Уильям Т. Шерман

«Мемуары генерала У. Т. Шермана. Том II, Часть 4»

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HEADQUARTERS OF THE ARMY

WASHINGTON, D.C., December 30, 1864.

Major-General W. T. SHERMAN, Savannah.

MY DEAR GENERAL: I take the liberty of calling your attention, in this private and friendly way, to a matter which may possibly hereafter be of more importance to you than either of us may now anticipate.

While almost every one is praising your great march through Georgia, and the capture of Savannah, there is a certain class having now great influence with the President, and very probably anticipating still more on a change of cabinet, who are decidedly disposed to make a point against you. I mean in regard to "inevitable Sambo." They say that you have manifested an almost criminal dislike to the negro, and that you are not willing to carry out the wishes of the Government in regard to him, but repulse him with contempt! They say you might have brought with you to Savannah more than fifty thousand, thus stripping Georgia of that number of laborers, and opening a road by which as many more could have escaped from their masters; but that, instead of this, you drove them from your ranks, prevented their following you by cutting the bridges in your rear, and thus caused the massacre of large numbers by Wheeler's cavalry.

To those who know you as I do, such accusation will pass as the idle winds, for we presume that you discouraged the negroes from following you because you had not the means of supporting them, and feared they might seriously embarrass your march. But there are others, and among them some in high authority, who think or pretend to think otherwise, and they are decidedly disposed to make a point against you.

I do not write this to induce you to conciliate this class of men by doing any thing which you do not deem right and proper, and for the interest of the Government and the country; but simply to call your attention to certain things which are viewed here somewhat differently than from your stand-point. I will explain as briefly as possible:

Some here think that, in view of the scarcity of labor in the South, and the probability that a part, at least, of the able-bodied slaves will be called into the military service of the rebels, it is of the greatest importance to open outlets by which these slaves can escape into our lines, and they say that the route you have passed over should be made the route of escape, and Savannah the great place of refuge. These, I know, are the views of some of the leading men in the Administration, and they now express dissatisfaction that you did not carry them out in your great raid.

Now that you are in possession of Savannah, and there can be no further fears about supplies, would it not be possible for you to reopen these avenues of escape for the negroes, without interfering with your military operations? Could not such escaped slaves find at least a partial supply of food in the rice-fields about Savannah, and cotton plantations on the coast?

I merely throw out these suggestions. I know that such a course would be approved by the Government, and I believe that a manifestation on your part of a desire to bring the slaves within our lines will do much to silence your opponents. You will appreciate my motives in writing this private letter. Yours truly,

H. W. HALLECK.

Нет сомнений в том, что мистер Стентон, прибыв в Саванну, разделял эти мысли, но к счастью, сами негры убедили его в том, что он заблуждается и что они понимают собственные интересы гораздо лучше, чем те люди в Вашингтоне, которые пытались заработать политический капитал на этом негритянском вопросе. Сама мысль о том, что подобным людям позволялось околачиваться возле мистера Линкольна, отравляя его жизнь подозрениями в отношении офицеров, которые трудились с единственной целью довести войну до победного конца и тем самым освободить всех рабов, служит прекрасной иллюстрацией влияний, отравляющих политическую столицу. Моя цель тогда заключалась в том, чтобы разбить мятежников, смирить их гордыню, преследовать их в их сокровеннейших укрытиях и заставить их бояться и страшиться нас. «Страх Господень — начало мудрости». Я не хотел, чтобы они бросали нам в лицо то, что однажды сделал генерал Худ в Атланте, а именно что нам пришлось призывать их рабов на помощь в их усмирении. Но что касается доброты к этой расе, поощрения их к терпению и выдержке, добывания для них продовольствия и одежды и предоставления им земли для труда, я утверждаю, что ни одна армия никогда не делала для этой расы больше, чем та, которой командовал я в Саванне. Когда мы прибыли в Саванну, нас осаждали хищные государственные агенты с Хилтон-Хеда, которые заманивали и уводили наших слуг, а также сформированный нами отряд саперов, оказавший столь превосходную службу. В одном случае мой собственный адъютант полковник Оденрид обнаружил по меньшей мере сотню бедных негров, запертых в доме и загоне в ожидании ночи для тайной переправки на Хилтон-Хед. Они взывали к нему о защите, заявляя, будто им сказали, что они должны стать солдатами, что «массажист Линкольн» хочет их видеть и т. д. Я никогда не отказывал рабам в полной возможности добровольного призыва, но я запрещал применять силу, поскольку знал, что государственные агенты руководствуются скорее прибылью от крупных выплачиваемых тогда бонусов, нежели любовью к родине или цветной расе. Выражаясь словами мистера Фрейзера, призыв каждого чернокожего человека «не усиливал армию, а забирал одного белого человека из рядов». Во время пребывания мистера Стентона в Саванне мы очень подробно обсудили этот негритянский вопрос; он попросил меня составить проект приказа на этот счет в соответствии с моими собственными взглядами, который отвечал бы насущным потребностям дела, и я сделал это. Мы очень внимательно изучили этот приказ № 15 от 16 января 1865 года. Министр внес некоторые словесные изменения, после чего одобрил его во всех деталях, я опубликовал его, и он немедленно вступил в силу. Он в полной мере предусматривал призыв цветных войск и предоставлял вольноотпущенникам определенные имущественные права на землю, которые впоследствии стали предметом судебных разбирательств и решений. Разумеется, военные власти того времени, в условиях продолжавшейся войны, имели полное право предоставлять владение любой пустующей землей, на которую они могли распространить военную защиту, однако мы не брались предоставлять безусловное право собственности; и все, что задумывалось этими специальными полевыми приказами, заключалось в создании временных условий для вольноотпущенников и их семей на оставшийся период войны или до тех пор, пока Конгресс не примет меры по данному вопросу. Все, что я сейчас намерен утверждать, заключается в том, что военный министр мистер Стентон видел эти приказы в черновике и одобрил каждый их параграф до того, как они были преданы огласке:

[Special Field Orders, No. 15.]

