freedom as royal borough, 402;
refuses loan to the king, 27, note 2;
quarrels with Canterbury, 163, note;
верховенство над Фордуичем, 411–413;
common assembly, 401;
Суд сотен, там же;
полномочия королевского беллифа в нем, 400–402;
church of S. Clements, 401;
св. Петра, там же;
engages a Dutchman to make a new dyke, 142;
harbour, 369;
privilege of burghers, 185;
market-place and common hall, 401;
the Mastez in, 184, note 5;
its mayor manager of the hospitals, 41, note 2;
his power to arrest on suspicion, 184, note 5;
мэр и присяжные заседатели, 400–402;
Monkenkey, 400;
punishment of men charged with homicide or theft, 221, note 2;
of elected treasurer who refused to serve, 188;
penalty for wounding in, 132, note 2
Scarborough, its complaint about ferm, 247, note 4
«Скавадж», 142, примеч. 1
Scot-ales, 206, 207
Scotland, war with, Morton’s demands for, 376, 377
Scots traders at Veere, 98, note 5
Schonen, English cloth dealers at, 95
Seaford, 386, note 2
Seaports, their duties, 128, 129
Печати, 175–6
English, their fine workmanship, 225, note;
of Archbishop of Canterbury used in Lydd, 410;
of Barnstaple, 225, note;
of Doncaster, 269, note;
Ipswich, 225;
Liverpool, 270;
Norwich, 246;
for sealing the cloth in Reading, 308;
of Romney, 405, note 1;
St. Albans, 295, note 2;
of S. Edmundsbury, 298;
of Lord Warden of Cinque Ports, necessary to make King’s writ valid, 387;
the Great, request that only laymen should have charge of, 365, note 3;
the Privy, writ of, 341;
mayor of Romney deposed by, 407
Security required by town on admission of man to freedom, 179
Self-government in the towns, 1-3, 218
Selling, Prior, of Christ Church, Canterbury, 377
Serfs, conditions of their emancipation in towns, 174, note 3
Shepway, court of, 388, 391-394, 396, note 2
Шериф, юрисдикция шерифа, 203–4;
appointment of deputy by, 204;
оценщик и сборщик королевских налогов и ренты, там же;
обязанности как главы уездных сил, там же;
tyranny and extortion of, 206;
hatred of, expressed in popular ballads and books, 207;
term of office, 234, note 3;
business at Bridport, 204;
modes of extortion in Canterbury and Bridgenorth, 207;
court at Dorchester, 203, 204;
of Norfolk, his Curia Comitatus at Norwich, 239;
jurisdiction there, 246;
of Norwich, 246
«Шьюдж», 142, примеч. 1
Shillingford, John, 338, 340-341, 346-348, 350
Shipbuilding for aliens, 86;
at Hull, 89;
at Woolwich, 84, note 1;
its costliness, 87
Shipmen’s guild at Hull, 89, note 2
Shipping, native and foreign, regulation of, 84;
its conditions in England, 85, 86;
growth in seaport towns, 87;
trade taken under State protection (1489), 112
Ships, English and foreign, sizes of, 84, note 1;
English, dispute with Flemish, 92, note 2;
см. Кристофер, Грейс, Гарри, Николас, Тринити
Уездные должностные лица, 203–207;
освобождение от них, 232–3
Shrewsbury, wearing of liveries forbidden in, 268, note 2
Shrewsbury, Countess of, her agreement with James, Lord of Berkeley, 266
Silk, its importation forbidden, 110;
manufacture, its beginning in England, 57;
осуществляемая женщинами в Лондоне, там же, примеч. 2
Silver mines in England, 55, note 1
Skenes, Irish, 351
Soke, the bishop’s at Winchester, 322
Soldiers, charges of levying for royal service, 374
Somerset, its silver mines, 55, note 1
Southampton, owned by King, 227;
burgess imprisoned for its rent, 140, 141;
liberties forfeited, 247, note 4;
its aqueduct and water supply, 19, note;
constable of castle, 312;
gallows, 2, note;
licence to buy and sell during S. Giles’ Fair, 329;
Italian merchants at, 78, 81, 330;
paving, 18, note;
provision for poor, 41, note 2;
ship, 85, note 2;
rights of Bishop of Winchester in, during fair of S. Giles, 324, note 3
Spain, English trade with, 120, 121
Stalls, in Exeter market place, 360;
the Queen’s, in Winchester, 323
Stanley, John of, 130
Стэнли, сэр Джон, его отношения с Ливерпулем, 273–276
Staple, the, 45;
its wanderings under Edward III., ib., 46;
зафиксирована в Кале, там же;
mayors and aldermen of, ib., 48;
English towns of, 46;
правила, 46–48;
authority, 48;
merchants of, monopolize export of wool, 49;
of Calais, its money transactions with the captain and the Government, ib., 50;
decline, 51;
борьба против купцов-авантюристов, 101–103;
Mediterranean merchants freed from its control, 78;
appointment of mayor as mayor of, 234;
set up by English adventurers at Bergen, 95;
for English cloth in Flanders, placed at Bruges by Archduke Philip, 113, note 3
Staplegate at Canterbury, 370
Statute of Maintenance, 221, note 1;
of Merchants, 156;
of Mortmain, 219, 246-7
Steel-yard, the, 83, 109, 110
Steward of King’s house, his jurisdiction, 209
Steward’s Hall Port of Lynn, 294
Stonor, harbour of, 369
Sturgeon, Nicholas, 44, note 1
Sturmys of Bristol, sends a ship to the East, 115
Sturry, 369
Sudbury, Archbishop, 374
Suffolk, Duke of, 216
Sussex, miners of, their evil reputation in Middle Ages, 415
Swithun, S., the convent of, at Winchester, 322, 323, see Winchester
Sword, of mayor of Norwich, 246;
of mayor of Lynn, 293
T
Tailors at Plymouth incorporated, 151
Taperaxe, 412
Tapestry factory at Ramsey, 57
Taverner, John, builds a “carrack” at Hull, 89
Tax on wool farmed by Lübeck merchants, 83
Taxation, changes in, 27, note 1;
of cloth, 81, note 1;
illegal, controlled by Commons, 25, note 3;
internal, of towns, 139, 355-357;
interference with, in Norwich, 219, note 4
Temple Fee, Bristol, 313, note 2
Tennis, game of, 363
Tetbury fair, 314
Teutonic Order banishes English traders from Prussia, 66
“Thefeswell” in Fordwich, 412
Thiefdown, 221, note 2
Thomas, S., feast of translation of, 370
Tin-works, Cornish, rented by Lübeck merchants, 83
Tolbooth at Norwich, 239;
Court at Lynn, 286, 288;
Port, at Lynn, 294
Toll hall at Bridport, 16
Tolls of cloth-exporters and staplers compared, 52;
on export, 90, note 2;
for Merchant Adventurers, fixed by charter in Burgundy, 96;
freedom from, granted to burghers, 183
Topsham, 359
Тотнес, юрисдикция беллифа лорда в нем, 252–3;
disputes between lord and tenants, 252;
poverty in 1449, 159;
wooden belfry replaced by stone tower, 160;
Guild under Henry II. and John, 251;
права, на которые претендует город, 251–2;
Merchant Guild, 175, note;
water-bearers, 157, note
Towns, English, their importance in fifteenth century, 1;
значение их истории, 8–10;
beginning of municipal history, 11;
контраст их истории с историей французских коммун, 29–32;
their lowly beginnings, 33;
relation to the Government, 27;
importance of their internal administration, 20;
their contribution to the reorganization of society, 23, 24;
прогресс до четырнадцатого века, 10–12;
in fourteenth century, 13;
место в истории пятнадцатого века, 40–44;
fallen condition in 1835, 5, 6;
attitude in Wars of Roses, 164;
ratify Henry VII.’s treaties with Burgundy, 4;
their self-contained and self-dependent life, 125;
changes in their condition through increase of industry and commerce, 171;
развлечения в них, 145–153;
assemblies, 223;
«общинные баржи», 140;
сохранение границ и «вольностей», 134;
common lands, 136, 137;
common revenue, 139;
competition and commercial jealousy in, 163;
corporate property, 138;
criers, 161, 162, 180;
duties, 4;
duty of citizens to chief magistrate and community, 126;
военные обязанности, 129–131;
military discipline, 127, 128;
freedom of election, 5;
its decay, 6, 7;
festivals, 149, 152, 153;
financial responsibility, 140, 165-167;
refusal to take up the franchise, 186;
forced labour in, 141, 142;
extent of their jurisdiction, 3, 190-193, 333-8;
right of criminal jurisdiction in, 2;
election of mayor, 12;
officers’ duties and responsibilities, 186;
representation in Parliament, 4, 7, 24, 25;
patronage of nobles sought by, 216;
paving of, 18, note;
political feeling in, 60, 61;
privileges forfeited, 247, note 3;
their protection extended to men who were not free citizens, 189;
provisions for relief of the poor, 41, note 2;
ранги и классы людей в них, 189–196;
конфликтующие права в них, 309–311;
их самоуправление, 1–3;
self-taxation, 2;
distribution of taxes in, 355, note 2;
regulation of trade, 2, 3;
watch and ward, 132, 133;
water-supply in, 19;
condition of the working classes in, 195;
public works, 141;
в древнем домене, 227–229;
dependent on other boroughs, 227, note;
on ecclesiastical estates, 227, 277-281;
на феодальных землях, 250–1;
subject to monastic rule, 295;
seaport, their duties during Hundred Years’ War, 128, 129;
of the Staple, 46;
см. Города
Townspeople lay rectors of parish church, 157;
their temper in the fifteenth century, 165
Tracy, Henry de, holder of Barnstaple, 253, note 3
Trade, its regulation in towns, 2, 3;
early associations for protection of, 32;
increase of lawsuits concerning, 58;
revolution in fifteenth century, 51;
endeavour to exclude foreigners from, 73;
attempts to protect it from piracy, 91;
right of, given to burghers, 182;
payment for rights of, 189;
with the East, monopolized by Italians, 114;
diverted from Venice to Portugal, 121;
English, with Bordeaux, 118, 119, 316, note 1;
with Genoa, proposal to forbid, 116;
with the North, 106, 107, 114;
of Florence, 78, 79;
foreign, Bishop Moleyns’s views of, 61, 62;
анонимный «памфлетист» о ней, 62–64;
London attempts to monopolize, 69;
injured by war with France, 64, note;
of Romney, 403;
free, adopted by Florence, 117;
of the country, formidable rival to protected trade of towns, 193;
between Liverpool and Ireland, 270;
of the Mediterranean, 77, 78;
State protection of, 72, 73;
its results at Venice, 80;
by sea, its early routes, 75, 77;
Venetian, bill against, proposed in Parliament, 115;
of Winchester, 324, 328;
in beer, with Flanders, 57;
in cloth, its rise, 51-54, 94, 95;
соперничество в ней между Англией и Фландрией, 65–66;
in iron, 54;
in wool, 45, 49, 51;
в вине, между Аквитанией и Англией, 118–120;
from Rochelle to Romney, 88;
борьба между Англией и Венецией за нее, 116–118;
licenses for trade given to lords of Berkeley, 316, note 1
Торговцы в городах, 189–192;
привилегированные, живущие вне городов, 192–3
Treaties of commerce, Henry VII.’s, 66;
with Brittany, 112;
with Castile and Catalonia, 120;
Henry VII.’s, with Florence, 117;
with Portugal, 121;
with Riga and Scandinavia, 113;
of Marienburg, 104, note 6;
of Utrecht, 110;
of 1475, 1486, 1495, 119, note 2;
of 1496 (Intercursus Magnus), 112
Судебные процессы, жалобы на них в Линкольне, 336–7
Trinity of Berkeley (ship), 316, note 1
Tumbril, 252, 315
U
Under-sheriff, appointed by sheriff, 204
Unenfranchised class, increase of, in towns, 196
Utrecht, treaty with the Hanse made at (1474), 110;
confirmed by Henry VII., 112
V
Veere, depôt of Scottish traders at, 98, note 5
Venice, its state-protected trade, 80;
its trade with Southampton, 81;
diverted to Portugal, 121;
bill to forbid its carrying trade proposed in Parliament, 115;
driven out of Egypt, 114;
struggle of English merchants with, 116;
Henry VII.’s agreement with, 118
Vitalien Brüder, 90
W
Waits, 145
Walls, provision for repairing in Norwich, 245, note 4
Wards in Norwich, 239, 240;
in Romney, 402, note 4;
in Rye, 17
Warden, the Lord, of the Cinque Ports, towns under the rule of, 386;
его власть, 390–394;
powers as Constable of Dover Castle, as Admiral, as Chancellor, 392;
his seal, necessary to make King’s writs valid, 387
Warden of the Poor at Exeter, 41, note 2
Warwick, its various lords, 309, 310
Warwick, Earl of, the Kingmaker, 257-8, 415
Watch and ward, 132, 133;
споры о ней в Эксетере, 357–8
Water supply in towns, 19, note
Wayneflete, Bishop of Winchester, 326, note
Weald, iron trade in, 54
Weavers of Chester, their riot in 1399, 130, note 1;
English and foreign, their rivalry, 65;
фламандские, их борьба против ввоза английского сукна, 99–101;
in Bristol, 193
Weights and Measures, Act of 1429, 3, note
Wells, under Bishop of Wells, 227;
fees in kind at, 178
Westgate, Canterbury, 381;
Archbishop’s tenants of, 370
Westminster, silk manufactory at, 57, note 2;
Abbot of, his gallows in Worcester, 310
Westwick, ward in Norwich, 240
Weymouth, ownership of, 227
Whitstable, rights claimed by Archbishop of Canterbury’s tenants, of, 371
Wikham, John, “schipwrite” of Rye, 88, note 2
Wills, enrolled in borough courts, 200, note 1;
probate of, at Lynn, 289;
claimed by Mayor of Canterbury, 200, note 1
Winchelsea, ownership of, 387, note 1;
member of Cinque Ports, 386;
punishment of thief at, 221, note 2
Winchester, owned by King, 227;
charter, 238, note 2;
sided with King against De Montfort, 242;
its reputed antiquity, 321;
poverty, 190;
уменьшение числа свободных граждан, там же;
dispute between bishops and burghers, 323;
fight between citizens and monks, 324, note 2;
бедствия и нищета в пятнадцатом веке, 326–330;
Lancastrian sympathies, 326, note;
тяжелые бремена, 327–9;
petition of burghers to Henry VI., 328, 329;
фи-ферм, штрафы и расходы в 1450 г., там же;
grant of forty marks to, from ulnage and subsidies of cloths, 329;
различные чужеродные объединения в пределах его вольностей, 322–324;
common assembly, 321;
boundaries, 322;
замок, там же;
corporation, 321;
curfew bell, 324;
S. Giles’ fair, 324, 329;
fraternity of S. John, its payment towards maintenance of walls and bridges, 329, note 2;
provision for ferm, 328, note 2;
franchise refused, 328;
эксперимент со свободной торговлей, там же;
friars, 323;
Magdalen hospital, 328, 329;
mayor, 325;
control of gates, 324;
вольность Годбит, там же;
Guildhall, 324;
High Street, 322, 323;
Italian merchants in, 330;
King’s officers in, 325;
town officers, 321, 322;
expenses of burgesses to Parliament, 329;
Pavilion, 322;
обход вольностей, там же;
the Queen’s House, 323;
королевы лавки, там же;
convent of S. Swithun, 322;
Bishop of, bribes to, 214;
his authority over trade, 324;
palace, 322;
права его арендаторов, 322–3;
Soke, 322
Windsor, Dean of, gift from Canterbury to, 214
Wines, variety of, 215;
Rhine, ordered to be carried only in English ships, 110;
см. Торговля
“Wine gavell” in Exeter, 359
Уингем, арендаторы Архиепископа Кентерберийского в нем, 370–1
Women carry on silk manufacture in London, 57, note 2;
their management of great estates, 265
Wool, beginning of its manufacture in Normandy, 119;
export of, 45, 49;
under Edward III., 50;
decrease in fifteenth century, 51;
tax on, 49;
farmed by Lübeck merchants, 83
Wool Hall at Colchester, 14
Wool-growers, rivalry with cloth-manufacturers, 68
Woolwich, ship built at, 84, note 1
Worcester, protection of burghers, 184;
law passed to compel men to become citizens, 190;
common coffer, 138, note;
«Великое облачение», там же;
gallows, 310;
hospital of S. John, 357, note 4
Working-classes in towns, condition of the, 195
Worsted manufacture in Norfolk, 54
Wynde, burgesses of the, in Barnstaple, 254
Y
Yarmouth, owned by King, 227;
rivalry with Norwich, 163, note;
город сделан стапельным, там же;
imitates Norwich system of government, 238, note 2;
riotous population of sailors, 194;
threatens monopoly of Cinque Ports, 394;
its fair, 395, 396, 415
Yaxley, church-ales at, 161, note
Year gift, 206
York, owned by King, 227;
its corporation made justiciars for preserving rivers, 234, note 2;
dealings with Richard III., 27, note 2;
reception of Duke of Gloucester, 216, 217;
guilds at, 42, note, 89, note 2;
mercers at, 89, note 2;
territory, 3, note;
its franchise, 196;
dispute about payment of troops, 131, note 3;
riot about common lands, 137, note 2
York, Archbishop of, his attack on Ripon in 1441, 130
York, Duchess of, gifts from Canterbury to, 215
Yorkshire, early brick buildings in, 56, note 3
Ypres, decline of its weaving trade, 65
КОНЕЦ ТОМА I.
