[148] Законы (1833), с. 235 и след.; Конст. 1832 г., ст. VII, разд. 15: Пур, Хартии, т. II, с. 1077. Исключение в конституции 1832 г. положения, прямо требующего санкции легислатуры, явно призвано отменить законодательный развод. Тем не менее закон 1840 г. делает решения судов «окончательными и безапелляционными в той же мере, как если бы они были утверждены легислатурой»; из каковой формулировки можно было бы естественным образом сделать вывод, что легислатура продолжала ратифицировать разводы после вступления конституции в силу: Законы (1840), с. 51.
Законодательный развод запрещен конституцией 1868 г., ст. IV, разд. 22: Пур, Хартии, т. II, с. 1084; и ст. IV, разд. 87 и 90 конституции 1890 г.: Руководство конвента Нью-Йорка, ч. II, т. I, с. 1067 (1894).
[149] Закон также приводится в Своде законов Алабамы (1823), с. 252.
[150] Свод (1823), с. 254.
[151] Ст. VI, разд. 3, Конст. 1819 г.: Свод (1823), с. 255; Пур, Хартии, т. I, с. 42.
[152] Закон от 21 декабря 1820 г.: Свод (1823), с. 256.
[153] Относительно этих примеров см. Свод (1823), с. 256–58 (примеры 1821–22 гг.); Акты (1843), с. 143–47; Акты (1843–44), с. 210; Акты (1849–50), с. 517.
[154] См. Конст. 1865 г., ст. IV, разд. 30; Конст. 1867 г., ст. IV, разд. 30; Конст. 1875 г., ст. IV, разд. 23: Пур, Хартии, т. I, с. 53, 65, 81.
[155] Акты (1882–83), с. 587.
[156] Акты, принятые на первой сессии Законодательного совета Территории Орлеан (1805), с. 454–56. 1 мая 1805 г. развод был предоставлен Джеймсу Эллиоту и Софии, его жене: там же, с. 456–58.
[157] Лисле, Ген. свод, т. II, Приложение, с. 25, 26, приводит этот список с указанием дат. Эти законы о разводе, как обычно, занимают каждое лишь по две-три строки в статутной книге, и причина, как правило, не указывается. Примеры см. в Актах (1822), с. 12; там же (1826), с. 34, 58, 60, 62, 222; и там же (1827), с. 12, 18, 24.
[158] По закону от 19 марта 1827 г.: Акты, с. 130–35.
[159] Конст. 1845 г., ст. CXVII: Пур, Хартии, т. I, с. 721; а также Конст. 1852 г., ст. CXIV: Пур, указ. соч., т. I, с. 735; Гражданский кодекс (1853), с. 19; Конст. 1864 г., ст. CXVII; и Конст. 1868 г., ст. CXIII: Пур, указ. соч., т. I, с. 750, 767.
[160] Пятнадцать из этих разводов были предоставлены единым актом от 7 февраля 1879 г.: Акты и резолюции (1879), с. 5–8; относительно остальных см. там же, с. 46, 112; и сравните закон Конгресса от 30 июля 1886 г.: Сборник статутов, т. XXIV, с. 170. В том же 1879 году судами Аризоны было предоставлено двадцать восемь разводов, а в предыдущем году — пять: Райт, Доклад, с. 151.
[161] Act of Jan. 31, 1809: Littell, Stat. Law (1814), IV, 19, 20.
[162] Const. of 1850, Art. II, sec. 32: Poore, op. cit., I, 671.
[163] See the Index to Acts of the Gen. Assembly for each year, 1809-50.
[164] Act of Feb. 23, 1837: Acts (1836-37), 323, 324.
[165] Acts of the Gen. Assembly (1842-43), 205, 206.
[166] See chap. xv, sec. ii.
[167] Const. of 1798, Art. III, sec. 9: Digest of Laws of Ga. (1801), 40; Poore, op. cit., I, 394.
[168] Act of Dec. 1, 1802: in Compilation of Laws of Ga. (1812), 98-100.
[169] Compilation of Laws of Ga. (1812), 312-14.
[170] Prince, Digest (1837), 190; Head v. Head, 2 Georgia, 193.