HEADQUARTERS MILITARY DIVISION OF THE MISSISSIPPI,

IN THE FIELD, NEAR SAVANNAH, GEORGIA, January 16, 1865.

1. The islands from Charleston south, the abandoned rice-fields along the rivers for thirty miles back from the sea, and the country bordering the St. John's River, Florida, are reserved and set apart for the settlement of the negroes now made free by the acts of war and the proclamation of the President of the United States.

2. At Beaufort, Hilton Head, Savannah, Fernandina, St. Augustine, and Jacksonville, the blacks may remain in their chosen or accustomed vocations; but on the islands, and in the settlements hereafter to be established, no white person whatever, unless military officers and soldiers detailed for duty, will be permitted to reside; and the sole and exclusive management of affairs will be left to the freed people themselves, subject only to the United States military authority, and the acts of Congress. By the laws of war, and orders of the President of the United States, the negro is free, and must be dealt with as such. He cannot be subjected to conscription, or forced military service, save by the written orders of the highest military authority of the department, under such regulations as the President or Congress may prescribe. Domestic servants, blacksmiths, carpenters, and other mechanics, will be free to select their own work and residence, but the young and able-bodied negroes must be encouraged to enlist as soldiery in the service of the United States, to contribute their share toward maintaining their own freedom, and securing their rights as citizens of the United States.

Negroes so enlisted will be organized into companies, battalions, and regiments, under the orders of the United States military authorities, and will be paid, fed, and clothed; according to law. The bounties paid on enlistment may, with the consent of the recruit, go to assist his family and settlement in procuring agricultural implements, seed, tools, boots, clothing, and other articles necessary for their livelihood.

8. Whenever three respectable negroes, heads of families, shall desire to settle on land, and shall have selected for that purpose an island or a locality clearly defined within the limits above designated, the Inspector of Settlements and Plantations will himself, or, by such subordinate officer as he may appoint, give them a license to settle such island or district, and afford them such assistance as he can to enable them to establish a peaceable agricultural settlement. The three parties named will subdivide the land, under the supervision of the inspector, among themselves, and such others as may choose to settle near them, so that each family shall have a plot of not more than forty acres of tillable ground, and, when it borders on some water-channel, with not more than eight hundred feet water-front, in the possession of which land the military authorities will afford them protection until such time as they can protect themselves, or until Congress shall regulate their title. The quartermaster may, on the requisition of the Inspector of Settlements and Plantations, place at the disposal of the inspector one or more of the captured steamers to ply between the settlements and one or more of the commercial points heretofore named, in order to afford the settlers the opportunity to supply their necessary wants, and to sell the products of their land and labor.

4. Whenever a negro has enlisted in the military service of the United States, be may locate his family in any one of the settlements at pleasure, and acquire a homestead, and all other rights and privileges of a settler, as though present in person. In like manner, negroes may settle their families and engage on board the gunboats, or in fishing, or in the navigation of the inland waters, without losing any claim to land or other advantages derived from this system. But no one, unless an actual settler as above defined, or unless absent on Government service, will be entitled to claim any right to land or property in any settlement by virtue of these orders.

5. In order to carry out this system of settlement, a general officer will be detailed as Inspector of Settlements and Plantations, whose duty it shall be to visit the settlements, to regulate their police and general arrangement, and who will furnish personally to each head of a family, subject to the approval of the President of the United States, a possessory title in writing, giving as near as possible the description of boundaries; and who shall adjust all claims or conflicts that may arise under the same, subject to the like approval, treating such titles altogether as possessory. The same general officer will also be charged with the enlistment and organization of the negro recruits, and protecting their interests while absent from their settlements; and will be governed by the rules and regulations prescribed by the War Department for such purposes.

6. Brigadier-General R. Saxton is hereby appointed Inspector of Settlements and Plantations, and will at once enter on the performance of his duties. No change is intended or desired in the settlement now on Beaufort Island, nor will any rights to property heretofore acquired be affected thereby.

By order of Major-General W. T. Sherman, L. M. DAYTON, Assistant Adjutant-General.

