Кампания Монсона. Доблесть вождя Коилы. —When the ill-fated expedition under Monson traversed Central India to the attack of Holkar, the regent of Kotah, trusting to the invincibility of the British arms, did not hesitate, upon their appearance within his territory, to co-operate both with supplies and men. But when the British army retreated, and its commander demanded admission within the walls of Kotah, he met a decided and very proper refusal. “You shall not bring anarchy and a disorganized army to mix with my peaceable citizens; but draw up your battalions under my walls; I will furnish provisions, and I will march the whole of my force between you and the enemy, and bear the brunt of his attack.” Such were Zalim’s own expressions; whether it would have been wise to accede to his proposal is not the point of discussion. Monson continued his disastrous flight through the Bundi and Jaipur dominions, and carried almost alone the news of his disgrace to the illustrious Lake. It was natural he should seek to palliate his error by an attempt to involve others; and amongst those thus calumniated, first and foremost was the regent of Kotah, “the head and front of whose offending”—non-admission to a panic-struck, beef-eating army within his walls—was translated into treachery, and a connivance with the enemy; a calumny which long subsisted to the prejudice of the veteran politician. But never was there a greater wrong inflicted, or a more unjust return for services and sacrifices, both in men and money, in a cause which little concerned him; and it nearly operated hurtfully, at a period (1817) when the British Government could not have dispensed with his aid. It was never told, it is hardly yet known at this distant period, what devotion he evinced in that memorable retreat, as it is misnamed, when the troops of Kotah and the corps of the devoted Lucan were sacrificed to ensure the safety of the army until it left the Mukunddarra Pass in its rear. If there be any incredulous supporter of the commander in that era of our shame, let him repair to the altar of the Koila chief, who, like a true Hara, ‘spread his carpet’ at the ford of the Amjar, and there awaited the myrmidons [550] of the Mahrattas, and fell protecting the flight of an army which might have passed from one end of India to the other. Well might the veteran allude to our ingratitude in 1804, when in A.D. 1817 he was called upon to co-operate in the destruction of that predatory system, in withstanding which he had passed a life of feverish anxiety. If there was a doubt of the part he acted, if the monuments of the slain will not be admitted as evidence, let us appeal to the opinion of the enemy, whose testimony adds another feature to the portrait of this extraordinary man.
Помимо вождя Коилы и многих храбрых хара, павших при отступлении Монсона, бакши, или командующий войсками, был взят в плен. В качестве выкупа за его освобождение и наказания за оказанную британцам помощь маратхский лидер потребовал с бакши долговую расписку на десять лакхов рупий, угрожая в случае отказа предать огню и мечу всю линию преследования. Но когда посрамленный бакши предстал перед регентом, тот с презрением отверг его присутствие, отрекся от его поступка и отправил обратно к Холкару — пусть тот сам выплачивает неустойку как знает [2]. Холкар тогда ограничился угрозами мести и, когда представилась возможность, двинулся в Хараоти и разбил лагерь близ столицы. Стены были укомплектованы людьми для его встречи; был подготовлен сигнал, который не оставил бы ни одного обитаемого дома на равнинах, в то время как бхилы одновременно хлынули бы с холмов на обозы или сторонников Холкара. Расписка была предъявлена снова и без колебаний отвергнута; казалось, военных действий не избежать, когда друзья обеих сторон организовали встречу. Но Залим, зная о вероломстве своего врага, отклонил ее, кроме как на собственных условиях. Они были своеобразны и напомнят другую, еще более знаменитую встречу. Он потребовал, чтобы они обсудили условия мира или войны на Чамбале, на что Холкар согласился. Для этого Залим подготовил две лодки, каждая из которых вмещала около двадцати вооруженных людей. Пришвартовав собственную маленькую лодку посреди потока под пушками города, Холкар в сопровождении своей кавалькады сел в свою лодку и подплыл навстречу. Были разостланы ковры, и там эти необычные люди, на двоих имевшие всего один глаз [3], уладили условия мира, обмениваясь ласковыми прозвищами «дядя» и «племянник» с изобилием веселья по поводу особенностей их положения; в то время как — и этот факт несомненен — каждая лодка была продырявлена пробками, и наготове стояли люди, чтобы при малейшем признаке предательства отправить их всех на дно реки [4]. Но нужды Холкара были неотложными, и дар в три лакхов рупий предотвратил подобную катастрофу, хотя он так и не отказался от угрозы истребовать десять лакхов; и когда в конце концов на него нашло безумие, «расписка каки Залима Сингха» была одним из наиболее часто повторяемых бредовых выкриков этого солдата удачи, вся жизнь которого представляла собой сплошную сцену безумия.