Ричард Клей и сыновья, ограниченная ответственность, Лондон и Бангей.
ПРИМЕЧАНИЯ:
[1] Право «ямы и виселицы» никогда не отменялось официально. Последний случай применения относится ко времени правления Карла I (Rogers’s Agriculture and Prices, i. 132). Виселица в Саутгемптоне стояла на общинной земле; в Колчестере — в конце Ист-стрит.
[2] Расследование по делу о правах (Inquisition de quo Warranto) времен Эдуарда I доказывает, что Сент-Мартин и другие деревни находились под юрисдикцией Кентербери; дознания в этих местах проводились городским коронером. Йорк владел территорией в 2700 акров (Agric. and Prices, iv. 579). Бюргеры Дорчестера претендовали на право взвешивать все товары в радиусе двенадцати миль от города. В 1430 году был принят специальный статут, гласящий, что «их не следует лишать их права», в дополнение к Акту 1429 года, предписывающему использование единых мер и весов в каждом городе (9-й год Генриха VI, гл. vi). Другие примеры, такие как Норвич, Ноттингем и т. д., слишком многочисленны, чтобы их приводить.
[3] Моряки Синку-Портс заключали договоры с «французскими корабельщиками» относительно выкупа за моряков, матросов или рыболовецкие суда, которые могли быть захвачены любой из сторон; прибрежных жителей следовало отпускать без выкупа, в то время как «джентльмены» и купцы должны были платить столько, сколько потребуют захватчики. Судовладельцы и купцы каждого порта подписывали соглашение, и все прибрежные города от Саутгемптона до Танета присоединились к лиге. Составленный документ передавался на хранение лорду-смотрителю в Дувре, и в случае спора посланники от Портов отправлялись туда, чтобы ознакомиться с его положениями или сделать копию для собственного руководства (Hist. MSS. Com. v. 537-8; iv. i. 434).
[4] Hist. MSS. Com. ix. 146; xi. 3, стр. 12-13, 171, 113. О 1340 годе см. Ashley’s Arteveldes, 126-7.
[5] Stubbs Const. Hist. iii. 484-488. Hallam Const. Hist. iii. 36. Гнайст, приводящий другие цифры, считает, что одной из величайших опасностей XIV и XV веков было иррациональное и бессмысленное увеличение городского представительства (Constitution Communale, пер. Хипперта, i. 333, 338; ii. 9).
[6] Rep. of Com. on Mun. Corp., 1835, 20, 21; 29-34; Papers relating to Parl. Representation, 93, 94. Т. ix. № 92. ii.; 31 x.
[7] См. Paston Letters, i. 160-1, 337, 339-40; ii. 78, 28, 31, 35-36; iii. 52-3. «Ричард Безземельный» (Richard the Redeless), пасс IV. Великие люди иногда оказывали влияние на города; Hist. MSS. Com. v. 497; ix. 138. О различных способах голосования в городах см. Линн, Hist. MSS. Com. xi. 3, 146-151; Чичестер, Gross. Gild Merchant, ii. 48; Рединг, Coates, 459; Сэндвич, Boys, 402; Эксетер, Freeman, 152; Вустер, Eng. Guilds, 373, 393; Бристоль, Hunt, 86; Синку-Портс, Boy’s Sandwich, 774, 796.
[8] Первое упоминание бюргеров в Империи относится к 1066 году в Юи, в епископстве Льеж. Pirenne, Dinant, 18.
[9] Д-р Гросс приводит список из 150 городов, получивших право на создание купеческой гильдии — большинство из них в XII и XIII веках.