Дж. Роджерс, грав.
Вид Сената Соединенных Штатов во время заседания. М- Р БЕНТОН НА ТРИБУНЕ. с большой гравюры, опубликованной Э. Энтони, Нью-Йорк, Д. Эпплтон и К о
ТРИДЦАТЬ ЛЕТ В СЕНАТЕ; ИЛИ ИСТОРИЯ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ АМЕРИКАНСКОГО ПРАВИТЕЛЬСТВА ЗА ТРИДЦАТЬ ЛЕТ, С 1820 ПО 1850 ГОД.
ПРЕИМУЩЕСТВЕННО ВЗЯТАЯ ИЗ ДЕБАТОВ В КОНГРЕССЕ, ЛИЧНЫХ АХИВОВ ГЕНЕРАЛА ДЖЕКСОНА И ВЫСТУПЛЕНИЙ БЫВШЕГО СЕНАТОРА БЕНТОНА, СО ВСЕМИ ЕГО ЛИЧНЫМИ ВЗГЛЯДАМИ НА ЛЮДЕЙ И СОБЫТИЯ:
С
ИСТОРИЧЕСКИМИ ПРИМЕЧАНИЯМИ И ИЛЛЮСТРАЦИЯМИ, А ТАКЖЕ НЕКОТОРЫМИ УПОМИНАНИЯМИ О ВЫДАЮЩИХСЯ ПОКОЙНЫХ СОВРЕМЕННИКАХ.
АВТОР — СЕНАТОР С ТРИДЦАТИЛЕТНИМ СТАЖЕМ.
В ДВУХ ТОМАХ. ТОМ II.
НЬЮ-ЙОРК: Д. ЭППЛТОН И КОМПАНИ, 1, 3 И 5 БОНД-СТРИТ. ЛОНДОН: 16 ЛИТТЛ-БРИТЭН. 1883.
Внесено в соответствии с актом Конгресса в 1856 году Д. ЭППЛТОН И КОМПАНИ в Канцелярии Секретаря Окружного суда Соединенных Штатов по Южному округу Нью-Йорка.
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ ТОМА II.
CHAP. PAGE I.Inauguration of Mr. Van Buren7 II.Financial and Monetary Crisis—General Suspension of Specie Payments by the Banks9 III.Preparation for the Distress and Suspension11 IV.Progress of the Distress, and Preliminaries for the Suspension16 V.Actual Suspension of the Banks—Propagation of the Alarm20 VI.Transmigration of the Bank of the United States from a Federal to a State Institution23 VII.Effects of the Suspension—General Derangement of Business—Suppression and Ridicule of the Specie Currency—Submission of the People—Call of Congress26 VIII.Extra Session—Message, and Recommendations28 IX.Attacks on the Message—Treasury Notes32 X.Retention of the Fourth Deposit Instalment36 XI.Independent Treasury and Hard Money Payments39 XII.Attempted Resumption of Specie Payments42 XIII.Bankrupt Act against Banks43 XIV.Bankrupt Act for Banks—Mr. Benton's Speech45 XV.Divorce of Bank and State—Mr. Benton's Speech56 XVI.First Regular Session under Mr. Van Buren's Administration—His Message65 XVII.Pennsylvania Bank of the United States—Its Use of the Defunct Notes of the expired Institution67 XVIII.Florida Indian War—Its Origin and Conduct70 XIX.Florida Indian War—Historical Speech of Mr. Benton72 XX.Resumption of Specie Payments by the New York Banks83 XXI.Resumption of Specie Payments—Historical Notices—Mr. Benton's Speech—Extracts85 XXII.Mr. Clay's Resolution in Favor of Resuming Banks, and Mr. Benton's Remarks upon it91 XXIII.Resumption by the Pennsylvania United States Bank; and others which followed her lead94 XXIV.Proposed Annexation of Texas—Mr. Preston's Motion and Speech—Extracts94 XXV.Debate between Mr. Clay and Mr. Calhoun, Personal and Political, and leading to Expositions and Vindications of Public Conduct which belong to History97 XXVI.Debate between Mr. Clay and Mr. Calhoun—Mr. Clay's Speech—Extracts101 XXVII.Debate between Mr. Clay and Mr. Calhoun—Mr. Calhoun's Speech—Extracts103 XXVIII.Debate between Mr. Clay and Mr. Calhoun—Rejoinders by each112 XXIX.Independent Treasury, or, Divorce of Bank and State—Passed in the Senate—Lost in the House of Representatives124 XXX.Public Lands—Graduation of Price—Pre-emption System—Taxation when Sold125 XXXI.Specie Basis for Banks—One-third of the Amount of Liabilities the Lowest Safe Proportion—Speech of Mr. Benton on the Recharter of the District Banks128 XXXII.The North and the South—Comparative Prosperity—Southern Discontent—Its True Cause130 XXXIII.Progress of the Slavery Agitation—Mr. Calhoun's Approval of the Missouri Compromise134 XXXIV.Death of Commodore Rodgers, and Notice of his Life and Character144 XXXV.Anti-duelling Act148 XXXVI.Slavery Agitation in the House of Representatives, and Retiring of Southern Members from the Hall150 XXXVII.Abolitionists