Отношения с маратхами и пиндарами. —It will readily be conceived that the labours of his administration were quite sufficient to occupy his attention without intermeddling with his neighbours; yet, in order to give a direct interest in the welfare of Kotah, he became a competitor for the farming of the extensive districts which joined his southern frontier, belonging to Sindhia and Holkar. From the former he rented the Panj-mahals, and from the latter the four important districts of Dig, Pirawa, etc.,[5] which, when by right of conquest they became British, were given in sovereignty to the regent. Not satisfied with this hold of self-interest on the two great predatory powers, he had emissaries in the persons of their confidential ministers, who reported every movement; and to ‘make assurance doubly sure,’ he had Mahratta pandits of the first talent in his own administration, through whose connexions no political measure of their nation escaped his knowledge. As for Amir Khan, he and the regent were essential to each other. From Kotah the Khan was provided with military stores and supplies of every kind; and when his legions mutinied (a matter of daily occurrence) and threatened him with the bastinado, or fastening to a piece of ordnance under a scorching sun, Kotah afforded a place of refuge during a temporary retreat, or ways and means to allay the tumult by paying the arrears. Zalim allotted the castle of Shirgarh for the Khan’s family, so that this leader had no anxiety on their account while he was pursuing his career of rapine in more distant scenes.
Даже пиндары были привлечены на его сторону со всем уважением и учтивостью, подобающими более достойным людям. Многие из их лидеров владели земельными пожалованиями в Коте: поистине, поддержание хороших отношений с этим формированием было столь необходимым, что когда Синдхия в 1807 г. н. э. заманил в ловушку и заточил в темницы Гвалиора знаменитого Карима [6], Залим не только ссудил крупную сумму, необходимую для его выкупа, но и имел дерзость поручиться за его дальнейшее хорошее поведение: поступок, который несколько запятнал его репутацию проницательности, но в конечном счете послужил справедливым наказанием для Синдхии за его алчность.
Масштаб щедрости, с которой регент исполнял обряды убежища (саран) в отношении вождей других стран, искавших его защиты, не соответствовал средствам государства. Изгнанные аристократы Марвара и Мевара [552] владели в Коте имениями, превышавшими их конфискованные отчины. Эти ослепительные акты благодеяния не остались незамеченными в обществе, среди которого гостеприимство стоит во главе добродетелей. В этих краях, где в политике сталкиваются самые странные аномалии и поразительные противоречия, подобное поведение не вызывает удивления и редко влечет за собой протест со стороны государства, откуда бежал проситель. Регент не только принимал беглецов, но часто примирял их с их государями. Он гордился титулом «миротворца», и, проистекали ли его действия из мотивов благожелательности или политики, он был вознагражден этим титулом, сам по себе достаточно возвышенным. «Они все приходят к старому Залиму со своими бедами, — замечал он, — как будто он может найти еду для всех них со своего «горсти земли»».