Я довольно много общался с министром в неформальной обстановке за время его визита в Саванну. Он квартировал на таможенном катере вместе с Симеоном Дрейпером, эсквайром, и этот катер стоял у причала на реке, но он очень часто приходил в мои покои в доме мистера Грина. Несмотря на внешне крепкое и сильное телосложение, он сильно жаловался на внутренние боли, которые, по его словам, угрожали его жизни и вскоре заставят его оставить государственный пост. Он заявлял, что прибыл из Вашингтона специально ради отдыха и развлечений, и без утайки отзывался о дрязгах и ревности в национальной столице; о бесконечных спорах губернаторов штатов из-за их квот и, в особенности, о финансовых проблемах, угрожавших самому существованию Правительства. Он говорил, что цены на все настолько возросли по сравнению с обесценившейся валютой, что существует опасность национального банкротства, и призывал меня как солдата и патриота ускорить дела, дабы приблизить окончание войны. Он убыл в Порт-Роял примерно 15 января и пообещал без промедления отправиться на Север, чтобы как можно скорее переправить мне припасы, запрошенные мной в качестве необходимых для ведения следующего этапа кампании. Я сам сильно рвался в путь, поскольку городская жизнь стала пресной и скучной, и мы все жаждали вновь оказаться в сосновых лесах, избавившись от докучливых просьб мятежных женщин о защите и гражданских лиц с Севера, стекавшихся в Саванну за хлопком и всевозможной выгодой. 18 января генералу Слокему было приказано передать город Саванну генералу Дж. Г. Фостеру, командующему Департаментом Юга, который намеревался сохранить свой штаб на Хилтон-Хеде и занять Саванну дивизией генерала Гровера из Девятнадцатого корпуса, только что прибывшего с реки Джеймс; а на следующий день, то есть 19 января, я отдал первые общие приказы о передислокации. По существу, они заключались в сосредоточении правого крыла армии у Покоталиго, уже удерживаемого Семнадцатым корпусом, а левого крыла и кавалерии — в районе Робертсвилла в Южной Каролине или около него. Армия оставалась практически той же, что и во время марша из Атланты, за исключением нескольких перестановок среди командиров бригад и дивизий, пополнения за счет вернувшихся из отпусков военнослужащих и потерь по причине истечения сроков их службы. Мой личный штаб остался прежним, за тем исключением, что к нам в Саванне вновь присоединился генерал В. Ф. Барри, полностью оправившийся от приступа рожистого воспаления, и оставался с нами до конца войны. Генералы Истон и Беквит оставались в Саванне во главе своих соответствующих баз снабжения с приказом последовать за нами морем и встретить нас с припасами, когда мы выйдем к побережью у Уилмингтона или Ньюберна в Северной Каролине. Разумеется, я с некоторым показушным апломбом распространял слухи, особенно среди мятежников, будто мы направляемся на Чарлстон или Огасту; но я задолго до того принял решение не тратить время ни на то, ни на другое, за исключением того, чтобы сыграть на их страхах и тем самым удержать для их защиты силы противника, которые в противном случае сконцентрировались бы перед нашим фронтом и сделали бы форсирование некоторых крупных рек на нашем пути более трудным и кровавым. Выполнив все необходимое, 21 января со всем своим штабом, офицерами, писарями, ординарцами и т. д., с повозками и лошадями я поднялся на борт парохода, направляющегося в Бофорт в Южной Каролине, с заходов на Хилтон-Хед для встречи с генералом Фостером. Погода была дождливая и скверная, но 23 числа мы благополучно прибыли в Бофорт и обнаружили там часть войск генерала Блэра. Цвет его корпуса (Семнадцатого) находился, однако, на железной дороге в районе Покоталиго, возле верховий Брод-Ривер, куда их припасы доставлялись из Хилтон-Хеда пароходами. Дивизия генерала Хэтча (из состава сил генерала Фостера) все еще стояла у Кусохэтчи или Таллафинни, где Чарлстонская и Саваннская железная дорога пересекает реку с тем же названием. Вся местность между Бофортом и Покоталиго представляла собой низменную аллювиальную равнину, изрезанную бесчисленным множеством соленых проток и пресноводных ручьев, легко поддаваемую обороне силами небольшого отряда; и почему противник позволил нам столь легко закрепиться в Покоталиго, я не понимал, если только это не объяснялось страхом или невежеством. Мне тогда казалось, что чудовищная энергия, проявленная ими на более ранних этапах войны, начинает уступать более медленной, но более верной работоспособности и дисциплине наших северных людей. Мне было очевидно, что солдаты и население Юга испытывают чрезмерный страх перед нашими западными людьми и, подобно детям, насочиняли столь призрачных историй о нашей доблести в Джорджии, что сами испугались собственных выдумок. И все же это была сила, и я намеревался использовать ее. Каким-то образом наши солдаты прониклись идеей, что Южная Каролина — источник всех наших бед; ее жители первыми открыли огонь по форту Самтер и проявили величайшую спешку ввергнуть страну в гражданскую войну; а потому на них и должен пасть бич войны в его наихудшей форме. Насмешливые послания доходили до нас и тогда, когда мы были в Джорджии, гласившие, что по прибытии в Южную Каролину мы обнаружим народ менее пассивный, который будет сражаться с нами до горького конца, вызывая нас перейти реку и т. д.; так что я видел и чувствовал: мы больше не сможем сдерживать наших людей так, как делали это в Джорджии. Лично у меня было много друзей в Чарлстоне, которым я с радостью оказал бы защиту и милосердие, но они находились вне зоны моего личного доступа, и я не собирался сдерживать армию во избежание снижения ее мощи и энергии; кроме того, у меня были все основания ожидать дерзкого и мощного сопротивления на берегах множества широких и глубоких рек, лежавших на нашем пути. Департамент Юга генерала Фостера был расширен за счет побережья Северной Каролины, так что те немногие войска, что несли службу там под началом генерала Инниса Н. Палмера в Ньюберне, перешли под мое командование. Генерал А. Х. Терри удерживал форт Фишер, и дошел слух, будто он взял город Уилмингтон; однако это было преждевременно. Под его началом было около восьми тысяч человек. Было также известно, что генерал Скофилд следует маршем из Нэшвилла в Северную Каролину со всем Двадцать третьим корпусом, так что у меня были все основания быть уверенным в получении подкреплений по мере нашего продвижения на север и до того, как они мне понадобятся. Генерал В. Дж. Харди командовал силами Конфедерации в Чарлстоне, используя реку Салкихатчи в качестве своей линии обороны. Было также известно, что генерал Борегар прибыл со стороны Теннесси и принял общее командование над всеми войсками, предназначенными для противодействия нашему продвижению. Сильные зимние дожди начались в начале января, сделав дороги невыносимыми, а река Саванна настолько вздулась, что заполнила свои многочисленные протоки, затопив огромные пространства рисовых полей, лежавших на восточном берегу. Этот паводок задержал наше выступление на две недели, поскольку он унес наш понтонный мост у Саванны и чуть не потопил дивизию Джона Э. Смита из Пятнадцатого корпуса вместе с несколькими тяжелыми обозами повозок, следовавших из Саванны в Покоталиго по старой дамбе. Генерал Слокем уже переправил две свои дивизии через реку, когда Систерс-Ферри, примерно в сорока милях выше Саванны, была выбрана для переправы остальной части его крыла и кавалерии Килпатрика. Войска двигались в том направлении еще до того, как я покинул Саванну, а капитан С. Б. Люс из ВМС США доложил мне о прибытии с канонерской лодкой («Понтиак») и парочкой транспортов, которые я попросил его задействовать для прикрытия Систерс-Ферри во время переправы крыла Слокема и максимального содействия переброске войск. Повсюду царила предельная активность, однако было очевидно, что мы не сможем выступить раньше 1 февраля; поэтому я решил лично отправиться в Покоталиго и действовать там так, будто мы направляемся в Чарлстон. 24 января я выступил из Бофорта с частью своего штаба, оставив остальных следовать без спешки, проехал через остров к наплавному мосту, соединявшему его с материком, и оттуда через Гарденс-Корнерс доехал до плантации недалеко от Покоталиго, занятой генералом Блэром. Там мы обнаружили дом с величественной аллеей из вечнозеленых дубов, ветки которых были вырублены войсками на дрова, а опустошение отмечало одно из тех великолепных имений Южной Каролины, где хозяева некогда проявляли то гостеприимство, которое отличало старый режим этого гордого штата. Я спал на полу дома, но ночь выдалась настолько жутко холодной, что я несколько раз вставал к огню, а когда он прогорал, разжигал его заново с помощью старых каминных часов и обломков каркаса кровати, стоявшего в углу комнаты — это был единственный акт вандализма, совершенный мною лично во время войны, который я могу припомнить. На следующее утро я поехал в Покоталиго и оттуда провел рекогносцировку всей нашей линии вплоть до Кусохэтчи. Форт Покоталиго располагался на низменной аллювиальной почве, и вблизи него начиналась песчаная сосновая равнина, соединявшаяся с тянувшейся вглубь страны твердой землей, что и составляло главную причину его захвата на самом первом этапе кампании. Дивизии Хэтча было приказано выступить к этому пункту из Кусохэтчи, а все правое крыло Говарда было подтянуто ближе, будучи готовым к выступлению к 1 февраля. Я также разведал участок реки Салкихатчи, где ее пересекала Чарлстонская железная дорога, обнаружил мост, прикрытый мятежной батареей на противоположном берегу, и смог разглядеть возле него нескольких людей; однако сама река была абсолютно непроходима, поскольку вся низина была затоплена ее поднявшимися водами на полную милю в ширину. Тем не менее дивизии Форса и Моуэра из Семнадцатого корпуса удерживались в активном состоянии с видимым намерением переправиться в направлении Чарлстона и тем самым поддерживать иллюзию того, что этот город является нашей непосредственной «целью». Тем временем я получал доклады от генерала Слокема о жутких трудностях, с которыми он столкнулся у Систерс-Ферри, где река Саванна, по сообщениям, достигала почти трех миль в ширину, и ему поначалу казалось почти невозможным навести на ней мост из хрупких понтонов. Примерно в это время (25 января) погода прояснилась, став яркой и холодной, и я сделал вывод, что река скоро спадет и позволит Слокему переправиться через нее до 1 февраля. Одна из дивизий Пятнадцатого корпуса (Корса) также оказалась отрезанной из-за потери понтонного моста у Саванны, так что у генерала Слокема находились не только его собственные два корпуса, но и дивизия Корса с кавалерией Килпатрика, без которых для меня было бы неблагоразумно начинать кампанию. Поэтому мы спокойно отдыхали у Покоталиго, собирая запасы и завершая приготовления, вплоть до 1 февраля, когда я узнал, что кавалерия и две дивизии Двадцатого корпуса благополучно переправились через реку, после чего отдал необходимые приказы о марше на север. Прежде чем завершить эту главу, я добавлю несколько подлинных писем, которые имеют непосредственное отношение к предмету и служат его иллюстрацией:

HEADQUARTERS ARMIES OF THE UNITED STATES

WASHINGTON, D. C. January 21, 1866.

Major-General W. T. SHERMAN, commanding Military Division of the Mississippi.

GENERAL: Your letters brought by General Barnard were received at City Point, and read with interest. Not having them with me, however, I cannot say that in this I will be able to satisfy you on all points of recommendation. As I arrived here at 1 p.m., and must leave at 6 p.m., having in the mean time spent over three hours with the secretary and General Halleck, I must be brief. Before your last request to have Thomas make a campaign into the heart of Alabama, I had ordered Schofield to Annapolis, Maryland, with his corps. The advance (six thousand) will reach the seaboard by the 23d, the remainder following as rapidly as railroad transportation can be procured from Cincinnati. The corps numbers over twenty-one thousand men.

Thomas is still left with a sufficient force, surplus to go to Selma under an energetic leader. He has been telegraphed to, to know whether he could go, and, if so, by which of several routes he would select. No reply is yet received. Canby has been ordered to set offensively from the seacoast to the interior, toward Montgomery and Selma. Thomas's forces will move from the north at an early day, or some of his troops will be sent to Canby. Without further reenforcement Canby will have a moving column of twenty thousand men.

Fort Fisher, you are aware, has been captured. We have a force there of eight thousand effective. At Newbern about half the number. It is rumored, through deserters, that Wilmington also has fallen. I am inclined to believe the rumor, because on the 17th we knew the enemy were blowing up their works about Fort Caswell, and that on the 18th Terry moved on Wilmington.

If Wilmington is captured, Schofield will go there. If not, he will be sent to Newbern. In either event, all the surplus forces at the two points will move to the interior, toward Goldsboro', in cooperation with your movements. From either point, railroad communications can be run out, there being here abundance of rolling-stock suited to the gauge of those roads.

There have been about sixteen thousand men sent from Lee's army south. Of these, you will have fourteen thousand against you, if Wilmington is not held by the enemy, casualties at Fort Fisher having overtaken about two thousand.

All other troops are subject to your orders as you come in communication with them. They will be so instructed. From about Richmond I will watch Lee closely, and if he detaches many men, or attempts to evacuate, will pitch in. In the meantime, should you be brought to a halt anywhere, I can send two corps of thirty thousand effective men to your support, from the troops about Richmond.

To resume: Canby is ordered to operate to the interior from the Gulf. A. J. Smith may go from the north, but I think it doubtful. A force of twenty-eight or thirty thousand will cooperate with you from Newbern or Wilmington, or both. You can call for reenforcements.

This will be handed you by Captain Hudson, of my staff, who will return with any message you may have for me. If there is any thing I can do for you in the way of having supplies on shipboard, at any point on the seacoast, ready for you, let me know it.

Yours truly,

U. S. GRANT, Lieutenant-General.

HEADQUARTERS MILITARY DIVISION OF THE MISSISSIPPI,

IN THE FIELD, POCOTALIGO, SOUTH CAROLINA, January 29, 1885.

