40 . См. т. I, стр. 91, описание обряда ашвамедхи.
ГЛАВА 3
Раджпутская лига. —The league formed at this time by the three chief powers of Rajputana has already been noticed in the Annals of Mewar. It was one of self-preservation; and while the Rathors added to Marwar from Gujarat, the Kachhwahas consolidated all the districts in their neighbourhood under Amber. The Shaikhavati federation was compelled to become tributary, and but for the rise of the Jats, the State of Jaipur would have extended from the lake of Sambhar to the Jumna [369].
Исари Сингх, 1743–1760 гг. н. э. —Isari Singh succeeded to a well-defined territory, heaps of treasure, an efficient ministry, and a good army; but the seeds of destruction lurked in the social edifice so lately raised, and polygamy was again the immediate agent. Isari Singh was the successor of Jai Singh, according to the fixed laws of primogeniture; but Madho Singh, a younger son, born of a princess of Mewar, possessed conventional rights which vitiated those of birth. These have already been discussed, as well as their disastrous issue to the unfortunate Isari Singh, who was not calculated for the times, being totally deficient in that nervous energy of character, without which a Rajput prince can enforce no respect. His conduct on the Abdali invasion admitted the construction of cowardice, though his retreat from the field of battle, when the commander-in-chief, Kamaru-d-din Khan, was killed, might have been ascribed to political motives, were it not recorded that his own wife received him with gibes and reproaches. There is every appearance of Jai Singh having repented of his engagement on obtaining the hand of the Sesodia princess, namely, that her issue should succeed, as he had in his lifetime given an appanage unusually large to Madho Singh, namely, the four parganas of Tonk, Rampura, Phaggi, and Malpura.[1] The Rana also, who supported his nephew’s claims, assigned to him the rich fief of Rampura Bhanpura in Mewar,[2] which as well as Tonk Rampura, constituting a petty sovereignty, were, with eighty-four lakhs (£840,000 sterling), eventually made over to Holkar for supporting his claims to the ‘cushion’ of Jaipur. The consequence of this barbarous intervention in the international quarrels of the Rajputs annihilated the certain prospect they had of national independence, on the breaking up of the empire, and subjected them to a thraldom still more degrading, from which a chancechance of redemption is now offered to them.
Мадхо Сингх, 1760–1778 гг. н. э. —Madho Singh, on his accession, displayed great vigour of mind, and though faithful to his engagements, he soon showed the Mahrattas he would admit of no protracted interference in his affairs; and had not the rising power of the Jats distracted his attention and divided his resources, he would, had his life been prolonged, in conjunction with the Rathors, have completely humbled their power. But this near enemy embarrassed all his plans. Although the history of the Jats is now well known, it may not be impertinent shortly to commemorate the rise of a power, which, from a rustic condition, in little more than half a century was able to baffle the armies of Britain, led by the most popular commander it ever had in the East; for till the siege of Bharatpur the name of Lake was always coupled with victory [370].
Джаты Бхаратпура. —The Jats[3] are a branch of the great Getic race, of which enough has been said in various parts of this work. Though reduced from the rank they once had amongst the ‘Thirty-six Royal Races,’ they appear never to have renounced the love of independence, which they contested with Cyrus in their original haunts in Sogdiana. The name of the Cincinnatus of the Jats, who abandoned his plough to lead his countrymen against their tyrants, was Churaman. Taking advantage of the sanguinary civil wars amongst the successors of Aurangzeb, they erected petty castles in the villages (whose lands they cultivated) of Thun and Sansani,[4] and soon obtained the distinction of Kazaks, or ‘robbers,’ a title which they were not slow to merit, by their inroads as far as the royal abode of Farrukhsiyar. The Sayyids, then in power, commanded Jai Singh of Amber to attack them in their strongholds, and Thun and Sansani were simultaneously invested. But the Jats, even in the very infancy of their power, evinced the same obstinate skill in defending mud walls, which in later times gained them so much celebrity. The royal astronomer of Amber was foiled, and after twelve months of toil, was ingloriously compelled to raise both sieges.
Вскоре после этого события Бадан Сингх, младший брат Чурамана и совладелец земли, за какой-то проступок был взят под стражу и оставался в заключении несколько лет, пока по ходатайству Джай Сингха и при поручительстве других джатов-бхумия не был освобожден. Его первым шагом было бегство в Амбер и привлечение его правителя во главе армии к осаде Туна, который после доблестной шестимесячной обороны капитулировал и был сровнен с землей. Чураман и его сын Мокхам Сингх совершили побег, а Бадан Сингх был провозглашен вождем джатов и возведен Джай Сингхом в ранг раджи в городе Диг, которому суждено было впоследствии также прославиться.
У Бадана Сингха было многочисленное потомство, и четверо его сыновей получили известность, а именно: Сураджмалл, Собрахам, Партап Сингх и Бирнараян. Бадан Сингх подчинил своей власти несколько королевских округов. Он отрекся от власти в пользу своего старшего сына Сураджмалла, предварительно выделив округ Вер, [5] на котором он построил форт, своему сыну Партапу.
Сураджмалл унаследовал всю буйность и энергию, необходимые для продолжения планов своих предшественников. Его первым действием было лишение своего родственника по имени Каима замка [371] Бхаратпур, ставшего впоследствии знаменитой столицей джатов. [6] В 1820 году самвата (1764 г. н. э.) Сураджмалл проявил такую дерзость, что предпринял попытку захватить императорский город; но здесь его карьера оборвалась от рук отряда белуджских всадников, которые убили его во время охоты. У него было пять сыновей, а именно: Джавахир Сингх, Ратан Сингх, Ньюал Сингх, Нахар Сингх, Ранджит Сингх, а также приемный сын по имени Хардео Бакш, подобранный на охоте. Из этих пяти сыновей первые двое были от жены из племени курми, [7] третий — от жены из класса малин, или садоводов, а остальные — от ятни, или женщин его собственного племени.
Джавахир Сингх, унаследовавший власть, был современником раджи Мадхо Сингха, чье правление в Джайпуре мы только что рассмотрели; и именно решимость джата скрестить с ним мечи привела не только к крушению его планов по усмирению маратхов, но и к расчленению страны из-за отпадения вождя Мачери. Джавахир Сингх в 1182 году хиджры, безуспешно попросив округ Камона, выразил свое недовольство тем, что без всякого предварительного уведомления немедленно двинулся через земли Джайпура к священному озеру Пушкар. Там он встретился с раджой Биджай Сингхом из Марвара, который, несмотря на его джатское происхождение, снизошел до «обмена тюрбанами» — знака дружбы и братского усыновления. В этот период здоровье Мадхо Сингха ухудшалось, и его советами руководили два брата по имени Харсахай и Гурсахай, которые доложили об оскорбительном поведении джата и запросили указаний. Им было приказано направить ему письмо с предупреждением не возвращаться через земли Амбера, а вождям было велено собрать своих дружинников, чтобы наказать за повторение оскорбления. Но джат, решивший вынести все последствия, не обратил внимания на письмо и возвратился домой тем же путем. Это было законным поводом для ссоры, и объединенные котрибанды выступили навстречу, чтобы отстоять претензии своего всаднического сословия против плебея-джата. Завязался отчаянный бой, который, хотя и завершился в пользу качхвахов и бегством предводителя джатов, оказался губительным для Амбера из-за гибели почти каждого знатного вождя [8] [372].
Отделение Мачери или государства Алвар, 1771–1776 гг. н. э. —This battle was the indirect cause of the formation of Macheri into an independent State, which a few words will explain. Partap Singh, of the Naruka clan, held the fief of Macheri; for some fault he was banished the country by Madho Singh, and fled to Jawahir Singh, from whom he obtained saran (sanctuary), and lands for his maintenance. The ex-chieftain of Macheri had, as conductors of his household affairs and his agents at court, two celebrated men, Khushhaliram[9] and Nandram, who now shared his exile amongst the Jats. Though enjoying protection and hospitality at Bharatpur, they did not the less feel the national insult, in that the Jat should dare thus unceremoniously to traverse their country. Whether the chief saw in this juncture an opening for reconciliation with his liege lord, or that a pure spirit of patriotism alone influenced him, he abandoned the place of refuge, and ranged himself at his old post, under the standard of Amber, on the eve of the battle, to the gaining of which he contributed not a little.little. For this opportune act of loyalty his past errors were forgiven, and Madho Singh, who only survived that battle four days, restored him to his favour and his fief of Macheri.
Мадхо Сингх умер от дизентерии после семнадцатилетнего правления. Если бы он остался в живых, по всей вероятности, он исправил бы губительные последствия борьбы, которая принесла ему гадди Амбера; но малолетство правителя и сопутствующая ему анархия сделали его смерть точкой отсчета упадка могущества качхвахов. Он построил несколько городов, среди которых наиболее примечателен город, названный в его честь Мадхопур, расположенный недалеко от знаменитой крепости Рантхамбхор, самого безопасного из торговых городов Раджвары. Он унаследовал немалую долю отцовской любви к науке, благодаря которой Джайпур продолжал оставаться местом притяжения ученых людей, затмив даже священный Бенарес.
Притхи Сингх II, 1778 г. н. э. —Prithi Singh II., a minor, succeeded, under the guardianship of the mother of his younger brother, Partap. The queen-regent, a Chondawatni, was of an ambitious and resolute character, but degraded by her paramour, Firoz, a Filban, or ‘elephant-driver,’ whom she made member of her council, which disgusted the chiefs, who alienated themselves from court and remained at their estates. Determined, however, to dispense with their aid, she entertained a mercenary army under the celebrated Ambaji, with which she enforced the collection of the revenue. Arath Ram was at [373] this period the Diwan, or prime minister, and Khushhaliram Bohra, a name afterwards conspicuous in the politics of this court, was associated in the ministry. But though these men were of the highest order of talent, their influence was neutralized by that of the Filban, who controlled both the regent Rani and the State. Matters remained in this humiliating posture during nine years, when Prithi Singh died through a fall from his horse, though not without suspicions that a dose of poison accelerated the vacancy of the gaddi, which the Rani desired to see occupied by her own son. The scandalous chronicle of that day is by no means tender of the reputation of Madho Singh’s widow. Having a direct interest in the death of Prithi Singh, the laws of common sense were violated in appointing her guardian, notwithstanding her claims as Patrani, or chief queen of the deceased. Prithi Singh, though he never emerged from the trammels of minority and the tutelage of the Chondawatni, yet contracted two marriages, one with Bikaner, the other with Kishangarh. By the latter he had a son, Man Singh. Every court in Rajputana has its pretender, and young Man was long the bugbear to the court of Amber. He was removed secretly, on his father’s death, to the maternal roof at Kishangarh; but as this did not offer sufficient security, he was sent to Sindhia’s camp, and has ever since lived on the bounty of the Mahratta chief at Gwalior.[10]
Партап Сингх, 1778–1803 гг. н. э. —Partap Singh[11] was immediately placed upon the gaddi by the queen-regent, his mother, and her council, consisting of the Filban, and Khushhaliram, who had now received the title of Raja, and the rank of prime minister. He employed the power thus obtained to supplant his rival Firoz, and the means he adopted established the independence of his old master, the chief of Macheri. This chief was the only one of note who absented himself from the ceremony of the installation of his sovereign. He was countenanced by the minister, whose plan to get rid of his rival was to create as much confusion as possible. In order that distress might reach the court, he gave private instructions that the zemindars should withhold their payments; but these minor stratagems would have been unavailing, had he not associated in his schemes the last remnants of power about the Mogul throne. Najaf Khan[12] was at this time the imperial commander, who, aided by the Mahrattas, proceeded to expel the [374] Jats from the city of Agra. He then attacked them in their stronghold of Bharatpur. Nawal Singh was then the chief of the Jats. The Macheri chief saw in the last act of expiring vigour of the imperialists an opening for the furtherance of his views, and he united his troops to those of Najaf Khan. This timely succour, and his subsequent aid in defeating the Jats, obtained for him the title of Rao Raja, and a sanad for Macheri, to hold direct of the crown. Khushhaliram, who, it is said, chalked out this course, made his old master’s success the basis of his own operations to supplant the Filban. Affecting the same zeal that he recommended to the chief of Macheri, he volunteered to join the imperial standard with all the forces of Amber. The queen-regent did not oppose the Bohra’s plan, but determined out of it still higher to exalt her favourite: she put him at the head of the force, which post the minister had intended for himself. This exaltation proved his ruin. Firoz, in command of the Amber army, met the Rao Raja of Macheri on equal terms in the tent of the imperial commander. Foiled in these schemes of attaining the sole control of affairs, through the measure adopted, the Macheri chief, at the instigation of his associate, resolved to accomplish his objects by less justifiable means. He sought the friendship of the Filban, and so successfully ingratiated himself in his confidence as to administer a dose of poison to him, and in conjunction with the Bohra succeeded to the charge of the government of Amber. The regent queen soon followed the Filban, and Raja Partap was yet too young to guide the state vessel without aid. The Rao Raja and the Bohra, alike ambitious, soon quarrelled, and a division of the imperialists, under the celebrated Hamidan Khan, was called in by the Bohra. Then followed those interminable broils which brought in the Mahrattas. Leagues were formed with them against the imperialists one day, and dissolved the next; and this went on until the majority of Partap, who determined to extricate himself from bondage, and formed that league, elsewhere mentioned, which ended in the glorious victory of Tonga, and for a time the expulsion of all their enemies, whether imperial or Mahrattas.
Изложить полную историю событий этого правления — значит пересказать историю империи в ее последние мгновения. За двадцать пять лет правления Партапа он и его страна претерпели множество невзгод. Он был доблестным князем и не лишенным рассудительности; но ни доблесть, ни осмотрительность не смогли успешно задействовать ресурсы его небольшого государства против многочисленных хищных врагов и внутренних распрей. Отпадение Мачери стало тяжелым ударом для Джайпура, и необходимые субсидии быстро уменьшили сокровища, накопленные его предшественниками. Две выплаты [375] маратхам унесли восемьдесят лакхов рупий (800 000 фунтов стерлингов); тем не менее, таковы были запасы сокровищ, несмотря на огромные суммы, расточенные Мадхо Сингхом на поддержание своих претензий, помимо расходов регентства, что только на благотворительность в честь победы при Тонге в 1789 г. н. э. Партап потратил двадцать четыре лакха, или четверть миллиона фунтов стерлингов.
В 1791 г. н. э., после последовавших поражений при Патане и разрыва союза с ратхорами, Тукаджи Холкар вторгся в Джайпур и вымогал ежегодную дань, которая впоследствии была переведена на Амир-Хана и остается постоянным бременем для ресурсов Джайпура. С этого периода и до 1803 года, года смерти Партапа, его страна попеременно опустошалась армиями Синдхии под командованием де Буа или Перрона и другими бандами грабителей, которые часто оспаривали друг у друга обладание добычей. [13]
Джагат Сингх, 1803–1818 гг. н. э. —Jagat Singh succeeded in A.D. 1803, and ruled for seventeen [fifteen] years, with the disgraceful distinction of being the most dissolute prince of his race or of his age. The events with which his reign is crowded would fill volumes were they worthy of being recorded. Foreign invasions, cities besieged, capitulations and war-contributions, occasional acts of heroism, when the invader forgot the point of honour, court intrigues, diversified, not unfrequently, by an appeal to the sword or dagger, even in the precincts of the court. Sometimes the daily journals (akhbars) disseminated the scandal of the Rawala (female apartments), the follies of the libertine prince with his concubine Raskafur, or even less worthy objects, who excluded from the nuptial couch his lawful mates of the noble blood of Jodha, or Jaisal, the Rathors and Bhattis of the desert. We shall not disgrace these annals with the history of a life which discloses not one redeeming virtue amidst a cluster of effeminate vices, including the rankest, in the opinion of a Rajput—cowardice. The black transaction respecting the princess of Udaipur, has already been related (Vol. I. p. 536), which covered him with disgrace, and inflicted a greater loss, in his estimation,estimation, even than that of character—a million sterling. The treasures of the Jai Mandir were rapidly dissipated, to the grief of those faithful hereditary guardians, the Minas of Kalikoh, some of whom committed suicide rather than see these sacred deposits squandered on their prince’s unworthy pursuits. The lofty walls which surrounded the beautiful city of Jai Singh were insulted by every marauder; commerce was interrupted, and agriculture rapidly declined, partly from insecurity, but still more from the perpetual exactions of his minions [376]. One day a tailor[14] ruled the councils, the next a Bania, who might be succeeded by a Brahman, and each had in turn the honour of elevation to the donjon keep of Nahargarh, the castle where criminals are confined, overlooking the city. The feodal chiefs held both his authority and his person in utter contempt, and the pranks he played with the ‘Essence of Camphor’ (ras-kafur),[15] at one time led to serious thoughts of deposing him; which project, when near maturity, was defeated by transferring “this queen of half of Amber,” to the prison of Nahargarh. In the height of his passion for this Islamite concubine, he formally installed her as queen of half his dominions, and actually conveyed to her in gift a moiety of the personality of the crown, even to the invaluable library of the illustrious Jai Singh which was despoiled, and its treasures distributed amongst her base relations. The Raja even struck coin in her name, and not only rode with her on the same elephant, but demanded from his chieftains those forms of reverence towards her which were paid only to his legitimate queens. This their pride could not brook, and though the Diwan or prime minister, Misr Sheonarayan, albeit a Brahman, called her ‘daughter,’ the brave Chand Singh of Duni[16] indignantly refused to take part in any ceremony at which she was present. This contumacy was punished by a mulet of £20,000, nearly four years’ revenue of the fief of Duni!