В заключение: его оборонительная политика по своим результатам оказалась противоположностью наступательной. Неизменный и блестящий успех сопутствовал первой; поражение, разочарование и крупные денежные жертвы были постоянными плодами второй. Мевар ускользнул от всех его уловок и вверг Кот в затруднительное положение, от которого тот никогда не оправится, в то время как его попытка взять Сеопур, столицу гауров, путем внезапного нападения (coup de main) потерпела сокрушительное поражение. Если бы он преуспел в любой из этих попыток и присоединил ресурсы этих приобретений к Коту, его виды, несомненно, стали бы еще шире. На раннем этапе его карьеры знаменитый Пратап Сингх из Джайпура предложил ему взять на себя обязанности главного министра этого государства: тщетно гадать о том, каков мог бы быть результат для государства или для него самого, если бы он смог управлять его ресурсами, в то время столь мало истощенными.
Внутренняя политика Залима Сингха. Характер махарао Уммед Сингха. —Let us now view the domestic policy of the regent; for which purpose we must again bring forward the pageant prince of Kotah, the Raja Ummed Singh, who was destined never to be extricated from the trammels of a guardianship which, like most offices in the East, was designed to be hereditary; and at the age of threescore and ten, Ummed Singh found himself as much a minor as when his dying father ‘placed him in the lap’ of the Protector Zalim Singh. The line of conduct he pursued towards his sovereign, through half a century’s duration, was singularly consistent. The age, the character, the very title of Nana, or ‘grandsire,’ added weight to his authority, and the disposition of the prince seemed little inclined to throw it off. In short, his temperament appeared exactly suited to the views of the regent, who, while he consulted his wishes in every step, acted entirely from himself. The Maharao was a prince of excellent understanding, and possessed many of those qualities inherent in a Rajput. He was fond of the chase, and was the best horseman and marksman in the country; and the [553] regent gained such entire ascendancy over him, that it is doubtful whether he was solicitous of change. Besides, there was no appearance of constraint; and his religious occupations, which increased with his age, went far to wean him from a wish to take a more active share in the duties of government. His penetration, in fact, discovered the inutility of such a desire, and he soon ceased to entertain it; while in proportion as he yielded, the attentions of the minister increased. If an envoy came from a foreign State, he was introduced to the prince, delivered his credentials to him; and from him received a reply, but that reply was his minister’s. If a foreign noble claimed protection, he received it from the prince; he was the dispenser of the favours, though he could neither change their nature or amount. Nay, if the regent’s own sons required an addition to their estates, it could only be at the express desire of the Maharao; and to such a length did the minister carry this deference, that an increase to his personal income required being pressed upon him by the prince. If horses arrived from foreign countries for sale, the best were set aside for the Maharao and his sons. The archives, the seal, and all the emblems of sovereignty remained as in times past in the custody of the personal servants of the prince, at the castle, though none durst use them without consent of the regent. He banished his only son, Madho Singh, during three years, to the family estate at Nanta, for disrespect to the heir-apparent, Kishor Singh, when training their horses together; and it was with difficulty that even the entreaty of the Maharao could procure his recall. There are many anecdotes related to evince that habitual deference to everything attached to his sovereign, which, originating in good feeling, greatly aided his policy. The regent was one day at prayer, in the family temple in the castle, when the younger sons of the Maharao, not knowing he was there, entered to perform their devotions. It was the cold season, and the pavement was damp; he took the quilt which he wore from his shoulders, and spread it for them to stand upon. On their retiring, a servant, deeming the quilt no longer fit to be applied to the regent’s person, was putting it aside; but, guessing his intention, Zalim eagerly snatched it from him, and re-covering himself, observed it was now of some value, since it was marked with the dust of the feet of his sovereign’s children. These are curious anomalies in the mind of a man who had determined on unlimited authority. No usurpation was ever more meek, or yet more absolute; and it might be affirmed that the prince and the regent were made for each other and the times in which they lived.