Lieutenant-General U. S. GRANT, City Point, Virginia.

DEAR GENERAL: Captain Hudson has this moment arrived with your letter of January 21st, which I have read with interest.

The capture of Fort Fisher has a most important bearing on my campaign, and I rejoice in it for many reasons, because of its intrinsic importance, and because it gives me another point of security on the seaboard. I hope General Terry will follow it up by the capture of Wilmington, although I do not look for it, from Admiral Porter's dispatch to me. I rejoice that Terry was not a West-Pointer, that he belonged to your army, and that he had the same troops with which Butler feared to make the attempt.

Admiral Dahlgren, whose fleet is reenforced by some more ironclads, wants to make an assault a la Fisher on Fort Moultrie, but I withhold my consent, for the reason that the capture of all Sullivan's Island is not conclusive as to Charleston; the capture of James Island would be, but all pronounce that impossible at this time. Therefore, I am moving (as hitherto designed) for the railroad west of Branchville, then will swing across to Orangeburg, which will interpose my army between Charleston and the interior. Contemporaneous with this, Foster will demonstrate up the Edisto, and afterward make a lodgment at Bull's Bay, and occupy the common road which leads from Mount Pleasant toward Georgetown. When I get to Columbia, I think I shall move straight for Goldsboro', via Fayetteville. By this circuit I cut all roads, and devastate the land; and the forces along the coast, commanded by Foster, will follow my movement, taking any thing the enemy lets go, or so occupy his attention that he cannot detach all his forces against me. I feel sure of getting Wilmington, and may be Charleston, and being at Goldsboro', with its railroads finished back to Morehead City and Wilmington, I can easily take Raleigh, when it seems that Lee must come out. If Schofield comes to Beaufort, he should be pushed out to Kinston, on the Neuse, and may be Goldsboro' (or, rather, a point on the Wilmington road, south of Goldsboro'). It is not necessary to storm Goldsboro', because it is in a distant region, of no importance in itself, and, if its garrison is forced to draw supplies from its north, it, will be eating up the same stores on which Lee depends for his command.

I have no doubt Hood will bring his army to Augusta. Canby and Thomas should penetrate Alabama as far as possible, to keep employed at least a part of Hood's army; or, what would accomplish the same thing, Thomas might reoccupy the railroad from Chattanooga forward to the Etowah, viz., Rome, Kingston, and Allatoona, thereby threatening Georgia. I know that the Georgia troops are disaffected. At Savannah I met delegates from several counties of the southwest, who manifested a decidedly hostile spirit to the Confederate cause. I nursed the feeling as far as possible, and instructed Grower to keep it up.

My left wing must now be at Sister's Ferry, crossing the Savannah River to the east bank. Slocum has orders to be at Robertsville to-morrow, prepared to move on Barnwell. Howard is here, all ready to start for the Augusta Railroad at Midway.

We find the enemy on the east aide of the Salkiehatchie, and cavalry in our front; but all give ground on our approach, and seem to be merely watching us. If we start on Tuesday, in one week we shall be near Orangeburg, having broken up the Augusta road from the Edisto westward twenty or twenty-five miles. I will be sure that every rail is twisted. Should we encounter too much opposition near Orangeburg, then I will for a time neglect that branch, and rapidly move on Columbia, and fill up the triangle formed by the Congaree and Wateree (tributaries of the Santee), breaking up that great centre of the Carolina roads. Up to that point I feel full confidence, but from there may have to manoeuvre some, and will be guided by the questions of weather and supplies.

You remember we had fine weather last February for our Meridian trip, and my memory of the weather at Charleston is, that February is usually a fine month. Before the March storms come we should be within striking distance of the coast. The months of April and May will be the best for operations from Goldsboro' to Raleigh and the Roanoke. You may rest assured that I will keep my troops well in hand, and, if I get worsted, will aim to make the enemy pay so dearly that you will have less to do. I know that this trip is necessary; it must be made sooner or later; I am on time, and in the right position for it. My army is large enough for the purpose, and I ask no reinforcement, but simply wish the utmost activity to be kept up at all other points, so that concentration against me may not be universal.

I suspect that Jeff. Davis will move heaven and earth to catch me, for success to this column is fatal to his dream of empire. Richmond is not more vital to his cause than Columbia and the heart of South Carolina.

If Thomas will not move on Selma, order him to occupy Rome, Kingston, and Allatoona, and again threaten Georgia in the direction of Athena.

I think the "poor white trash" of the South are falling out of their ranks by sickness, desertion, and every available means; but there is a large class of vindictive Southerners who will fight to the last. The squabbles in Richmond, the howls in Charleston, and the disintegration elsewhere, are all good omens for us; we must not relax one iota, but, on the contrary, pile up our efforts: I world, ere this, have been off, but we had terrific rains, which caught us in motion, and nearly drowned some of the troops in the rice-fields of the Savannah, swept away our causeway (which had been carefully corduroyed), and made the swamps hereabout mere lakes of slimy mud. The weather is now good, and I have the army on terra firma. Supplies, too, came for a long time by daily driblets instead of in bulk; this is now all remedied, and I hope to start on Tuesday.

I will issue instructions to General Foster, based on the reenforcements of North Carolina; but if Schofield comes, you had better relieve Foster, who cannot take the field, and needs an operation on his leg. Let Schofield take command, with his headquarters at Beaufort, North Carolina, and with orders to secure Goldsboro' (with its railroad communication back to Beaufort and Wilmington). If Lee lets us get that position, he is gone up.

I will start with my Atlanta army (sixty thousand), supplied as before, depending on the country for all food in excess of thirty days. I will have less cattle on the hoof, but I hear of hogs, cows, and calves, in Barnwell and the Colombia districts. Even here we have found some forage. Of course, the enemy will carry off and destroy some forage, but I will burn the houses where the people burn their forage, and they will get tired of it.

