"In fact it may be said that the sepoy is a singular
animal, especially until he has had time to acquire a
proper sense of discipline. As soon as he has received his
red jacket and his gun he thinks he is a different man. He
looks upon himself as a European, and having a very high
estimation of this qualification, he thinks he has the right to
despise all the country people, whom he treats as Kaffirs
and wretched negroes, though he is often just as black as they
are. In every place I have been I have remarked that the
inhabitants have less fear of the European soldier, who in
his disorderly behaviour sometimes shows an amount of
generosity which they would expect in vain from a sepoy."
Ло оставил следующее описание Лакхнау:
"Lucknow, capital of the Subah[106] so called, is 160 miles
north of Allahabad, on the other side of the Ganges, and
about 44 miles from that river. The country is beautiful
and of great fertility, but what can one expect from the best
land without cultivation? It was particularly the fate of
this province and of a large portion of Oudh to have been
exhausted by the wars of Mansur Ali Khan.[107] That prince
at his death left the Treasury empty and a quantity of
debts. Suja-ud-daula, his successor, thought he could
satisfy his creditors, all of them officers of the army, by
giving them orders upon several of the large estates. This
method was too slow for these military gentlemen. In a
short time every officer had become the Farmer,[108] or rather the
Tyrant, of the villages abandoned to him. Forcible executions
quickly reimbursed him to an extent greater than his claim,
but the country suffered. The ill-used inhabitants left it,
and the land remained uncultivated. This might have
been repaired. The good order established by Suja-ud-daula
commenced to bring the inhabitants back when an
evil, against which human prudence was powerless, achieved
their total destruction. For two whole years clouds of
locusts traversed the country regularly with the Monsoon,[109]
and reduced the hopes of the cultivator to nothing. When
two days from Lucknow, we ourselves saw the ravages committed
by this insect. It was perfect weather; suddenly we
saw the sky overcast; a darkness like that of a total eclipse
spread itself abroad and lasted a good hour. In less than no
time we saw the trees under which we were camped stripped
of their leaves. The next day as we journeyed we saw that
the same devastation had been produced for a distance of ten
miles. The grass on the roads and every green thing in the
fields were eaten away down to the roots. This recurrent
plague had driven away the inhabitants, even those who had
survived the exactions of the military. Towns and villages
were abandoned; the small number of people who remained—I
am speaking without exaggeration—only served to
augment the horror of this solitude. We saw nothing but
spectres.
"The state of the people of Lucknow city, the residence
of the Nawab, was hardly better. The evil was perhaps less
evident owing to the variety of objects, but from what one
could see from time to time nature did not suffer less. The
environs of the palace were covered with poor sick people
lying in the middle of the roads, so that it was impossible
for the Nawab to go out without causing his elephant to
tread on the bodies of several of them, except when he had
the patience to wait and have them cleared out of the way—an
act which would not accord with Oriental ideas of
grandeur. In spite of this there were few accidents. The
animal used to guide its footsteps so as to show it was
more friendly to human beings than men themselves
were."
В Лакхнау Суджа-уд-Даула встретил его с сочувственным интересом, который Ло своеобразно уподобляет интересу Дидоны к Энею, однако денег не последовало, и Ло вскоре обнаружил, что Суджа-уд-Даула не находится в достаточно хороших отношениях с визирем могола в Дели, чтобы рисковать нападением на Бенгалию. 18 октября он вернулся в Аллахабад с намерением отправиться в Дели и посмотреть, что он может сделать с визирем; но поскольку разглашение его целей могло быть опасным, он сделал вид, будто собирается идти на юг к Бюсси в Декан, и получил паспорт у маратхского военачальника Холкара. На это потребовалось некоторое время, и лишь в марте 1758 года он выступил на Дели. Он без труда добрался до Фаррухабада и 21-го числа вступил на земли джатов. Вечером 23-го числа брадобрей, пришедший в их лагерь, предупредил французов, что на них будет совершено нападение. На следующий день джаты численностью до 20 000 человек атаковали их на марше. Бой продолжался весь день, и французы сделали 6000 ружейных выстрелов и 800 пушечных выстрелов. Пушечные ядра были глиняными, сформованными вокруг гальки, и на ровной местности оказались вполне эффективными.
