Иллюстрация на обложке была создана составителем и передана в общественное достояние.
МЕДИЦИНСКАЯ ЮРИСПРУДЕНЦИЯ.
J. A. PARIS, M.D. F.R.S. F.L.S.
FELLOW OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS;
AND
J. S. M. FONBLANQUE, Esq.
BARRISTER AT LAW.
«Hæc est illa amica Imperantium atque Medentium conspiratio, qua effectum est, ut aliquo veluti connubio Medicina ac Jurisprudentia inter se jungerentur.»
Hebenstreit Anthropolog: Forens:
IN THREE VOLUMES.
VOL. I.
LONDON:
PRINTED & PUBLISHED BY W. PHILLIPS, GEORGE YARD, LOMBARD STREET;
SOLD ALSO BY T. & G. UNDERWOOD, AND S. HIGHLEY, FLEET STREET;
AND W. & C. TAIT, EDINBURGH.
1823.
TO
THE RIGHT HONOURABLE
JOHN EARL OF ELDON,
LORD HIGH CHANCELLOR OF GREAT BRITAIN;
AND TO
SIR HENRY HALFORD, Bart.
PRESIDENT OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS;
THIS WORK
IS, WITH THEIR PERMISSION,
MOST RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED BY
THE AUTHORS.
ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ.
PART I.
VOL. I.
Of the College of Physicians 1
Its powers and privileges 23
Of the College of Surgeons 54
Of the Society of Apothecaries 59
Of the exemptions and liabilities of Medical practitioners 72
Of actions by Medical practitioners 77
Of actions against Medical practitioners 80
Midwifery 82
Of the preservation of Public Health 85
Burial of the dead 92
Of Quarantine, Lazarettos, and other establishments of Plague Police 104
I. Are all epidemic Fevers contagious? 115
II. Does the matter of contagion require the aid of a certain state of the air (“Pestilential constitution of the Atmosphere”) to give effect to its powers and propagation; and to what causes are the decline and cessation of a contagious pestilence to be attributed? 120
III. Can filth and animal putrefaction generate contagion? 122
IV. Can a fever produced by fatigue, unwholesome food, &c. be rendered contagious in its career by animal filth, impure air, &c.? 126
Medical Police 138
Bills of Mortality 143
PART II.
Introduction 151
Of Medical Evidence generally 153
Of Marriage 168
Of Divorce or Nullity 176
Various questions connected with the foregoing subjects, elucidated by Physiological remarks 179
I. Of Ages, especially that of puberty 179
II. Of Impotence and Sterility 197
1. Of Impotence 197
1. Organic Causes of Impotence 197
In Males 197
In Females 206
2. Functional causes of Impotence 208
3. Moral causes of Impotence 210
2. Of Sterility 212
1. Organic causes 212
2. Functional causes 212
III. Of the Legitimacy of Children 215
Supposititious Children 219
Tenant to the Courtesey 223
Of Monsters and Hermaphrodites legally considered 227
Physiological illustrations connected with the foregoing subjects 230
Of Conception and Utero-gestation 230
Of Parturition or Delivery 241
1. Whether a woman can be delivered during a state of insensibility, and remain unconscious of the event? 243
2. How far the term of Utero-gestation can be shortened, to be compatible with the life (viabilité) of the offspring? 243
3. Whether to any, and to what probable extent, the natural term of Utero-gestation can be protracted? 245
4. What is the value of those signs by which we seek to establish the fact of a recent delivery? 249
5. Are there any, and what diseases, whose effects may be mistaken for traces of a recent delivery? 254
6. Can we determine by any signs whether a woman has ever borne a child, although at a period remote from that of the examination? 256
7. What are the earliest and latest periods of life, at which women are capable of child-bearing? 256
8. What is the possible number of children that can be produced at one birth? 259
9. Is super-fœtation possible, and under what circumstances, and at what period of gestation can a second conception take place? 260
10. What are the causes of Abortion 269
11. Under what circumstances, and by what means, is it morally, legally, and medically proper, to induce premature labour? 271
12. What circumstances will justify the Cæsarean operation, and of what value is the section of the Symphysis Pubis, or Sigaultian operation? 274
Of Extra-uterine Conception 281
Of Hermaphrodites 283
Of Idiots and Lunatics 289
Of Lunatic Asylums 304
Medical and Physiological Illustrations of Insanity 307
1. Whether the person is actually insane, and if so, what are the proofs of his derangement? 317
2. Whether the proofs are of such a nature as to suffer the individual, with propriety, to retain his liberty, and enjoy his property? 321
3. Whether there has been any lucid interval, and of what duration? 322
4. Whether there is any probable chance of recovery; and in case of convalescence, whether the cure is likely to be permanent? 323
Of Nuisances, legally, medically, and chemically considered 330
1. Of those manufactories, during whose operation gaseous effluvia, the products of fermentation, or putrefaction, escape into the atmosphere, and are either noxious from their effects on animals, or insufferable from the noisomeness of their smell. 330
2. Of those in which, by the action of fire, various noxious principles are evolved. 330
3. Of those which yield waste liquids that poison the neighbouring springs and streams. 330
4. Of those trades, whose pursuit is necessarily accompanied with great noise. 330
Of Impositions 355
Feigned or Simulated diseases 355
Insanity 359
Somnolency 359
Syncope 360
Epilepsy 361
Hysteria 362
Shaking Palsy 362
Fever 364
Dropsy 364
Jaundice 365
Hæmophthysis 365
Vomiting of Blood 365
Vomiting of Urine 365
Bloody Urine 365
Incontinence of Urine 366
Gravel and Stone 366
Alvine Concretions 367
Abstinence from Food 368
Deafness and Dumbness 370
Blindness 371
Ophthalmia 372
Ulcers, &c. 372
Hernia 373
Of the Adulteration of Food 374
Bread 375
Beer 377
Milk 378
Policy of Insurance on Lives 381
Survivorship 388
PART III.
