«Жизнь в английских городах в XV веке. Том 1»

Под суровым давлением соперничающих юрисдикций со всех сторон, от которого не было спасения, корпорация нуждалась в постоянной бдительности при защите собственных интересов. Подобно любому другому городу, большому и малому, в пятнадцатом веке Фордуич тщательно исследовал истинные пределы своих хартийных прав, а клерк переписывал новые копии их кустумала и старых записей об их границах. Единственным вопросом, где у них был шанс на успех, его бюргеры сражались с непоколебимым упорством за свои привилегии. Заявляя о монополии на причал, где разгружались корабли, они отказались от пошлин, требуемых св. Августином, потребовали полного контроля над рекой и тремя плотинами, которые сооружались каждый год в начале рыболовного сезона, и наконец добились компромисса, оставлявшего монастырю лишь продукцию одной-единственной плотины.

Если меньшие члены Портов, которые сами были корпоративными образованиями, такие как Лидд или Фордуич, не могли ожидать от своих старших собратьев никакой помощи в достижении независимости, то некорпоративные члены были еще более полностью лишены шансов на помощь; ибо семь великих городов ассоциации смотрели бы с небольшим терпением на любое восстание в своих зависимых деревнях. [803] Несомненно, жители Синку-Портс разделяли сполна демократический нрав, царивший в торговых городах восточного побережья от Уоша до Канала витавших в воздухе настроений; и рабочие и шахтеры Кента и Сассекса имели дурную репутацию в Средние века как наиболее склонные к гражданским раздорам, «как потому, что они с трудом переносят несправедливость, так и потому, что они жаждут новизны». [804] Не было ни одного восстания, в котором они не были бы самыми ярыми сторонниками революционной стороны. Жители Кента толпами следовали за Кейдом. Гастингс прислал одиннадцать солдат ему на помощь; Рай умолял о его дружбе; а Лидд отправил своего констебля верхом встретить его, написал ему письмо с извинениями за то, что не присоединился к нему, и преподнес в подарок морскую свинью. [805] Когда Уорик подхватил клич Кейда, они сплотились вокруг него; и когда он привел обратно Генриха Шестого в 1470 году, они снова оказали ему поддержку. [806] Во внутренней политике городов мы встречаем тот же нрав; и какими бы ничтожными и незначительными ни были борьбы Портов и скромных деревень, сплотившихся вокруг них, они открывают нам воинственный дух самоутверждения, кипевший в каждой деревушке Англии. Но с этим стойким духом муниципальной свободы вопрос федеративной организации не имел абсолютно ничего общего. Мы видели, что торговые привилегии, завоеванные в прежние времена совместными действиями городов, ограничивались надзором за ярмаркой сельди в Ярмуте, и что ассоциация так и не превратилась в великую торговую лигу по внушительному образцу городов Пикардии или Рейна. Тем менее этот союз напоминал какие-либо федеративные республики, созданные за водой в Понтье или Лаоннуа для взаимной помощи против врагов их мира или вольностей. [807] Нет никаких свидетельств того, что конфедерация Синку-Портс давала своим членам какую-либо гарантию муниципальной свободы или какое-либо расширение прав, которые следовало завоевать у их соответствующих лордов; и по сути эта группа привилегированных городов, кажется, не сделала ни малейшего шага вперед по сравнению с другими английскими городами, будь то в завоевании более ранней свободы или в поднятии более высокого стандарта свободы. В действительности история шестнадцатого века должна была доказать, что не было более грозного сопротивления растущим демократиям в городах Кента и Сассекса, чем респектабельное официальное общество, собиравшееся в Ромни и поедавшее вместе ежегодный пир Суда Братства.

УКАЗАТЕЛЬ

A

Abbotsbury, convent at, 203

Adamson, William, lease of Liverpool ferm to, 271, note 2

Admiral, appointment of mayor as, 234;

его юрисдикция, там же, примеч. 2;

of Norwich, 245;

of the Cinque Ports, his jurisdiction, 392

Adventurers, Merchant, 90;

their rivalry with Staple and Hanse, 94, 95;

organized by charter, 95, 96;

by Henry VII., 96;

рост их привилегий, там же;

settlement at Antwerp, 97, 98;

борьба за свободную торговлю сукном в Нидерландах, 99–101;

борьба со стейплерами, 101–103;

с Ганзейским союзом, 103–111;

organization in Norway, Sweden, and Denmark, 106;

supported by Henry VII., 111, 112;

their triumph in the north, 114;

progress from Edward III. to Henry VII., 122

«Адвоканты», 190

Alderman of the staple, 46, 48

Aldington, archbishop’s court of, 409

Aletot, tax paid by Rye to Fécamp, 387, note 1

Alexandria, centre of Mediterranean traffic, 77

Alien, judicial combat in Fordwich with, 221, note 2

Almshouses, 41, note 2

Развлечения в городах, 145–153

Andover, punishment for breach of public duty in, 181, note 2

Antwerp, trade of English Adventurers at, 94;

capital of the Merchant Adventurers, 97, 98;

succeeds Bruges as a centre of commerce, 100;

conference at, 113

Apprentices, kept only by burghers, 182

Apprenticeship, in towns, sought by country labourers, 194

Archers of Reading in 1371, 16, note

Arms, view of, at Bridport, 15, 16;

at Reading, 16, note

Arrest, disputes about rights of, 351-352, 364-367, 372

Assemblies in the towns, 223

Ассиза вина, хлеба и эля, спор о ней в Эксетере, 358–9

Attorneys, their numbers in Norfolk and Norwich limited, 58

Augustine’s, S., convent of, Canterbury, its agreement with Christchurch, 369;

споры с городом, 371–3;

owner of Fordwich, 412;

compromise with Fordwich, 414

Aylesbury, evasions of watch and ward in, 133

Aynesargh, Richard de, lease of Liverpool to, 271, note 2

B

Bailiff, commander of the town in war, 128;

his appointment as king’s steward and marshal, 236;

capital, of Hereford, 229, 319-320;

election of, in Liverpool, 270;

of wards in Norwich, 240, 243, 245, 246;

Ромни, 404–406;

короля в Сэндвиче, 400–402

Bailiff-errant, his duties, 205

Baltic, English Merchant Adventurers in, 95

Barge, the admiral’s, 245;

common, of towns, 87, 140;

of Ipswich, 85, note 2;

of London, 87, note 3;

of Romney, 87, 88

Barnstaple, granted to Sir John Cornwall and the Countess of Huntingdon, 253;

его фи-ферм и т. д. в 1273 г., там же, примеч. 3;

его традиции как города в составе древнего домена, 253–255;

byelaws of, 254;

«Бюргеры Вятра» в нем, там же;

жалобы лордов на него по поводу власти, на которую претендуют бюргеры, там же;

inquisition as to franchises of, 255;

хартии, там же;

market, 253, note 3;

Длинный мост, там же;

его богатство в XIII и XIV веках, там же;

seal, 225, note

Barons of the Cinque Ports, 386

Barton, John, thief in Exeter, 354

Battle, services due from its burgesses, 171, note 2;

its quarrel with Lydd about boundaries, 411;

abbot of, owner of land in Lydd, 409

Beaufort, Cardinal, 214

Bedford, opposition to commission of enquiry in, 268, note 1

Beer, its introduction, 57;

английский, вывозимый во Фландрию, там же

Bell, the common, 161, 180;

of Bristol, 314, 315;

of Hereford, 127;

Reading, 304;

Romney, 405, note 1;

Brandegoose, at Sandwich, 401;

of church, 153;

the curfew, 324

Bell-foundries, 55

Benecke, captain of Danzig privateers, 109, note 2

Bergen, staple set up by English adventurers at, 95;

English expelled from, 107

Berkeley, owned by lay noble, 227;

privileges leased to the burghers of, 263;

relations with its lords, 264, 267;