[171] In the Compilation of Laws (1812), 61, 83, 113, 202-4, 264, 385, 408, 508, 509, 512, 569, are eighteen divorce acts; many appear in Laws of Ga., 1810-19 (1821), 193-96, 252-63; and eighty-six cases, in Dawson, Compilation, 1819-29 (1831), 141-53.
[172] Prince, Digest (1837), 187, note, gives the following summary, which appears to be inconsistent: "The number of persons divorced by the legislature since the date of the present constitution up to the close of the annual session of 1835, is 291, averaging from 1800 to 1810, about 4; from 1810 to 1820, 8; from 1820 to 1830, 18, and since that time, 28 per annum." If his averages are correct, the total number for the entire period would be about 440.
[173] Nov. 27, 1807: Compilation (1812), 385, 386.
[174] Laws of Ga., 1810-19 (1821), 262, 263.
[175] Const. 1798, Art. III, sec. 9, amendment of 1833, in force 1835: Prince, Digest (1837), 911; Poore, Charters, I, 399.
[176] See chap. xi, sec. 3, c).
[177] Code Napoléon, Nos. 233, 275-97.
[178] Case of Head v. Head, 2 Georgia Reports, 191-211.
[179] Const. of 1798, Art. III, sec. 9, amendment of 1849: Cobb, Digest (1851), 1123; Poore, Charters, I, 401.
[180] For natural and incurable impotency of body at the time of entering into the matrimonial contract; as also for idiocy and bigamy.
[181] Act of Feb. 17, 1827: Acts of Gen. Assembly (1826-27), 21, 22. Cf. same law in Supp. to Rev. Code (1833), 222, 223.
[182] Act of March 17, 1841: Acts of the Assembly (1840-41), 78, 79. The court may declare contracts void on the grounds named in 1827, "or for any other cause for which marriage is annulled by the ecclesiastical law" (78).
[183] Act of March 18, 1848: Acts of Assembly (1847-48), 165-67.
[184] Va. Code (1849), 561. Probably the abandonment or desertion is for a time less than five years, as the latter period is sufficient for a divorce a vinculo: Code (1860), 530, and note. On joint application of the parties and due evidence of reconciliation, a decree of separation may be revoked by the same court granting it; and when three years have elapsed without reconciliation after such a decree, the court may grant a full divorce: Acts (1895-96), 103; modified by ibid. (1902-3), 87, 98.
[185] This cause was added by the act of March 23, 1872: Acts of the Assembly (1871-72), 418, 419.
[186] Code of Va. (1887), 561: Acts of the Assembly (1852-53), 47, 48. The term of desertion was reduced from five to three years by Acts (1893-94), 425.
[187] Code of West Va. (1891), 612, 613; ibid. (1900), 660-62. It is provided that "a charge of prostitution made by the husband against the wife falsely shall be deemed cruel treatment, within the meaning of this section."-Code (1900), 662. The penalties for bigamy do not extend to a person forming a new marriage when the husband or wife has been absent seven years and not heard from: ibid., 971.
[188] As early as 1800 separate maintenance is secured to the wife in certain cases. It is enacted "that any court of quarter sessions or district court, shall be vested with jurisdiction to hear and determine applications from wives against their husbands for alimony, in cases where the husband has, or may hereafter desert or abandon his wife for the space of one year successively, or where he lives in open avowed adultery with another woman for the space of six months, and in cases of cruel, inhuman, and barbarous treatment."-Digest of the Stat. Laws of Ky. (1834), I, 121. Such cruel treatment warrants alimony even when life is not endangered: 2 J. J. Marshall, 324; but not divorce: ibid., 322.
"Before the passage of the above act, the chancellor had power to grant alimony, and since the statute it may be decreed in cases not embraced by it."-Digest (1834), I, 121, note. "After a decree for alimony, the power of the husband over the wife shall cease;" and she may use such alimony, and acquire and dispose of any property, "without being subject to the control, molestation, or hindrance" of the husband, as if she were a feme sole: ibid., I, 122. The two kinds of common-law divorce, in canonical sense, were originally recognized in Kentucky: Humphrey, Compendium of the Common Law in Force in Ky. (1822), 135.