Вскоре они прибыли в Дели, но обнаружили лишь, что маратхи являются хозяевами положения и реально владеют особой шахзаде, или кронпринца. Принц был дружелюбен, дал Ло денег и с энтузиазмом воспринял идею нападения на Бенгалию, однако сам он был практически узником. Визирь тоже ничего не мог сделать и не давал денег. Маратхи пичкали его обещаниями и пытались втянуть в боевые действия за свои интересы. Никто, казалось, ничего не знал о том, что произошло в Бенгалии. Он говорил с несколькими влиятельными людьми об англичанах.
"I felt sure that, after the Revolution in Bengal, they
would be the only subject of conversation in the capital. The
Revolution had made much noise, but it was ascribed entirely
to the Seths and to Rai Durlabh Ram. Clive's name was
well known. He was, they said, a great captain whom the
Seths had brought from very far at a great expense, to
deliver Bengal from the tyranny of Siraj-ud-daula, as Salabat
Jang had engaged M. Bussy to keep the Marathas in
order. Many of the principal persons even asked me what
country he came from. Others, mixing up all Europeans
together, thought that I was a deputy from Clive. It was
useless for me to say we were enemies, that it was the
English who had done everything in Bengal, that it was
they who governed and not Jafar Ali Khan, who was only
Nawab in name. No one would believe me. In fact, how
could one persuade people who had never seen a race of
men different from their own, that a body of two or three
thousand Europeans at the most was able to dictate the law
in a country as large as Bengal?"
Ло ничего не смог добиться в Дели и лишь подкупом маратхского полководца добился эскорта через земли джатов до Агры. Большинство его солдат были рады уйти, но около 60 европейцев дезертировали вместе с оружием в Дели, где визирь предложил им жалованье в размере 50 рупий в месяц. Господин Жобар чуть не погиб от рук некоторых из них, когда пытался убедить их вернуться к своим обязанностям, однако несколько месяцев спустя более половины из них вновь присоединились к Ло.
Из Агры Ло отправился в Чхатрапур в Бундельканд, где, судя по всему, хотя он сам об этом не упоминает, он находился на службе у раджи Индрапата. Его пребывание там длилось с 10 июня 1758 года по февраль 1759 года. Чтобы поддерживать хорошие отношения с местными жителями, почти сплошь индусами, Ло запретил своим людям убивать скот или каких-либо священных птиц, а также брать что-либо без его разрешения, и в то же время сурово карал любое неповиновение. Местные жители, никогда не слышавшие о христианах, решили, что французы должны быть какой-то разновидностью мусульман, но никак не могли понять, из какой они страны. Увидев, как те пьют красное вино, несколько бутылок которого у них имелось, они подумали, что те пьют кровь, и пришли в ужас, однако хорошее поведение солдат быстро привело к дружественным отношениям.
В начале 1759 года шахзаде наконец вторгся в Бенгалию, и 5 февраля Ло выступил на соединение с ним; но вторжение было плохо организовано и потерпело полный крах. 28 мая Ло вернулся в Чхатрапур. Единственным результатом вторжения стало то, что земли ряда радж в Бихаре были разграблены Мираном, сыном Мир Джафара, и англичанами. Все эти раджи были индусами.
"They had an understanding with Ramnarain. All these
Rajas, of whom there is a great number in the dependencies
of Bengal, united to each other by the same religion, mutually
support each other as much as they can. They detest the
Muhammadan Government, and if it had not been for the
Seths, the famous bankers, with whom they have close
connections, it is probable that after the Revolution in which
Siraj-ud-daula was the victim, they would all have risen
together to establish a Hindu Government, from which the
English would not have obtained all the advantages they
did from the Muhammadan."