лорды, их борьба с Бристолем, 313–315;

their trading, 316

Berkeley, Lord James, 266

Berkeley, Lord Maurice, 265, 266, 312, 314-315

Berkeley, Lord Thomas, 315

Berkeley, Lady, daughter of Mayor of Bristol, 316;

ее похороны, там же

Bernard, the goldsmith, his escape from prison, 374

Berwick, government of, given to one of the Berkeleys, 264

Bier, the parish, 202

Billeting, forbidden in Bristol, 210, note 3

Birmingham, 200, note 2;

its bridges, 20;

его гильдия, там же

Bishops as lords of towns, 281

Blackwall, entrepôt of Dinant copper-workers at, 56

Bondmen, not to be admitted to franchise in York and Bridgenorth, 196

Bonvil, Sir William, 41, note 2, 267, 268, 366

«Бунеры», 141

Bordeaux, its trade, 87, 118, 119, 316, note 1;

taken by the French, 119

Boroughs, English, their importance in fifteenth century, 1;

created by Edward I., 11, note 3;

representation in Parliament, 24, 25;

conditions of claiming the property of, 218;

importance of corporate succession of, 219;

classification of, 227;

сочувствие короля к ним в вопросах конкурирующих юрисдикций, 232–3;

местное самоуправление в них, 233–237;

extortion in, 235, note 1;

advantages gained by, in times of state troubles, 237;

anxiety of king about democratic movement in, 247, note 3;

granted to nobles, 253, note 2;

in “ancient demesne,” 227, 246, see Towns

Borough Court, or Portmote, attendance of burghers required at, 180;

wills enrolled in, 200, note 1;

at Norwich, 239

Borough English, 222

Boston, house of the Hanseatic League at, 110

Boulogne, soldiers from Reading at, 16, note

Boundaries, preservation and perambulation of, 134

Boy Bishop, 148

Brass, guns made of, 55, note 4

Взятки, система взяток в городах, 211–217

Brickmaking, its beginnings in England, 56

Bridges, repair of, 144;

the Long, at Barnstaple, 253, note 3;

at Birmingham, 20;

Canterbury, 19;

Exeter, 144;

Лондон, там же;

Ноттингем, там же;

Reading, 301, note 2

Bridgenorth, payment to players forbidden in, 152;

franchise of, 196;

complaint of the jurors against the sheriff’s bailiffs, 207, note 1

Bridgewater, burgages held by clergy at, 175, note

Бридпорт в тринадцатом веке, 202–203;

in fourteenth century, 15;

в пятнадцатом веке, 15–16;

смотры оружия в нем, там же;

братства в нем, там же;

Таможенный зал и Гильдия в нем, там же;

колокольные мастерские в нем, 55–56;

collection for improving its harbour, 143, 144;

rector and parishioners, 157;

bequests for the church, 159, note;

manufactures at, 202;

натуральные платежи за фи-ферм, 204–5;

advantages of its obscurity and distance from court, 210

Brinklow, his political ideas, 60, note 4

Bristol made a shire, 12;

gives a benevolence to the king, 27, note 2;

disputes with Genoese merchants, 91, note 2;

его взнос на защиту торговцев, там же, примеч. 3;

new channel dug for the Frome at, 142;

billeting forbidden in, 210, note 3;

revolt of the Commons, 312;

хартия конфискована, там же, примеч. 1;

mayor of, freed from oath to constable, 313;

obtains jurisdiction over Redcliffe, 314;

борьба с лордами Беркли, 313–315;

difficulties as to jurisdiction of Temple fee, 313, note 2;

включение Редклиффа в его состав, там же, примеч.;

burgesses’ petitions to King and Parliament, 315;

нападение на лорда Томаса Беркли, там же;

плата за подтверждение хартий, там же;

sends men to Lord Berkeley’s help at Nibley, 316;

the castle fee in, 311;

constable of castle, 312;

grant of ferm, 238, note 3;

dispute about ferm, 253, note 2;

S. Mary’s Hall at, 316;

Fellowship of Merchants, 89;

paving, 18, note;

common bell, 314, 315;

gaol, 315;

watch on S. John’s Eve, 149;

compass first used in England by its men, 107;

trade with Gascony, 119;

traders from, settle in Bridport, 15;

sail to Iceland, 107;

Flemish weavers in, 193

Britanny, commercial treaty with, 112

Broad-cloth first mentioned, 52

Broad Hill, court held on, 394, 395

Brodhull, register of its acts, 398;

см. Братство

Братство, суд, 395–398;

см. Бродхолл, Гостлинг

Bruges, the staple at, 45;

made staple for English cloth in Flanders, 113, note 3;

decline of its weaving trade, 65

Building in towns in fifteenth century, 18, 19

Burgage rents, 13, note 2

Burgage tenure, 170-173, 200, note 2

Burgesses, in the empire, first mention of, 11, note 1;

decayed, in Preston, 190, note 3;

of the Wynde in Barnstaple, 254;

their qualifications, 170, 171;

craftsmen and foreigners admitted as, 173;

см. Бюргеры, Граждане

Бюргеры, порядок приема в их число, 178–9;

обязанности, 180–181;

привилегии, 181–185;

ответственность и службы, 185–188;

punishment of, for refusing to serve in municipal offices, 187, 188;

their duties confined to town, 188;

the exclusive character of the poorer, 195;

claim to have their own courts, 220;

growing importance in the country, 257;

their seals, 175;

см. Буржуа, Граждане

Burgundy, Henry VII.’s alliance with, 4;

charter to Merchant Adventurers in, 96

Burgundy, Duke of, grants charter to English Merchant Adventurers, 96

C.

“Cachepol” of abbot of S. Augustine’s, 412

Cade, Jack, his supporters in Cinque Ports, 415

Calais, the staple at, 46;

captain of, 49;

монетный двор в нем, там же;

Likedelers of, 90;

election of governors of Merchant Adventurers held at, 96, note 6

Cambridge, first notice of bricks at, 56, note 3

Canal-makers, Dutch, 193

Cannyges, of Bristol, 84, note 1, 89, 107

Canopy, at coronation of King, carried by representatives of Cinque Ports, 389

Canterbury, royal borough, 227;

extent of its jurisdiction, 3, note;

Henry VII. received at, 37, note;

quarrels with Sandwich, 163, note;

Henry VII.’s breve to enable inhabitants to resist demands of King’s purveyors, 210, note 1;

payment to be excused from sending ships to the war, 213, note 3;

relations with York and Lancaster, 215, 216;

refusal of citizens to appear at the King’s Court at Westminster, 230, note 2;

property exempt from corporate authority, 310, note;

dispute as to jurisdiction of city coroner, 355, note 1;

споры со святым Августином, 371–2;

с церковью Христа, 135–6, 373–382;

with convent of S. Gregory, 369;

bridge, 19;

charters, expenses connected with, 211, note;

cathedral, its jubilee festivals, 376;

church of S. Andrew, 380;

Blackfriar’s churchyard, 375;

first main drain, 20;

expenses of feasts, 372, note 3;

town festival, 149;

price of admission to freedom, 178, note 5;

municipal debts, 140, note 1;

дары, 214–216;

hospitals, 369;

Swan inn, 216;

loans to King, 27, note 2;

рынок, 371–2, 377–80;

mayor, probate claimed by, 200, note 1;

mace, 381;

king’s mead, 371;

mill, ib., 372, 381;

minstrels, 145, note;

paving, 18, note;

plays, 146;

protection of burghers, 185;

обеспечение паломников, 375–6;

punishment for drawing knife, 132, note 2;

extortions of sheriff, 207;

Staplegate, 370;

trade with Bordeaux, 118;

walls and gates, 129, note 1;

Westgate, 370, 381;