[189] Littell, Statute Law of Kentucky (1814), IV, 19, 20.
[190] Act of Feb. 8, 1812: Littell, loc. cit., 407 ff. In case of divorce, the wife may not marry again within one year (409).
[191] Humphrey, Compendium of the Common Law, in Force in Ky., 135, above cited.
[192] For the present law of divorce see Ky. Stat. (1903), 846-51; and compare the act of March 2, 1843: Acts (1842-43), 29, 30.
[193] Code of Md. (1888), I, 143.
[194] Act of March 1, 1842: Laws (1841-42), chap. 262.
[195] Laws (1844), chap. 306.
[196] Laws (1846-47), chap. 340 (act of March 10, 1847); Mackall, Maryland Code (1861), I, 74, 75. The causes of limited divorce and the other provisions of the act are the same as in that of 1842.
[197] Laws (1888), chap. 486, modifying an act of 1872, chap. 272, which is the basis of the present law in Code of Md. (1888), I, 142, 143.
[198] North Carolina Acts (1827-28), 20. Cf. the preceding section of the text.
[199] Rev. Stat. of N. C. (1837), 238-42.
[200] The first three causes appear in Public Laws (1871-72), 339; the fourth is added by ibid. (1879), chap. 132, p. 240; the fifth by ibid. (1887), chap. 100, p. 190; the sixth by ibid. (1889), chap. 442, pp. 422, 423; the seventh by ibid. (1903), 846, amending an act in ibid. (1899), 337, which made the term of desertion one year; and the eighth by ibid. (1899), 124, 125. The seventh cause applies only to cases occurring before Jan. 1, 1903. The offender divorced for the seventh cause may not rewed in five years; and he must have been a resident of the state for the same period.
[201] The five causes of partial divorce are in Public Laws (1871-72), 339, 340. Cf. Code of N. C. (1883), I, 514.
[202] Scott, Laws of Tenn., Including those of North Carolina Now in Force (1821), I, 645-48 (act of Oct. 26, 1799).
[203] Laws (1819), chap. 20; Stat. Laws (1831), I, 76.
[204] Laws (1835), cited in Caruthers and Nicholson, Compilation of the Stat. of Tenn. (1836), 257-62.
[205] Act of Jan. 7, 1840: Acts (1839-40), chap. 54, p. 90.
[206] Act of Jan. 27, 1844: Acts (1843-44), chap. 176, pp. 200, 201.
[207] Code of Tenn. (1884), 611; Shannon, Code (1896), 1042. The fifth and sixth causes appear in ibid. (1858), 483; the tenth, in Acts (1867-68), chap. 68.
[208] Code of Tenn. (1884), 611, 612. In Shannon, Code (1896), 1043, these are combined under three heads.
[209] Act of Feb. 22, 1850: Cobb, Digest (1851), 226; Acts (1849-50), 151, 152.
[210] Except that "fraud" is added to the fourth cause.
[211] Code of Ga. (1896), II, 224 ff. Instead of "Levitical," "prohibited" degrees is now used.
[212] Const. of 1877, Art. VI, secs. 4, 15, 16: N. Y. Convention Manual, Part II, Vol. I, 427, 431. Cf. Const. of 1865, Art. IV, sec. 2; 1868, Art. V, secs. 2, 3: Poore, Charters, I, 409, 420, 422.
In case of partial divorce one jury is sufficient: Const. of 1877, Art. VI, sec. 15; and such seems to have been the earlier practice: 16 Ga., 81; Code of Ga. (1882), 394, note. A juror may be challenged for "conscientious scruples" regarding divorce: Code (1882), 397. This last-named provision appears in the act of Dec. 22, 1840: Cobb, Digest (1851), 225, 226.
[213] Act of March 10, 1803, passed by the Mississippi territorial legislature: Digest of the Laws of Ala. (1823), 252.
[214] Act of Dec. 21, 1820: Digest (1823), 256.
[215] Act of Dec. 23, 1824: Acts (1824), 61, 62.
[216] Aikin, Digest (1833), 130-32.
[217] Clay, Digest of Laws of Alabama (1843), 172; also in Acts (1843), 27.