I must risk Hood, and trust to you to hold Lee or be on his heels if he comes south. I observe that the enemy has some respect for my name, for they gave up Pocotaligo without a fight when they heard that the attacking force belonged to my army. I will try and keep up that feeling, which is a real power. With respect, your friend,

W. T. SHERMAN, Major-general commanding.

P. S.--I leave my chief-quartermaster and commissary behind to follow coastwise.

W. T. S.

[Dispatch No. 6.]

FLAG-STEAMER PHILADELPHIA

SAVANNAH RIVER, January 4, 1865.

HON. GIDEON WELLS, Secretary of the Navy.

SIR: I have already apprised the Department that the army of General Sherman occupied the city of Savannah on the 21st of December.

The rebel army, hardly respectable in numbers or condition, escaped by crossing the river and taking the Union Causeway toward the railroad.

I have walked about the city several times, and can affirm that its tranquillity is undisturbed. The Union soldiers who are stationed within its limits are as orderly as if they were in New York or Boston.... One effect of the march of General Sherman through Georgia has been to satisfy the people that their credulity has been imposed upon by the lying assertions of the rebel Government, affirming the inability of the United States Government to withstand the armies of rebeldom. They have seen the old flag of the United States carried by its victorious legions through their State, almost unopposed, and placed in their principal city without a blow.

Since the occupation of the city General Sherman has been occupied in making arrangements for its security after he leaves it for the march that he meditates. My attention has been directed to such measures of cooperation as the number and quality of my force permit.

On the 2d I arrived here from Charleston, whither, as I stated in my dispatch of the 29th of December, I had gone in consequence of information from the senior officer there that the rebels contemplated issuing from the harbor, and his request for my presence. Having placed a force there of seven monitors, sufficient to meet each an emergency, and not perceiving any sign of the expected raid, I returned to Savannah, to keep in communication with General Sherman and be ready to render any assistance that might be desired. General Sherman has fully informed me of his plans, and, so far as my means permit, they shall not lack assistance by water.

On the 3d the transfer of the right wing to Beaufort was began, and the only suitable vessel I had at hand (the Harvest Moon) was sent to Thunderbolt to receive the first embarkation. This took place about 3 p.m., and was witnessed by General Sherman and General Bernard (United States Engineers) and myself. The Pontiac is ordered around to assist, and the army transports also followed the first move by the Harvest Moon.

I could not help remarking the unbroken silence that prevailed in the large array of troops; not a voice was to be heard, as they gathered in masses on the bluff to look at the vessels. The notes of a solitary bugle alone came from their midst.

General Barnard made a brief visit to one of the rebel works (Cansten's Bluff) that dominated this water-course--the best approach of the kind to Savannah.

I am collecting data that will fully exhibit to the Department the powerful character of the defenses of the city and its approaches. General Sherman will not retain the extended limits they embrace. but will contract the line very much.

General Foster still holds the position near the Tullifinny. With his concurrence I have detached the fleet brigade, and the men belonging to it have returned to their vessels. The excellent service performed by this detachment has fully realized my wishes, and exemplified the efficiency of the organization--infantry and light artillery handled as skirmishers. The howitzers were always landed as quickly as the men, and were brought into action before the light pieces of the land-service could be got ashore.

I regret very much that the reduced complements of the vessels prevent me from maintaining the force in constant organization. With three hundred more marines and five hundred seamen I could frequently operate to great advantage, at the present time, when the attention of the rebels is so engrossed by General Sherman.

It is said that they have a force at Hardeeville, the pickets of which were retained on the Union Causeway until a few days since, when some of our troops crossed the river and pushed them back. Concurrently with this, I caused the Sonoma to anchor so as to sweep the ground in the direction of the causeway.

The transfer of the right-wing (thirty thousand men) to Beaufort will so imperil the rebel force at Hardeeville that it will be cut off or dispersed, if not moved in season.

Meanwhile I will send the Dai-Ching to St. Helena, to meet any want that may arise in that quarter, while the Mingo and Pontiac will be ready to act from Broad River.

The general route of the army will be northward; but the exact direction must be decided more or less by circumstances which it may not be possible to foresee....

My cooperation will be confined to assistance in attacking Charleston, or in establishing communication at Georgetown, in case the army pushes on without attacking Charleston, and time alone will show which of these will eventuate.

The weather of the winter first, and the condition of the ground in spring, would permit little advantage to be derived from the presence of the army at Richmond until the middle of May. So that General Sherman has no reason to move in haste, but can choose such objects as he prefers, and take as much time as their attainment may demand. The Department will learn the objects in view of General Sherman more precisely from a letter addressed by him to General Halleck, which he read to me a few days since.

I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

J. A. DAHLGREN,

Rear-Admiral, commanding South-Atlantic Blockading-Squadron.

HEADQUARTERS MILITARY DIVISION OF THE MISSISSIPPI,

IN THE FIELD, POCOTALIGO, SOUTH CAROLINA, January 29, 1885.

Major-General J. G. FOSTER, commanding Department of the South.

GENERAL: I have just received dispatches from General Grant, stating that Schofield's corps (the Twenty-third), twenty-one thousand strong, is ordered east from Tennessee, and will be sent to Beaufort, North Carolina. That is well; I want that force to secure a point on the railroad about Goldsboro', and then to build the railroad out to that point. If Goldsboro' be too strong to carry by a rapid movement, then a point near the Neuse, south of Goldsboro', will answer, but the bridge and position about Kinston, should be held and fortified strong. The movement should be masked by the troops already at Newbern. Please notify General Palmer that these troops are coming, and to be prepared to receive them. Major-General Schofield will command in person, and is admirably adapted for the work. If it is possible, I want him to secure Goldsboro', with the railroad back to Morehead City and Wilmington. As soon as General Schofield reaches Fort Macon, have him to meet some one of your staff, to explain in full the details of the situation of affairs with me; and you can give him the chief command of all troops at Cape Fear and in North Carolina. If he finds the enemy has all turned south against me, he need not follow, but turn his attention against Raleigh; if he can secure Goldsboro' and Wilmington, it will be as much as I expect before I have passed the Santee. Send him all detachments of men that have come to join my army. They can be so organized and officered as to be efficient, for they are nearly all old soldiers who have been detached or on furlough. Until I pass the Santee, you can better use these detachments at Bull's Bay, Georgetown, etc.

