 328, 15; Mackail, Lat. Lit. p. 215.219.Schiller, i. pp. 140, 586; Meriv. viii. 89 sqq.220.Suet. Claud. x.; Calig. lx.; D. Cass. 60. 1. On the assassination of Caligula, the Senate debated the question of abolishing the memory of the Caesars, and restoring the Republic; but the mob outside the temple of the Capitoline Jupiter demanded “one ruler” of the world.221.Tac. Ann. xi. 25; xiii. 27.222.Suet. Calig. xxx.; xxvi.; Nero, xxxvii. eumque ordinem sublaturum quandoque e republica...; cf. xliii. creditur destinasse senatum universum veneno per convivia necare.... D. Cass. 63. 15, 17.223.Plin. Paneg. 54, 62, 64; Spart. Hadrian, 6, 7, § 4; 8, § 6.224.Suet. Claud. x.225.D. Cass. 66. 16; Suet. Vesp. xxv.226.See the speech of the dying Hadrian to the Senators, D. Cass. 69. 20.227.Boissier, L’Opp. 102.228.Tac. Ann. xvi. 21; xv. 23; xiv. 48, id egregio sub principe ... senatui statuendum disseruit.229.Suet. Vesp. xv.; cf. xiii., where Demetrius is guilty of similar rudeness; D. Cass. 66. 12.230.Philostr. Apoll. Tyan. v. 35.231.Ib. vii. 3, 4.232.Ib. vii. 8, 33; cf. D. Cass. 67. 18.233.Philostr. Apoll. Tyan. vii. 9.234.D. Cass. 66. 12, βασιλείας τε ἀεὶ κατηγόρει καὶ δημοκρατίαν ἐπῄνει.235.Suet. Dom. xxi.236.D. Cass. 66. 16.237.D. Cass. 68. 3.238.Spart. Hadr. 7, § 15.239.Jul. Capitol. M. Ant. 24, 25.240.Momms. Staatsr. ii. 787-821; Professor Pelham has given a luminous account of the Principate in Encycl. Brit. vol. xx. p. 769.241.Suet. Octav. xxviii.242.Tac. Ann. i. 15.243.Suet. Claud. x.; D. Cass. 60. 1; where the soldiers plainly close the impotent debates in the Senate, and by hailing Claudius as emperor.244.Momms. Röm. Staatsr. ii. 839.245.v. Pelham, Encycl. Brit. xx. p. 779.246.Suet. Calig. xxix.247.D. Cass. 59. 24.248.Ib. 56. 1; Tac. Ann. vi. 13; Suet. Dom. xiii.; Plut. Galba, 17.249.Plin. Paneg. 43, 44, 35.250.Ib. 24, 62, 63, 66.251.Ib. 80.252.Ib. 62, 63, 64.253.Ib. 66.254.Ib. 72.255.Ib. 64.256.Plin. Paneg. 69.257.Tac. Ann. xiii. 1; xiv. 52; xv. 48.258.D. Cass. 63.17, πᾶσι γὰρ παρ’ αὐτῷ δημόσιον ἔγκλημα ἦν ἀρετή τε καὶ πλοῦτος καὶ γένος: Tac. Hist. ii. 76.259.Tac. Ann. ii. 32; xii. 52; D. Cass. 49. 43; D. Cass. 66. 10, 9; Suet Tib. lxiii.260.Suet. Tib. xiv. lxix.261.Tac. Ann. xii. 52.262.Suet. Nero, xxxvi.263.Id. Otho, iv.264.Id. Vitell. xiv.265.Ib. ne Vitellius Germanicus intra eundem kalendarum diem usquam esset.266.D. Cass. 66. 10, 9.267.Suet. Dom. xv.268.Tac. Hist. i. 2.269.Tac. Ann. xiv. 64.270.Ib. xiv. 10, 12.271.Ib. xiv. 10; Suet. Nero, xxxiv.272.Tac. Ann. xv. 48.273.Ib. xv. 57.274.Ib. xv. 54.275.Ib. xv. 70; probably Lucan, Phars. iii. 638.276.Tac. Ann. xv. 71.277.Ib. xv. 73.278.Ib. xv. 68, 69.279.Plin. Ep. iii. 16; Tac. Ann. xv. 63.280.Tac. Ann. xiv. 60.281.Tac. Ann. xiv. 22, 57.282.Ib. xvi. 10.283.Ib. xvi. 11.284.Ib. xv. 60.285.Ib. xiv. 61.286.Ib. xiv. 42, senatusque obsessus in quo ipso erant studia nimiam severitatem aspernantium.287.Ib. xv. 67.288.Tac. Hist. ii. 49.289.Ib. iii. 84.290.Ib. i. 88, segnis et oblita bellorum nobilitas, etc.291.Ib. i. 88.292.Ib. iii. 37, nulla in oratione cujusquam erga Flavianos duces obtrectatio; cf. i. 90; of the Acta of the Arval College, C.I.L. vi. 2051 sq.293.Ib. iv. 3.294.Suet. Nero, x.; Vesp. xvii.; Spart. Hadr. 7, § 9.295.Juv. i. 100.296.Tac. Ann. xiii. 34.297.Ib. ii. 37, 38.298.Tac. Hist. i. 35.299.Sen. De Ira, ii. 33; cf. iii. 19.300.Tac. Ann. xiv. 58.301.Suet. Nero, xxxvii.302.Tac. Ann. xiv. 14; Juv. viii. 193; Suet. Calig. xviii. xxx.; D. Cass. lix. 10.303.Suet. Calig. xxvii.304.Sen. De Ira, ii. 33.305.Tac. Ann. xiii. 12; xvi. 18; Suet. Vitell. iv.306.Renan, Les Év. p. 140. Some of their anonymous sneers may be traced in Suet. Vesp. xvi. xxiii. xiv.; cf. Duruy, iv. 653.307.D. Cass. 66. 16, ἐπεβουλεύθη μὲν ὑπό τε τοῦ Ἀλιηνοῦ καὶ ὑπὸ τοῦ Μαρκέλλου. Cf. Suet. Vesp. xiv.; Macé, Suétone, p. 86.308.Cf. Boissier, L’Opp. p. 169 sqq.; Bury, Rom. Emp. p. 395.309.On the sources of the history of the Flavians, v. Krause, De C. Sueton. Tranq. Fontibus; Macé, Suétone, p. 364, 376; Peter, Gesch. Litt. d. Kaiserzeit, ii. 69, 70. For the senatorial attitude to Domitian, v. Plin. Paneg. 48; Tac. Agr. 3, 41, 42, 45; Hist. iv. 51; iv. 2; Suet. Dom. xxiii.310.Nagel, Imp. T. Flav. Domitianus iniquius dijudicatus.311.Meriv. vii. 356.312.Suet. Dom. viii.313.Tac. Agr. 39; cf. 41, tot exercitus in Moesia ... amissi. D. Cass. 67. 4, 7; cf. Stat. Silv. iv. 3, 153; Mart. ix. 102; vii. 80, 91, 95; Meriv. vii. 347.314.Tac. Agr. 39.315.Quintil. iv., prooem. 2; Statius, Silvae, iv. 2, 13; iii. 1, 1; Mart. ii. 91; iv. 27, iii. 95. For the flattery of Martial, v. esp. v. 19, 6; ix. 4; Spectac. 33.316.Suet. Dom. iv.317.Ib. xx.318.Ib. vii.; Philostr. Apoll. Tyan. vi. 42; Vit. Soph. i. 12.319.Pliny was probably Quaestor in 90 A.D.; Trib. Pleb. 92; Praetor 93. Cf. Momms. (Morel) p. 61. Tacitus says, Hist. i. 1, dignitatem a Domitiano (81-96) longius provectam non abnuerim. From Ann. xi. 11 it appears that he was Praetor in 88. Cf. Peter, Gesch. Litt. ii. 43.320.Duruy, iv. 697 n.321.Silv. iii. 4, 37.322.Meriv. vii. 354.323.D. Cass. 67. 14; Suet. Dom. xiv.324.Mart. iv. 63; vi. 21, crudelis nullaque invisior umbra.325.Suet. Dom. xxiii.326.Suet. Dom. x.327.Renan, Les Évang. p. 291, Domitien, comme tous les souverains hypocrites, se montraite sévère conservateur.328.Suet. Dom. xiii.329.Mart. viii. 65.330.Suet. Dom. xiii.; Mart. v. 8, 1 (v. Friedländer’s note), vii. 2 and 34; viii. 2, 6; Stat. Silv. v. 1, 37; Meriv. vii. 375.331.Suet. Dom. v.; Gregorov. Gesch. St. Rom. i. 41.332.Rutil. Namat. i. 93.333.Suet. Dom. v. ad fin.; iv.334.D. Cass. 67. 8.335.Suet. Dom. xii.336.Pliny, Paneg. 50.337.Dion Cass. 67. 4, τιμητὴς δὲ διὰ βίου πρῶτος δὲ καὶ μόνος καὶ ἰδιωτῶν καὶ αὐτοκρατόρων ἐχειροτονήθη: Momms. Röm. St. ii. 1012.338.D. Cass. 67. 11.339.Agr. 45.340.Suet. Dom. xiv. parietes phengite lapide distinxit.341.Ib. xvi.342.D. Cass. 67. 9.343.Ib. 67. 