см. Августина (св.) церковь, Церковь Христа

Canterbury, Archbishops of, 177, note 2, 369-371, 409

Cardiff requests copy of Hereford customs, 228

Карлайл, его «ф релидж», 180;

help granted towards payment of ferm in, 231, note 2;

liberties forfeited, 247, note 4

Carpets, manufactory of, at Ramsey, 57

Castile, commercial treaty with, 120

Castle Coombe, cloth sold at, 54, note 1

Замок, констебль замка, его власть, 311–12

Castle Fee, its independence of the municipality, 311

Catalonia, commercial treaty with, 120

Caxton, Thomas, town clerk of Lydd, 411

Cemetery, booths set up in, at fair-time, 362

Chaldensham, the breaking to pieces of the abbot’s gallows at, 372

Хартии, право Короля отзывать их, 211–12;

payments for the confirmation of, 211;

of incorporation, 219, note 1;

см. Барнстейбл, Бристоль, Кентербери, Ипсвич, Лестер, Линкольн, Ливерпуль, Линн, Нортгемптон, Норвич, Ноттингем, Плимптон, Рединг, Уинчестер

Chepin gavell in Reading, 299, 306

Chepstowe, its trade with Iceland and Finmark, 107, note 1

Chest, the parish, 202;

the common, of Reading, 305, 306

Chester, raid of Baldwin of Radington on, 130;

потасовка в нем, там же, примеч. 1;

town festival, 149;

liberties forfeited, 247, note 4;

silting up of harbour, 270

Chester, Earl of, Liverpool granted to, 270

Children of citizens, age of taking up duties of citizenship, 194;

небюргеров, возраст начала работы, 194–5

Chimneys of tiles or brick, houses to be provided with, 194

Christ Church, Canterbury, its agreement with S. Augustine’s, 369;

владение Сэндвичем, 399–400;

owner of land in Lydd, 409;

quarrels with Fordwich about the quay, 413;

см. Кентербери

Christopher, the (ship), 316, note 1

Church, hostile to the formation of communes, 279, note 2

Church-ales at Plymouth, 160, 161;

at Yaxley, 161, note

Церкви, приходские, их различные применения, 153–156;

apportionment of seats, 154;

townspeople lay rectors of, 157;

различные расходы, 158–161;

bequests for, 159;

rebuilding of, in 15th century, 18

Churchyards and ecclesiastical precincts enclosed by walls, 335

Синку-Портс, их договоры с «французскими моряками», 4, примеч. 1;

house of elected mayor or jurat who declined to serve, pulled down, 187;

jurats and barons of the, 386;

конфедерация, 386–399;

привилегии, 387–389;

ownership of, 387, notes 1 and 2;

justices itinerant shut out from, 388;

writ of error in, 388, note 2;

no trial by jury in, 388, note 6;

support Simon de Montfort, 388, note 5;

тяжелые расходы на оборону, несенные ими, 389–390;

payments for maintenance of liberties of, 390, note 2;

monopoly threatened by Yarmouth, 394;

jealous watch against infractions of privileges, 398;

accuser often executioner in, 412, note 2;

confederation affords no security to members against their lords, 414;

various jurisdictions, 398;

admiral of, 392;

no coroner in, 388, note 1;

торговые привилегии, 414–415;

confederation, unlike confederations abroad, 415;

поддерживает Кейда, там же;

поддерживает Уорика, там же;

суды, см. Братство, Гостлинг, Шепвей

Cirencester, 295

Citizens, their busy life, 161;

independence, 177;

laws passed in Norwich and Worcester to compel men to become, 190;

age for taking up duties, 194;

outnumbered by the unenfranchised classes in the towns, 196;

distinguished from “natives” in Hereford, 318;

см. Буржуа, Бюргеры

Clarence, Duke of, present from Canterbury to, 215

Clergy as citizens, 175, note

Clisheath, fight on, 267

Clock, the town, 182

Clock-house, payments for, in Reading, 304

Cloth, altered conditions of production, 54;

продаваемое в Лондоне, там же, примеч. 1;

taxes on, 81, note 1;

struggle for its free importation into Netherlands, 99, 100;

undressed, its export forbidden, 110;

terms of sale and finishing, granted to Henry VII. by Flanders, 113, note 3;

woollen, its export allowed to Portuguese, 121, note 2;

manufacture protected by government, 66, 67;

attempt to confine its export to London, 69;

dressing of, disputes about, 70;

seal for sealing it, in Reading, 308;

broad, 52; see Trade

Cloth-workers, rivalry with wool-growers, 68

Clothiers distinguished from drapers, 67

“Clothing, Great,” of Worcester, 138, note

Coal, its early use in London, 55, note 1

Cœur, Jacques, 114

Colchester, its condition, c. 1300, 14;

progress in the 14th cent., ib., 15;

burghers not to be appointed in any quest or assize outside the borough, 188, note 2;

Norwich system of government imitated by, 238, note 2;

gallows, 2, note;

moot hall, 14;

шерстяной зал, там же

Cologne, Hanse of, 75, 76, note 1

Commerce, treaties of, 66;

government protection of, 66, 67;

морская, ее ранние маршруты, 75–77;

between England and the Baltic, 83;

its two great routes, 83;

in hands of foreign carriers, 83, 84;

growth of private enterprise, 88, 89;

transferred from foreign carrying vessels to those of English adventurers, 94;

см. Торговля, Договоры

Common, rights of, 136, 137, 181

Commons, House of, relation of boroughs to, 24;

control over taxation, 25, note 3;

height of power in early 15th century, 26;

petition for working of mines, 55, note 1; see Parliament

Communes, the Church hostile to the formation of, 279, note 2;

Франции, контраст между их историей и историей английских городов, 29–32

Коммунитас, ее значение, 167–168;

раннее управление, 169–171

Compass, its first recorded use in England, 107

Compurgation, 221, note 2

Коунсфорд уорд, Норвич, 239–40

Конфедерация, контраст между английскими городами и континентальными в отношении нее, 384–385;

Синку-Портс, 386–399, 414–416

Constable, dispute about election of, in Reading, 304, 306;

замка, его власть, 311–312

Convents, towns subject to, 227, 295

Copes, regulations about use of, at Plymouth, 158

Copper works at Dinant, 56;

в Англии, там же

Cornwall, Sir John, Lord of Barnstaple, 253

Cornwall, its silver mines, 55, note 1;

tin works, 83

Coroner, business of, 203;

dispute in Exeter about the jurisdiction of, 355;

of Devonshire, 355;

in Cinque Ports, 388, note 1

Corpus Christi, guild of, 150, 151

Coteler, J., lieutenant of mayor of Exeter, 346

Court, the papal, its demands from Canterbury cathedral, 376;

см. Адмиралтейство, Город, Братство, Уездный суд, Гостлинг, Сотня, Королевский, Леет, Сироты, Портмот, Шерифы, Шепвей, Зал стюарда порта, Толбут

Craft guilds, 150

Crafts, their formation into close companies, 195

Craftsmen, their political importance, 60;

admitted as burgesses, 173

Кранмер, его отказ сдать в аренду беллифство Ромни горожанам, 408–9;

his lease of the bailiwick of Hythe to townspeople, 408

Cranbrooke, cloth sold at, 54, note 1

Crete, English merchants buy wine in, 116

Criers in the towns, 161-162, 180

Cunningham, Sir Thomas, 98, note 5

Curfew bell in Winchester, 324

Curia Comitatus at Norwich, 239

Customs, Hereford, 317;

copy of, asked for by Cardiff, 228

D

Danzig, English cloth-dealers at, 95;

English colony at, 104, note 6

Dartmouth, its parish church, 157, note 2

Davison, Sir W., 98, note 5

Dean, Forest of, its forges, 54

Домен, древний, города в его составе, 227–229

Dengemarsh, 409

Denge Ness, 409

Denmark, English traders expelled from, 66;