I will instruct General McCallum, of the Railroad Department, to take his men up to Beaufort, North Carolina, and employ them on the road out. I do not know that he can use them on any road here. I did instruct him, while awaiting information from North Carolina, to have them build a good trestle-bridge across Port Royal ferry; but I now suppose the pontoon-bridge will do. If you move the pontoons, be sure to make a good road out to Garden's Corners, and mark it with sign-boards--obstructing the old road, so that, should I send back any detachments, they would not be misled.

I prefer that Hatch's force should not be materially weakened until I am near Columbia, when you may be governed by the situation of affairs about Charleston. If you can break the railroad between this and Charleston, then this force could be reduced.

I am, with respect, etc.,

W. T. SHERMAN, Major-General commanding.

HEADQUARTERS MILITARY DIVISION OF THE MISSISSIPPI,

IN THE FIELD, POCOTALIGO, SOUTH CAROLINA, January 18, 1865.

Hon. EDWIN M. STANTON, Secretary of War, Washington, D. C.

SIR: When you left Savannah a few days ago, you forgot the map which General Geary had prepared for you, showing the route by which his division entered the city of Savannah, being the first troops to occupy that city. I now send it to you.

I avail myself of the opportunity also to inclose you copies of all my official orders touching trade and intercourse with the people of Georgia, as well as for the establishment of the negro settlements.

Delegations of the people of Georgia continue to come in, and I am satisfied that, by judicious handling and by a little respect shown to their prejudices, we can create a schism in Jeff. Davis's dominions. All that I have conversed with realize the truth that slavery as an institution is defunct, and the only questions that remain are what disposition shall be made of the negroes themselves. I confess myself unable to offer a complete solution for these questions, and prefer to leave it to the slower operations of time. We have given the initiative, and can afford to await the working of the experiment.

As to trade-matters, I also think it is to our interest to keep the Southern people somewhat dependent on the articles of commerce to which they have hitherto been accustomed. General Grover is now here, and will, I think, be able to handle this matter judiciously, and may gradually relax, and invite cotton to come in in large quantities. But at first we should manifest no undue anxiety on that score; for the rebels would at once make use of it as a power against us. We should assume, a tone of perfect contempt for cotton and every thing else in comparison with the great object of the war--the restoration of the Union, with all its rights and power. It the rebels burn cotton as a war measure, they simply play into our hands by taking away the only product of value they have to exchange in foreign ports for war-ships and munitions. By such a course, also, they alienate the feelings of a large class of small farmers who look to their little parcels of cotton to exchange for food and clothing for their families. I hope the Government will not manifest too much anxiety to obtain cotton in large quantities, and especially that the President will not indorse the contracts for the purchase of large quantities of cotton. Several contracts, involving from six to ten thousand bales, indorsed by Mr. Lincoln, have been shown me, but were not in such a form as to amount to an order to compel me to facilitate their execution.

As to Treasury agents, and agents to take charge of confiscated and abandoned property, whose salaries depend on their fees, I can only say that, as a general rule, they are mischievous and disturbing elements to a military government, and it is almost impossible for us to study the law and regulations so as to understand fully their powers and duties. I rather think the Quartermaster's Department of the army could better fulfill all their duties and accomplish all that is aimed at by the law. Yet on this subject I will leave Generals Foster and Grover to do the best they can.

I am, with great respect, your obedient servant,

W. T. SHERMAN, Major-General commanding.

HEADQUARTERS MILITARY DIVISION OF THE MISSISSIPPI,

IN THE FIELD, POCOTALIGO, SOUTH CAROLINA, January 2, 1865.

Hon. EDWIN M. STANTON, Secretary of War, Washington, D. C.

SIR: I have just received from Lieutenant-General Grant a copy of that part of your telegram to him of December 26th relating to cotton, a copy of which has been immediately furnished to General Easton, chief-quartermaster, who will be strictly governed by it.

I had already been approached by all the consuls and half the people of Savannah on this cotton question, and my invariable answer was that all the cotton in Savannah was prize of war, belonged to the United States, and nobody should recover a bale of it with my consent; that, as cotton had been one of the chief causes of this war, it should help to pay its expenses; that all cotton became tainted with treason from the hour the first act of hostility was committed against the United States some time in December, 1860; and that no bill of sale subsequent to that date could convey title.

My orders were that an officer of the Quartermaster's Department, United States Army, might furnish the holder, agent, or attorney, a mere certificate of the fact of seizure, with description of the bales' marks, etc., the cotton then to be turned over to the agent of the Treasury Department, to be shipped to New York for sale. But, since the receipt of your dispatch, I have ordered General Easton to make the shipment himself to the quartermaster at New York, where you can dispose of it at pleasure. I do not think the Treasury Department ought to bother itself with the prizes or captures of war.

Mr. Barclay, former consul at New York, representing Mr. Molyneux, former consul here, but absent a long time, called on me with reference to cotton claimed by English subjects. He seemed amazed when I told him I should pay no respect to consular certificates, that in no event would I treat an English subject with more favor than one of our own deluded citizens, and that for my part I was unwilling to fight for cotton for the benefit of Englishmen openly engaged in smuggling arms and instruments of war to kill us; that, on the contrary, it would afford me great satisfaction to conduct my army to Nassau, and wipe out that nest of pirates. I explained to him, however, that I was not a diplomatic agent of the General Government of the United States, but that my opinion, so frankly expressed, was that of a soldier, which it would be well for him to heed. It appeared, also, that he owned a plantation on the line of investment of Savannah, which, of course, was pillaged, and for which he expected me to give some certificate entitling him to indemnification, which I declined emphatically.

I have adopted in Savannah rules concerning property--severe but just--founded upon the laws of nations and the practice of civilized governments, and am clearly of opinion that we should claim all the belligerent rights over conquered countries, that the people may realize the truth that war is no child's play.