Classified by Mr. Clay—Ultras Denounced—Slavery Agitators North and South Equally denounced as Dangerous to the Union154 XXXVIII.Bank of the United States—Resignation of Mr. Biddle—Final Suspension157 XXXIX.First Session Twenty-sixth Congress—Members—Organization—Political Map of the House158 XL.First Session of the Twenty-sixth Congress—President's Message162 XLI.Divorce of Bank and State—Divorce decreed164 XLII.Florida Armed Occupation Bill—Mr. Benton's Speech—Extracts167 XLIII.Assumption of the State Debts171 XLIV.Assumption of the State Debts—Mr. Benton's Speech—Extracts172 XLV.Death of General Samuel Smith, of Maryland; and Notice of his Life and Character176 XLVI.Salt—the Universality of its Supply—Mystery and Indispensability of its Use—Tyranny and Impiety of its Taxation—Speech of Mr. Benton—Extracts176 XLVII.Pairing off178 XLVIII.Tax on Bank Notes—Mr. Benton's Speech—Extracts179 XLIX.Liberation of Slaves belonging to American Citizens in British Colonial Ports182 L.Resignation of Senator Hugh Lawson White of Tennessee—His Death—Some Notice of his Life and Character184 LI.Death of Ex-Senator Hayne of South Carolina—Notice of his Life and Character186 LII.Abolition of Specific Duties by the Compromise Act of 1833—Its Error, and Loss to the Revenue, shown by Experience189 LIII.Refined Sugar and Rum Drawbacks—their Abuse under the Compromise Act of 1833—Mr. Benton's Speech190 LIV.Fishing Bounties and Allowances, and their Abuse—Mr. Benton's Speech—Extracts194 LV.Expenditures of the Government198 LVI.Expenses of the Government, Comparative and Progressive, and Separated from Extraordinaries200 LVII.Death of Mr. Justice Barbour of the Supreme Court, and Appointment of Peter V. Daniel, Esq., in his place202 LVIII.Presidential Election203 LIX.Conclusion of Mr. Van Buren's Administration207 LX.Inauguration of President Harrison—His Cabinet—Call of Congress—and Death209 LXI.Accession of the Vice-President to the Presidency211 LXII.Twenty-seventh Congress—First Session—List of Members, and Organization of the House213 LXIII.First Message of Mr. Tyler to Congress, and Mr. Clay's Programme of Business215 LXIV.Repeal of the Independent Treasury Act219 LXV.Repeal of the Independent Treasury Act—Mr. Benton's Speech220 LXVI.The Bankrupt Act—What it was—and how it was Passed229 LXVII.Bankrupt Bill—Mr. Benton's Speech—Extracts234 LXVIII.Distribution of the Public Land Revenue, and Assumption of the State Debts240 LXIX.Institution of the Hour Rule in Debate in the House of Representatives—Its Attempt, and Repulse in the Senate247 LXX.Bill for the Relief of Mrs. Harrison, Widow of the late President of the United States257 LXXI.Mrs. Harrison's Bill—Speech of Mr. Benton—Extracts262 LXII.Abuse of the Naval Pension System—Vain attempt to Correct it265 LXIII.Home Squadron, and Aid to Private Steam Lines271 LXXIV.Recharter of the District Banks—Mr. Benton's Speech—Extracts273 LXXV.Revolt in Canada—Border Sympathy—Firmness of Mr. Van Buren—Public Peace Endangered—and Preserved—Case of McLeod276 LXXVI.Destruction of the Caroline—Arrest and Trial of McLeod—Mr. Benton's Speech—Extracts291 LXXVII.Refusal of the House to allow Recess Committees304 LXXVIII.Reduction of the Expense of Foreign Missions by reducing the Number305 LXXIX.Infringement of the Tariff Compromise Act of 1833—Correction of Abuses in Drawbacks307 LXXX.National Bank—First Bill317 LXXXI.Second Fiscal Agent—Bill Presented—Passed—Disapproved by the President331 LXXXII.Secret History of the Second Bill for a Fiscal Agent, called Fiscal Corporation—Its Origin with Mr. Tyler—Its Progress through Congress under his Lead—Its Rejection under his Veto342 LXXXIII.The Veto Message hissed in the Senate Galleries350 