Henry VII.’s treaty with, 113

Derby, franchises of, forfeited, 247, note 4

Derby, Earl of, Liverpool granted to, 270

Devon, its silver mines, 55, note 1

Девон, граф, его стычка с лордом Уильямом Бонвилом, 267–8

Devonshire, the coroner of, 355

Devonshire, Earls of, 266, 366;

conflict of Exeter with, 339, 340

Dinant, its relation to the Hanseatic League, 82, note 3;

copper-workers of, their trade with England, 56

Disfranchised table, 181

Domesday, 343, 344, 345;

of Ipswich, 225

Dominicans, their settlement in Winchester, 323

Doncaster, 269, note

Dorchester, extent of its jurisdiction, 3, note;

sheriffs court at, 203, 204

Dorset, its silver mines, 55, note 1

Dover, member of Cinque Ports, 386;

ownership of, 387, note 1;

church of S. James, 393;

суд апелляций лорда-хранителя, проводимый там, 393–394;

meeting of deputations from Lydd and Romney at, 411;

punishment of thief, 221, note 2;

lieutenant of, 213, note 1, 391;

castle, constable of, 390, 392

Drain, at Canterbury, 20;

at Exeter, 361

Drapers distinguished from clothiers, 67;

of London, their first charter, 52, note 3

Duel in Leicester, 221, note 2;

освобождение от них в Линкольне, там же

Dunwich, 238, note 3

E

Ecclesiastical estates, towns on, 227, 277-281;

tenants of, their attitude in the towns, 191, 192

Edmund Crouchback, 269, note, 270, 271

Edmund, Bishop of Exeter, 343

Edward I., boroughs created by, 11, note 3;

charter to Norwich, 242;

grant to Lydd, 410

Edward II., advantages to towns of disorders under, 237

Edward III., his dealings with the staple, 45, 46;

relations with Florentine merchants, 78, 79;

borrows money of Lübeck merchants, 83;

advantages to towns of his commercial policy, 237

Эдуард IV, его отношения с Ганзой, 109–110;

grants fresh franchises to Exeter, 367, note 2

Egypt, Venetians driven out of, 114

Elbing, market at, 104

Election of town officers, 224, 235

Empire, first mention of burgesses in, 11, note 1

Enclosure of churchyards and ecclesiastical precincts within walls, 335

Engineers, Dutch and Flemish, employed in England, 142, 143, note, 403

England, its comparative unimportance in Europe in thirteenth century, 32, 33;

характер его истории в пятнадцатом веке, 35–44;

classes of its population c. 1453, 60

English language, prayers in, used by a Norfolk guild, 42, note

Escheator, the King’s, 208;

назначение мэра в нем, там же, примеч. 1;

term of office, 234, note 3

Essex, Dom Robert, manufactures silk at Westminster, 57, note 2

Exe Island, 339

Exeter, its early government, 338;

jurisdiction of Earls of Devonshire in, 339;

disputes with them, 266, 339;

с собором, 340–368;

discussion between bishop and mayor, 155;

election of Shillingford as mayor, 340, 341;

grant of Richard of Almayne to, 357;

grants of Edward IV. to, 367, note 2;

almshouses at, 41, note 2;

право ареста в нем, 364–366;

ассиза вина, хлеба и т. д., 358–9;

bridge at, 144;

Broad Gate, 353;

great drain, 361;

Canon’s-street, 360;

споры о совместном использовании собора, 362–364;

as to jurisdiction of coroner, 355;

cathedral close, 352, 353, 355;

provision for ferm in, 359;

Fish-street, 360;

price of admission to freedom, 178, note 5;

gates, dispute for control of, 361, 362;

Guildhall, 341, 351, 356;

hospitals, 41, note 2;

law against livery, 339;

market, ib., 359, 360;

St. Martin’s-street, 360;

paving of, 18, note;

bishop’s prison, 362;

St. Peter’s fee, 357;

Recorder, 345, 347;

maces, 339, 367;

Black Roll, 345;

S. Stephen’s fee, 343;

town-hall, 344;

великая башня, 361–2;

warden of the poor, 41, note 2;

controversy as to watch and ward, 357, 358;

wine gavell, 359

Exeter, Edmund, bishop of, 343

Exmouth, port, 346, 359

Export trade, revenue from, under Henry VII. and VIII., 58;

industrial changes occasioned by, 67;

disputes caused by, between merchants and artizans, 70; see Trade

Extortion in the boroughs, 235, note 1

F

Fairs and markets forbidden to be held in sanctuaries, 156;

forbidden on Sundays and feast days, 156, note;

of Ripon, 130;

of Tetbury, 314;

St. Giles’s, at Winchester, 324, 329;

at Yarmouth, 395, 396, 415

Fastolf, Sir John, 259, note 2, 267, note 1

Faversham, its incorporation under mayor and jurats, 398, note 2

Fécamp, abbey of, its relations to Hastings, Winchelsea, and Rye, 387, note 1

Fees on admission to freedom of town, 178;

натурой в Уэллсе, там же

Fellowship, Merchants’, in Bristol, 89;

in London, attempt to monopolize the export of cloth, 69;

of the mayor of Exeter, 346, 353, 366

Felon, dispute about the seizure of the goods of, in Exeter, 354

Ferm of towns, collection of, 205;

settlement of, connected with election of mayor, 218, note;

provision for payment of, 231, note 1, 244, 359;

leasing out of, 238, note 3, 247, note 4

Festivals, local, 149;

complaints of their decay, 151;

jubilee, at Canterbury cathedral, 376

Feudal estates, condition of towns on, 250, 251;

лорды, борьба городов с ними, 198–200, 255–257

Финансы городов, 138–141

Fines paid to be free of holding municipal offices, 187, note 1;

of borough or manor courts, granted to citizens, 231

Fineux, Master John, justiciar, 214

Florence adopts free trade, 117;

торговый договор Генриха VII с ней, там же;

its trading importance, 78;

loans of its merchants to Edward III., ib., 79;

commercial revival after acquisition of Leghorn, 79

Folkestone, punishment of thief at, 221, note 2

Fordwich, 227, 369;

under mastership of Sandwich, 411, 412;

extent of its territory, 412;

jurisdiction of Abbot of S. Augustine’s, ib., 413;

споры с церковью Христа из-за причала, там же;

правила и налоги, наложенные Сэндвичем на него, там же;

compromise with S. Augustine’s as to control of river and weirs, 414;

capital punishment in, 412;

judicial combat with alien in, 221, note 2;

Hundred court, 412;

юрисдикция мэра, там же;

его должностные лица, там же;

тюрьмы, там же;

Тефесвелл, там же

Foreigners, admitted as burgesses, 173, 178, note 5;

limitation of their rights, 184

Forfeiture of town privileges, 247, note 4;

of citizenship, 179, 180

Fortescue, Sir John, chief justice, 59, 346

France, condition of people in, as described by Fortescue, 59

Franchise forfeited by forsaking town for a year and a day, 179;

refusal to take up, 186, 328;

to be confined to members of craft guild, 195, 196;

bondmen born not to be admitted to, in York and Bridgenorth, 196;

of Lynn, controlled by the Bishop of Norwich, 286; see Freedom

Franciscans in Winchester, 323

Frankpledge, view of, dispute in Lynn about, 290, 294

Fraternities at Bridport, 16

Freedom, municipal, ways of winning, 177, note 1;

mode and terms of admission to, 178, 179;

lost by breach of public duty, 180;

mode of recovery in Hereford, 180, note 3;

classes shut out from, 189, 190

Freemen, their decrease in Romney and Winchester, 190

Freeman’s prison, 185

Free-traders, their settlement outside the towns, 192, 193

“Frelidge” at Carlisle, 180

G

Gallows and pit, right of, 2, note

Gallows of prior of Christ Church, Canterbury, 373;

the abbot’s, at Chaldensham, 372;

of Colchester, 2, note;

Саутгемптон, там же;