Introduction 399
Arson 402
1. Spontaneous Combustion by friction 403
2. Spontaneous Combustion by the fermentation of Vegetable and Animal substances 404
3. Spontaneous Combustion by Chemical action 406
Human Combustion 412
Rape 416
Of Homicide generally Vol. ii.—1
Of Real and Apparent Death 3
Of the Physiological causes and Phenomena of Sudden Death 16
Syncope 25
Suffocation 32
1. By Drowning 35
2. By Hanging 42
1. By pressure on the Vessels 43
2. By pressure on the Nerves of the Neck 44
3. By pressure on the Fracture of the Spine, and Dislocation of the Neck 44
3. By Manual Strangulation 46
4. By Smothering 48
5. By the Inhalation of Air deprived of Oxygen 48
6. By other modes 55
Death by Exposure to Cold 59
Death by the Agency of Heat 63
Death by Lightning 63
Death by Starvation 67
Application of the physiological facts established in the preceding Chapters, to the general treatment of Asphyxia 75
On the manner of producing Artificial Respiration 78
By the Application of Heat 81
By the Internal Exhibition of Stimulants 82
By Electricity 82
Treatment of particular cases of Asphyxia 84
Case 1. Wherein the action of the heart fails before that of the respiratory organs 84
Case 2. Wherein the function of respiration ceases, while the heart continues to circulate black blood 86
Of the Coroner’s Inquest 93
Suicide 104
Of Murder generally 110
1. By exposing a sick or weak person, or infant, to the cold 110
2. By exposing an impotent person abroad, so that he may receive mortal harm 110
3. By Imprisoning a man so strictly that he dies 111
4. By Wounding or Blows 116
a. Incised wounds, or cuts 119
b. Punctures 120
c. Bruises 121
d. Lacerations 123
e. Gun-shot wounds 124
5. By Poisoning 128
Of Poisons, chemically, physiologically, and pathologically considered 131
Their literary history 131
Of slow, consecutive, and accumulative Poisons 143
1. Of slow Poisons 143
2. Of consecutive Poisons 147
3. Of accumulative Poisoning 148
General remarks on the Medical Evidence required to substantiate an accusation of Poisoning 153
1. Whether all, or most of the symptoms, characteristic of the action of Corrosive and Narcotic Poisons, may not arise from morbid causes of spontaneous origin? 155
2. Whether organic lesions similar to those produced by poisoning, may not occasionally result from natural causes? 162
3. Whether the rapid progress of putrefaction in the body, generally, or in any particular part, is to be considered as affording presumptive evidence, in support of an accusation of poisoning? 182
4. How far the absence of poison, or the inability of the Chemist to detect it, in the body, or in the fluid ejected from it, is to be received as a negative to an accusation of poisoning 182
5. What degree of information can be derived from administering the contents of the stomach of a person supposed to have been poisoned, to dogs, or other animals? 193
On the Classification of Poisons 199
A classification of the different modes by which Poisons produce their effects 207
Mineral Poisons 209
Class I. Corrosive Poisons 210
Arsenic 210
Arsenious acid, or white oxide of arsenic 212
1. Symptoms of poisoning by the Arsenious acid 216
Symptoms of the first degree 216
Symptoms of the second degree 217
Different modes of poisoning by the Arsenious acid 220
Physiological action of Arsenious acid 223
Organic lesions discovered on dissection 225
Of the Chemical processes by which the presence of Arsenious acid may be detected 232
1. The Arsenic is in a solid form 232
A. By its reduction to the metallic state 233
B. By the application of certain re-agents, or tests, to its solution 240
2. The arsenious acid is mixed with various alimentary and other substances 252
Arsenic acid, and its salts 256
The sulphurets of arsenic 257
Mercury 257
Corrosive sublimate 257
Symptoms of poisoning by corrosive sublimate 259
1. Symptoms which follow a large dose 260
2. Symptoms which are produced by the repetition of small doses 260
Physiological action of Corrosive Sublimate 262
Antidotes to Corrosive Sublimate 263
Organic lesions discovered on dissection 266
Of the Chemical processes for its detection 267
a. By its metallization through the agency of Galvanism 268
b. By precipitating metallic mercury from its solution, by the contact of a single metal 269