I embrace in this a copy of a letter, dated December 31, 1864, in answer to one from Solomon Cohen (a rich lawyer) to General Blair, his personal friend, as follows:

Major-General F. P. BLAIR, commanding Seventeenth Army Corps.

GENERAL: Your note, inclosing Mr. Cohen's of this date, is received, and I answer frankly through you his inquiries.

1. No one can practise law as an attorney in the United States without acknowledging the supremacy of our Government. If I am not in error, an attorney is as much an officer of the court as the clerk, and it would be a novel thing in a government to have a court to administer law which denied the supremacy of the government itself.

2. No one will be allowed the privileges of a merchant, or, rather, to trade is a privilege which no one should seek of the Government without in like manner acknowledging its supremacy.

3. If Mr. Cohen remains in Savannah as a denizen, his property, real and personal, will not be disturbed unless its temporary use be necessary for the military authorities of the city. The title to property will not be disturbed in any event, until adjudicated by the courts of the United States.

4. If Mr. Cohen leaves Savannah under my Special Order No. 148, it is a public acknowledgment that he "adheres to the enemies of the United States," and all his property becomes forfeited to the United States. But, as a matter of favor, he will be allowed to carry with him clothing and furniture for the use of himself, his family, and servants, and will be trans ported within the enemy's lines, but not by way of Port Royal.

These rules will apply to all parties, and from them no exception will be made.

I have the honor to be, general, your obedient servant,

W. T. SHERMAN, Major-General.

This letter was in answer to specific inquiries; it is clear, and covers all the points, and, should I leave before my orders are executed, I will endeavor to impress upon my successor, General Foster, their wisdom and propriety.

I hope the course I have taken in these matters will meet your approbation, and that the President will not refund to parties claiming cotton or other property, without the strongest evidence of loyalty and friendship on the part of the claimant, or unless some other positive end is to be gained.

I am, with great respect, your obedient servant,

W. T. SHERMAN, Major-General commanding.

ГЛАВА XXIII.

КАМПАНИЯ В КАРОЛИНАХ.

ФЕВРАЛЬ И МАРТ 1865 ГОДА.

1 февраля, как пояснялось ранее, армия, предназначенная для активной кампании из Саванны на север, состояла из двух крыльев, которыми командовали соответственно генерал-майоры Ховард и Слокем, и в целом была той же самой, что совершила марш от Атланты до Саванны. Действовали те же общие приказы, и эту кампанию можно по праву классифицировать как продолжение предыдущей. Правое крыло, за вычетом дивизии Корса из Пятнадцатого корпуса, было сосредоточено в Покоталиго или вблизи него в Южной Каролине, с повозками, заполненными продовольствием, боеприпасами и фуражом, готовое к выступлению и ожидающее лишь левого крыла, которое было задержано паводком на реке Саванна. Оно имело следующий состав: Пятнадцатый корпус, генерал-майор ДОН А. ЛОГАН. Первая дивизия, бригадный генерал Чарльз Р. Вудс; Вторая дивизия, генерал-майор В. Б. Хейзен; Третья дивизия, бригадный генерал Джон Э. Смит; Четвертая дивизия, бригадный генерал Джон М. Корс. Артиллерийская бригада, восемнадцать орудий, подполковник В. Х. Росс, 1-й Мичиганский артиллерийский полк. Семнадцатый корпус, генерал-майор ФРЭНК П. БЛЭР-МЛАДШИЙ. Первая дивизия, генерал-майор Джозеф А. Моуэр; Вторая дивизия, бригадный генерал М. Ф. Форс; Четвертая дивизия, бригадный генерал Джайлс А. Смит. Артиллерийская бригада, четырнадцать орудий, майор А. К. Уотерхаус, 1-й Иллинойсский артиллерийский полк. Левое крыло с дивизией Корса и кавалерией Килпатрика находилось в районе Систерс-Ферри в сорока милях выше города Саванны и было занято переправой через реку, которая сильно разлилась. Оно имело следующий состав: Четырнадцатый корпус, генерал-майор ДЖЕФ. С. ДЭВИС. Первая дивизия, бригадный генерал В. П. Карлин; Вторая дивизия, бригадный генерал Джон Д. Морган; Третья дивизия, бригадный генерал А. Бэрд. Артиллерийская бригада, шестнадцать орудий, майор Чарльз Хоутолинг, 1-й Иллинойсский артиллерийский полк. Двадцатый корпус, бригадный генерал А. С. УИЛЬЯМС. Первая дивизия, бригадный генерал Н. И. Джексон; Вторая дивизия, бригадный генерал Дж. В. Гири; Третья дивизия, бригадный генерал В. Т. Уорд. Артиллерийская бригада, шестнадцать орудий, майор Дж. А. Рейнольдс, 1-й Нью-Йоркский артиллерийский полк. Кавалерийская дивизия, бригадный генерал ДЖУДСОН КИЛПАТРИК. Первая бригада, полковник Т. Дж. Джордан, 9-й Пенсильванский кавалерийский полк; Вторая бригада, полковник С. Д. Аткинс, 92-й Иллинойсский добровольческий полк; Третья бригада, полковник Джордж Е. Спенсер, 1-й Алабамский кавалерийский полк. Одна батарея из четырех орудий. Фактическая численность армии, как она указана в следующих официальных табличных ведомостях, составляла на тот момент шестьдесят тысяч семьдесят девять человек и шестьдесят восемь орудий. Обозы состояли примерно из двух тысяч пятисот повозок по шесть мулов в каждой и примерно шестисот санитарок с двумя лошадьми на каждую. Содержимое повозок включало в себя достаточный запас боеприпасов для крупного сражения; фураж примерно на семь дней и продовольствие на двадцать дней, преимущественно из хлеба, сахара, кофе и соли, причем в отношении свежего мяса мы в значительной степени полагались на говяжий скот, перегоняемый живьем, а также на тот скот, свиней и птицу, которые мы рассчитывали добыть вдоль нашего маршрута марша. СВОДКА — КАМПАНИЯ В КАРОЛИНАХ.

February 1. March 1. April 1. April 10 60,079 57,676 81,150 88,948

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