Worcester, 310

Gaol, the common, of Bristol, 315

Gascony, its trade with England, 119

Gates, dispute about control of, in Exeter, 362;

in Winchester, 324

Gate, the Broad, of Exeter, 353

Gaunt, John of, 253, note 2, 260, note 2, 270

Gavell, the wine, in Exeter, 359; see Chepin

Genoa, its trade, 79, 80;

bank of S. George, 80;

relations of its traders with England, 114, note, 115;

proposal to forbid trade with, 116;

disputes of its merchants with those of Bristol, 91, note 2

Germin, treasurer of Exeter, 346

Gestling, drowning of felons in the, 221, note 2

Glass, English, forbidden in Beauchamp Chapel at Warwick, 56, note 4

Glass-painting, early English, 56

Gloucester made a shire, 12;

owned by King, 227;

custody of, given to one of the Berkeleys, 264;

bell foundries at, 55, 56;

paving of, 18, note

Gloucester, Duke of, at York, 216, 217

Gloucester, Earl of, his gallows at Worcester, 310

Godbeate, liberty of, in Winchester, 324

Goldsmiths of London, their wealth, 58

Grendon, Simon, Mayor of Exeter, 41, note 2

Griffith, David ap, grant of ferm of Liverpool to, 275

Grimsby, regulation as to taxes in, 355, note 2

Guestling, courts of, 397; see Brotherhood

Guild at Birmingham, 20;

of Corpus Christi, 150, 151;

of Young Men at S. Edmundsbury, 296, 297;

shipmen’s, at Hull, 89, note 2;

of merchants at Lynn, 89;

at Malmesbury, dispute about, 302, note 2;

of Nottingham, rights of taxation given to, 355, note 2;

of Totnes, 251, 252;

of Our Lady and S. George at Plymouth, 158;

at York, 42, note, 89, note 2

Guilds, festivals of, 150

Гильдия, см. Зал

Guild Merchant, its importance in dependent towns, 302, 303;

of Ipswich, 224, 225;

Leicester, 355, note 2;

Liverpool, 270;

Lynn, 286, 288;

Reading, 300, 303, 304;

Totnes, 175, note;

claimed by S. Edmundsbury, 297, 298

Guns, English-made, their superiority, 55

H

Hadley, cloth sold at, 54, note 1

Hall, the common, of Romney, 129, note 2, 403, 405, note 1;

of Sandwich, 401;

the guild, of Bridport, 16;

Exeter, 341, 351, 356;

London, 378, note 2;

Lynn, 283;

Reading, 300, 304, 305;

Winchester, 324

Hanse of Cologne, 75, 76, note 1;

Flemish, in London, 76

Hanseatic League, 81, 82;

its carrying trade, 83;

disputes with Lynn merchants, 91, note 2;

борьба с английскими купцами-авантюристами, 103–111;

gathers fleet against England, 109;

поддерживает Эдуарда IV, там же;

Edward IV.’s treaty with, 110;

ее гильдия в Лондоне, там же;

дом в Бостоне и Линне, там же;

its decline, ib., 111;

negotiations with Henry VII. at Antwerp, 113;

expels English traders from Denmark, 66;

succeeds Hanse of Cologne in the carrying trade, 77

Harbledown, hospital of S. Nicholas at, 369

Гавани, создание и улучшение, 142–144

“Harry Grâce à Dieu,” the, 84, note 1

Hastings, 386;

castle, 387, note 1

Haute, William, lord of the manor of Bishopsbourne, 216, note 2

Hemp, grown at Bridport, 202

Henry III., advantages to towns of his reign, 237;

charter to Liverpool, 270;

to Norwich, 242

Henry IV. supports the Merchant Adventurers, 95, 96, 105, 106;

advantages to towns of his political insecurity, 237;

хартия Норвичу, 245–6

Henry V. forbids English trade with Iceland, 106;

plans a royal navy, 86;

advantages to towns of his financial needs, 237

Henry VI., Canterbury associated with the party of, 215;

advantages to towns of tumults of his reign, 237;

charter to Barnstaple, 255

Henry VII., his position among English sovereigns, 73, 74;

received at Canterbury, 37, note;

enforces Navigation Act, 94;

patron of the Merchant Adventurers, 96, 111, 112;

international treaties of commerce, 66;

renews treaty with Brittany, 112;

treaties with Burgundy, 4;

commercial treaty with Florence, 117;

with Riga, 113;

со Скандинавией, там же;

with Venice, 118;

confirms treaty of Utrecht, 112;

negotiations with Hanseatic League at Antwerp, 113;

treatment of Lombards, 116;

secures protection for English merchants in Bordeaux, 119;

stipulations for free trade with Spain, 120

Herbert, bishop of Norwich, 282

Hereford, municipal almshouse at, 41, note 2;

duties of its citizens to their chief magistrate, 126;

town bell, 127;

mode of recovery of freedom, 180, note 3;

the burghers’ account of their freedom, 199, 200;

law against maintainers or protectors, 220, 221;

суд поединком отменен, там же;

customs, 317;

отношения со светскими и духовными лордами и их арендаторами в пределах его вольностей, 317–320;

различие между «гражданами» и «уроженцами», 318;

authority over those privileged to trade in town, 318, 319;

capital bailiff, 229, 319, 320;

punishment of a vagabond, 319, 320;

tenants of various fees allowed to plead in the courts of, 320;

refusal to give Cardiff copy of customs, 228, 229

Highway, the king’s, sale of merchandise in, 156

Holcraft, Thomas, ferm of Liverpool let to, 275

Holland, engineers from, employed at Hythe, 142, 143, note;

at Sandwich, 142

“Holland” linen made in England, 57

Hollingbroke, ward in Romney named after, 402, 403

Horn, the common, 161;

at Dover, 178, note 5;

of S. Edmundsbury, 296;

of Romney, 404, 405, note 1

Hospital at Exeter, 41, note 2;

в Сэндвиче, там же;

the Magdalen, Winchester, 328, 329;

of S. Nicholas, Harbledown, 369

Hospital of S. John, Worcester, refusal of its tenants to aid in taxes, &c., 357, note 4

House built by burgher as security on admission to freedom, 179;

of burgher must be kept in proper repair, ib., 180;

of stone, 193;

the Queen’s, at Winchester, 323

Hull, shipbuilding at, 89;

shipmen’s guild at, 89, note 2

Hundred, freedom from officers of, 232, 233

Hundred court in Fordwich, 412;

Sandwich, 401

Huntingdon, perambulation of its boundaries, 134, note

Huntingdon, Countess of, owner of Barnstaple, 253

Huy, burgesses at, 11, note 1

Hythe, ownership of, 227, 387, note 1;

member of Cinque Ports, 386;

payment towards renewal of Cinque Ports charters, 390, note 2;

Cranmer’s lease of bailiwick to townspeople, 408;

назначение беллифа, там же, примеч.;

пожалование мэра ему, там же;

new harbour made at (1412), 142, 143;

subscriptions for new steeple, 160, note

I

Iceland, English Adventurers in, 106, 107

Income-tax in towns, 139

Incorporation, charters of, 219, note 1

Industry, revolution in, during 14th and 15th centuries, 39, 40, 44, 45;

changes in, 67, 70, 71;

relations of government to, 67, 70-72;

state protection of, 72, 73

Inferiores, in Lynn, 193, note

Inns of London, 378, note 2;

bailiffs and jurats allowed to hold, in Romney, 404, note 2;

the “Swan” at Canterbury, 216

Intercursus Magnus, 112

Ipswich, archbishop of Canterbury given right to trade in, 177, note 2;

general assembly, 224;

barge, 85, note 2;

charter from John, 223, 224;

charter withdrawn, 247, note 4;

Domesday Roll, 225;

election of officers, 224;