3. It is dissolved in various coloured liquids 272
4. It is mixed or combined with some medicinal body in a solid form 273
5. It is united with alimentary substances which have effected its decomposition 274
6. It is decomposed, and a part exists in intimate combination with the membranes of the alimentary canal 274
Red Oxide of Mercury 275
Red Precipitate 276
Other preparations of Mercury 276
Antimony 277
Emetic Tartar, Tartarized Antimony 279
Symptoms of poisoning by it 280
Antidotes 280
Physiological action of Emetic Tartar 282
Organic lesions discovered by dissection 283
Tests for the detection of Emetic Tartar 284
1. The poison is in a solid form 284
2. It is mixed with various alimentary substances 285
Copper 285
Oxide of Copper 287
Green Carbonate of Copper, Natural Verdegris 288
Verdegris 290
Blue Vitriol 291
Symptoms of poisoning by the Salts of Copper 291
Organic lesions discovered on dissection 291
Chemical detection of their presence 291
A. By their reduction to a metallic state 292
B. By the application of certain tests to their solutions 293
The suspected poison is mixed with alimentary substances 294
Tin, and its Muriates 295
Zinc 296
White Vitriol, Sulphate of Zinc 297
Symptoms of poisoning by it 297
Organic lesions 298
Chemical processes for its detection 297
Silver 299
Lunar Caustic, Nitrate of Silver 299
Chemical processes for its detection 300
The Concentrated Acids 301
Oil of Vitriol, Sulphuric Acid 302
Symptoms of poisoning by it 303
Organic lesions 304
Antidotes 304
Chemical processes for its detection 305
Nitric Acid 305
Symptoms of poisoning by it 306
Organic lesions 309
Chemical processes for its detection 312
Spirit of Salt, Muriatic Acid 313
Symptoms of poisoning by it 313
Chemical processes for its detection 314
Oxalic Acid 315
Symptoms of poisoning by it 316
Antidotes 316
Chemical tests for its detection 316
Boiling Water 316
Melted Lead 317
The Caustic Alkalies 318
Potass or Potash 319
Liquor Potassæ 320
Chemical tests for its detection 320
Potassa Fusa, or Kali Causticum 321
Potassa eum Calce 321
Sub-carbonate of Potash, Pearl Ash 322
Symptoms of poisoning by any of the above 322
Preparations 322
Antidotes 323
Organic lesions 323
Soda 323
Ammonia and its Carbonate 323
Symptoms of poisoning by Ammonia 324
The Caustic Alkaline Earths 325
Quick Lime 325
Symptoms of poisoning by Lime 325
Organic lesions 326
Tests for its detection 326
Baryta, and its Salts 327
Symptoms of poisoning by Baryta 327
Physiological action of it 328
Antidotes 328
Chemical tests for its detection 329
Cantharides 330
Symptoms of poisoning by it 331
Organic lesions 332
Methods of detecting its presence 333
Phosphorus 333
Symptoms of poisoning by it 333
Mechanical Poisons, Powdered Glass, &c. 334
Class II. Astringent Poisons 336
Lead 336
Sugar of Lead, Plumbi super acetas 349
Goulard’s Extract, Liquor Plumbi sub-acetatis 350
White Lead, Sub-carbonate of Lead, Cerusse 350
Litharge, semi-vitrified Oxide of Lead 351
Red Lead, Minium 352
Symptoms of poisoning by the different preparations of Lead 353
By small and repeated doses 355
Organic lesions 357
Physiological action of Lead poisons 358
Chemical processes for their detection 361
1. When it exists in some unknown state of combination 361
2. Is dissolved in Wine 363
3. Is dissolved in Oils 364
4. Is mixed with alimentary matter 365
Vegetable Poisons 366
Class III. Acrid or Rubefacient Poisons 371
Camboge or Gamboge 371
White Hellebore, Veratrum Album 372
Black Hellebore, Melampodium 374
Fœtid Hellebore, Helleborus fœtidus 375
Elaterium, Wild Cucumber 375
Colocynth, Coloquintida. Bitter Apple 377
Euphorbium 377
Savine, Juniperus Sabina 378
Aconite, Monks-hood 379
Nitre, Nitrate of Potass 381
Symptoms of poisoning by Nitre 381
Organic lesions 382
Chemical processes for its detection 382
Class IV. Narcotic Poisons 382
Opium, and its preparations 383
Symptoms of poisoning by Opium 388
Physiological action of Opium 390
Treatment in cases of poisoning by it 391
Organic lesions 393
Of the detection of Opium 394
Black Henbane, Hyoscyamus Niger 395
Prussic Acid, Hydro-cyanic acid 396
The Laurel (Prunus lauro-cerasus) and its distilled water 396
Bitter Almonds 396
Action of Hydro-cyanic acid as a poison 396
Physiological action of Prussic acid 404
Antidotes 406
Organic lesions 407