[218] Acts (1869-70), 207, 208 (March 1).
[219] Code of Ala. (1887), 253; ibid. (1897), 491-95. The first four of these causes appear in Code (1852), 378; the fifth and sixth in the act of 1870.
[220] For interpretation of "cruelty" see 23 Alabama, 785; 27 Alabama, 222; 28 Alabama, 315; 30 Alabama, 714; 44 Alabama, 670, 698.
[221] Code of Ala. (1887), 524-26; ibid. (1897), 492. The causes of full divorce mentioned under II and III appear in Code (1852), 378.
[222] Stat. of Miss. Ter. (1816), 252-54; and act of June 15, 1822, in Code of Miss. (1848), 495, 496.
[223] Act of Feb. 13: Laws (1840), 125.
[224] Act of Feb. 14: Laws (1850), 122.
[225] Act of Nov. 29: Laws (1858), 166.
[226] Act of Feb. 9: Laws (1860), 202.
[227] Act of Jan. 29, 1862: Laws (1861-62), 246.
[228] Act of Dec. 1, 1863: Laws (1862-63), 125, 126.
[229] Act of Feb. 21, 1867: Laws (1866-67), 387.
[230] Rev. Code (1858), 334.
[231] By the Rev. Code (1871): see Wright, Report, 154; and Willcox, The Divorce Problem, 52.
[232] For interpretation of "cruel treatment" see Johns v. Johns, 57 Miss., 530.
[233] Ann. Code of Miss. (1892), 419, 420.
[234] Act of May 13, 1807: Laws of a Pub. and Gen. Nature (1842), 1, 90-92.
[235] Ibid., II, 360.
[236] Rev. Stat. (1835), 225 (Jan. 24). The "indignities" need not be offered to the person: 5 Missouri, 278; 19 Missouri, 352; 16 M. A., 422; 17 M. A., 390; but one or two such acts are insufficient: 34 Missouri, 211.
[237] According to the code, a "vagrant" is "every person who may be found loitering around houses of ill-fame, gambling houses, or places where liquors are sold or drunk, without any visible means of support, or shall attend or operate any gambling device or apparatus;" and "every able-bodied married man who shall neglect or refuse to provide for the support of his family, and every person found tramping or wandering around from place to place without any visible means of support." Besides being liable to suit for divorce, such a husband may be sentenced to not less than twenty days in the county jail, or to pay a fine of 20 dollars, or both: Rev. Stat. (1889), I, 917; ibid. (1899), I, 621. On vagrancy as a cause see 26 M. A., 647.
[238] Act of March 12: Laws (1849), 49, 50; Rev. Stat. (1889), I, 1029-32; ibid. (1899), I, 741. The circuit courts have jurisdiction; and process is as in civil suits, except that the answer of the defendant need not be under oath.
[239] Acts of Oct. 31, 1828, and Feb. 4, 1835, in Rev. Stat. of Fla. (1892), 504; or Thompson, Manual or Digest (1847), 47, 222-24. Incurable insanity is made a legal ground of divorce by Acts (1901), 118-21.
[240] On the allegations necessary see Johnson v. Johnson, 23 Florida, 413; Burns v. Burns, 13 Florida, 369; and on what does not constitute a cause, Crawford v. Crawford, 17 Florida, 180.
[241] Digest of Civil Laws Now in Force (1808), 26, 28, 30; also Code Civil (1825), 80, 87-91; Lislet, Gen. Digest, II, 3 ff.; Civil Code of La. (1853), 19.
[242] Act of March 19: Acts (1827), 130-35; also in Civil Code (1853), 19, 20. Such is still the law, except as to the term between the decrees.
[243] Act of April 2: Acts (1832), 152; also in Civil Code (1853), 20, 21.
[244] Acts (1855, March 14), 376.
[245] Act of March 16: Acts (1857), 137; Voorhies, Rev. Stat. Laws (1876), 313.
[246] Compare the act of March 9: Acts (1870), 108; with Acts (1877), 192. Voorhies, op. cit. (1884), 204-6, gives the law regarding the causes of divorce just as ibid. (1876), 312-14; and ibid. (1870), 18 ff.
[247] As in 1827, in these cases, a divorce may be "granted in the same decree which pronounces the separation from bed and board."
[248] Rev. Civil Code (1888), 68 ff.; ibid. (1897), 305, 306; ibid. (1870), 18 ff. Cf. Wright, Report, 97, 98. The habitual intemperance (Cause 3) and cruel treatment (Cause 4) must still be of "such a nature as to render their living together insupportable."
"The abandonment (Cause 6) with which the husband or wife is charged must be made to appear by the three reiterated summonses made to him or her from month to month, directing him or her to return to the place of the matrimonial domicile and followed by a judgment which has sentenced him or her to comply with such request, together with a notification of the said judgment, given to him or her from month to month for three times successively." — Rev. Civil Code (1888), 70.
[249] Act of July 4, 1898: Acts of the Assembly, 34.
[250] Laws of the Rep. of Texas, V, 19-22; also in Dallam, Digest (1845), 80, 81. Cf. the earlier act of 1837, in Dallam, op. cit., 79.
[251] Rev. Civil Stat. (1888), I, 885-88; Ann. Civil Stat. (1897), I, 1095, 1096. No. IV was added by act of May 27, 1876: Laws, 16.
[252] Digest of Ark. (1894), 680-83; Rev. Stat. (1838), 333. Incurable insanity appears as a ground in Civil Code, sec. 464, as amended in 1873; but it was dropped by Acts (1895), 76.
[253] Act of May 2, 1890: U. S. Stat. at Large, XXVI, chap. 182, p. 81.
[254] Ann. Stat. of Ind. Ter. (1899), 324.
[255] Wilson, Stat. of Okla. (1903), II, 1119.
[256] Richberg, "Incongruity of the Divorce Laws in the United States," Publications of Mich. Pol. Sc. Association, No. 4, p. 58.
For this act of Feb. 16, 1871, see Comp. Laws of the Ter. of Ariz., 1864-71 (1871), 303, 304. The other six causes referred to in the text are (1) impotency; (2) marriage of a female under fourteen without parental consent and not ratified by her after reaching that age; (3) adultery in either without collusion or subsequent voluntary cohabiting; (4) extreme cruelty, or habitual intemperance, wilful desertion for one year, or neglect to provide for the wife; (5) force or fraud; (6) conviction of either of felony after marriage. For the earlier law see the Howell Code, 232 ff.; and the amendments of 1865, in Comp. Laws (1871), 297-303.
[257] Rev. Stat. of Ariz. (1887), 373, 374; cf. Wright, Report, 90. By the act of 1871 the period of desertion is fixed at one year; and it is two years by the Howell Code: Compiled Laws (1871), 298, 304.
[258] Rev. Stat. of Ariz. (1901), 812-15; amended by Acts (1903), 52.
[259] Acts of N. M. (1901), 116 ff. For the earlier laws see Acts of the Ass. of N. M. (1886-87), 68; Comp. Laws (1897), 407. In case of permanent separation, without a dissolution of marriage, either spouse may institute a suit for division of property or disposal of the children; or the wife may bring suit for alimony alone: ibid., 116.
[260] Compiled Laws of N. M. (1885), 514, 516.
[261] Rev. Stat. and Codes of Porto Rico (1902), 813-17.
[262] "Provided, that, when the suit is instituted by the party deserting, it appears that the desertion was caused by the extreme cruelty of the other party, or that the desertion of the wife was caused by the gross or wanton and cruel neglect of the husband to provide suitable maintenance for her, he being of sufficient ability to do so" (p. 30).
[263] Act of Jan. 31: Acts and Joint Res. (1872), 30 ff.
[264] Repealed by act of Dec. 20: Acts and Joint Res. (1878), 719.
[265] Previous to 26 Geo. II., chap. 33.
[266] H. W. Desaussure, in 2 S. C. Equity Reports, 644 (revised edition).
[267] Opinion of Justice Pope in McCreery v. Davis, 44 S. C. Reports, 195-227 (1894).
[268] Comp. Stat. of D. C. (1894), 275, 276.
[269] Moore, Code of D. C. (1902), 199, 200.