Guild Merchant, ib., 224, 225;

ordinances, 224;

arrest of Scotch priests, 230, note 3;

common seal, 225;

guardianship of sea, 234, note 2

Ireland, its trade with Liverpool, 270

Irishmen, feeling against, in the towns, 173, 174, note 1

Iron, trade in England, 54;

increase in price, 55;

imported from Sweden and Spain, 55

Italy, merchants of, their privileges in England, 78;

expulsion from London, 329, 330;

hire houses in Winchester, 330;

поселяются в Саутгемптоне, там же

J

Jewry of Bishop’s Lynn, 283

John, advantages to towns of his money difficulties, 237;

charter to Ipswich, 223;

to Liverpool, 270;

to Lynn, 283

Jurats of the Cinque Ports, 386

Jury, citizens from twelve years old might serve on, 184;

exemption from serving on, granted to burghers of Reading, 306;

выплаты «дружественным», 212;

no trial by, in Cinque Ports, 388, note 6

Justices, itinerant, shut out from Cinque Ports, 388;

of the Peace, 247

K

Kent, men of, their evil reputation in Middle Ages, 415

Kiln of feudal lord, 199

King, the, and Commons, 25, note 3, 26;

его суверенные права, 207–209;

различные должностные лица короля, посещавшие города, 208–210;

power of, to withdraw or question the value of charters and ancient customs, 211, 212;

как лорд манора, 229–232;

his sympathy with borough in questions as to rival jurisdictions, 232, 233;

his difficulty in finding sufficient officers, 234;

power of granting privileges beyond that of other lords, 263, note 2;

loans to, 27, note 2, 305, note 1

King’s court, 208

L

Labour, division of, 67;

forced, in towns, 141, 142

Землевладельцы, неблагоприятные условия жизни, 258–268

Language, English, prayers in, used by a Norfolk guild, 42, note

Laonnais, federative republic of, 415

Law, king’s, and town law, 236, note

Law day, business done at, 203

Law Merchant, 48

Lawsuits, increase caused by growth of trade, 58;

of nobles, 266

Leet in Norwich, 240, 242, 243

Leet court, 336;

in Lynn, 288, 294;

in Norwich, 230, note 3;

in Nottingham, 336, note 3

Leghorn won by Florence, 79

Leicester, owned by lay noble, 227;

dispute about election of mayor, 235, note 2;

town property, 269, note;

хартия от Эдмунда Плантагенета (Краучбека), там же;

regulations as to taxes, 355, note 2;

Купеческая гильдия, там же;

duel in, 221, note 2;

petition for abolition of “borough English” in, 222

“Libel of English Policy,” 61, 62;

вторая, 62–64

Likedelers of Calais, 90

Lincoln, charter of, 238, note 2;

complaint about trials in, 336, 337;

freedom from duel, 221, note 2

Linen manufacture, its beginnings in England, 57

Lisbon, commercial treaty with, 121

Lisle, Lord, his death at Nibley Green, 267

Liverpool, burgages in, 172;

takes place of Chester as landing place, 270;

торговля с Ирландией, там же;

общая печать, там же;

избрание беллифов, там же;

хартия от Иоанна, там же;

от Генриха III, там же;

пожалована констеблю Ланкастерского замка, там же;

возвращена в казну Иоанном, там же;

графу Честеру, там же;

графу Дерби, там же;

Эдмунду Краучбеку, там же;

перешла по браку к Джону Гонту, там же;

Quo Warranto in, ib., 271;

first mayor, 218, note, 271;

leases of fee form, 218, note, 270, 271;

liberties usurped by Edmund Crouchback, 271;

dependence on lord, 272;

возвращается к короне, там же;

петиция бюргеров, там же, примеч. 3;

отношения с Молине и Стэнли, 273–276;

grant of ferm to David ap Griffith, 275;

фи-ферм сдан в аренду Томасу Холкрафту, там же;

пожалована корпорации, там же;

revenue, 273, note 1

Livery, 339;

town laws against, 257, 268;

supplied from lord’s estate, 260

Loans, voluntary, from towns to the king, 27, note 2

Lombards settled in London, 81;

their relations with Edward IV., Richard III., and Henry VII., 116;

преследования их в Лондоне, там же;

London hires out its common barge, 87, note 3;

bell foundries in, 55, 56;

first notice of bricks in, 56, note 3;

bridge of, 144;

drapers of, 52, note 3;

cloth sold in, 54, note 1;

use of coal in, 55, note 1;

wealth of its goldsmiths, 58;

guildhall, 378, note 2;

Flemish Hanse of, 76;

guildhall of Hanseatic League, 110;

inns, 378, note 2;

Italian merchants expelled from, 329, 330;

Lombards in, 81, 116;

house of Cologne merchants in, 76, note 1;

Merchants’ Fellowship of, its attempt to monopolize export of cloth, 69;

annexes Middlesex, 219, note 3;

Recorder of, 372, 378, note 2;

silk manufacture in, 57, note 2;

settlers from, at Rye, 17;

effort to concentrate oreign trade in, 69;

paviour from, employed at Southampton, 18, note;

great play acted in, 145

Longport, Canterbury, disputes about rights of arrest in, 372

Lübeck, head of the Hanseatic League, 81, 82;

succeeds to financial importance of Florence, 79;

its merchants farm the English wool tax, 83;

ссужают деньги Эдуарду III, там же;

арендуют английские рудники, там же

Lucas, Hugh, arrest of, in Exeter, 351

Lydd, expenses incurred in war, 415, note 4;

fine for refusing to take journey on town business in, 187;

incorporation under mayor and jurats, 398, note 2;

assessment of income tax, 139, note 2;

imitates Romney jetty, 143, note;

liberties given by Edward I. to, 410;

quarrel with Battle about boundaries, 411;

loan to Thomas Dygon, 139;

minstrels at, 147;

plays, &c., at, 148;

provision for poor in, 41, note 2;

Portuguese in, 122, note;

use of archbishop’s seal in, 410;

its services at archbishop’s court commuted for yearly payment, 409, 410;

its hired ships, 87;

style under Henry VI., 410;

subjection to Romney, 410, 411;

town clerk, 411;

watch on S. John’s Eve, 148

Lynn under Bishop of Norwich, 227, 282;

granted by Bishop Herbert to monks of Norwich, 282;

выкуплены обратно, 283–4;

charters from John, 283;

of 1335, 289;

from bishop, 290;

борьба между епископом и городом, 287–294;

petition for relief from demands of king’s bailiffs, 285, note 1;

expenses of bribes, 214, note 3;

Church of St. Margaret, 283;

споры с лордами Касл-Райзинга, 284–5; различные суды, проводимые Епископом Норвичским, 285–6;

courts leased by bishop to burghers, 294;

municipal debt, 140, note 1;

franchise controlled by the Bishop of Norwich, 286;

dispute about the view of frankpledge, 290, 294;

guildhall, 283;

guild of merchants, 89;

Guild Merchant, 286, 288;

house of the Hanseatic League, 110;

cross set up by hermit at, 175, note;

«Инфериорес», 193, примеч.;

Jewry, 283;

Leet court, 288, 294;

Tolbooth court, 286, 288;

the authority of the mayor limited by the Bishop of Norwich, 286;

disputes of merchants with the Hanse, 91, note 2;

lends money to the king, 27, note 2;

payment of players, 145, note;

growth of shipping, 87;

taxation for Church expenses, 158, note 3;

trade with Iceland forbidden, 107, note 1;

wealth in the thirteenth century, 286;

proving of wills at, 289

«Лайвлод», 139

M

Maces, at Canterbury, 381;

Exeter, 339, 367;

Norwich, 246;

Reading, 306;

Romney, 406

Maintenance, statute of, 221, note 1;

town laws against, 257

Malmesbury, dispute about guild at, 302, note 2

«Малтоды», 139

Malvern, fifteenth century glass at, 56, note 4

Manchester, qualifications of burghers in, 170, note 2;

charter, 181, note 3

Mancroft, ward in Norwich, 240

Manufactures, growth of, in England in fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, 44, 45, 67;