Chemical processes for its detection 408
Class V. Narcotico-acrid Poisons 410
Deadly Night-shade, Atropa Belladonna 410
Symptoms of poisoning by it 411
Physiological action 412
Organic lesions 412
Modes of detecting its presence 413
Stramonium, Thorn Apple 413
Tobacco, Nicotiana Tabacum 414
Symptoms of poisoning by it 418
Its physiological action 419
Hemlock, Cicuta 420
Nux Vomica 421
Cocculus Indicus 423
Poisonous Mushrooms 425
Symptoms of poisoning by them 428
Organic lesions 433
Antidotes 434
Alcohol 434
Symptoms of poisoning by it 436
Its physiological action 437
Treatment of persons in a state of Inebriety 439
Animal poisons 440
Class VI. Septic Poisons 440
The Bites of Venomous Animals 440
Symptoms of the bite of a Viper 441
Physiological action of its poison 442
Putrescent Animal matter 443
Poisonous Fishes 449
Symptoms of Fish poisoning 451
Its origin 452
Aërial Poisons 456
Mercurial vapours 458
Sulphuretted hydrogen gas 462
Carburetted hydrogen gas 464
Chlorine; oxymuriatic acid gas 464
Sulphurous acid gas 465
Of Homicide, by Misadventure or Accident 466
A Synopsis of the objects of inquiry in cases of sudden and mysterious sickness and death Vol. iii.—1
Case I. The patient is living, and medical assistance is required 1
Case II. The patient is dead—the attendants can furnish only an imperfect account of his dissolution 2
Case III. The body is found dead—its history is unknown 2
1. Inspection of the dead body 2
2. Circumstances to be learnt by an examination of surrounding and collateral objects 3
3. Circumstances to be learnt by the interrogation of competent witnesses 3
4. Circumstances to be learnt by anatomical dissection 3
A Commentary on the preceding objects of Inquiry 6
Case I. The patient is living, and medical assistance is required 6
Previous state of the patient, with respect to bodily health and strength, 8
Age and occupation 8
Present symptoms of the patient 8
Whether any, and what remedies have been used; by whom recommended; and by whom administered? 12
Appearance of the evacuations 13
Case II. The patient is dead—the attendants can furnish only an imperfect account of his dissolution 17
How soon is the deceased supposed to have died after the alleged cause of his dissolution? 17
Case III. The person is found dead, and the history of his dissolution is unknown 18
1. Circumstances to be learnt by inspection of the body 19
Situation and attitude of the body 20
General appearance of the countenance, as to colour, vascular turgescence, or congestion, and morbid physiognomy 21
Whether any discharge issues from the mouth, nostrils, ears, or any other orifice? 21
Apparent age of the deceased 22
Description of person, as to bulk, stature, obesity, muscular powers, &c. 22
Conformation of the neck as to shortness, thickness, &c. 22
Probable period that has elapsed since the extinction of life 23
Whether any, and what marks, punctures, contusions, ecchymoses, dislocations, or other injuries, are to be observed about the face, neck, chest, or any other parts of the body; and how far their appearance and character demonstrate the nature of the operation, or instrument by which they were inflicted? 26
Whether the wounds observed on the body were necessarily of a mortal nature, or sufficiently severe to have caused immediate death? 30
Whether they were inflicted during life? 31
Whether they resulted from an act of suicide, or otherwise, or whether from accident or design? 32
Whether the cloaths of the deceased betray any odour of spirit, tobacco, sourness, or putridity? 34
Whether any articles have been broken or injured in the pockets? 34
Whether there is reason to believe that the deceased has been robbed? 34
If the deceased be a female, whether there be any marks or bruises that would indicate the commission of a rape? 35
2. Circumstances to be learnt by an examination of surrounding and collateral objects 36
Whether the spot in question be of a description to explain the cause of the deceased having been found there, or how far its retired situation excites the suspicion that the body had been conveyed thither for concealment, or some other purpose? 36
Whether any indications of a struggle having happened on the spot are visible on the ground, or herbage near the deceased, and whether any footsteps can be traced near the body? 37