LXXXIV.Resignation of Mr. Tyler's Cabinet353 LXXXV.Repudiation of Mr. Tyler by the Whig Party—their Manifesto—Counter Manifesto by Mr. Caleb Cushing357 LXXXVI.The Danish Sound Dues362 LXXXVII.Last Notice of the Bank of the United States365 LXXXVIII.End and Results of the Extra Session372 LXXXIX.First Annual Message of President Tyler373 XC.Third Plan for a Fiscal Agent, called Exchequer Board—Mr. Benton's Speech against it—Extracts376 XCI.The Third Fiscal Agent, entitled a Board of Exchequer394 XCII.Attempted Repeal of the Bankrupt Act395 XCIII.Death of Lewis Williams, of North Carolina, and Notice of his Life and Character396 XCIV.The Civil List Expenses—the Contingent Expenses of Congress—and the Revenue Collection Expense397 XCV.Resignation and Valedictory of Mr. Clay398 XCVI.Military Department—Progress of its Expense404 XCVII.Paper Money Payments—Attempted by the Federal Government—Resisted—Mr. Benton's Speech406 XCVIII.Case of the American Brig Creole with Slaves for New Orleans, carried by Mutiny into Nassau, and the Slaves Liberated409 XCIX.Distress of the Treasury—Three Tariff Bills, and Two Vetoes—End of the Compromise Act413 C.Mr. Tyler and the Whig Party—Confirmed Separation417 CI.Lord Ashburton's Mission, and the British Treaty420 CII.British Treaty—The Pretermitted Subjects—Mr. Benton's Speech—Extracts426 CIII.British Treaty—Northeastern Boundary Article—Mr. Benton's Speech—Extracts438 CIV.British Treaty—Northwestern Boundary—Mr. Benton's Speech—Extracts441 CV.British Treaty—Extradition Article—Mr. Benton's Speech—Extract444 CVI.British Treaty—African Squadron for the Suppression of the Slave Trade—Mr. Benton's Speech—Extract449 CVII.Expense of the Navy—Waste of Money—Necessity of a Naval Peace Establishment, and of a Naval Policy452 CVIII.Expenses of the Navy—Mr. Benton's Speech—Extracts456 CIX.Message of the President at the Opening of the Regular Session of 1842-'3460 CX.Repeal of the Bankrupt Act—Mr. Benton's Speech—Extracts463 CXI.Military Academy and Army Expenses466 CXII.Emigration to the Columbia River, and Foundation of its Settlement by American Citizens—Frémont's First Expedition468 CXIII.Lieutenant Frémont's First Expedition—Speech, and Motion of Senator Linn478 CXIV.Oregon Colonization Act—Mr. Benton's Speech479 CXV.Navy Pay and Expenses—Proposed Reduction—Speech of Mr. Meriwether, of Georgia—Extracts482 CXVI.Eulogy on Senator Linn—Speeches of Mr. Benton and Mr. Crittenden485 CXVII.The Coast Survey—Attempt to diminish its Expense, and to expedite its Completion by restoring the Work to Naval and Military Officers487 CXVIII.Death of Commodore Porter, and Notice of his Life and Character491 CXIX.Refunding of General Jackson's Fine499 CXX.Repeal of the Bankrupt Act—Attack of Mr. Cushing on Mr. Clay—Its Rebuke503 CXXI.Naval Expenditures and Administration—Attempts at Reform—Abortive507 CXXII.Chinese Mission—Mr. Cushing's Appointment and Negotiation510 CXXIII.The Alleged Mutiny, and the Executions (as they were called) on Board the United States man-of-war, Somers522 CXXIV.Retirement of Mr. Webster from Mr. Tyler's Cabinet562 CXXV.Death of William H. Crawford562 CXXVI.First Session of the Twenty-eighth Congress—List of Members—Organization of the House of Representatives563 CXXVII.Mr. Tyler's Second Annual Message565 CXXVIII.Explosion of the Great Gun on Board the Princeton man-of-war—the Killed and Wounded567 CXXIX.Reconstruction of Mr. Tyler's Cabinet569 CXXX.Death of Senator Porter, of Louisiana—Eulogium of Mr. Benton569 CXXXI.Naval Academy, and Naval Policy of the United States571 CXXXII.The Home Squadron—Its Inutility and Expense575 CXXXIII.Professor Morse—His Electro-Magnetic Telegraph578 CXXXIV.Frémont's Second Expedition579 CXXXV.Texas