4.344.Tacitus b. probably 55 A.D. Dial. de Or. 1, juvenis admodum in 75 or 76; cf. Agr. 9. He was betrothed in 77 A.D.; cf. Meriv. viii. 92; Peter, Gesch. Litt. ii. 43; Nipperdey, Einl. iv. Juvenal b. circ. 55 A.D. (Peter, ii. 77); decessit longo senio confectus exul Ant. Pio imp. Vit. iv.; Teuffel, § 326, 1.345.Nettleship, Lectures and Essays, pp. 118 sqq.346.Or. Henz. 5599, IIVir. Quinq. Flamen Divi Vespasiani.347.Boissier, L’Opp. p. 316.348.Juv. xi. 74, 150; cf. xiv. 322.349.Mart. xii. 18.350.Juv. v. 30 sqq.; cf. Mart. iii. 49; iii. 60.351.Juv. i. 52; Mart. x. 4; iv. 49.352.Juv. vi. 43: v. 30 sqq.; ix. 10 sqq.; xi. 186.353.It has been remarked that Martial’s Epigrams on Juvenal all contain some obscenity, vii. 24; vii. 91, xii. 18.354.Teuffel, § 326, 4; Peter, Gesch. Litt. ii. 77; Nettleship, Lectures and Essays, p. 122, brings together the indications of date from 96-127 A.D. He thinks that perhaps some of the earlier Satires belong to the last years of Domitian, and that the words, spes et ratio studiorum in Caesare tantum, in Sat. vii., may refer to that Emperor (p. 132).355.Juv. i. 170.356.Marius Priscus, Isaeus, Archigenes.357.See a comparison of passages in Nettleship, pp. 125 sqq.358.He says of himself, i. 5, 8, lasciva est nobis pagina, vita proba est; cf. iii. 68; v. 2; Ausonius urges the same plea, cf. Idyll. xiii. Pliny finds a long series of examples to warrant his indulgence in loose verses, Ep. iv. 14; cf. v. 3. It was a bad tradition of literature; cf. Nettleship, Lectures and Essays, p. 39.359.i. 14; iv. 13, 75.360.v. 34, 37; x. 61.361.i. 79; vii. 52.362.iii. 58; i. 56; ii. 38; cf. iii. 38.363.iii. 58.364.i. 50; iv. 55; xii. 18.365.Especially Sat. xi. xiii. xiv. xv.; cf. Munding, Über die Sat. Juv. p. 12.366.v. Bk. ii. c. 3 of this work. M. Boissier has thrown a vivid light on this class in his Rel. Rom. iii. 3.367.Boissier, Rel. Rom. ii. 198; Nettleship, Lectures and Essays p. 136.368.xiii. 120; ii. 1 sqq.; cf. Mart. ix. 48.369.He refers, however, with respect to Seneca, viii. 212.370.viii. 90 sqq.; cf. Boissier, L’Opp. p. 332.371.Juv. xv. 131; cf. Sen. De Ira, i. 5; ii. 10, 25; iii. 24.372.Juv. xiii. 190.373.xiii. 208, nam scelus intra se tacitum qui cogitat ullum Facti crimen habet.374.xiv. 30; Tac. De Or. 28, 29.375.xi. 153.376.vi. 510.377.xiii. 39.378.xiii. 208.379.Juv. i. 87, 147; x. 172 cf. Sen. Nat. Q. vii. 31; De Ira, ii. 8 sq.380.e.g. the picture of Otho, ii. 99; of Messalina, vi. 114; Lateranus, viii. 146; Sejanus, x. 56; Cicero, etc., viii. 231.381.Tac. Hist. ii. 64; cf. Plin. Ep. iv. 19; iii. 16; D. Cass. 68. 5; Sen. ad Helv. xiv.382.Juv. xi. 109; iii. 152, 183.383.xi. 78.384.Tac. Ann. iii. 55; Sen. Ad Helv. x. 3; Ep. 89, § 22.385.Statius, Silv. v. 36; ii. 85.386.Petron. c. 60; Sen. Ep. 95, § 9; Friedl. Sittengesch. iii. p. 67.387.Plin. H. N. vi. 26; ix. 58; xii. 41. Cf. Friedl. iii. p. 80; Marq. Röm. St. ii. 53.388.Suet. Nero, xxx. putabat sordidos ac parcos esse quibus ratio impensarum constaret, etc.389.Sen. Ep. 87, § 4; Suet. Tib. xxxv.; Friedl. i. 196.390.Liv. xxxiv. 1; Tac. Ann. iii. 53, 54.391.Liv. xxxiv. 6, 7; Marq. Priv. i. 62, 162; Momms. R. Hist. ii. 409.392.Momms. R. Hist. iii. 417.393.Ib. 418; cf. Plin. H. N. ix. 80, 81; x. 23; Plut. Lucull. c. 40; Macrob. Sat. iii. 13, § 1.394.Macrob. Sat. iii. 13, § 11.395.Hieron. Ep. 117, § 8; Amm. Marc. xiv. 6, 7; xxviii. 4.396.Juv. xi. 69.397.Thucyd. i. 95.398.Prescott, Conquest of Peru, i. 304.399.Tac. Ann. xii. 53 (Pallas); D. Cass. 60. 34 (Narcissus); Tac. Ann. xiii. 42; D. Cass. 61. 10; cf. Duruy, v. p. 598.400.Tac. Ann. xv. 42.401.Juv. viii. 10.402.Plin. Paneg. 69.403.Suet. Tib. i. Cf. the funeral oration of Julius Caesar over his aunt, quoted by Suet. Jul. Caes. 6.404.Id. Nero, i.405.Tac. Ann. vi. 33.406.Ib. xv. 48.407.Philostr. Apoll. Tyan. iv. 12.408.Philostr. Vit. Soph. ii. 1.409.Hieron. Ep. 108, § 4.410.Tac. Ann. xi. 21, Curtius Rufus videtur mihi ex se natus.411.Juv. viii. 285 sqq.412.Tac. Ann. xi. 25.413.Sen. De Ira, ii. 33, § 2; Juv. iv. 96.414.Appian, B. C. iv. 5.415.Suet. Tib. 61, nullus a poena hominum cessavit dies.416.Id. Claud. xxix.417.Tac. Ann. xi. 25.418.Suet. Vesp. ix.; cf. Tac. Ann. iii. 55.419.Sym. Ep. ii. 78; Seeck, Prol. xlvi.420.Suet. Octav. xli.421.Id. Nero, x.; Vesp. xvii.422.Tac. Ann. ii. 37, 38.423.Tac. Ann. xi. 25; D. Cass. lx. 29. The last revision of the Senate was in the reign of Augustus; D. Cass. lv. 13.424.Tac. Ann. xiii. 34; Juv. i. 107.425.Juv. i. 103.426.Petron. Sat. c. 116, 124; Plin. Ep. ii. 20; Juv. i. 37; iii. 31.427.Juv. iv.; i. 27.428.D. Cass. lix. 26.429.Tac. Ann. xiv. 12.430.Suet. Tib. lxvii.431.Calig. xxiii. xxiv.; cf. L. comitiali morbo vexatus, which explains much to a medical man.432.Ib. xxiii.433.Ib. xxii.; cf. Sen. De Ira, i. 20.434.Suet. Calig. xxxiv. xxxv. vetera familiarum insignia nobilissimo cuique ademit; xxii.435.Ib. liv. lv. quorum vero studio teneretur, omnibus ad insaniam favit.436.Suet. Jul. Caes. xxxix.437.D. Cass. xlviii. 43.438.Suet. Tiberius, xxxv.439.Id. Calig. xviii. nec ullis nisi ex senatorio ordine aurigantibus; D. Cass. 59. 10, 13, Suet. Nero, xii.440.Id. Dom. viii. vii.441.Id. Nero, xx. xxi.442.Juv. viii. 89, 147.443.Suet. Nero, xl.; v. Krause, De Sueton. Fontibus, pp. 57, 80; Peter, Gesch. Litt. ii. 69.444.Tac. Ann. xv. 67.445.Ib. xiv. 16; cf. Suet. Nero, lii., where Suetonius distinctly says that some of Nero’s verses, which he had seen, bore all the marks of originality. Philostr. Apoll. Tyan. iv. 39; Macé, Suétone, p. 127; Boissier, L’Opp. p. 248.446.Suet. Nero, xxvii.447.Ib. xxvi.; cf. Juv. vi. 115.448.Juv. viii. 172.449.Suet. Nero, xxvi.450.Tac. Hist. i. 88.451.See some admirable criticism in Nettleship’s Lectures and Essays, 2nd series, p. 141; cf. Munding, Über die Sat. des Juv. p. 7.452.Duruy, v. 673; Boissier, Rel. Rom. ii. 233 sqq.453.Plin. Ep. iv. 19; iii. 16; iii. 3; Sen. Ad Helv. xiv. xix.; D. Cass. lxviii. 5 ad fin.454.Ov. Trist. iii. 3, 15—

Omnia cum subeant, vincis tamen omnia, conjux;

Et plus in nostro pectore parte tenes.

Te loquor absentem, te vox mea nominat unam:

Nulla venit sine te nox mihi, nulla dies.

455.Id. Amor. iii. 4, 3; cf. Ars Am. ii. 599, iii. 440, 613, Denis, Idées Morales, ii. 124.456.Plut. Consol. ad Uxor. x.; Conj. Praec. iv. xliv. xlvii.457.A. Gell. xii. 1.458.Denis, ii. 134; Zeller, Die Phil. der Griech. iii. 1, p. 660.459.D. Chrys. Or. vii. 133.460.Juv. vi. 436—

Committit vates et comparat; inde Maronem,

Atque alia parte in trutina suspendit Homerum.

Cedunt grammatici, vincuntur rhetores—

461.Juv. vi. 400 sqq.462.Ib. 268.463.Ib. 108, 60.464.Ib. 427.465.Ib. 252.466.Ib. 493.467.Ib. 528.468.Momms. R. Hist. ii. 408 (Tr.).469.Liv. vi. 34.470.Plut. Cato Maj. c. xx.; Juv. vi. 165, 460.471.Val. Max. ii. 1, 5; Liv. xxxiv. 1, 3; Marq. i. p. 62.472.Momms. R. Hist. ii. 408.473.Cic. in Verr. i. 42, 107.474.Sym. Ep. vi. 67; cf. Suet. Octav. lxiv.; Or. Henz. 2677, 4629, 4629, lanifica, pia, pudica, casta, domiseda.475.Macrob. Sat. iii. 14, 11.476.Friedl. i. 312; Boissier, Rel. Rom. ii. 240.477.Lucr. iv. 1160; Juv. vi. 192.478.Plut. Pomp. lv.479.Suet. Gram. Ill. 16.480.Ov. Ars Am. ii. 282.481.Mart. xii. 98, 3; cf. Sen. Ad Helv. xvii.; Ad Marc. xvi.482.Claud. Laus Serenae, 146.483.Sen. Ad Marc. 4.484.Epict. Fr. liii.485.Tac. Ann. iv. 53; cf. Plin. H. N. vii. 8, 46.486.Mart. x. 35; vii. 69.487.Sid. Apoll. Carm. ix. 261.488.C.I.G. 4725-31.489.Juv. vi. 403; cf. 434.490.Suet. Octav. lxxxiv.491.Tac. Ann. xii. 37, novum sane et moribus veterum insolitum, feminam signis Romanis praesidere.492.D. Cass. lxvi. 14; cf. Suet. Vesp. xvi.; Krause, De Suet. Fontibus, p. 75.493.Tac. Ann. iii. 33; cf. i. 64; i. 69, sed femina [i.e. Agrippina] ingens animi munia ducis per eos dies induit, etc.494.Or. Henz. 6000, 4036, 5158, 4643, 5134, 3774, 2417, 4055, 4056, 7207, 3815.495.Ib. 3738, 3773, 6992.496.Ib. 3740.497.Suet. Galba, v.498.Lamprid. Heliogab. iv.; cf. Lamprid. Aurelian. xlix.499.Mau, Pompeii (Kelsey Tr.), p. 479.500.Juv. ii. 31; iv. 34; xiii. 38; vi. 394; vii. 194.501.Liv. xxix. 14.502.Ib. xxxix. 8; cf. Lafaye, Culte des Div. d’Alexandrie, c. iii.503.Apul. Met. xi. 817; Suet. Octav. xciii.; D. Cass. liii. 2.504.Catull. x. 26; Tibull. i. 3, 23; cf. Juv. xiii. 93.505.Ov. Ars Am. i. 77.506.Friedl. Sittengesch. i. 347.507.Juv. vi. 547.508.Tac. Hist. v. 2, 4; Juv. xiv. 97.509.Sen. Fr. 42 (in Aug. De Civ. Dei, vi. 11), victi victoribus leges dederunt.510.Cf. Meriv. vi. 6.511.Suet. Claud. xxv.512.Tac. Hist. i. 22; Duruy, iv. 505.513.Suet. Dom. xv.; D. Cass. lxvii. 14; Ren. Les Év. p. 228.514.Juv. xiv. 96; vi. 544; iii. 15; Ren. Les Év. p. 234.515.Tac. Ann. xiii. 32.516.Friedl. Sittengesch. i. p. 332; cf. Plin. Ep. vii. 24.517.Suet. Ill. Gram. xvi.518.Friedl. i. 314; Inscr. Or. 2656, 2668, 4803.519.Mart. iv. 13—

Diligat illa senem quondam: sed et ipsa marito,

Tunc quoque cum fuerit, non videatur anus.

Plut. Conj. Praec. xliv. xxxiv.; Plin. Ep. iv. 19; vi. 4; vii. 5.520.Sen. Fr. xiii. de Matrimonio, formosus assecla et procurator calamistratus, etc., sub quibus nominibus adulteri delitescunt; cf. S. Hieron. Ep. 54, § 13. S. Jerome is evidently imitating Seneca; cf. Or. 639, Mart. v. 61.521.Juv. vi. 460; Sen. Fr. 51.522.Philostr. Apoll. Tyan. iii. 35, Luc. Alex. 44.523.Tac. Hist. i. 81, erat Othoni celebre convivium primoribus feminis virisque. D. Cass. lx. 7.524.Suet. Calig. xxxvi.525.Ov. Ars Am. i. 67, Friedl. i. 281.526.Tac. Germ. 19, nec corrumpere et corrumpi saeculum vocatur.527.Suet. Octav. xliv.528.Ov. Ars Am. i. 139—

Proximus a domina, nullo prohibente, sedeto.

529.Trist. ii. 503—

Nec satis incestis temerari vocibus aures:

Adsuescunt oculi multa pudenda pati.

Cf. 515.530.Mart. iii. 86 says of his poems—

Non sunt haec mimis improbiora: lege.

531.Suet. Octav. xliv.532.Juv. vi. 62.533.Suet. Dom. vii.; Tib. xxxiv.534.D. Cass. lx. 22, 28.535.Suet. Dom. iii.; D. Cass. lxvii. 3.536.Capitol. M. Anton. xix.537.Ib. xxiii. mores matronarum conposuit diffluentes, etc.538.Juv. vi. 281.539.Suet. Vesp. xi. auctor senatui fuit decernendi ut quae se alieno servo junxisset ancilla haberetur; cf. Mart. vi. 39; C. Th. iv. 9, 1.540.Or. Henz. 2669, 4653, 7383.541.Momms. R. H. ii. 414 sqq.542.Ib. 469; cf. Plut. Cato, xxiii.543.Mahaffy, Greek World under Roman Sway, p. 127.544.Suet. Octav. 89; Tib. 21.545.Id. Tib. 71, sermone Graeco, quanquam alioquin promptus et facilis, non tamen usquequaque usus est.546.Suet. Calig. xxi. xxxiv.547.Mahaffy, The Greek World, p. 255.548.Suet. Claud. xlii.549.Ib. xxv.550.Ib. xlii.551.Id. Nero, lv. erat illi aeternitatis perpetuaeque famae cupido. Cf. xxiv.552.Id. Vesp. xviii.553.Id. Dom. xx.554.And many in the first century, Plin. Ep. iv. 3; viii. 4, 1; Friedl. iii. 360; Martha, Les Moralistes sous l’Empire Rom. p. 267; Teuffel, R. Lit. § 342; Mackail, R. Lit. 232.555.Plut. Cato, c. xxii.; Claud. In Eutrop. ii. 137, 339.556.Juv. iii. 85.557.Juv. iii. 62 sqq.558.Ib. iii. 69-77.559.Ib. i. 104.560.Ib. iii. 72, viscera magnarum domuum dominique futuri.561.Ib. iii. 60.562.Suet. Ill. Gram. i. ii. antiquissimi doctorum qui iidem et poëtae et semigraeci erant (Livium et Ennium dico), etc.; Strab. vi. 3, 5; A. Gell. xvii. 17, i.563.Suet. Ill. Gram. iv.564.Ib. xx. xix. xvi. xv.565.Suet. Ill. Gram. xiii. Staberius ... emptus de catasta.566.Ib. xiii.567.Ib. xviii. xxiii.568.Ib. xxiii.569.Ib. xvii.; cf. Quintilian, iv. Prooem. 2; cf. Juv. viii. 186-97.570.Plin. H. N. xxix. 17.571.Suet. Jul. Caes. xlii.572.D. Cass. liii. 30; Plin. H. N. xxix. 4; Or. Henz. 2983.573.Juv. x. 221; Petron. 42; D. Cass. lxxi. 33; lxix. 22; Mart. ii. 16; v. 9; vi. 31; vi. 53; Tac. Ann. xi. 31, 35.574.Mart. i. 31; i. 48; viii. 74.575.Friedl. Sittengesch. i. 231.576.Epict. ii. 23, 30, 27.577.Suet. Otho, iv. vi.578.Id. Dom. xiv. xv.; cf. Tib. xiv.; Nero, xxxvi.579.Tac. Ann. xvi. 14.580.Juv. iii. 100.581.Luc. De Merc. Cond. c. 16, 19.582.Mart. i. 104, ii. 68.583.Juv. i. 100; v. 17; Mart. xii. 18—

Dum per limina te potentiorum

Sudatrix toga ventilat, etc.;

iii. 7, 36; Suet. Nero, xvi; Dom. vii.584.Mart. ii. 79; Juv. v. 17.585.Juv. i. 100—

Jubet a praecone vocari

Ipsos Trojugenas.

586.Mart. ii. 43; iii. 38, 12, pallet cetera turba fame; Juv. iii. 153, 161; xi. 40.587.Momms. R. H. ii. 374 (Tr.).588.Mart. iv. 5; v. 56—

Artes discere vult pecuniosas?

Fac discat citharoedus aut choraules.

Si duri puer ingeni videtur,

Praeconem facias, vel architectum;

Juv. vii. 104; x. 226; Petron. 46, destinavi illum artificii docere, aut tonstreinum aut praeconem etc.589.Juv. vii. 38 sqq.590.Mart. ii. 43; iv. 40; v. 42, quas dederis, solas semper habebis opes.591.Juv. vii. 104.592.Ib. vii. 180.593.Ib. vii. ad fin.594.Ib. vii. 121 sqq.595.Juv. iii. 182; Martha, Moralistes sous l’Emp. p. 400.596.Mart. ii. 57.597.Juv. vi. 353.598.Petron. 116, in hac urbe nemo liberos tollit ... aut captantur aut captant.599.e.g. Regulus, Plin. Ep. ii. 20.600.Juv. xii. 100; i. 36; Mart. v. 39; Plin. Ep. ii, 20; Petron. 140.601.Juv. i. 112; Petron. 88, pecuniae cupiditas haec tropica instituit.602.Juv. iii. 164.603.Ib. 131, 103; i. 26; iv. 98; Mart. ii. 29, iii. 29; v. 13, 35.604.Suet. Octav. xliii.-v.; Calig. xviii.; Claud. xxi; Nero, xi. xii.; Titus, vii.; Dom. iv.; D. Cass. 65. 25; Spart. Hadr. vii. D. Cass. 68. 10, 15; Capitol. M. Anton. vi.; but cp. Suet. Tib. xlvii.; Tac. Hist. ii 62, D. Cass. 66. 15; Suet. Octav. xliv.; D. Cass. 54. 2; 68. 2; Capitol. Anton. P. xii.605.Victor. Epit. 12; Spart. Hadr. vii. § 12; Capitol. M. Anton. xxvi.; Ant. P. viii.; D. Cass. 68. 5; Orelli Henz. 4365, 7244; Friedländer, Petron. Einleit. 49; Duruy, v. 429; iv. 787; Boissier, Rel. Rom. ii. 208; cf. Plin. Ep. ix. 30.606.Tac. Ann. xiv. 62; ii. 47, 48.607.Salv. De Gub. Dei, v. 30; Ad Eccles. iv. 22.608.On the Augustales v. Orell. Henz. ii. p. 197; iii. p. 427; Friedländer, Cena Trim. Einl. p. 39; Marq. Röm. Staatsverw. i. 513 sqq.; Nessling, De Seviris Augustalibus.609.v. 13, 6, et libertinas arca flagellat opes; cf. Sen. Ep. 27, § 5, patrimonium libertini.610.Petron. Sat. 48.611.Tac. Ann. xiii. 27, si separarentur libertini manifestam fore penuriam ingenuorum.612.Plin. Paneg. 88.613.Id. Ep. vii. 29; viii 6.614.Tac. Germ. 25, liberti non multum supra servos sunt, raro aliquod momentum in domo, nunquam in civitate.615.Mart. ii. 29; iii. 29; xi. 37; iii. 82; v. 14.616.Suet. Ill. Gram. xiii., xvii., xx.; cf. Marq. Priv. i. 158.617.Sen. Ep. 47, § 1; De Clem. i. 18, 3; De Ben. iii. 21; Ep. 77, § 31; Plin. Ep. viii. 16, 1; iii. 19, 7; ii. 17, 9; cf. Juv. xiv. 16.618.Sen. Ep. 47, servi sunt, immo humiles amici. Cf. Macrob. Sat. i. 11, 12; Eurip. Ion, 854; Helen. 730; Wallon, L’Esclav. iii. 22.619.v. supra, p. 92.620.D. Cass. 69. 16; C. Th. xiii. 1, 21; Friedl. Sittengesch. i 197.621.Juv. xiv. 270.622.Juv. iii. 32.623.Suet. Vesp. xxiii.624.Stat. Silv. iii. 3, 83, Tu toties mutata ducum juga rite tulisti Integer, etc.625.Juv. iii. 153, Nil habet infelix paupertas durius in se, Quam quod ridiculos homines facit; 164.626.Id. i. 104.627.Id. i. 26; iv. 108.628.Juv. iii. 173.629.Id. iv. 5, 23; vii. 180.630.Id. xiv. 91, Ut spado vincebat Capitolia nostra Posides; cf. Suet. Claud. xxviii.; Plin. H. N. xxxi. 2.631.Juv. iii. 34 sqq.632.Tac. Ann. xi. 37; xii. 25, 65; xi. 29; Suet. Octav. lxvii.; D. Cass. lix. 29.633.Suet. Jul. Caes. lxxvi.; cf. Friedl. Sittengesch. i. 56 sqq.634.For such a career cf. Or. Henz. 6344.635.Suet. Octav. lxvii.636.Tac. Ann. iv. 6.637.Ib. xiv. 39.638.Suet. Nero, xxiii.639.D. Cass. lxiv. 3; Suet. Galba, xiv.; Plut. Galba, c. 17.640.D. Cass. lii. 25; Tac. Hist. i. 58, Vitellius ministeria principatus per libertos agi solita in equites Romanos disponit.641.Suet. Vitell. xii.642.Id. Vesp. xvi.643.Id. Dom. vii. quaedam ex maximis officiis inter libertinos equitesque communicavit.644.Plin. Paneg. 88.645.Spart. Hadr. iv., xxi.; Macé, Suétone, p. 91.646.Capitol. Ant. P. vi., xi.647.Friedl. Sittengesch. i. 56.648.Ib. i. p. 83.649.Sen. Ad Polyb. vi. vii.650.Sen. Ad Polyb. xi.651.Statius, Silv. iii. 3.652.Ib. 66, Tibereia primum Aula tibi—Panditur.653.Ib. 60.654.Ib. 70.655.Ib. 86.656.Ib. 100.657.Ib. 145.658.Mart. vi. 83; Stat. Silv. iii. 160.659.As to the form of his name v. Markland’s Statius, p. 238.660.Macé, Suétone, p. 91; cf. Tac. Ann. xi. 33.661.Macé, 92, 93; Friedl. Sittengesch. i. 86, 87.662.Plin. Ep. viii. 12; C.I.L. vi. 798; Macé, pp. 89, 115.663.Macé, pp. 90, 116.664.Stat. Silv. v. 1, 80.665.Ib. v. 118 sqq.666.Ib. v. 210.667.Friedl. Sittengesch. i. 88.668.Tac. Ann. xi. 30, 37, 88.669.Tac. Ann. xii. 57; xiii. 1.670.Ib. xii. 25, 65.671.Ib. xiii. 23.672.Ib. xii. 53; Plin. Ep. viii. 6.673.Tac. Ann. xii. 25, 65.674.Ib. xiii. 14.675.Ib. xiv. 65; Suet. Nero, xxxv.; D. Cass. 62. 14.676.Marq. Röm. St. ii. p. 55; Duruy, v. p. 598; Friedl. Sittengesch. i. p. 192; cf. Olympiod. ap. Phot. § 44 (Müll. Frag. Hist. Gr. iv.).677.Ael. Lamprid. Heliogab. x.; cf. Capitol. Anton. P. xi.; Suet. Claud. xxviii.678.Plin. H. N. xxxi. 2; xxxvi. 12.679.Statius, Silv. i. 5, 36; Mart. vi. 42, et certant vario decore saxa.680.Mart. viii. 68.681.Plin. Ep. vii. 29.682.Friedl. Sittengesch. i. 75; Or. Henz. 6344.683.Claud. In Eutrop. ii. 137.684.Plin. Paneg. 88.685.Suet. Nero, xv. in curiam libertinorum filios diu non admisit.686.Tac. Ann. xi. 38; xii. 53.687.Suet. Galba, xiv.; Tac. Hist. ii. 57; iv. 39.688.Mart. iii. 29; v. 8, 14, 35, 23; cf. Friedl. Sittengesch. i. 212.689.Suet. Claud. c. xxviii.690.Dig. xxiii. 2, 44.691.Statius, iii. 3, 115.692.Id. v. 1, 53; Tac. Hist. v. 9; Suet. Claud. xxviii. Felicem ... Judaeae proposuit—trium reginarum maritum.693.Catull. x. 26; Tibull. i. 3, 33; Ov. Ars Am. iii. 635; cf. Amor. i. 8, 73; iii. 9, 33.694.Tac. Ann. xi. 29.695.Ib. xiii. 12, 46; xiv. 2; Suet. Nero, xxviii. Acten libertam paullum abfuit quin justo matrimonio sibi conjungeret.696.Suet. Nero, l.697.D. Cass. lxvi. 14.698.Luc. Imag. 10. See Croiset’s Lucien, p. 273, on the Imagines as illustrating Lucian’s power as a critic of art.699.Xen. Mem. iii. 11; Plat. Menex. c. iv.700.Cf. Friedl. Sittengesch. i. 82.701.Suet. De Ill. Gram. xxi.702.Marq. Priv. i. 189; Denis, Idées Morales, ii. 208; Spart. Hadr. xvii.703.Sen. De Ben. iii. 21; Ep. 47; Plin. Ep. ii. 17, 9; viii. 16; cf. Marq. Priv. i. 175.704.Or. 2808.705.Ib. 2874.706.Ib. 2816.707.Ib. 2862.708.Sen. De Clem. i. 18.709.Marq. Priv. i. 174.710.Sen. Ep. 80, § 4, peculium suum quod comparaverunt ventre fraudato pro capite numerant.711.Apul. Met. x. 14; cf. Boissier, Rel. Rom. ii. 397.712.v. 22, 10, negat lasso janitor esse domi; Sen. Nec. Inj. xiv. cubicularii supercilium.713.Momms. R. H. ii. 380 (Tr.)714.Marq. Priv. i. 162 sq.715.C. Th. ix. 30, 2; ii. 30, 2.716.Marq. Priv. i. p. 163.717.Petron. Sat. 76.718.Marq. Priv. i. 165.719.Ib. p. 178, n.720.Mart. v. 70; cf. vii. 64.721.Liv. xxi. 63, quaestus omnis patribus indecorus visus; D. Cass. 69. 16; cf. C. Th. xiii. 1, 4; v. Godefroy’s note.722.Plut. Cat. Maj. 21.723.Petron. 77, sustuli me de negotiatione et coepi libertos foenerare.724.Id. 77, assem habeas, assem valeas.725.Id. 43, paratus fuit quadrantem de stercore mordicus tollere:—in manu illius plumbum aurum fiebat.726.Petron. 76.727.Id. 50728.Or. 1175; cf. Teuffel, Rom. Lit. ii. § 300, n. 4.729.Tac. Ann. xvi. 18, 19.730.Macrob. Som. Scip. i. 2, 8.731.Sidon. Apoll. Carm. ix. 268.732.Sidon. Apoll. Carm. xxiii. 155, et te Massiliensium per hortos sacri stipitis, Arbiter, colonum Hellespontiaco parem Priapo, etc.733.Tac. Ann. xii. 8; xiii. 2; xv. 45, 60, 65; Tac. Hist. iii. 65.734.Boissier, L’Opp. p. 257, ce n’est pas la coutume qu’on mette son idéal près de soi.735.Petron. 88, at nos vino scortisque demersi ne paratas quidem artes audemus cognoscere, sed accusatores antiquitatis vitia tantum docemus et discimus. This rather applies to the higher cultivated class.736.Petron. 118; cf. Boissier, L’Opp. 213.737.Petron. 70, 67.738.Juv. vi. 115; Suet. Nero, xxvi.739.Teuffel. Rom. Lit. § 300, n. 1.740.Petron. 118, 119; cf. Boissier, L’Opp. p. 239. Other proofs of the date of the Satiricon are the occurrence of names like Apelles and Menecrates, c. 64, 73; cf. Suet. Calig. 33; Nero, 30; Friedl. Cena Trim. Einl. 9; the reflections on decline of oratory, Sat. 1; cf. Tac. Dial. Or. c. 35; the invention of a peculiar glass, which belongs to the reign of Tiberius, cf. Plin. H. N. xxxvi. 66; D. Cass. 57. 21 ad fin.741.Tac. Ann. xvi. 18, vigentem se ac parem negotiis ostendit.742.Plin. H. N. xxxvii. 7 (20), T. Petronius consularis moriturus invidia Neronis, ... trullam myrrhinam HS.c̅c̅c̅ emptam fregit.743.Tac. Ann. xvi. 19, sed flagitia principis et novitatem cujusque stupri perscripsit atque obsignata misit Neroni.744.Petron. 115, si bene calculum ponas, ubique naufragium est.745.Id. 88. For a favourable estimate of the Satiricon, cf. Schiller’s Gesch. röm. Kaiserzeit, i. 469, 470.746.See Boissier’s remarks, L’Opp. p. 228.747.Mart. v. 2; iii. 68; cf. Mahaffy, Greek World under Roman Sway, p. 298.748.Teuffel, Rom. Lit. i. p. 239; Friedl. Cena Trim. Einl. 5.749.Ib. p. 5.750.Sidon. Apoll. Carm. ix. 268; xxiii. 155.751.Petron. 81, cf. Friedl. Cena Trim. Einl. 6. Puteoli is excluded by the complaints of municipal decay in c. 44: Naples, by the fact that the town is a Roman colony (44, 57); Cumae was the only town in this region which had Praetors. Cf. Or. Henz. 1498, 2263; Petron. 65.752.Petron. Sat. 1, 2.753.Tac. De Or. c. 31, 35.754.Rep. vi. p. 492 A.755.Petron. Sat. 83.756.Ib. 114.757.Ib. 116, nihil aliud est nisi cadavera quae lacerantur aut corvi qui lacerant.758.Ib. 117.759.Petron. Sat. 124.760.Ib. 140.761.Ib. 141.762.Ib. 75, 76.763.v. Friedl. Cena Trim. Einl. p. 7. His cognomen Maecenatianus marks him as a slave of the friend of Augustus who died 8 B.C. Trimalchio would therefore be born circ. 18 B.C. (Sat. 71, 29, 75). He was perhaps over seventy at the time of the dinner (Sat. 27, 77), which may therefore be placed about 57 A.D.764.Petron. Sat. 48.765.Ib. 77.766.Ib. 38, scripsit ut illi ex India semen boletorum mitteretur.767.Ib. 53.768.Ib. 71; cf. Friedl. Cena Trim. p. 308.769.Petron. Sat. 27.770.Petron. Sat. 29.771.Ib. 31.772.Ib. 32.773.Ib. 33.774.Ib. 35.775.Ib. 40.776.Ib. 60; cf. Sen. Ep. 90, § 15, laquearia ita coagmentat ... ut totiens tecta quotiens fercula mutentur.777.Sat. 34; Cic. Brut., lxxxiii. The Consulship of Opim. was B.C. 121.778.Petron. 48; on private and public libraries, cf. Sen. De Tranq. c. ix.; Plin. Ep. i. 8, § 2; ii. 17, § 8; iii. 7, § 7; iv. 28, § 1; Suet. Vit. Pers.; Luc. Adv. Indoct. 1, 16; Mart. vii. 17, 1; Suet. J. Caes. xliv.; Octav. xxix.; Marq. Priv. i. 114; Gregorov. Hadr. (Tr.) p. 210; Macé, Suétone, p. 220; Sid. Apoll. ii. 9.779.Petron. 52.780.Id. 59.781.Id. 41; cf. Epict. iii. 23; Plin. Ep. i. 13; iii. 18, 4; vi. 15; Mart. iii. 44, 45; 50.782.Sen. Brev. Vit. xii. 2; Or. Henz. 3838; Mart. iv. 39; Marq. Priv. ii. 688: Friedl. Sittengesch. iii. 84.783.Petron. 53.784.Id. 62, 63; cf. Apul. Met. i. 8.785.Petron. 68.786.Id. 52.787.Petron. 38, 43.788.Id. 43, in manu illius plumbum aurum fiebat.789.Id. 38, Collibertos ejus cave contemnas, valde succosi sunt. v. Friedl. Cena Trim. p. 223.790.Petron. 38.791.Id. 42.792.Id. 42, medicus nihil aliud est quam animi consolatio. For similar opinions of the medical profession, cf. Petron. 56; D. Cass. lxix. 22, lxxi. 33; Mart. vi. 31; vi. 53; ii. 16; Epict. iii. 23, § 27; Juv. iii. 77; Luc. Philops. c. 21, 26; Adv. Indoct. c. 29; Marq. Priv. ii. 779. Sen. gives a higher idea of the craft, De Ben. vi. 16; cf. Apul. Met. x. 8, where the doctor rejects the base proposals made to him.793.Petron. 42, planetus est optime, etiam si maligne illum ploravit uxor.794.Id. 43.795.Id. 43, noveram hominem olim oliorum, et adhuc salax est. On the phrase olim oliorum v. Friedl. Cena Trim. p. 237.796.Petron. 44.797.Id. 44, haec colonia retroversus crescit tanquam coda vituli. This passage is used to prove that Puteoli cannot be Trimalchio’s town. Friedl. Cena Trim. p. 239.798.Petron. 44 ad fin. itaque statim urceatim plovebat.799.Id. 45. On the meaning of Centonarius v. Marq. Priv. ii. 585. They had a great number of Collegia, often leagued with the Fabri; v. Henz. Ind. pp. 171-72; C. Th. xiv. 8.800.For the cost of such shows, v. Or. 81; C.I.L. ii. Suppl. p. 1034; Friedl. Cena Trim. Einl. p. 58; Friedl. Sittengesch. ii. p. 136.801.Petron. 46, quid iste argutat molestus?802.Petron. 46 ad fin.; cf. Mart. v. 56; Juv. vii. 5, 176.803.Petron. 57.804.Id. 64.805.Id. 67.806.Id. 70.807.Id. Ephesum tragoedum coepit imitare—Sonst unbekannt, Friedl. Cena Trim. 306.808.Cf. Or. Henz. 4070, 7321; Petron. 71, valde enim falsum est vivo quidem domos cultas esse, non curari eas ubi diutius nobis habitandum est.809.v. the monument of C. Munatius Faustus at Pompeii, C.I.L. x. 1030. But Mau, p. 415 (Tr.), interprets it differently from Friedl. Cena Trim. p. 307.810.See the monument of the surgeon oculist of Assisi, Or. 2983, who records the amount he gave for his freedom, his benefactions, and his fortune. v. C.I.L. v. 4482, the monument of Valerius Anteros Asiaticus, a Sevir Aug. of Brescia.811.Plin. H. N. xxvi. 2 (26); xxviii. 6 (57), plerique (suadent) anulum e sinistra in longissimum dextrae digitum transferre.812.Petron. 75, ad hanc me fortunam frugalitas mea perduxit.813.Id. 78; cf. Sen. De Brev. Vit. xx. 3, where a similar scene is described. Turannius—componi se in lecto et velut exanimem a circumstante familia plangi jussit.814.Some of Pliny’s older friends, the elder Pliny, Quintilian, Spurinna, Verginius Rufus, go back to the age which Juvenal professes to attack (i. 170). But, although Juvenal mentions few names of his own generation, such as Isaeus, Archigenes, and Marius Priscus, a comparison between his subjects and those of Martial shows that they were dealing with the same social facts. Cf. Teuffel, R. Lit. ii. § 326, n. 5; Nettleship, Lectures and Essays, p. 124 sqq.815.Momms. Plin. (Morel), p. 7; Peter, Gesch. Litt. ii. 77; Nettleship, Lectures and Essays, 131.816.Plin. Ep. vii. 28.817.Mart. iii. 68, 86; v. 2.818.Ov. Amor. iii. 4, 2.819.Ov. Trist. ii. 212, 346, 353, Vita verecunda est, Musa jocosa mihi; 497.820.Tac. De Or. 28, non in cella emptae nutricis sed gremio ac sinu matris educabatur; A. Gell. xii. 1.821.Quintil. i. 2, 4, 8; nostras amicas, nostros concubinos vident.822.Stob. Flor. vi. 61; Suet. Nero, xxvii.; cf. Denis, Idées Morales, etc., ii. p. 134.823.Plin. Ep. iii. 16; iii. 5; iv. 19; vi. 4; vii. 5.824.Tac. Agric. 4.825.Plin. Ep. i. 14.826.Tac. Ann. iii. 55, sed praecipuus adstricti moris auctor Vespasianus erat; Suet. Vesp. ix.; cf. Schiller, Gesch. Röm. Kaiserz. ii. 506; Duruy, iv. 646; Renan, Les. Év. 140, 381; L’Antéchr. 494.827.Pliny is pleased with the virtuous monotony, Ep. iii. i. § 2, me autem ut certus siderum cursus ita vita hominum disposita delectat, senum praesertim; cf. iii. 5.828.Momms. Plin. (Morel), p. 32.829.The Caecilii were probably established at Como from 59 B.C.; cf. Catull. 35; Plin. Ep. iv. 30, 1; vii. 32, 1; vi. 24, 5; ix. 7; Momms. Plin. p. 33 (Morel).830.Plin. Ep. ii. 1; vi. 10.831.Tac. Hist. i. 8, 52; ii. 49.832.Plin. Ep. vi. 20, 5. He was in his eighteenth year when the famous eruption of Vesuvius took place 79 A.D., D. Cass. lxvi. 21 sq.833.Plin. Ep. iv. 13, 3.834.Rendall, xiii. in Mayor’s ed. Plin. Ep. iii.; Plin. H. N. ii. 85 (199).835.Plin. Ep. iii. 5; Hist. Nat. Praef. 3; Suet. Vit. Plin. He was 56 at his death in A.D. 79; cf. Peter, Gesch. Litt. i. 119, 420.836.Plin. Ep. iii. 5, § 13; Persius, who was eleven years younger than the elder Pliny, shows a character of the same type, cf. Pers. Sat. ii. 71-74; iii. 66 sqq.; cf. Martha, Les Moralistes sous l’Emp. p. 131 sqq.837.Plin. Ep. iii. 5.838.Praef. H. N. § 17; cf. § 18, profecto enim vita vigilia est.839.Plin. Ep. i. 14; cf. Tac. Agr. iv.; Juv. iii. 165.840.Plin. Ep. iii. i; ii. 7; i. 12; v. 11.841.Cf. Pliny’s letter to Calpurnia’s aunt, Ep. iv. 19, quae nihil in contubernio tuo viderit nisi sanctum honestumque; cf. viii. 5; v. 16.842.Tac. Hist. ii. 78; iv. 81.843.Cf. Or. 746, 2364.844.Suet. Vesp. ii. locum incunabulorum assidue frequentavit, manente villa qualis fuerat olim, etc.845.Ib. viii. ix.846.D. Cass. lxvi. 8, Suet. Vesp. xvi., cf. Meriv. vii. 274; cf. Schiller, Gesch. röm. Kaiserzeit, p. 515.847.Suet. Vesp. lx.; Or. 746, sacr. aedium restitutori, 1460, 1868, 2364, D. Cass. lxvi. 10.848.Suet. Vesp. xvii.849.Ib. xix.850.Ib. xviii.; continued by Hadrian, Spart. xvi.; by Ant. Pius, Capitol. xi.; by Alex. Severus, Lamprid. xliv.; cf. C. Th. xiii. 3, 1, 2, 3; Eum. Or. pro Scholis, c. 11.851.v. Rom. Soc. in the Last Century of the Western Empire (1st ed.), p. 355.852.Mommsen, Rom. Prov. (Tr.) i. p. 76.853.Pliny probably came to Rome about 72 A.D. Rendall, xiv.; in Mayor’s Pliny, Ep. iii.; cf. Quintil. Prooem. i.854.Plin. Ep. ii. 14, 10; vi. 6, 3; vi. 32.855.Quintil. Inst. Or. i. 2, 6; cf. Plin. Ep. iii. 3, 4, cui in hoc lubrico aetatis non praeceptor modo sed custos etiam rectorque quaerendus est; cf. Ep. iv. 13, 4, ubi enim pudicius contineantur quam sub oculis parentum; cf. Tac. Dial. de Or. 28.856.Quintil. Inst. Prooem. i. 9-11; ii. 2, 15; xii. 1, 1; xii. 7, 7, non convenit ei, quem oratorem esse volumus, injusta tueri scientem.857.Ib. vi. Prooem. 4.858.Plin. Ep. ii. 13, hunc ego, cum simul studeremus, arte familiariterque dilexi, etc.859.Ib. v. 14; Paneg. 91, 92; cf. Momms. Plin. p. 64.860.Plin. Ep. vi. 6.861.Ib. vii. 16, 2; i. 10, 3; cf. Momms. p. 52. Pliny’s service with the iii. Gallica was later than September, A.D. 81.862.Plin. Ep. i. 10, 4; cf. Tac. Agr. iv.863.Plin. Ep. iii. 11, 5.864.Ib. i. 10; cf. Philostr. Apoll. Tyan. v. 37, 40; vi. 8.865.Plin. Ep. vii. 26, 4.866.Ib. iii. 11, 2; Suet. Dom. x.; D. Cass. lxvii. 10; cf. Momms. p. 59, where the date of Pliny’s praetorship is fixed.867.Suet. Dom. x.868.Plin. Ep. i. 14; cf. iii. 11, 3.869.Ib. iii. 16; cf. vii. 19; ix. 13.870.Tac. Ann. xvi. 34.871.Plin. Ep. vii. 19, 4; for the character of Helvidius Priscus, cf. Tac. Hist. iv. 5.872.Suet. Vesp. xv.; D. Cass. lxvi. 12; cf. Peter, Gesch. Litt. ii. 98.873.Plin. Ep. iii. 16, 7.874.Tac. Ann. xvi. 21; D. Cass. lxii. 26.875.Tac. Ann. xiv. 12; xvi. 21, 22; cf. D. Cass. 61. 15.876.Tac. Ann. xvi. 26.877.Plin. Ep. vii. 19.878.Renan, Les Évangiles, p. 142, treats the philosophic opposition as a mere aristocratic reaction; cf. pp. 287, 382. Boissier, L’Opp. p. 103; Schiller, Gesch. d. röm. Kaiserz. pp. 509, 536.879.Plin. Ep. v. 8, 8; Momms. p. 52.880.Plin. Ep. vi. 1; iv. 16; vi. 23, 2.881.Ib. i.

20, 7.882.Ib. vi. 33, 8-11.883.Ib. iv. 16.884.Ib. iv. 19, 3. disponit qui nuntient sibi quem assensum, quos clamores excitarim, quem eventum judicii tulerim.885.Ib. vi. 11.886.Ib. ii. 14, 4.887.Plin. Ep. vi. 2, 6.888.For the career and character of M. Aquilius Regulus, v. Tac. Hist. iv. 42; Plin. Ep. i. 5; i. 20, 15; ii. 11; ii. 20; iv. 2; vi. 2; and Boissier, L’Opp. p. 193.889.Mart. i. 13, 83, 112, Cum tibi sit sophiae par fama et cura deorum, etc.890.Mart. vii. 31.891.Ib. vi. 38; vi. 64, 11.892.Ib. vii. 16.893.Plin. Ep. iv. 7, § 4.894.Ib. i. 20, 15; cf. references to the archaic literary taste of the day in Mart. v. 10.895.Plin. Ep. v. 12.896.Ib. vi. 2, 5.897.Ib. ii. 20.898.Ib. iv. 2.899.For the light which this throws on the production of books in that age, v. Haenny, Schriftsteller u. Buchhändler, pp. 39-41.900.Plin. Ep. ii. 10, 4; iii. 7, 14, quatenus nobis denegatur diu vivere, relinquamus aliquid quo nos vixisse testemur; v. 5, 4; v. 8, 2, me autem nihil aeque ac diuturnitatis amor sollicitat; cf. vii. 20.901.Stat. Silv. ii. 2.902.Mart. ii. 7; v. 30; iii 20; iv. 23; v. 23. For the same breadth of accomplishment in the fifth century, cf. Sidon. Apoll. Carm. v. 97; ii. 156; xxiii. 101; Rom. Soc. in the Last Cent. of the Western Empire (1st ed.), p. 375.903.Mart. vi. 60.904.Ib. iv. 14.905.Plin. Ep. iii. 21. This book is dated by Mommsen 101 A.D. (Plin. p. 14, Morel; v. App. C, p. 95); cf. Friedländer’s Martial, “Chronologie der Epigr. Mart.” p. 66.906.Plin. Ep. iv. 8, 4; v. 12, est mihi cum Cicerone aemulatio.907.Ib. vii. 30.908.Plin. Ep. viii. 24, reverere gloriam veterem et hanc ipsam senectutem quae in homine venerabilis, in urbibus sacra.909.Ib. vii. 4, 2, Qualem? inquis. Nescio; tragoedia vocabatur.910.Ib. vii. 4, 3.911.Ib. iv. 14, cf. Ov. Trist. ii. 365, who makes pretty much the same excuse to Augustus.912.Plin. Ep. v. 3.913.Cf. Nettleship, Lectures and Essays, 2nd Series, p. 39.914.Ep. iii. 13, 5; vii. 17.915.Ep. iii. 18; cf. ii. 19.916.Teuffel, R. Lit. § 387; Mackail, Lat. Lit. p. 264; Rom. Soc. in the Last Cent. of the W. Empire (1st ed.), p. 357.917.Plin. Ep. iii. 15.918.Ib. 1, 20. It is curious that this praise of amplitude should be addressed to Tacitus; cf. Nipperdey, Einleit. xxxiv.919.Macrob. Sat. v. 1, 7; Sidon. Apoll. i. 1, 1; iv. 22, 2, ego Plinio ut discipulus assurgo.920.Sym. Ep. v. 85. Seeck, Prol. xlv.921.Momms. Plin. (Tr.) p. 2; cf. Haenny, Schriftsteller, etc. p. 19.922.Plin. Ep. i. 1; vii. 28; i. 15; viii. 1; Macé, Suétone, p. 87.923.Momms. Plin. p. 4.924.Ib. pp. 7, 24; Teuffel, § 335, 1.925.Plin. Ep. iii. 18, 5; viii. 12, literarum senescentium reductor; Stat. Silv. i. Prooem.; Petron. 88; cf. Sidon. Apoll. Ep. viii. 8; ii. 14; vii. 15; ii. 10, 1.926.Plin. Ep. vi. 17, § 5.927.Ib. vii. 17; v. 12.928.Ib. vii. 20; viii. 7.929.Ib. vii. 20; ix. 23, ad hoc illum “Tacitus es an Plinius?”930.Ib. vi. 16, 2.931.Ib. iii. 21, 6, at non erunt aeterna quae scripsit; non erunt fortasse; ille tamen scripsit tanquam essent futura.932.Ib. iii. 7, scribebat carmina majore cura quam ingenio.933.Mart. vii. 63; Tac. Hist. iii. 65.934.v. Teuffel, R. Lit. § 315, n. 5, and the opinions collected by Mayor, Plin. iii. p. 120.935.Plin. Ep. iii. 7, 3.936.v. Mayor, Plin. iii. p. 114, for a learned note on suicide in the early Empire.937.Pliny, Ep. iv. 23, 3. For a similar ideal in the fifth century, v. Roman Society in the Last Century of the Western Empire, p. 165 (1st ed.).938.Plin. Ep. v. 8, § 1.939.For a good example cf. Plin. Ep. iii. 15.940.Capitol. Ant. P. 1.941.Plin. Ep. iv. 3.942.Ib. iv. 18; cf. viii. 4.943.Tac. Hist. ii. 11; ii. 18, 36; Plin. Ep. i. 5; ii. 7; iii. 1, scribit et quidem utraqua lingua, lyra doctissima. Spurinna was 77, at the date of this letter, A.D. 101-102; Momms. p. 11.944.Plin. Ep. iv. 27; cf. ix. 8.945.Ib. vi. 15; ix. 22.946.Plin. Ep. vi. 21.947.C.I.L. vi. 798; Or. 801. He was Secretary (ab Epistulis) under Domitian, Nerva, and Trajan; cf. Macé, Suétone, pp. 91, 93, 115.948.Plin. Ep. i. 17; viii. 12. Cf. C. Fannius, who wrote a history of the victims of Nero, Plin. Ep. v. 5. He died circ. 106, Macé, p. 82.949.Plin. Ep. v. 8. For similar unwillingness, cf. Sidon. Apoll. Ep. iv. 22.950.Plin. Ep. i. 3.951.Ib. viii. 4; ix. 33.952.Mart. iv. 33; vi. 14.953.Momms. Plin. p. 13, puts his birth in 77 A.D.; but cf. Macé, p. 35, who places it in the year 69; see too Peter, Gesch. Litt. ii. 67. The indications in Suet. are Domit. xii.; Ill. Gramm. iv.; Nero, lvii.954.Macé, p. 83; Peter, ii. 69; cf. Krause, De Sueton. Fontibus.955.For the authorities, v. Macé, p. 29.956.From 97 to 101 A.D., ib. pp. 53-57.957.Plin. Ep. iii. 8.958.Ib. i. 24; of the year 97. On the meaning of contubernalis, Suetonius being 28, and Pliny 35 years of age, v. Macé, p. 50.959.Plin. Ad Traj. 94; cf. Macé, p. 50.960.Plin. Ep. i. 18.961.Macé, p. 68; Plin. Ep. v. 10; Momms. Plin. p. 18.962.Macé, p. 69.963.Macé, p. 90. For the disgrace of Suetonius, v. Spart. Hadr. xi. 2.964.Plin. Paneg. 53.965.See Roman Society in the Last Century of the Western Empire, p. 348 sq. (1st ed.).966.Virg. Aen. vi. 848 sq.967.Ov. Trist. iv. 128; Hor. Carm. ii. 20; Friedl. Sittengesch. iii. p. 299.968.Mau, Pompeii (Tr.), 486, 488; C.I.L. ii. 4967.969.Tac. De Or. 13, auditis in theatro Virgilii versibus surrexit universus populus, etc.970.Petron. Sat. 68.971.Plin. Ep. iii. 18, 4; viii. 12, 1; cf. Seneca’s complaints of his time, Ep. 95, § 23; 100; Petron. 83-4.972.Tac. Dial. de Or. 20; Mart. v. 10; cf. Suet. Octav. 86, Cacozelos et antiquarios, ut diverso genere vitiosos, pari fastidio sprevit; Pers. i. 69 sq.; Sen. Ep. 114. For Hadrian’s preference of Ennius to Virgil, etc., v. Spart. Hadr. c. 16; A. Gell. xii. 2; Macé, p. 96; Martha, Les Moralistes sous l’Empire Rom. p. 184.973.Sen. Ep. 114, § 13, duodecim tabulas loquuntur.974.Tac. Dial. de Or. 20.975.Tac. De Or. 12.976.Ib. 9, 10.977.Suet. Dom. iv.978.Stat. v. 3, 225; cf. Suet. Claud. xi. A Greek comedy in honour of Germanicus was performed.979.Suet. Ner. xii. Suetonius says it was the first of the kind. It was called “Neronia.”980.Or. 2603, to L. Val. Pudens, erected by his fellow-citizens in A.D. 110. He was only 13. v. Teuffel, § 314, n. 4; Friedl. Sittengesch. iii. p. 324.981.Plin. Ep. vi. 2; ix. 11, 2; Mart. vii. 8. Cf. Haenny, Schriftst. u. Buchh. ii. p. 24 sqq.982.Epict. iii. 23, § 11.983.Mart. iii. 44, 45; iv. 81.984.Juv. i. 2; iii. 9.985.Petron. Sat. 90, 91, 115.986.Plin. Ep. i. 13; ii. 19; iv. 5; 27; v. 12; vi. 17, 21; viii. 21.987.Plin. Ep. vi. 17.988.Ib. iv. 27.989.Ib. iii. 18; iv. 5.990.Ib. i. 13, 2; vi. 17; viii. 12, 1.991.Ib. vii 17, 7, quia in numero ipso est quoddam magnum conlatumque consilium. Cf. Arist. Pol. iii. 11, διὸ καὶ κρίνουσιν ἄμεινον οἱ πολλοὶ καὶ τὰ τῆς μουσικῆς ἔργα καὶ τὰ τῶν ποιητῶν.992.Sidon. Apoll. Ep. ii. 14; vii. 15; i. 6.993.Plin. Ep. viii. 12. Seneca was even more pessimist, cf. Ep. 95, § 23; 100; De Brev. V. xiii. 1.994.Plin. Ep. i. 9; quot dies quam frigidis rebus absumpsi! cf. the social life of Symmachus, Roman Society in the Last Century of the Western Empire, p. 128 sq. (1st ed.).995.Sen. De Tranq. xii.; Juv. iii. xi. Mart. xii. 18.996.Plin. Ep. i. 9; iv. 1.997.Mart. iii. 58.998.Plin. Ep. v. 6, § 7, 8; i. 3; ix. 7 § 4.999.Ep. viii. 8; cf. Virg. Georg. ii. 146; once visited by Caligula, Suet. Calig. 43.1000.Plin. Ep. i. 6, solitudo ipsumque illud silentium quod venationi datur magna cogitationis incitamenta sunt.1001.Ib. iii. 1, § 7.1002.Ib. vii. 25.1003.Sidon. Apoll. Ep. i. 6; ii. 14; vii. 15.1004.Stat. Silv. ii. 2, 22, spumant templa salo.1005.Plin. Ep. v. 6.1006.Ib. ii. 17, § 27.1007.Stat. Silv. ii. 2, 53; cf. iii. 1, 124.1008.Ib. i. 3, 20-37.1009.Imposed by Trajan on candidates for office, Plin. Ep. vi. 19. This was a repetition of former enactments, e.g. Suet. Tib. 48. It was revived again by M. Aurelius, Capitol. xi. Exclusion from commerce necessitated investments in land. Plin. Ep. iii. 19, sum prope totus in praediis, aliquid tamen foenero. In A.D. 106 the price of land was rising, Ep. vi. 19; but cf. iii. 19 (A.D. 101); see Friedl. i. p. 197.1010.Sen. De Benef. vii. 10, 5; Ep. 89, § 20; Mart. v. 13, 7; Petron. Sat. 76, 77; Stat. Silv. ii. 6, 62.1011.Plin. Ep. ii. 17; v. 6; ix. 7; iv. 1; iv. 13.1012.Mart. vii. 31.1013.Plin. Ep. iii. 7.1014.Friedl. Sittengesch. iii. 64.1015.Plin. Ep. ii. 17; Stat. Silv. ii. 2, 76.1016.Plin. ii. 17, § 16.1017.Stat. Silv. i. 3, 29.1018.Plin. Ep. ii. 17, § 24.1019.Friedl. Sittengesch. iii. 87.1020.Plin. Ep. v. 6.1021.Stat. Silv. ii. 2, 85; i. 5, 36; Friedl. Sittengesch. iii. 65.1022.Plin. Ep. iii. 6; cf. the taste of Silius Italicus, iii. 7, 8; Petron. Sat. 50, 88; Mahaffy, Greek World, etc., p. 139 sq.1023.Stat. Silv. i. 3, 50; ii. 2, 63 sq.; Mart. iv. 39.1024.Friedl. iii. 196; cf. Croiset, Lucien, c. ix. p. 265; Marq. Priv. ii. 611.1025.Plin. Ep. v. 6, 7; cf. ii. 17, § 3.1026.Ib. ii. 17, § 15; v. 6, § 33.1027.Suet. Nero, xxvii.; Friedl. iii. 77 sqq.1028.Plin. Ep. ix. 36; iii. 1.1029.Ib. iii. 5, § 15.1030.Ib. iii. 1.1031.Ib. ix. 36, § 6.1032.Plin. Ep. iv. 1.1033.Ib. iii. 19.1034.Ib. § 7. This estate was once worth HS.5,000,000; it was now offered for HS.3,000,000, i.e. £25,000; cf. Ep. iv. 6; ii. 4, 3. The letter iii. 19 belongs to the year 101 A.D.; but in Ep. vi. 19 (106 A.D.) it appears that the price of land was rising, owing to competition, and Pliny advises Nepos to sell his Italian estates and buy others in the provinces; cf. vi. 3, 1.1035.Ep. ix. 37, medendi una ratio, si non nummo sed partibus locem; cf. J. S. Mill, Pol. Econ. bk. ii. c. 8, 1; A. Young, Travels in France, p. 18.1036.Plin. Ep. viii. 2; ix. 37, 3.1037.Ib. viii. 16; cf. the Lex Coll. Cultorum Dianae et Antinoi, Or. Henz. 6086. The slave member is permitted to dispose of his funeraticium by will. Marq. Priv. i. 189.1038.Sen. Ep. 31; 47; 77; De Clem. i. 18, 3; De Ben. iii. 21; Juv. xiv. 16; D. Chr. Or. x.; Spart. Hadr. 18, § 7; Boissier, Rel. Rom. ii. 358; Denis, des Idées Morales, etc., ii. 208 sq.; Wallon, L’Esclav. i. c. 11; Marq. i. 189.1039.Ep. vii. 32. Fabatus seems to have been a model country squire; cf. Ep. iv. 1; v. 11; vi. 12; vii. 11; viii. 10.1040.Ib. viii. 1.1041.Ib. v. 19; cf. Sen. Ep. 27, § 6; Friedl. SG. iii. 89; Marq. Priv. i. 158.1042.Plin. Ep. v. 19.1043.Mart. i. 44; iii. 49; Juv. v. 25 sqq.; cf. Sen. De Ben. vi. 33, § 4.1044.Plin. Ep. ii. 6.1045.Or. Henz. 2862, 2874, 6389.1046.Plin. Ep. iii. 14.1047.Ib. vi. 25; cf. the similar fate of Lampridius, at the close of the Western Empire in Gaul, Sid. Apoll. Ep. viii. 11. § 10.1048.Sen. Ep. 4, § 8; 107, 5.1049.See a great mass of instances and authorities collected, with his unique learning, by Mayor, Plin. iii. pp. 114, 115; cf. Boissier, L’Opp. p. 212.1050.Sen. Ep. 24, § 11; 58, § 36; 70, § 8; 117, § 22; De Prov. ii. 10; vi. 7; De Ira, iii. 15; Epict. i. 24; cf. ii. 15; iii. 24; M. Aurel. x. 8; x. 32; cf. Mommsen, De Coll. p. 100.1051.Sen. Ep. 70, § 21, dum hoc constat praeferendam esse spurcissimam mortem servituti mundissimae.1052.Ib. 58, § 36, non adferam mihi manus propter dolorem: hunc tamen si sciero perpetuo mihi esse patiendum, exibo; non propter ipsum, sed quia impedimento mihi futurus est ad omne propter quod vivitur ... prosiliam ex aedificio putri ac ruenti.1053.Plin. Ep. i. 22, 10; Aristo was a fine type of the puritan pagan, an “imago priscae frugalitatis.”1054.Ib. iii. 7, 1. For similar instances, v. Sen. Ep. 70, § 6; Tac. Ann. xi. 3; Suet. Tib. 53; Petron. 111; Epict. ii. 15.1055.Plin. Ep. ix. 13, 6; cf. iv. 17, 4; vii.1056.Ib. i. 12, 10. It is characteristic of the time that his last word was κέκρικα.1057.Ib. vi. 24.1058.Pliny boasts of idealising his friends; vii. 28, agnosco crimen.... Ut enim non sint tales quales a me praedicantur, ego tamen beatus quod mihi videntur.1059.Plin. Ep. viii. 18; iv. 21; viii. 10, 11, neque enim ardentius tu pronepotes quam ego liberos cupio; cf. iv. 15, 3, fecunditate uxoris frui voluit eo saeculo quo plerisque etiam singulos filios orbitatis praemia graves faciunt.1060.Ib. iii. 3, in hac licentia temporum.1061.Ib. iv. 25, proximis comitiis in quibusdam tabellis multa jocularia atque etiam foeda dictu ... inventa sunt.1062.Ib. viii. 23, 3, ipsi sibi exempla sunt.1063.Ib. vii. 24, she was born about A.D. 27, in the reign of Tiberius. Ummidia had the virtue of liberality; she built an amphitheatre and temple for Casinum, Or. Henz. 781.1064.Plin. Ep. vii. 28, 2.1065.Cf. Ep. v. 14, on his relations with Cornutus Tertullus: quae societas amicitiarum artissima nos familiaritate conjunxit.1066.Plin. Ep. vi. 6; vi. 32; in which he offers a dowry to Quintilian’s daughter in the most delicate way; cf. Juv. iii. 215; xv. 150; Sen. De Benef. ii. 21, 5; iv. 11, 3; Tac. Ann. iv. 62; yet cf. the judgment of D. Chrys. Or. vii. § 82; Denis, Idées Morales, ii. 175 sqq.1067.Plin. Ep. viii. 23, 2; vi. 11, 3; i. 12, 12; ii. 1, 8 (of Verginius Rufus), sic candidatum me suffragio ornavit, etc., iii. 1, 6 (of Spurinna), quibus praeceptis imbuare!1068.Plin. Ad Traj. 87, 94.1069.Id. Ep. vi. 29.1070.Ib. iii. 3.1071.Plin. Ep. vi. 11.1072.Ib. vi. 26.1073.Ib. iv. 15. Fundanus’s consulship is mentioned in two inscriptions, Or. 1588, 2471. There is a difficulty about the dates which is discussed in Momms. Plin. p. 17, n. 3. Fundanus does not appear in the Fasti.1074.Sen. Ad Marc. xiii. xiv.; Ad Helv. xvi.1075.Ad Marc. xvi. par illis, mihi crede, vigor, etc. Ad Helv. xvii. 4, cf. Plut. Conj. Praec. xlviii. φαρμάκων ἐπῳδὰς οὐ προσδέξεται (ἡ γυνὴ) τοῖς Πλάτωνος ἐπᾳδομένη λόγοις, κτλ.; cf. Juv. vi. 450; Mart. vii. 69.1076.Plin. Ep. iv. 19, § 4.1077.Plin. Ep. v. 16.1078.Seneca and Paulina, Tac. Ann. xv. 64; Plutarch, Ad Uxorem, iv. v.1079.Plin. Ep. vi. 4, 5, 7.1080.Id. Ad Traj. 121, 122.1081.Cic. De Off. ii. 18 (63), atque haec benignitas etiam reipublicae est utilis, redimi e servitute captos, locupletari tenuiores.1082.Hor. Sat. ii. 2, 103—

Cur eget indignus quisquam, te divite?

1083.Sen. Ep. 47, § 1, 31; De Benef. iii. 21; De Clem. i. 18, 3; De Ira, iii. 24.1084.Sen. Ep. 95, § 52.1085.Sen. Benef. iv. 5; iv. 26; iv. 28, Di multa ingratis tribuunt.1086.Juv. xiv. 16; vi. 219, 476.1087.Id. xiv. 31.1088.Id. xiii. 190.1089.Juv. xv. 133.1090.Or. Henz. 6042.1091.Cic. De Off. i. 14; Sym. Ep. ii. 78; ix. 126; Olympiod. § 44 (Müller, Fr. H. Gr. iv. p. 68); cf. Boeckh, Public Ec. of Athens (Trans. Lewis), pp. 458, 520, 578.1092.Marq. Priv. i. 178 n. 10; cf. Juv. ii. 117; Mart. vii. 64, dominae munere factus eques; Tac. Ann. xiii. 34.1093.Suet. Vesp. 18; Spart. Hadr. 16, § 8; Capitol. Ant. P. 11, § 3.1094.D. Cass. 68. 2; Victor, Epit. 12.1095.Or. Henz. 6664; Plin. Paneg. 28, hi subsidium bellorum, ornamentum pacis publicis sumptibus aluntur. Duruy, iv. 784; Boissier, Rel. Rom. ii. 211; Kratz, De Benef., a Traj. collatis, p. 11.1096.Plin. Ep. x. 62. The letter reveals an unwillingness among the people of Bithynia to become debtors to the public treasury.1097.Cf. Tac. Ann. iv. 27, minore in dies plebe ingenua; iii. 25; cf. Meriv. viii. 353.1098.Spart. Hadr. 7.1099.Capitol. Ant. P. 8.1100.Id. M. Aurel. 26; cf. Capitol. Pertin. 9. He found the interest on Trajan’s foundation nine years in arrear. Lamprid. Alex. Sev. 57, 7; his charity children were called Mammaeani; Kratz, p. 11.1101.Or. Henz. 6694 to a man who left Tibur his sole heir; 3733 ob munificentiam; 3765, 3766, 3882, 7190, 6993, 7001, 781; cf. Philostr. Vit. Soph. ii. 1 sqq. ἄριστα δὲ ἀνθρώπων πλούτῳ ἐχρήσατο. Plin. H. N. xxix. 4 (8); Friedländer, Cena Trim. Einl. 46 sq.1102.Plin. Ep. i. 3, § 1, Comum meae deliciae; v. 11, 2; iv. 13, respublica nostra pro filia vel parente.1103.v. the inscr. in Momms. Plin. p. 31.1104.Plin. Ep. i. 8; v. 7; Or. 1172.1105.Plin. Ep. iv. 13.1106.Ib. vii. 18; Or. 1172.1107.Plin. Ep. iv. 1; cf. ix. 12.1108.Ib. vi. 32.1109.Ib. i. 19.1110.Ib. iii. 11.1111.Ib. ii. 4.1112.Ib. vi. 3.1113.Friedl. Cena Trim. Einleit. p. 48.1114.Or. Henz. 114.1115.Boissier, Promenades Archæologiques, p. 330, ce qui nous échappe c’est la vie de province.1116.Hor. Carm. iii. 4, 9.1117.Mart. iv. 55, 11; xii. 18, 9; i. 50.1118.It must, however, be said that Virgil has preserved much of local religious sentiment. Cf. Sellar, Virgil, p. 365 sq.1119.Virg. Ecl. ii. 48; Georg. ii. 466 sqq.; iii. 324-338, et saltus reficit jam roscida luna; cf. Sellar, Virgil, pp. 166-167.1120.Aen. vii. 630 sqq.; Sellar, p. 80.1121.Plin. Ep. i. 3; i. 6; i. 9; vii. 30; ix. 36. Mart. iii. 58; i. 56; iv. 66; iv. 90; vi. 43.1122.Hor. Carm. i. 17.1123.Juv. iii.1124.v. Rom. Society in the Last Century of the Western Empire, p. 128 sq. (1st ed.); Sym. i. 101; ii. 26; v. 78. Cf. Auson. Idyl. x. 20, 155, 189.1125.Mart. xii. 18—

Dum per limina te potentiorum

Sudatrix toga ventilat, vagumque

Major Caelius, et minor fatigat.