сукно, 52–54;

of wool, in Normandy, 119

Manufacturers, rivalry with merchants, 68

Marienburg, treaty of commerce made at, 104, note 6

Mariners of England and France, agreement between, 396, note 3

Market, the king’s clerk of, 208;

payments for freedom of, 192;

market at Barnstaple, 253, note 3;

Кентербери, 371–2, 377–380;

Exeter, 359, 360

Marshal of king’s house, extent of his jurisdiction, 209

Mastez in Sandwich, 184, note 5

Matthyessone, Gerard, Dutch engineer employed at Romney, 143, note

Mayor, election of, 12;

its connexion with settlement of fee-farm rent, 218, note 1;

various offices given to, 231, 233, 234, 236;

положение между королем и горожанами, 236–7;

of Bristol, charter to the, 313;

his daughter’s marriage with Lord Berkeley, 316;

of Canterbury, his office respecting pilgrims, 376;

of Exeter, his dependence on the Earl of Devonshire, 339;

of Fordwich, his jurisdiction, 412;

of Hythe, 408, note;

of Leicester, dispute about election of, 235, note 2;

of Liverpool, first election of, 218, note, 271;

of Lydd, 398, note 2;

of Lynn, his authority limited by Bishop of Norwich, 286;

спор с Епископом о юрисдикции, 289–294;

his sword, 293;

Норвича, права юрисдикции, предоставленные ему в 1403 г., 245–6;

made mayor of Staple, 245;

его жалованье, там же;

his sword and maces, 246;

назначен королевским эшетором в Норвиче, там же;

of Reading, provision for his salary, 300, 304, 305;

his mace, 306;

disputes about election, ib., 307;

of Romney, 409;

deposed by Privy Seal, 407;

of Sandwich, 400;

his power to arrest on suspicion, 184, note 5;

of Winchester, 325;

of the Staple, 46, 48

Mediterranean, its trade, 77, 78

Melton, action against townsmen for not baking bread at lord’s oven in, 199, note 1

Memling’s Last Judgement, its adventures, 109, note 2

Mendip, mines in, 55

Mercers of York, 89, note 2

Купеческая гильдия, см. Купеческая гильдия

Merchants, their aversion from foreign war, 64;

rivalry with manufacturers, 68;

associations of, 88;

increase in their number, 89;

Братство купцов в Бристоле, там же;

гильдия купцов в Линне, там же;

Italian, their privileges in England, 78;

of London, seek to monopolize foreign trade, 69;

Statute of, 156

Middlesex annexed to London, 219, note 3

Mill of feudal lord, 199;

в Кентербери, 371–2, 380–1

Mines, English, 55;

rented by Lübeck merchants, 83

Miners of Mendip, riot of, 55;

of Sussex, 415

Minstrels, 147;

of Canterbury, 145

Mint at Calais, 49

Moleyns, Bishop of Chichester, his Libel of English Policy, 61, 62

Молине, сэр Ричард, его отношения с Ливерпулем, 273–276

Monkenkey, Sandwich, owned by Christ Church, Canterbury, 400

Монто, Роберт де, его борьба с Линном, 284–5

Montfort, Simon de, Norwich and Winchester against, 242;

supported by Cinque Ports, 388, note 5

Moot Hall at Colchester, 14

Morgespeche of Guild of Reading, 303

Morpeth, 227

Mortmain, Statute of, 219, 246-7;

extended to cities and boroughs, 219, note 2

Morton, Cardinal, 211, note, 376-7

Music, its developement in England in fifteenth century, 44

N

“Natives,” their distinction from citizens in Hereford, 318

Navigation Act, the first, 84;

put in force by Henry VII., 94;

of 1489, 112, 119

Navy, mediæval idea of its origin and use, 75;

planned by Henry V., 86;

merchant, its character, 92;

its inefficiency as a royal navy, 93

Netherlands, rivalry with England in the cloth trade, 65, 66;

английские торговцы в них, 98–101

Newgate, leet of, in Norwich, 242, 243

Nicholas of the Tower (ship), 89

Nibley Green, battle of, 267, 316

Nobles, their patronage sought by towns, 216;

honours paid to, 256;

dress and state, ib., 257;

decay and poverty, 257;

stores of treasure, 259;

денежные затруднения, там же;

dependents, 260;

займы и долги, 261–2;

leasing out privileges to townspeople, 263;

frequent absences from home, 264, 265;

тяжелые последствия восстаний и гражданских войн для них, 265–266;

распри и судебные тяжбы, 266–268

Небюргеры, 193–196

Norfolk, cloth-making in, 52, note 1;

worsted manufacture, 54;

increase of lawsuits, 58;

traders robbed by Danes, 91

Normandy, beginning of its woollen manufactures, 119;

Henry I.’s charters to towns in, 172, note 1

Northampton, charter of, 238, note 2;

взыскание недоимок по фи-ферму, 205–6

Norton Mandeville, cloth sold at, 54, note 1

Norwich, its condition before Henry II.’s time, 238;

хартия Ричарда I, там же;

of Henry III., 242;

Эдуарда I, там же;

Генриха IV, 245–6;

sided with king against De Montfort, 242;

authority exercised by Parliament over, 235, note 2;

liberties forfeited, 243, 247, note 4;

петиция 1307 г., 243–4;

made county, 245;

made staple town, 245;

sues for repayment of a loan to the king, 27, note 2;

twelve of its citizens distrained for the city’s debt to the king, 140;

action in Wars of the Roses, 37, note;

under the protection of Suffolk, 216;

rivalry with Yarmouth, 163, note;

admiral appointed in, 245;

its burghers freed from arrest for debt, 242;

four bailiffs, 240, 245, 246;

bell foundries, 55, 56;

Borough Court, 239;

castle fee and its tenants, 240, 241, 244, 245, 313;

law passed to compel men to become citizens, 190;

church of S. George, 243;

exemption from clerk of the market, 208, note 2, 245;

ditch, 242;

exports in 1374, 88, note 2;

ferm, 238;

provision for, 244;

guild of S. George, 150;

system of government imitated by Yarmouth and Colchester, 238, note 2;

inhabitants in thirteenth century, 171, note 3;

increase of lawsuits in, 58;

four leets, 240;

leet of Newgate, 242, 243;

amercements ordered by Leet Court, 230, note 3;

mayor of, his salary, 208, note 1;

его права юрисдикции, 245–6;

his sword and maces, 246;

назначен мэром стапеля, там же;

назначен королевским эшетором, там же;

payment for charter, 238;

petition against players, 152;

Provost, 238, 239;

seal, 246;

шерифы, там же;

municipal taxation, royal interference with, 219, note 4, 241, 355, note 2;

adventures of a thief, 243;

tollbooth, 239;

four wards, 239, 240;

towers and walls, provision for repairing, 245, note 4

Норвичские епископы, см. Герберт, Линн

Nottingham, borough in ancient demesne, 227;

charter, 238, note 2;

franchise forfeited, 247, note 4;

foreigners to pay £10 for admission to freedom, 178, note 5;

payment for liberties, 232, note 1;

rights of taxation given to the guild, 355, note 2;

“booners” in, 141;

«городской английский закон», 222, примеч. 1;

bridge, 144;

burgages, 172;

court leet, 336, note 3;

pledges, 178, note 4;

pleas concerning trade, 58

Novgorod, 77, 111

O

Official, the Master, of the archdeacon at Nottingham, 336, note 3

Onterdel, Dutch engineer employed at Romney, 143, note

Oporto, commercial treaty with, 121

Orphans, Court of, 41, note 2

Outbutchery built in Reading, 304

Oven of feudal lord, 199;

домовладельцев в Престоне, там же

Oxford, first notice of bricks in, 56, note 3

P

Palmer, John, of Exeter, 41, note 2

Parliament, representation of towns in, 4, 7, 24, 25;