Annexation—Secret Origin—Bold Intrigue for the Presidency581 CXXXVI.Democratic Convention for the Nomination of Presidential Candidates591 CXXXVII.Presidential—Democratic National Convention—Mr. Calhoun's Refusal to Submit his Name to it—His Reasons596 CXXXVIII.Annexation of Texas—Secret Negotiation—Presidential Intrigue—Schemes of Speculation and Disunion599 CXXXIX.Texas Annexation Treaty—First Speech of Mr. Benton against it—Extracts600 CXL.Texas or Disunion—Southern Convention—Mr. Benton's Speech—Extracts613 CXLI.Texas or Disunion—Violent Demonstrations in the South—Southern Convention proposed616 CXLII.Rejection of the Annexation Treaty—Proposal of Mr. Benton's Plan619 CXLIII.Oregon Territory—Conventions of 1818 and 1828—Joint Occupation—Attempted Notice to Terminate it624 CXLIV.Presidential Election625 CXLV.Amendment of the Constitution—Election of President and Vice-President—Mr. Benton's Plan626 CXLVI.The President and the Senate—Want of Concord—Numerous Rejections of Nominations629 CXLVII.Mr. Tyler's Last Message to Congress631 CXLVIII.Legislative Admission of Texas into the Union as a State632 CXLIX.The War with Mexico—Its Cause—Charged on the Conduct of Mr. Calhoun—Mr. Benton's Speech639 CL.Mr. Polk's Inaugural Address—Cabinet649 CLI.Mr. Blair and the Globe superseded as the Administration Organ—Mr. T. Ritchie and the Daily Union substituted650 CLII.Twenty-ninth Congress—List of Members—First Session—Organization of the House655 CLIII.Mr. Polk's First Annual Message to Congress657 CLIV.Death of John Forsyth659 CLV.Admission of Florida and Iowa660 CLVI.Oregon Treaty—Negotiations commenced, and broken off660 CLVII.Oregon Question—Notice to abrogate the Article in the Treaty for a Joint Occupation—The President denounced in the Senate for a supposed Leaning to the Line of Forty-nine662 CLVIII.Oregon Territorial Government—Boundaries and History of the Country—Frazer's River—Treaty of Utrecht—Mr. Benton's Speech—Extracts667 CLIX.Oregon Joint Occupation—Notice authorized for terminating it—British Government offers the Line of 49—Quandary of the Administration—Device—Senate Consulted—Treaty made and Ratified673 CLX.Meeting of the Second Session of the 29th Congress—President's Message—Vigorous Prosecution of the War Recommended—Lieutenant-general proposed to be created677 CLXI.War with Mexico—The War Declared, and an Intrigue for Peace commenced the same Day679 CLXII.Bloodless Conquest of New Mexico—How it was Done—Subsequent Bloody Insurrection, and its Cause682 CLXIII.Mexican War—Doniphan's Expedition—Mr. Benton's Salutatory Address, St. Louis, Missouri684 CLXIV.Frémont's Third Expedition, and Acquisition of California688 CLXV.Pause in the War—Sedentary Tactics—"Masterly Inactivity"693 CLXVI.The Wilmot Proviso—Or, Prohibition of Slavery in the Territories—Its Inutility and Mischief694 CLXVII.Mr. Calhoun's Slavery Resolutions, and Denial of the Right of Congress to Prohibit Slavery in a Territory696 CLXVIII.The Slavery Agitation—Disunion—Key to Mr. Calhoun's Policy—Forcing the Issue—Mode of Forcing it698 CLXIX.Death of Silas Wright, Ex-Senator and Ex-Governor of New York700 CLXX.Thirtieth Congress—First Session—List of Members—President's Message702 CLXXI.Death of Senator Barrow—Mr. Benton's Eulogium706 CLXXII.Death of Mr. Adams707 CLXXIII.Downfall of Santa Anna—New Government in Mexico—Peace Negotiations—Treaty of Peace709 CLXXIV.Oregon Territorial Government—Anti-Slavery Ordinance of 1787 applied to Oregon Territory—Missouri Compromise Line of 1820, and the Texas Annexation Renewal of it in 1845, affirmed711 CLXXV.Mr. Calhoun's New Dogma on Territorial Slavery—Self-extension of the Slavery Part of the Constitution to Territories713 CLXXVI.Court-martial