В 1759 году голландцы рискнули пойти на конфликт с англичанами. Тем не менее они отказались от любой помощи со стороны Ло, который, несмотря на всю свою удаленность, был в курсе всех событий. Они потерпели поражение при Бидерре 25 ноября. Следствием этого стало установление в Бенгалии такого спокойствия, что Клайв счел возможным посетить Англию. Шахзаде, однако, счел момент благоприятным для нового вторжения, и 28 февраля 1760 года Ло снова выступил на соединение с ним. Патна была осаждена и, судя по записям Брума, чуть было не пала благодаря искусству Ло и храбрости его французов. Фактически французы находились уже на валах, когда доктор Фуллертон и английские сипаи прибыли как раз вовремя, чтобы отбросить их назад.
Осада была снята, и полководец принца Камгар Хан водил армию по стране, по-видимому, не преследуя иных целей, кроме грабежа. Это устраивало маратхов, но не устраивало Ло. Однажды ему было приказано с его собственными войсками и отрядом маратхов захватить маленький форт Супи. Французы штурмовали его в три часа ночи, но обнаружили, что маратхи, тщательно избегавшие бреши, взобрались по стенам там, где никто не оказывал им сопротивления, и теперь уносят добычу.
"My chief occupation and that of the officers, for more
than five hours during which we stayed in Soupy, was to
keep our soldiers and sepoys from bayoneting the Marathas,
who, without having incurred the least danger, had, by their
cleverness and lightness, carried off more than twenty times
as much as our own men, observing among themselves a
kind of order in their plundering, very like that of monkeys
when they strip a field."
По сути, у Ло произошла личная перепалка с маратхским командиром из-за молодой и красивой индусской женщины, которую маратх хотел захватить, но которую Ло был полон решимости вернуть невредимой ее родственникам, жившим в деревне неподалеку.
За взятие форта Ло получил от шахзаде различные громкие титулы и право на исполнение перед ним королевской музыки; но поскольку он не мог позволить себе содержать туземных музыкантов, он оставил эту привилегию невостребованной.
В 1760 году мистер Ванситтарт вступил в должность губернатора Бенгалии, и его первым шагом стало завершение проекта, начатого его предшественником мистером Холвеллом, а именно свержение Мир Джафара. Это было осуществлено 20 октября 1760 года; экс-наваб спокойно удалился в Калькутту, а Мир Касим воцарился вместо него. Шахзаде к тому времени стал императором в связи со смертью отца и принял тронное имя Шах Алам. Он все еще околачивался со своим войском вокруг Патны, и Мир Касим с англичанами решили призвать его к ответу. Камгар Хан продолжал бесцельно водить императорскую армию по стране и в январе 1761 года оказался близ города Бихар. Под его началом было от 35 до 40 тысяч кавалеристов, содержавшихся главным образом за счет грабежа, но его единственными мушкетерами и артиллерией были силы под командованием Ло, то есть 125 европейцев и 200 сипаев при 18 орудиях малого калибра. Британский командир майор Карнак располагал 650 европейцами и 5–6 тысячами сипаев при 12 орудиях. У Мир Касима было около 20 000 кавалеристов и столько же мушкетеров, и все это были отличные войска, ибо «в армии Касим Али Хана платили жалованье каждому».
14 января разведчики принесли весть о приближении англичан. Император посоветовался с Ло, который посоветовал отступить, но тот не был лишен храбрости и решил дать бой. На следующий день состоялась битва при Суане.
"At the dawn of day we heard that the enemy were on
the march, and that they would quickly appear. No disposition
of our army had yet been made by Kamgar Khan,
who, in fact, troubled himself very little about the matter.
It was at first decided to re-enter the camp, so I put my
men as much as possible under shelter behind a bank, along
which I placed my guns in what I thought the most useful
positions. About 6 or 7 o'clock the enemy were seen
advancing in good order, crossing a canal[116] full of mud and
water, the passage of which might have been easily contested
had we been ready soon enough; but everything was neglected.
For some time we thought the enemy were going
to encamp by the canal, but, seeing that they were still
advancing, the order was given to go and meet them. The
whole army was quickly out of the camp, divided into
several bodies of cavalry, at the head of which were, on their
elephants, the Emperor, the Generalissimo Kamgar Khan,
and other principal chiefs. Scarcely were we out of the camp
when we were halted to await the enemy, everything in the
greatest confusion; one could see no distinction between
right, left, and centre, nothing that had the appearance of
an army intending to attack or even to defend itself.
"An aide-de-camp brought me an order to march ahead
with all my troop, and to place myself in a position which
he pointed out, a good cannon-shot away. Abandoned to
ourselves we should have been exposed to all the fire of the
English, artillery and even to be outflanked by the enemy
and captured at the first attack. We advanced a few paces
in obedience to the order, but, seeing no one move to support
us, I suspected they wanted to get rid of us. I therefore
brought back my men to where I had first placed them, on
a line about 200 paces in front of the army.
"The enemy advanced steadily. The English at their
head with all their artillery were already within range of
our guns. They quickly placed their pieces in two batteries
to the right and left, and kept up a very lively cross fire.
In a very short time, having killed many men, elephants,
and horses—amongst others one of mine—they caused the
whole of the Prince's army to turn tail. Kamgar Khan, at
their head, fled as fast as he could, without leaving a single
person to support us. The enemy's fire, opposed to which
ours was but feeble, continued steadily. We were forced to
retire, and did so in good order, having had some soldiers
and sepoys killed and one gun dismounted, which we left on
the field of battle. We regained the village, which sheltered
us for a time. The enemy started in pursuit. Unluckily,
as we issued from the village, our guns traversing a hollow
road, we were stopped by ditches and channels full of mud,
in which the guns stuck fast. As I was trying to disengage
them the English reached us, and surrounded us so as to
cut off all retreat. Then I surrendered with 3 or 4 officers
and about 40 soldiers who were with me, and the guns. It
was about 4 o'clock in the afternoon of the 15th of January,
1761, a moment whose malign influence it was as it were
impossible to resist, since it was that of the surrender of
Pondicherry,[117] a place 300 leagues away from us."
Гулам Хусаин Хан оставил яркое описание этого инцидента.
"Monsieur Law, with the small force and the artillery
which he could muster, bravely fought the English themselves,
and for some time he made a shift to withstand their
superiority. Their auxiliaries consisted of large bodies of
natives, commanded by Ramnarain and Raj Balav, but the
engagement was decided by the English, who fell with so
much effect upon the enemy that their onset could not be
withstood by either the Emperor or Kamgar Khan. The
latter, finding he could not resist, turned about and fled.
The Emperor, obliged to follow him, quitted the field of
battle, and the handful of troops that followed M. Law,
discouraged by this flight and tired of the wandering life
which they had hitherto led in his service, turned about
likewise and followed the Emperor. M. Law, finding himself
abandoned and alone, resolved not to turn his back. He
bestrode one of his guns and remained firm in that posture,
waiting the moment for his death. This being reported to
Major Carnac, he detached himself from his main body with
Captain Knox and some other officers, and he advanced to
the man on the gun, without taking with him either a guard
or any Telingas[118] at all. Being arrived near, this troop
alighted from their horses, and, pulling their caps from their
heads, they swept the air with them, as if to make him a
salam; and this salute being returned by M. Law in the
same manner, some parley followed in their own language.
The Major, after paying high encomiums to M. Law for his
perseverance, conduct, and bravery, added these words: 'You
have done everything that could be expected from a brave
man; and your name shall be undoubtedly transmitted to
posterity by the pen of history; now loosen your sword from
your loins, come amongst us, and abandon all thoughts of
contending with the English.' The other answered that, if
they would accept of his surrendering himself just as he was
he had no objection, but that as to surrendering himself with
the disgrace of being without his sword, it was a shame he
would never submit to, and that they might take his life if
they were not satisfied with that condition. The English
commanders, admiring his firmness, consented to his surrendering
himself in the manner he wished; after which
the Major, with his officers, shook hands with him in their
European manner, and every sentiment of enmity was instantly
dismissed on both sides. At the same time that
commander sent for his own palky, made him sit in it, and
he was sent to the camp. M. Law, unwilling to see or to be
seen, in that condition, shut up the curtains of the palky for
fear of being recognized by any of his friends at camp, but
yet some of his acquaintances, hearing of his having arrived,
went to him; these were Mir Abdulla and Mustapha Ali
Khan. The Major, who had excused him from appearing in
public, informed them that they could not see him for some
days, as he was too much vexed to receive any company.