Залим Сингх и его слуги. —It was to be expected that a man whose name was long synonymous with wisdom [554] should show discernment in the choice of his servants. He had the art of attaching them to his interests, of uniting their regard with a submissive respect, and no kindness, no familiarity, ever made them forget the bounds prescribed. But while he generously provided for all their wants, and granted them every indulgence, he knew too well the caprice of human nature to make them independent of himself. He would provide for them, for their relations and their dependents; his hand was ever bestowing gratuities on festivals, births, marriages, or deaths; but he never allowed them to accumulate wealth. It is to be remarked that his most confidential servants were either Pathans or Mahratta pandits: the first he employed in military posts, the other in the more complicated machinery of politics. He rarely employed his own countrymen; and the post of Faujdar, now held by Bishan Singh, a Rajput of the Saktawat clan, is the exception to the rule. Dalil Khan and Mihrab Khan were his most faithful and devoted servants and friends. The stupendous fortifications of the capital, with which there is nothing in India to compete, save the walls of Agra, were all executed by the former. By him also was raised that pride of the regent, the city called after him, Jhalrapatan;[7] while all the other forts were put into a state which makes Kotah the most defensible territory in India. Such was the affectionate esteem in which Dalil was held by the regent, that he used often to say, “he hoped he should not outlive Dalil Khan.” Mihrab Khan was the commander of the infantry, which he maintained in a state of admirable discipline and efficiency;[8] they received their bis roza, or twenty days’ pay, each month, with their arrears at the end of every second year [555].
1. Могу еще раз повторить: это было написано в 1820–1821 гг. н. э., когда Залим Сингху исполнилось восемьдесят два года. [Он умер в возрасте 84 лет в 1824 году.]
2. Если мне не изменяет память, этот несчастный военачальник, не в силах перенести своего позора, принял яд.
3. Следует помнить, что Залим был совершенно слеп, а Холкар лишился глаза. [См. т. II, с. 1234.]
4. [Сравните встречу императора России Александра I и Наполеона в Тильзите 25 июня 1807 г.]
5. [Диг в штате Бхаратпур; Пирава, один из округов Центральной Индии, вошедший в состав штата Тонк (IGI, xx. 151).]
6. [Карим-хан сдался британцам в 1818 году и получил имение в округе Горакхпур.]
7. Джхаларапатан — «город джалы», племени регента. [Другие объясняют это название как город (патан) родников (джхалра) либо город колоколов, поскольку в нем было 108 храмов (IGI, xiv. 123).]
8. Михраб-хан был комендантом одного из подразделений контингента Залима, предоставленного в мое распоряжение, которое за восемь дней захватило каждый округ владений Холкара, примыкавший к Хараоти, и которое впоследствии снискало столь большую славу благодаря блестящему штурму Саудской крепости при сотрудничестве с генералом сэром Джоном Малкольмом. «Королевские» (Радж-палтан) возглавлял Сайф Али, доблестный солдат, который, однако, не устоял перед тем, чтобы в гражданской войне 1821 года примкнуть к делу махарао и легитимности.
ГЛАВА 10
Союз с британцами. —We now enter upon that period of the regent’s history, when the march of events linked him with the policy of Britain. When in A.D. 1817, the Marquess of Hastings proclaimed war against the Pindaris, who were the very lees of the predatory hordes, which the discomfiture of the greater powers had thrown off, neutrality was not to be endured; and it was announced that all those who were not for us in this grand enterprise, which involved the welfare of all, would be considered against us. The Rajput States, alike interested with ourselves in the establishment of settled government, were invited to an alliance offensive and defensive with us, which was to free them for ever from the thraldom of the predatory armies; in return for which, we demanded homage to our power, and a portion of their revenues as the price of protection. The eagle-eye of Zalim saw at once the virtue of compliance, and the grace attendant on its being quickly yielded. Accordingly, his envoy was the first to connect Kotah in the bonds of alliance, which soon united all Rajwara to Britain. Meanwhile, all India was in arms; two hundred thousand men were embodied, and moving on various points to destroy the germ of rapine for ever. As the first scene of action was expected to be in the countries bordering upon Haraoti, the presence of an agent with Zalim Singh appeared indispensable. His instructions were to make available the resources of Kotah to the armies moving round him, and to lessen the field [556] of the enemy’s manœuvres, by shutting him out of that country. So efficient were these resources, that in five days after the agent reached the regent’s camp,[1] every pass was a post; and a corps of fifteen hundred men, infantry and cavalry, with four guns, was marched to co-operate with General Sir John Malcolm, who had just crossed the Nerbudda with a weak division of the army of the Deccan, and was marching northward, surrounded by numerous foes and doubtful friends. Throughout that brilliant and eventful period in the history of British India, when every province from the Ganges to the ocean was agitated by warlike demonstrations, the camp of the regent was the pivot of operations and the focus of intelligence. The part he acted was decided, manly, and consistent; and if there were moments of vacillation, it was inspired by our own conduct, which created doubts in his mind as to the wisdom of his course. He had seen and felt that the grand principle of politics, expediency, guided all courts and councils, whether Mogul, Mahratta, or British: the disavowal of the alliances formed by Lord Lake, under Marquess Wellesley’s administration, proved this to demonstration, and he was too familiar with the history of our power to give more credit than mere politeness required to our boasted renunciation of the rights of anticipated conquest. A smile would play over the features of the orbless politician when the envoy disclaimed all idea of its being a war of aggrandisement. To all such protestations he would say, “Maharaja, I cannot doubt you believe what you say; but remember what old Zalim tells you; the day is not distant when only one emblem of power (ekhi sikka) will be recognized throughout India.” This was in A.D. 1817-18; and the ten years of life since granted to him must have well illustrated the truth of this remark; for although no absolute conquest or incorporation of Rajput territory has taken place, our system of control, and the establishment of our monopoly within these limits (not then dreamed of by ourselves), has already verified in part his prediction. It were indeed idle to suppose that any protestations could have vanquished the arguments present to a mind which had pondered on every page of the history of our power; which had witnessed its development from the battle of Plassey under Clive to Lake’s exploits at the altars of Alexander. He had seen throughout, that the fundamental rule which guides the Rajput prince, ‘obtain land,’ was one both practically and theoretically understood by viceroys from [557] the west, who appeared to act upon the four grand political principles of the Rajput, sham, dan, bed, dand; or, persuasion, gifts, stratagem, force; by which, according to their great lawgiver, kingdoms are obtained and maintained, and all mundane affairs conducted. When, therefore, in order to attain our ends, we expatiated upon the disinterestedness of our views, his co-operation was granted less from a belief in our professions, than upon a dispassionate consideration of the benefits which such alliance would confer upon Kotah, and of its utility in maintaining his family in the position it had so long held in that State. He must have balanced the difficulties he had mastered to maintain that power, against the enemies, internal and external, which had threatened it, and he justly feared both would speedily be sacrificed to the incapacity of his successors. To provide a stay to their feebleness was the motive which induced him to throw himself heart and hand into the alliance we sought; and of signal benefit did he prove to the cause he espoused. But if we read aright the workings of a mind, which never betrayed its purpose either to friend or foe, we should find that there was a moment wherein, though he did not swerve from the path he had chalked out, or show any equivocation in respect to the pledge he had given, the same spirit which had guided him to the eminence he had acquired, suggested what he might have done at a conjuncture when all India, save Rajputana, was in arms to overthrow the legions of Britain. All had reason to dread her colossal power, and hatred and revenge actuated our numerous allies to emancipate themselves from a yoke which, whether they were bound by friendship or by fear, was alike galling. If there was one master-mind that could have combined and wielded their resources for our overthrow, it was that of Zalim Singh alone. Whether the aspirations of his ambition, far too vast for its little field of action, soared to this height, or were checked by the trammels of nearly eighty winters, we can only conjecture. Once, and once only, the dubious oracle came forth. It was in the very crisis of operations, when three English divisions were gradually closing upon the grand Pindari horde, under Karim Khan, in the very heart of his dominions, and his troops, his stores, were all placed at our disposal, he heard that one of these divisions had insulted his town of Bara; then, the ideas which appeared to occupy him burst forth in the ejaculation, “that if twenty years could be taken from his life, Delhi and Deccan should be one”; and appeared to point to the hidden thoughts of a man whose tongue never spoke but in parables.