Transcriber's Note
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Individual letters in square brackets were inverted in the printed text.
СМИТСОНОВСКИЙ ИНСТИТУТ — БЮРО ЭТНОЛОГИИ.
ПИКТРОГРАФЫ СЕВЕРОАМЕРИКАНСКИХ ИНДЕЙЦЕВ.
ПРЕДВАРИТЕЛЬНЫЙ ДОКЛАД.
АВТОР: ГАРРИК МЭЛЛЕРИ.
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ.
Page. List of illustrations7 Introductory13 Distribution of petroglyphs in North America19 Northeastern rock-carvings19 Rock-carvings in Pennsylvania20 in Ohio21 in West Virginia22 in the Southern States22 in Iowa23 in Minnesota23 in Wyoming and Idaho24 in Nevada24 in Oregon and Washington Territory25 in Utah26 in Colorado27 in New Mexico28 in Arizona28 in California30 in Colored pictographs on rocks33 Foreign petroglyphs38 Petroglyphs in South America38 in British Guiana40 in Brazil44 Pictographs in Peru45 Objects represented in pictographs46 Instruments used in pictography48 Instruments for carving48 for drawing48 for painting48 for tattooing49 Colors and methods of application50 In the United States50 In British Guiana53 Significance of colors53 Materials upon which pictographs are made58 Natural objects58 Bone59 Living tree59 Wood59 Bark59 Skins60 Feathers60 Gourds60 Horse-hair60 Shells, including wampum60 Earth and sand60 The human person61 Paint on the human person61 Tattooing63 Tattoo marks of the Haida Indians66 Tattooing in the Pacific Islands73 Artificial objects78 Mnemonic79 The quipu of the Peruvians79 Notched sticks81 Order of songs82 Traditions84 Treaties86 War87 Time88 The Dakota Winter Counts89 The Corbusier Winter Counts127 Notification147 Notice of departure and direction147 condition152 Warning and guidance155 Charts of geographic features157 Claim or demand159 Messages and communications160 Record of expedition164 Totemic165 Tribal designations165 Gentile or clan designations167 Personal designations168 Insignia or tokens of authority168 Personal name169 An Ogalala roster174 Red-Cloud’s census176 Property marks182 Status of the individual183 Signs of particular achievements183 Religious188 Mythic personages188 Shamanism190 Dances and ceremonies194 Mortuary practices197 Grave-posts198 Charms and fetiches201 Customs203 Associations203 Daily life and habits205 Tribal history207 Biographic208 Continuous record of events in life208 Particular exploits and events214 Ideographs219 Abstract ideas219 Symbolism221 Identification of the pictographers224 General style or type225 Presence of characteristic objects230 Modes of interpretation233 Homomorphs and symmorphs239 Conventionalizing244 Errors and frauds247 Suggestions to collaborators254
ИЛЛЮСТРАЦИИ.
PlatePage. I.—Colored pictographs in Santa Barbara County, California34 II.—Colored pictographs in Santa Barbara County, California35 III.—New Zealand tattooed heads76 IV.—Ojibwa Meda song82 V.—Penn wampum belt87 VI.—Winter count on buffalo robe89 VII.—Dakota winter counts: for 1786-’87 to 1792-’93100 VIII.—Dakota winter counts: for 1793-’94 to 1799-1800101 IX.—Dakota winter counts: for 1800-’01 to 1802-’03103 X.—Dakota winter counts: for 1803-’04 to 1805-’06104 XI.—Dakota winter counts: for 1806-’07 to 1808-’09105 XII.—Dakota winter counts: for 1809-’10 to 1811-’12106 XIII.—Dakota winter counts: for 1812-’13 to 1814-’15108 XIV.—Dakota winter counts: for 1815-’16 to 1817-’18109 XV.—Dakota winter counts: for 1818-’19 to 1820-’21110 XVI.—Dakota winter counts: for 1821-’22 to 1823-’24111 XVII.—Dakota winter counts: for 1824-’25 to 1826-’27113 XVIII.—Dakota winter counts: for 1827-’28 to 1829-’30114 XIX.—Dakota winter counts: for 1830-’31 to 1832-’33115 XX.—Dakota winter counts: for 1833-’34 to 1835-’36116 XXI.—Dakota winter counts: for 1836-’37 to 1838-’39117 XXII.—Dakota winter counts: for 1839-’40 to 1841-’42117 XXIII.—Dakota winter counts: for 1842-’43 to 1844-’45118 XXIV.—Dakota winter counts: for 1845-’46 to 1847-’48119 XXV.—Dakota winter counts: for 1848-’49 to 1850-’51120 XXVI.—Dakota winter counts: for 1851-’52 to 1853-’54120 XXVII.—Dakota winter counts: for 1854-’55 to 1856-’57121 XXVIII.—Dakota winter counts: for 1857-’58 to 1859-’60122 XXIX.—Dakota winter counts: for 1860-’61 to 1862-’63123 XXX.—Dakota winter counts: for 1863-’64 to 1865-’66124 XXXI.—Dakota winter counts: for 1866-’67 to 1868-’69125 XXXII.—Dakota winter counts: for 1869-’70 to 1870-’71126 XXXIII.—Dakota winter counts: for 1871-’72 to 1876-’77127 XXXIV.—Corbusier winter counts: for 1775-’76 to 1780-’81130 XXXV.—Corbusier winter counts: for 1781-’82 to 1786-’87131 XXXVI.—Corbusier winter counts: for 1787-’88 to 1792-’93132 XXXVII.—Corbusier winter counts: for 1793-’94 to 1798-’99133 XXXVIII.—Corbusier winter counts: for 1799-1800 to 1804-’05134 XXXIX.—Corbusier winter counts: for 1805-’06 to 1810-’11134 XL.—Corbusier winter counts: for 1811-’12 to 1816-’17135 XLI.—Corbusier winter counts: for 1817-’18 to 1822-’23136 XLII.—Corbusier winter counts: for 1823-’24 to 1828-’29137 XLIII.—Corbusier winter counts: for 1829-’30 to 1834-’35138 XLIV.—Corbusier winter counts: for 1835-’36 to 1840-’41139 XLV.—Corbusier winter counts: for 1841-’42 to 1846-’47140 XLVI.—Corbusier winter counts: for 1847-’48 to 1852-’53142 XLVII.—Corbusier winter counts: for 1853-’54 to 1858-’59143 XLVIII.—Corbusier winter counts: for 1859-’60 to 1864-’65143 XLIX.—Corbusier winter counts: for 1865-’66 to 1870-’71144 L.—Corbusier winter counts: for 1871-’72 to 1876-’77145 LI.—Corbusier winter counts: for 1877-’78 to 1878-’79146 LII.—An Ogalala roster: Big-Road and band174 LIII.—An Ogalala roster: Low-Dog and band174 LIV.—An Ogalala roster: The Bear Spares-him and band174 LV.—An Ogalala roster: Has a War-club and band174 LVI.—An Ogalala roster: Wall-Dog and band174 LVII.—An Ogalala roster: Iron-Crow and band174 LVIII.—An Ogalala roster: Little-Hawk and band174 LIX.—Red-Cloud’s census: Red-Cloud’s band176 LX.—Red-Cloud’s census: Red-Cloud’s band176 LXI.—Red-Cloud’s census: Red-Cloud’s band176 LXII.—Red-Cloud’s census: Red-Cloud’s band176 LXIII.—Red-Cloud’s census: Red-Cloud’s band176 LXIV.—Red-Cloud’s census: Red-Cloud’s band176 LXV.—Red-Cloud’s census: Red-Cloud’s band176 LXVI.—Red-Cloud’s census: Red-Cloud’s band176 LXVII.—Red-Cloud’s census: Red-Shirt’s band176 LXVIII.—Red-Cloud’s census: Red-Shirt’s band176 LXIX.—Red-Cloud’s census: Red-Shirt’s band176 LXX.—Red-Cloud’s census: Black-Deer’s band176 LXXI.—Red-Cloud’s census: Black-Deer’s band176 LXXII.—Red-Cloud’s census: Black-Deer’s band176 LXXIII.—Red-Cloud’s census: Red-Hawk’s band176 LXXIV.—Red-Cloud’s census: Red-Hawk’s hand176 LXXV.—Red-Cloud’s census: High-Wolf’s band176 LXXVI.—Red-Cloud’s census: High-Wolf’s band176 LXXVII.—Red-Cloud’s census: Gun’s band176 LXXVIII.—Red-Cloud’s census: Gun’s band176 LXXIX.—Red-Cloud’s census: Second Black-Deer’s band176 LXXX.—Rock Painting in Azuza Cañon, California156 LXXXI.—Moki masks etched on rocks. Arizona194 LXXXII.—Buffalo-head monument195 LXXXIII.—Ojibwa grave-posts199 Figure 1.—Petroglyphs at Oakley Springs, Arizona30 2.—Deep carvings in Guiana42 3.—Shallow carvings in Guiana43 4.—Rock etchings at Oakley Springs, Arizona: Beaver47 5.—Rock etchings at Oakley Springs, Arizona: Bear47 6.—Rock etchings at Oakley Springs, Arizona: Mountain sheep47 7.—Rock etchings at Oakley Springs, Arizona: Three Wolf heads47 8.—Rock etchings at Oakley Springs, Arizona: Three Jackass rabbits47 9.—Rock etchings at Oakley Springs, Arizona: Cotton-tail rabbit47 10.—Rock etchings at Oakley Springs, Arizona: Bear tracks47 11.—Rock etchings at Oakley Springs, Arizona: Eagle47 12.—Rock etchings at Oakley Springs, Arizona: Eagle tails47 13.—Rock etchings at Oakley Springs, Arizona: Turkey tail47 14.—Rock etchings at Oakley Springs, Arizona: Horned toads47 15.—Rock etchings at Oakley Springs, Arizona: Lizards47 16.—Rock etchings at Oakley Springs, Arizona: Butterfly47 17.—Rock etchings at Oakley Springs, Arizona: Snakes47 18.—Rock etchings at Oakley Springs, Arizona: Rattlesnake47 19.—Rock etchings at Oakley Springs, Arizona: Deer track47 20.—Rock etchings at Oakley Springs, Arizona: Three Bird tracks47 21.—Rock etchings at Oakley Springs, Arizona: Bitterns47 22.—Bronze head from the necropolis of Marzabotto, Italy62 23.—Fragment of bowl from Troja63 24.—Haida totem post, Queen Charlotte’s Island68 25.—Haida man, tattooed69 26.—Haida woman, tattooed69 27.—Haida woman, tattooed70 28.—Haida man, tattooed70 29.—Skulpin (right leg of Fig. 26)71 30.—Frog (left leg of Fig. 26)71 31.—Cod (breast of Fig. 25)71 32.—Squid (Octopus), (thighs of Fig. 25)71 33.—Wolf, enlarged (back of Fig. 28)71 34.—Tattoo designs on bone, from New Zealand74 35.—New Zealand tattooed head and chin mark75 36.—New Zealand tattooed woman75 37.—Australian grave and carved trees76 38.—Osage chart86 39.—Device denoting succession of time. Dakota88 40.—Device denoting succession of time. Dakota89 41.—Measles or Smallpox. Dakota110 42.—Meteor. Dakota111 43.—River freshet. Dakota113 44.—Meteoric shower. Dakota116 45.—The-Teal-broke-his-leg. Dakota119 46.—Magic Arrow. Dakota141 47.—Notice of hunt. Alaska147 48.—Notice of departure. Alaska148 49.—Notice of hunt. Alaska149 50.—Notice of direction. Alaska149 51.—Notice of direction. Alaska150 52.—Notice of direction. Alaska150 53.—Notice of distress. Alaska152 54.—Notice of departure and refuge. Alaska152 55.—Notice of departure to relieve distress. Alaska153 56.—Ammunition wanted. Alaska154 57.—Assistance wanted in hunt. Alaska154 58.—Starving hunters. Alaska154 59.—Starving hunters. Alaska155 60.—Lean Wolf’s map. Hidatsa158 61.—Letter to “Little-man” from his father. Cheyenne160 62.—Drawing of smoke signal. Alaska161 63.—Tesuque Diplomatic Packet162 64.—Tesuque Diplomatic Packet162 65.—Tesuque Diplomatic Packet162 66.—Tesuque Diplomatic Packet163 67.—Tesuque Diplomatic Packet163 68.—Dakota pictograph: for Kaiowa165 69.—Dakota pictograph: for Arikara166 70.—Dakota pictograph: for Omaha166 71.—Dakota pictograph: for Pawnee166 72.—Dakota pictograph: for Assiniboine166 73.—Dakota pictograph: for Gros Ventre166 74.—Lean-Wolf as “Partisan”168 75.—Two-Strike as “Partisan”169 76.—Lean-Wolf (personal name)172 77.—Pointer. Dakota172 78.—Shadow. Dakota173 79.—Loud-Talker. Dakota173 80.—Boat Paddle. Arikara182 81.—African property mark182 82.—Hidatsa feather marks: First to strike enemy184 83.—Hidatsa feather marks: Second to strike enemy184 84.—Hidatsa feather marks: Third to strike enemy184 85.—Hidatsa feather marks: Fourth to strike enemy184 86.—Hidatsa feather marks: Wounded by an enemy184 87.—Hidatsa feather marks: Killed a woman184 88.—Dakota feather marks: Killed an enemy185 89.—Dakota feather marks: Cut throat and scalped185 90.—Dakota feather marks: Cut enemy’s throat185 91.—Dakota feather marks: Third to strike185 92.—Dakota feather marks: Fourth to strike185 93.—Dakota feather marks: Fifth to strike185 94.—Dakota feather marks: Many wounds185 95.—Successful defense. Hidatsa, etc.186 96.—Two successful defenses. Hidatsa, etc.186 97.—Captured a horse. Hidatsa, etc.186 98.—First to strike an enemy. Hidatsa187 99.—Second to strike an enemy. Hidatsa187 100.—Third to strike an enemy. Hidatsa187 101.—Fourth to strike an enemy. Hidatsa187 102.—Fifth to strike an enemy. Arikara187 103.—Struck four enemies. Hidatsa187 104.—Thunder bird. Dakota188 105.—Thunder bird. Dakota188 106.—Thunder bird (wingless). Dakota189 107.—Thunder bird (in beads). Dakota189 108.—Thunder bird. Haida190 109.—Thunder bird. Twana190 110.—Ivory record, Shaman exorcising demon. Alaska191 111.—Ivory record, Supplication for success. Alaska192 111a.—Shaman’s Lodge. Alaska196 112.—Alaska votive offering197 113.—Alaska grave-post198 114.—Alaska grave-post199 115.—Alaska village and burial grounds199 116.—New Zealand grave effigy200 117.—New Zealand grave-post201 118.—New Zealand house posts201 119.—Mdewakantawan fetich202 120.—Ottawa pipe-stem204 121.—Walrus hunter. Alaska205 122.—Alaska carving with records205 123.—Origin of Brulé. Dakota207 124.—Running Antelope: Killed one Arikara208 125.—Running Antelope: Shot and scalped an Arikara209 126.—Running Antelope: Shot an Arikara209 127.—Running Antelope: Killed two warriors210 128.—Running Antelope: Killed ten men and three women210 129.—Running Antelope: Killed two chiefs211 130.—Running Antelope: Killed one Arikara211 131.—Running Antelope: Killed one Arikara212 132.—Running Antelope: Killed two Arikara hunters212 133.—Running Antelope: Killed five Arikara213 134.—Running Antelope: Killed an Arikara213 135.—Record of hunt. Alaska214 136.—Shoshoni horse raid215 137.—Drawing on buffalo shoulder-blade. Camanche216 138.—Cross-Bear’s death217 139.—Bark record from Red Lake, Minnesota218 140.—Sign for pipe. Dakota219 141.—Plenty buffalo meat. Dakota219 142.—Plenty buffalo meat. Dakota220 143.—Pictograph for Trade. Dakota220 144.—Starvation. Dakota220 145.—Starvation. Ottawa and Pottawatomi221 146.—Pain. Died of “Whistle.” Dakota221 147.—Example of Algonkian petroglyphs, from Millsborough, Pennsylvania224 148.—Example of Algonkian petroglyphs, from Hamilton Farm, West Virginia225 149.—Example of Algonkian petroglyphs, from Safe Harbor, Pennsylvania226 150.—Example of Western Algonkian petroglyphs, from Wyoming227 151.—Example of Shoshonian petroglyphs, from Idaho228 152.—Example of Shoshonian petroglyphs, from Idaho229 153.—Example of Shoshonian petroglyphs, from Utah230 154.—Example of Shoshonian rock painting, from Utah230 155.—Rock painting, from Tule River, California235 156.—Sacred inclosure from Arizona. Moki237 157.—Ceremonial head-dress. Moki237 158.—Houses. Moki237 159.—Burden-sticks. Moki238 160.—Arrows. Moki238 161.—Blossoms. Moki238 162.—Lightning. Moki238 163.—Clouds. Moki238 164.—Clouds with rain. Moki238 165.—Stars, Moki238 166.—Sun. Moki239 167.—Sunrise. Moki,239 168.—Drawing of Dakota lodges, by Hidatsa240 169.—Drawing of earth lodges, by Hidatsa240 170.—Drawing of white man’s house, by Hidatsa240 171.—Hidatsati, the home of the Hidatsa240 172.—Horses and man. Arikara240 173.—Dead man. Arikara240 174.—Second to strike enemy. Hidatsa240 175.—Third to strike enemy. Hidatsa240 176.—Scalp taken. Hidatsa240 177.—Enemy struck and gun captured. Hidatsa240 178.—Mendota drawing. Dakota241 179.—Symbol of war. Dakota241 180.—Captives. Dakota242 181.—Circle of men. Dakota242 182.—Shooting from river banks. Dakota242 183.—Panther. Haida242 184.—Wolf head. Haida243 185.—Drawings on an African knife243 186.—Conventional characters: Men. Arikara244 187.—Conventional characters: Man. Innuit244 188.—Conventional characters: Dead man. Satsika244 189.—Conventional characters: Man addressed. Innuit244 190.—Conventional characters: Man. Innuit244 191.—Conventional characters: Man. From Tule River, California244 192.—Conventional characters: Man. From Tule River, California244 193.—Conventional characters: Disabled man. Ojibwa244 194.—Conventional characters: Shaman. Innuit245 195.—Conventional characters: Supplication. Innuit245 196.—Conventional characters: Man. Ojibwa245 197.—Conventional characters: Spiritually enlightened man. Ojibwa245 198.—Conventional characters: A wabeno. Ojibwa245 199.—Conventional characters: An evil Meda. Ojibwa245 200.—Conventional characters: A Meda. Ojibwa245 201.—Conventional characters: Man. Hidatsa245 202.—Conventional characters: Headless body. Ojibwa245 203.—Conventional characters: Headless body. Ojibwa245 204.—Conventional characters: Man. Moki245 205.—Conventional characters: Man. From Siberia245 206.—Conventional characters: Superior knowledge. Ojibwa246 207.—Conventional characters: An American. Ojibwa246 208.—Specimen of imitated pictograph249 209.—Symbols of cross252
О ПИКТРОГРАФАХ СЕВЕРОАМЕРИКАНСКИХ ИНДЕЙЦЕВ.
Гаррик Мэллери.
ВВЕДЕНИЕ.
Пиктограф представляет собой письмо в картинках. Он передает и фиксирует идею или событие графическими средствами без использования слов или букв. Создание составляющих его рисунков часто демонстрирует первые грубые попытки графического искусства, и их изучение в этом аспекте представляет ценность. Когда рисунки используются в качестве письменности, задуманная концепция обычно подвергается анализу, и обозначаются лишь ее самые существенные моменты, в результате чего знаки при частых повторениях становятся условными и в своих более поздних формах перестают быть узнаваемыми как предметные изображения. Это проявление конвенционализации также имеет собственное значение в истории искусства.
В настоящем докладе пиктографы рассматриваются главным образом в отношении их значимости как одной из форм смыслового письма, обращенного непосредственно к зрению, в то время как жестовый язык является другой и, вероятно, более ранней формой. Насколько они являются истинными идеографами, настолько они служат постоянным, прямым и видимым выражением идей, временное выражение которых дает жестовый язык. Когда они принимаются для слоговых азбук или алфавитов, что, как известно, является историческим ходом эволюции в этом отношении, они перестают быть прямым и становятся косвенным выражением идей, оформленных в устной речи. Письменность, обычная в цивилизации, фиксирует звуки напрямую, а не в первую очередь мысли, поскольку последние предварительно перелагаются в звуки. Следы пиктографов в последнем случае указывают на более ранние и преобладающие концепции.
Важность изучения пиктографов заключается в их исследовании как этапа в эволюции человеческой культуры либо как источника ценной информации, добываемой посредством интерпретации.
Поскольку изобретение алфавитного письма общепризнанно является великим шагом, знаменующим переход от варварства к цивилизации, история его раннего развития должна представлять ценность. Из внутренних свидетельств следует, что пиктография предшествовала графическим системам Египта, Ниневии и Китая и породила их, однако в Северной Америке ее использование до сих пор носит современный и актуальный характер. Там ее можно изучать без каких-либо предположений или гипотез в ее реальном существовании применительно к записям и сообщениям. Более того, ее переход в знаки звука очевиден в ацтекских и майяских знаках, на какой стадии он был остановлен лишь иностранным завоеванием. Самые ранние уроки зарождения и роста культуры в этой важнейшей области исследований поэтому лучше всего усваивать на материале Западного полушария. В связи с этим можно отметить, что пиктография обнаруживается в устойчивой силе на том же континенте, где жестовый язык преобладал или продолжал активно действовать в масштабах, неизвестных в других частях света. Эти способы выражения, то есть временное и постоянное смысловое письмо, настолько взаимосвязаны по своему происхождению и развитию, что ни один из них нельзя изучать с пользой в отрыве от другого.