Brinklow’s criticism on, 60, note 4;

authority exercised by, in Norwich, 235, note 2;

expenses of members of, in Winchester, 329;

см. Община

Paston family, stores in their house, 259, note 2

Paston, Sir John, 260, 265

Paston, Judge, 265

Pavilion, the, in Winchester, 322

Paving of towns, 18, note

Payments from towns for the confirmation of charters, 211, 303;

for liberties, 232, 238;

for deliverance from feudal obligations, 198;

натурой в Бридпорте, 204–5

Peasant Revolt, 196, 237

“Penny prykke,” game of, 363

Pershore, Abbot of, his gallows in Worcester, 310

Philip, Archduke, makes Bruges the staple for English cloth in Flanders, 113, note 3

Picardy, commercial league of, 415

“Piers Ploughman,” picture of English life in, 21;

dealings with the social problems of the day, 22;

his theory of King and Commons, 25, note 3, 26

Pilgrims to Canterbury, provision for the safety and comfort of, 375, 376

Pillory, 252, 315

Pit and gallows, right of, 2, note

Pirates attack English Adventurers, 90, 91

Pisa, English wool merchants at, 117

Пьесы, 145–148

Players, petition against, in Norwich, 152

Pledges required of candidates for citizenship, 178

Plimpton, charter of Baldwin of Redvers to, 263, note 2;

agreement of the convent of, with Plymouth, 296, note;

rope yarn made at, 202

Plumpton family, their money difficulties, 261

Plumpton, Sir John, 130

Plumpton, Sir William, 265, 266, note 1

Plymouth, its agreement with the convent of Plimpton, 296, note;

money collected for S. Andrew’s by church ales, 160, 161;

regulations about the use of copes, 158;

гильдия нашей Девы и св. Георга, там же;

of Corpus Christi, 151;

инкорпорация портных, там же

Ponthieu, federative republic of, 415

Portmanbrok in Reading, 300, 304

Portmen in Ipswich, 224

Портмот, см. Городской суд

Portugal succeeds Venice in the Eastern trade, 121;

торговый договор с ней, там же

Pratt, William, builds the first main drain at Canterbury, 19, 20

Preston, its various lords, 253, note 2;

qualifications of burghers, 170, note 2;

their privileges, 190, note 3, 198, 199;

punishment for breach of public duty, 181

Prison of the bishop, in Exeter, 362;

freeman’s, 185;

the abbot’s, at Fordwich, 412

Малая печать, см. Печать

Probate, claimed by the Mayor of Canterbury, 200, note 1;

at Lynn, 289

Provost of Norwich, his election, 238;

his duties, 239;

replaced by four bailiffs, 240

Prussia, English traders banished from, 66

Purveyors, the king’s, 210

Q

Quay at Fordwich, quarrels about the, 413;

of Sandwich, agreement between Christ Church and Sandwich about, 400, note 2

“Queke,” game of, 363

Quo Warranto in Liverpool, 270

R

Radford, Recorder of Exeter, 345, 347

Radington, Baldwin of, 130

Ramsey, carpet and tapestry manufactories at, 57;

tenants of King’s Ripton transferred to the Abbey of, 228, note

Reading, originally on royal demesne, 299;

its subjection to the Abbot, ib., 227;

struggle with him, 300, 301, 303-308;

confirmation of charters, 303;

archers, 16, note;

смотр оружия, там же;

bell, 304;

nineteen bridges, 301, note 2;

the Hallowed Brook, 304;

chepin gavell in, 299, 306;

common chest, 305, 306;

constable, 304, 306;

guild merchant, 300, 303, 304;

guildhall, 303, 304, 305;

exemption from serving on juries granted to burghers, 306;

loans to the king, 305, note 1;

the mayor, his salary, 304, 305;

his mace, 306;

disputes about his election, 306, 307;

register of his acts, 305;

Morgespeche, 303;

Outbutchery, 304;

Portmanbrok, 300, 304;

seal for cloth, 308;

contribution of soldiers under Edward VI., 16, note

Reap-silver, 171, note 2

Recorder of Exeter, 345, 347;

of London, 372, 378, note 2

Redcliffe, dispute about ownership of, 314, 315;

incorporated with Bristol, 314, note

Redvers, Baldwin of, his charter to Plimpton, 263, note 2

Religion among English townsfolk in 15th century, 42

Rhine, commercial league of the, 415

Ricart of Bristol, his notices of political events, 37, note

Richard I., advantages to towns of his money difficulties, 237;

his charters to towns, 238

Richard III.’s dealings with York, 27, note 2

Richard of Almayne, his grant to Exeter, 357

Riga, Henry VII.’s commercial treaty with, 113

Ripon, its fair, 130;

потасовка в нем в 1441 г., там же

Ripton, King’s, tenants of, transferred to the abbey of Ramsey, 228, note

Rising, Castle, disputes between the lords of, and the bishop of Norwich, 284;

its rights in Lynn pass to Edward III., 285

Roan, John, Flemish engineer employed at Romney, 143, note

Rochelle, its wine trade with Romney, 88

Rochester, the King’s hackney-men in, 209, note 3;

castle of, owner of land in Lydd, 409

Roll, the Black, of Exeter, 345

Romney under Archbishop of Canterbury, 227;

member of Cinque Ports, 386;

ownership of, 387, note 1;

борьба за свободу, 404–409;

претензия на статус королевского города, 407–408;

struggle with Lydd, 409, 411;

auditing of town accounts, 139, note 2;

беллиф, 404–406;

bell, 405, note 1;

отказ Кранмера сдать в аренду беллифство горожанам, 408–409;

common barges, 87, 88;

decay of burghers, 403;

book of customs, 405, note 1;

commerce, 87, 88;

common hall, 129, note 2, 403, 405, note 1;

common horn, 404, 405, note 1;

care of common lands, 136, 137;

decrease of freemen, 190;

bailiffs and jurats allowed to hold inns, 404, note 2;

government by senior jurat, 409;

places of assembly of jurats, 405, note 1;

grant of mayor, 409;

mayor deposed by Privy Seal, 407;

silver mace, 406;

payment for maintenance of liberties of Cinque Ports, 390, note 2;

plays at, 148;

silting up of its port, 403;

punishment of elected mayor or jurat who refused to serve, 188;

seal, 405, note 1;

sluices, 143, note;

assessment of taxes, 402, note 4;

trade, 402-403, 88;

wards, 402, note 4

Roofs of tiles or brick, houses to be provided with, 194

Ropes, made at Bridport, 202

Rosiers, at Canterbury, dispute for jurisdiction over, 135, 136

Rother, river, 403

Rotherham college, its red brick, 56, note 3

Rowley, William, 120, note

Russia, Henry VII.’s attempt to secure trade with, 113

Rye, ownership of, 387, note 1;

member of Cinque Ports, 386;

growth, 17;

auditing of its accounts, 139, note 2;

expenses for war, 415, note 4;

tax for its fortification, 129, note 1;

London merchants in, 17;

building of its quay, 142, note 2;

rights of sanctuary forbidden in, 338;

его «корабел», 88, примеч. 2;

trade, 88;

gifts to poor, 41, note 2;

wards, 17

S

Sailors, in seaports, 194

St. Albans, ownership of, 227;

renounces its liberties, 295, note 2;

ее печать, там же

St. Edmundsbury, its agricultural services, 171, note 2;

спор с аббатом, 296–298;

Guild of Young Men, 296, 297;

claims a merchant guild, 297, 298;

common horn, 296;

seal, 298

Salford, qualification for citizenship in, 170, note 2

Salisbury, bell foundries at, 55, 56;

cloth sold at, 54, note 1;

relations between citizens and bishop, 281, note

Убежище, вопрос о нем, 337–8;

in Canterbury Cathedral, 374;

rights of, forbidden in Rye, 338

Sandwich, member of Cinque Ports, 386;

port of London, 369, note 3;

ownership, 387, note 1, 399, 400;