of Lieutenant-colonel Frémont715 CLXXVII.Frémont's Fourth Expedition, and Great Disaster in the Snows at the Head of the Rio Grande del Norte—Subsequent Discovery of the Pass he sought719 CLXXVIII.Presidential Election722 CLXXIX.Last Message of Mr. Polk724 CLXXX.Financial Working of the Government under the Hard Money System726 CLXXXI.Coast Survey—Belongs to the Navy—Converted into a Separate Department—Expense and Interminability—Should be done by the Navy, as in Great Britain—Mr. Benton's Speech—Extract726 CLXXXII.Proposed Extension of the Constitution of the United States to the Territories, with a View to make it carry Slavery into California, Utah and New Mexico729 CLXXXIII.Progress of the Slavery Agitation—Meeting of Members from the Slave States—Inflammatory Address to the Southern States733 CLXXXIV.Inauguration of President Taylor—His Cabinet737 CLXXXV.Death of Ex-President Polk737 CLXXXVI.Thirty-first Congress—First Session—List of Members—Organization of the House738 CLXXXVII.First and only Annual Message of President Taylor740 CLXXXVIII.Mr. Clay's Plan of Compromise742 CLXXXIX.Extension of the Missouri Compromise Line to the Pacific Ocean—Mr. Davis, of Mississippi, and Mr. Clay—The Wilmot Proviso743 CXC.Mr. Calhoun's Last Speech—Dissolution of the Union proclaimed unless the Constitution was amended, and a Dual Executive appointed—one President from the Slave States and one from the Free States744 CXCI.Death of Mr. Calhoun—His Eulogium by Senator Butler747 CXCII.Mr. Clay's Plan of Slavery Compromise—Mr. Benton's Speech Against it—Extracts749 CXCIII.Death of President Taylor765 CXCIV.Inauguration and Cabinet of Mr. Fillmore767 CXCV.Rejection of Mr. Clay's Plan of Compromise768 CXCVI.The Admission of the State of California—Protest of Southern Senators—Remarks upon it by Mr. Benton769 CXCVII.Fugitive Slaves; Ordinance of 1787—The Constitution—Act of 1793—Act of 1850773 CXCVIII.Disunion Movements—Southern Press at Washington—Southern Convention at Nashville—Southern Congress called for by South Carolina and Mississippi780 CXCIX.The Supreme Court—Its Judges, Clerk, Attorney-Generals, Reporters and Marshals during the Period treated of in this Volume787 CC.Conclusion787
ТРИДЦАТЬ ЛЕТ В СЕНАТЕ.
АДМИНИСТРАЦИЯ МАРТИНА ВАН БЮРЕНА.
ГЛАВА I.
ИНАУГУРАЦИЯ МИСТЕРА ВАН БЮРЕНА.
Четвертого марта этого года мистер Ван Бюрен был инаугурирован в качестве Президента Соединенных Штатов с обычными формальностями и последовал обычаю своих предшественников, выступив по этому случаю с публичной речью: декларация общих принципов и указание на общий курс администрации составляли содержание его речи, а провозглашенные доктрины принадлежали к демократической школе в том ее понимании, которое существовало при первоначальном формировании партий. Неукоснительное соблюдение федеральной конституции в ее букве — без допущения каких-либо вольных толкований или присвоения сомнительных полномочий, верная привязанность ко всем ее компромиссам, экономия в управлении государством, мир, дружба и честная торговля со всеми иностранными государствами и никаких запутанных союзов ни с кем: такова была его политическая карта; и с выражением своей уверенности в том, что упорство в проведении этой линии внешней политики в сочетании с возросшей силой, испытанной доблестью народа и неисчерпаемыми ресурсами страны даст нам право на расположение наций, защитит наше национальное достоинство и оградит от умышленных агрессивных действий со стороны иностранных держав. Его высказывания и взгляды на этот счет заслуживают того, чтобы быть увековеченными и принятыми во внимание всеми теми, в чьи руки может перейти управление государственными делами, и потому приводятся здесь его собственными словами: