Примечание переписчика:
Явные опечатки исправлены. Непоследовательное написание и расстановка дефисов в оригинальном документе сохранены.
Курсив в примечаниях и цитатах использовался наборщиком непоследовательно.
Примечание II-11: «Reads» (читается), возможно, должно быть «Reade».
Примечание VI-43: «por bien de abirle los ojos, y darle luz, y abridle ...», возможно, должно быть «por bien de abrirle los ojos, y darle luz, y abrirle ...».
В примечании IX-7 пропущена открывающая кавычка.
Примечание X-65: «rook», возможно, должно быть «rock».
В примечании XI-5 пропущена открывающая кавычка.
Примечание XII-75: конечная страница, возможно, должна быть 302.
Примечание II'-29: «queer», возможно, должно быть «quer».
В примечании II'-60 пропущена открывающая кавычка.
Примечание III'-2: «îsles», возможно, должно быть «îles».
Примечание III'-7: «Kaigáni» или «Kaigani», возможно, написано с ошибкой.
Примечание IV'-16: «Entferten», возможно, должно быть «Entfernten».
Примечание V'-7: «Schlusstein», возможно, должно быть «Schlussstein».
Страница 569: «Irritilia», возможно, должно быть «Irritila».
Страница 634: точки после «from us» и «masahchie», возможно, являются опечатками.
Страница 703: «kiokame» — возможная опечатка вместо «hiokame».
Издание «Erman, Archiv» нумеруется то римскими, то арабскими цифрами.
СОЧИНЕНИЯ
ХЬЮБЕРТА ХОУВА БЭНКРОФТА.
ТОМ III.
КОРЕННЫЕ НАРОДЫ. Том III. МИФОЛОГИЯ И ЯЗЫКИ.
САН-ФРАНЦИСКО: ИЗДАТЕЛЬСТВО А. Л. БЭНКРОФТ И КО. 1883.
Внесено в соответствии с Актом Конгресса в 1882 году Хьюбертом Х. Бэнкрофтом в Библиотеку Конгресса в Вашингтоне.
Все права защищены.
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ ЭТОГО ТОМА.
МИФОЛОГИЯ.
CHAPTER I.
SPEECH AND SPECULATION.
PAGE.
Difference between Man and Brutes—Mind-Language and Soul-Language—Origin of Language: A Gift of the Creator, a Human Invention, or an Evolution—Nature and Value of Myth—Origin of Myth: The Divine Idea, a Fiction of Sorcery, the Creation of a Designing Priesthood—Origin of Worship, of Prayer, of Sacrifice—Fetichism and the Origin of Animal-Worship—Religion and Mythology 1
CHAPTER II.
ORIGIN AND END OF THINGS.
Quiché Creation-Myth—Aztec Origin-Myths—The Papagos—Montezuma and the Coyote—The Moquis—The Great Spider's Web of the Pimas—Navajo and Pueblo Creations—Origin of Clear Lake and Lake Tahoe—Chareya of the Cahrocs—Mount Shasta, the Wigwam of the Great Spirit—Idaho Springs and Water Falls—How Differences in Language Occurred—Yehl, the Creator of the Thlinkeets—The Raven and the Dog 42
CHAPTER III.
PHYSICAL MYTHS.
Sun, Moon, and Stars—Eclipses—The Moon Personified in the Land of the Crescent—Fire—How the Coyote Stole Fire for the Cahrocs—How the Frog Lost His Tail—How the Coyote Stole Fire for the Navajos—Wind and Thunder—The Four Winds and the Cross—Water, the First of Elemental Things—Its Sacred and Cleansing Power—Earth and Sky—Earthquakes and Volcanoes—Mountains—How the Hawk and Crow Built the Coast Range—The Mountains of Yosemite 108
CHAPTER IV.
ANIMAL MYTHOLOGY.
Rôles Assigned to Animals—Auguries from their Movements—The Ill-omened Owl—Tutelary Animals—Metamorphosed Men—The Ogress-Squirrel of Vancouver Island—Monkeys and Beavers—Fallen Men—The Sacred Animals—Prominence of the Bird—An Emblem of the Wind—The Serpent, an Emblem of the Lightning—Not Specially connected with Evil—The Serpent of the Pueblos—The Water-Snake—Ophiolatry—Prominence of the Dog, or the Coyote—Generally though not always a Benevolent Power—How the Coyote let Salmon up the Klamath—Danse Macabre and Sad Death of the Coyote 127
CHAPTER V.
GODS, SUPERNATURAL BEINGS, AND WORSHIP.
Eskimo Witchcraft—The Tinneh and the Koniagas—Kugans of the Aleuts—The Thlinkeets, the Haidahs, and the Nootkas—Paradise Lost of the Okanagans—The Salish, the Clallams, the Chinooks, the Cayuses, the Walla Wallas, and the Nez Percés—Shoshone Ghouls—Northern California—The Sun at Monterey—Ouiot and Chinigchinich—Antagonistic Gods of Lower California—Comanches, Apaches, and Navajos—Montezuma of the Pueblos—Moquis and Mojaves—Primeval Race of Northern California 140
CHAPTER VI.
GODS, SUPERNATURAL BEINGS, AND WORSHIP.
Gods and Religious Rites of Chihuahua, Sonora, Durango, and Sinaloa—The Mexican Religion, received with different degrees of credulity by different classes of the people—Opinions of different Writers as to its Nature—Monotheism of Nezahualcoyotl—Present condition of the Study of Mexican Mythology—Tezcatlipoca—Prayers to Him in the time of Pestilence, of War, for those in Authority—Prayer used by an Absolving Priest—Genuineness of the foregoing Prayers—Character and Works of Sahagun 178
CHAPTER VII.
GODS, SUPERNATURAL BEINGS, AND WORSHIP.
Image of Tezcatlipoca—His Seats at the Street-corners—Various Legends about his Life on Earth—Quetzalcoatl—His Dexterity in the Mechanical Arts—His Religious Observances—The Wealth and Nimbleness of his Adherents—Expulsion from Tula of Quetzalcoatl by Tezcatlipoca and Huitzilopochtli—The Magic Draught—Huemac,
or Vemac, King of the Toltecs, and the Misfortunes brought upon him and his people by Tezcatlipoca in various disguises—Quetzalcoatl in Cholula—Differing Accounts of the Birth and Life of Quetzalcoatl—His Gentle Character—He drew up the Mexican Calender—Incidents of his Exile and of his Journey to Tlapalla, as related and commented upon by various writers—Brasseur's ideas about the Quetzalcoatl Myths—Quetzalcoatl considered a Sun-God by Tylor, and as a Dawn-Hero by Brinton—Helps—Domenech—The Codices—Long Discussion of the Quetzalcoatl Myths by J. G. Müller 237
CHAPTER VIII.
GODS, SUPERNATURAL BEINGS, AND WORSHIP.
Various accounts of the Birth, Origin, and Derivation of the name of the Mexican War God, Huitzilopochtli, of his Temple, Image, Ceremonial, Festivals, and his Deputy, or Page, Paynal—Clavigero—Boturini—Acosta—Solis—Sahagun—Herrera—Torquemada—J. G. Müller's Summary of the Huitzilopochtli Myths, their Origin, Relation, and Signification—Tylor—Codex Vaticanus—Tlaloc, God of Water, especially of Rain, and of Mountains—Clavigero, Gama, and Ixtlilxochitl—Prayer in time of Drought—Camargo, Motolinia, Mendieta, and the Vatican Codex on the Sacrifices to Tlaloc—The Decorations of his Victims and the places of their Execution—Gathering Rushes for the Service of the Water God—Highway Robberies by the Priests at this time—Decorations and Implements of the Priests—Punishments for Ceremonial Offences—The Whirlpool of Pantitlan—Images of the Mountains in honor of the Tlaloc Festival—Of the coming Rain and Mutilation of the Images of the Mountains—General Prominence in the cult of Tlaloc, of the Number Four, the Cross, and the Snake 288
CHAPTER IX.
GODS, SUPERNATURAL BEINGS, AND WORSHIP.
The Mother or all-nourishing Goddess under various names and in various aspects—Her Feast in the Eleventh Aztec month Ochpaniztli—Festivals of the Eighth month, Hueytecuilhuitl, and of the Fourth, Hueytozoztli—The deification of women that died in child-birth—The Goddess of Water under various Names and in various aspects—Ceremonies of the Baptism or Lustration of children—The Goddess of Love, her various names and aspects—Rites of confession and absolution—The God of fire and his various names—His festivals in the tenth month Xocotlveti and in the eighteenth month Yzcali; also his quadriennial festival in the latter month—The great festival of every fifty-two years; lighting the new fire—The God of Hades, and Teoyaomique, collector of the
souls of the fallen brave—Deification of dead rulers and heroes—Mixcoatl, God of hunting, and his feast in the fourteenth month, Quecholli—Various other Mexican deities—Festival in the second month, Tlacaxipehualiztli, with notice of the gladiatorial sacrifices—Complete Synopsis of the festivals of the Mexican Calendar, fixed and movable—Temples and Priests 349
CHAPTER X.
GODS, SUPERNATURAL BEINGS, AND WORSHIP.
Revenues of the Mexican Temples—Vast number of the Priests—Mexican Sacerdotal System—Priestesses—The Orders of Tlamaxcacayotl and Telpochtiliztli—Religious Devotees—Baptism—Circumcision—Communion—Fasts and Penance—Blood-drawing—Human Sacrifices—The Gods of the Tarascos—Priests and Temple Service of Michoacan—Worship in Jalisco—Oajaca—Votan and Quetzalcoatl—Travels of Votan—The Apostle Wixepecocha—Cave near Xustlahuaca—The Princess Pinopiaa—Worship of Costahuntox—Tree Worship 430
CHAPTER XI.
GODS, SUPERNATURAL BEINGS, AND WORSHIP.
Maya Pantheon—Zamná—Cukulcan—The Gods of Yucatan—The Symbol of the Cross in America—Human Sacrifices in Yucatan—Priests of Yucatan—Guatemalan Pantheon—Tepeu and Hurakan—Avilix and Hacavitz—The Heroes of the Sacred Book—Quiché Gods—Worship of the Choles, Manches, Itzas, Lacandones, and others—Tradition of Comizahual—Fasts—Priests of Guatemala—Gods, Worship, and Priests of Nicaragua—Worship on the Mosquito Coast—Gods and Worship of the Isthmians—Phallic Worship in America 461
CHAPTER XII.
FUTURE STATE.
Aboriginal Ideas of Future—General Conceptions of Souls—Future State of the Aleuts, Chepewyans, Natives at Milbank Sound, and Okanagans—Happy Land of the Salish and Chinooks—Conceptions of Heaven and Hell of the Nez Percés, Flatheads, and Haidahs—The Realms of Quawteaht and Chayher—Beliefs of the Songhies, Clallams, and Pend d'Oreilles—The Future State of the Californian and Nevada Tribes, Comanches, Pueblos, Navajos, Apaches, Moquis, Maricopas, Yumas, and others—The Sun House of the Mexicans—Tlalocan and Mictlan—Condition of the Dead—Journey of the Dead—Future of the Tlascaltecs and other Nations 510
ЯЗЫКИ.
CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTION TO LANGUAGES.
Native Languages in Advance of Social Customs—Characteristic Individuality of American Tongues—Frequent Occurrence of Long Words—Reduplications, Frequentatives, and Duals—Intertribal Languages—Gesture-Language—Slavé and Chinook Jargons—Pacific States Languages—The Tinneh, Aztec, and Maya Tongues—The Larger Families Inland—Language as a Test of Origin—Similarities in Unrelated Languages—Plan of this Investigation 551
CHAPTER II.
HYPERBOREAN LANGUAGES.
Distinction between Eskimo and American—Eskimo Pronunciation and Declension—Dialects of the Koniagas and Aleuts—Language of the Thlinkeets—Hypothetical Affinities—The Tinneh Family and its Dialects—Eastern, Western, Central, and Southern Divisions—Chepewyan Declension—Oratorical Display in the Speech of the Kutchins—Dialects of the Atnahs and Ugalenzes Compared—Specimen of the Koltshane Tongue—Tacully Gutturals—Hoopah Vocabulary—Apache Dialects—Lipan Lord's Prayer—Navajo Words—Comparative Vocabulary of the Tinneh Family 574
CHAPTER III.
COLUMBIAN LANGUAGES.
The Haidah, its Construction and Conjugation—The Nass Language and its Dialects—Bellacoola and Chimsyan Comparisons—The Nootka Languages of Vancouver Island—Nanaimo Ten Commandments and Lord's Prayer—Aztec Analogies—Fraser and Thompson River Languages—The Neetlakapamuck Grammar and Lord's Prayer—Sound Languages—The Salish Family—Flathead Grammar and Lord's Prayer—The Kootenai—The Sahaptin Family—Nez Percé Grammar—Yakima Lord's Prayer—Sahaptin State and Slave Languages—The Chinook Family—Grammar of the Chinook Language—Aztec Affinities—The Chinook Jargon 604
CHAPTER IV.
CALIFORNIAN LANGUAGES.
Multiplicity of Tongues—Yakon, Klamath, and Palaik Comparisons—Pitt River and Wintoon Vocabularies—Weeyot, Wishosk, Weitspek,
and Ehnek Comparisons—Languages of Humboldt Bay—Potter Valley, Russian and Eel River Languages—Pomo Languages—Gallinomero Grammar—Trans-Pacific Comparisons—Chocuyem Lord's Prayer—Languages of the Sacramento, San Joaquin, Napa, and Sonoma Valleys—The Olhone and other Languages of San Francisco Bay—Runsien and Eslene of Monterey—Santa Clara Lord's Prayer—Mutsun Grammar—Languages of the Missions Santa Cruz, San Antonio de Padua, Soledad, and San Miguel—Tatché Grammar—The Dialects of Santa Cruz and other Islands 635
CHAPTER V.
SHOSHONE LANGUAGES.
Aztec-Sonora Connections with the Shoshone Family—The Utah, Comanche, Moqui, Kizh, Netela, Kechi, Cahuillo, and Chemehuevi—Eastern and Western Shoshone, or Wihinasht—The Bannack and Digger, or Shoshokee—The Utah and its Dialects—The Goshute, Washoe, Paiulee, Piute, Sampitche, and Mono—Popular Belief as to the Aztec Element in the North—Grimm's Law—Shoshone, Comanche, and Moqui Comparative Table—Netela Stanza—Kizh Grammar—The Lord's Prayer in two Dialects of the Kizh—Chemehuevi and Cahuillo Grammar—Comparative Vocabulary 660
CHAPTER VI.
THE PUEBLO, COLORADO RIVER, AND LOWER CALIFORNIA LANGUAGES.
Traces of the Aztec not found among the Pueblos of New Mexico and Arizona—The Five Languages of the Pueblos, the Queres, the Tegua, the Picoris, Jemez, and Zuñi—Pueblo Comparative Vocabulary—The Yuma and its Dialects, the Maricopa, Cuchan, Mojave, Diegueño, Yampais, and Yavipais—The Cochimí and Pericú, with their Dialects of Lower California—Guaicuri Grammar—Pater Noster in Three Cochimí Dialects—The Languages of Lower California wholly Isolated 680
CHAPTER VII.
THE PIMA, ÓPATA, AND CERI LANGUAGES.
Pima Alto and Bajo—Pápago—Pima Grammar—Formation of Plurals—Personal Pronoun—Conjugation—Classification of Verbs—Adverbs—Prepositions, Conjunctions, and Interjections—Syntax of the Pima—Prayers in different dialects—The Ópata and Eudeve—Eudeve Grammar—Conjugation of Active and Passive Verbs—Lord's Prayer—Ópata Grammar—Declension—Possessive Pronoun—Conjugation—Ceri Language with its Dialects, Guaymi and Tepoca—Ceri Vocabulary 694
CHAPTER VIII.
NEW MEXICAN LANGUAGES.
The Cahita and its Dialects—Cahita Grammar—Dialectic Differences of the Mayo, Yaqui, and Tehueco—Comparative Vocabulary—Cahita Lord's Prayer—The Tarahumara and its Dialects—The Tarahumara Grammar—Tarahumara Lord's Prayer in two Dialects—The Concho, the Toboso, the Julime, the Piro, the Suma, the Chinarra, the Tubar, the Irritila—Tejano—Tejano Grammar—Specimen of the Tejano—The Tepehuana—Tepehuana Grammar and Lord's Prayer—Acaxée and its Dialects, the Topia, Sabaibo and Xixime—The Zacatec, Cazcane, Mazapile, Huitcole, Guachichile, Colotlan, Tlaxomultec, Tecuexe, and Tepecano—The Cora and its Dialects, the Muutzicat, Teacuaeitzca, and Ateacari—Cora Grammar 706
CHAPTER IX.
THE AZTEC AND OTOMÍ LANGUAGES.
Nahua or Aztec, Chichimec, and Toltec languages identical—Anáhuac the aboriginal seat of the Aztec Tongue—The Aztec the oldest language in Anáhuac—Beauty and Richness of the Aztec—Testimony of the Missionaries and early writers in its favor—Specimen from Paredes' Manual—Grammar of the Aztec Language—Aztec Lord's Prayer—The Otomí a Monosyllabic Language of Anáhuac—Relationship claimed with the Chinese and Cherokee—Otomí Grammar—Otomí Lord's Prayer in Different Dialects 723
CHAPTER X.
LANGUAGES OF CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN MEXICO.
The Pame and its Dialects—The Meco of Guanajuato and the Sierra Gordo—The Tarasco of Michoacan and its Grammar—The Matlaltzinca and its Grammar—The Ocuiltec—The Miztec and its Dialects—Miztec Grammar—The Amusgo, Chocho, Mazatec, Cuicatec, Chatino, Tlapanec, Chinantec, and Popoluca—The Zapotec and its Grammar—The Mije—Mije Grammar and Lord's Prayer—The Huave of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec—Huave Numerals 742
CHAPTER XI.
THE MAYA-QUICHÉ LANGUAGES.
The Maya-Quiché, the Languages of the Civilized Nations of Central America—Enumeration of the Members of this Family—Hypothetical Analogies with Languages of the Old World—Lord's Prayers in the Chañabal, Chiapanec, Chol, Tzendal, Zoque, and Zotzil—Pokonchi Grammar—The Mame or Zaklopahkap—Quiché Grammar—Cakchiquel Lord's Prayer—Maya Grammar—Totonac Grammar—Totonac Dialects—Huastec Grammar 759
CHAPTER XII.
LANGUAGES OF HONDURAS, NICARAGUA, COSTA RICA, AND THE ISTHMUS OF DARIEN.
The Carib an Imported Language—The Mosquito Language—The Poya, Towka, Seco, Valiente, Rama, Cookra, Woolwa, and other Languages in Honduras—The Chontal—Mosquito Grammar—Love Song in the Mosquito Language—Comparative Vocabulary of Honduras Tongues—The Coribici, Chorotega, Chontal, and Orotiña in Nicaragua—Grammar of the Orotiña or Nagrandan—Comparison between the Orotiña and Chorotega—The Chiriquí, Guatuso, Tiribi, and others in Costa Rica—Talamanca Vocabulary—Diversity of Speech on the Isthmus of Darien—Enumeration of Languages—Comparative Vocabulary 782
КОРЕННЫЕ НАРОДЫ ТИХООКЕАНСКИХ ШТАТОВ.
МИФОЛОГИЯ, ЯЗЫКИ.
ГЛАВА I. РЕЧЬ И УМОЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ.
Различие между человеком и животными — Язык разума и язык души — Происхождение языка: дар Творца, человеческое изобретение или эволюция — Природа и ценность мифа — Происхождение мифа: божественная идея, вымысел колдовства, создание замыслившего жречества — Происхождение культа, молитвы, жертвоприношения — Фетишизм и происхождение поклонения животным — Религия и мифология.
До сих пор мы рассматривали человека лишь в его материальном организме — как дикое, хотя и наделенное интеллектом животное. Мы наблюдали за взаимодействием неразвитого разума с окружающей средой. Мы видели, как дикарь обирает зверя, чтобы одеться; как первобытный человек, подобно животным, строит жилище, добывает пищу, растит потомство, осуществляет власть, владеет имуществом, ведет войны, предается развлечениям, удовлетворяет социальные инстинкты; и что во всем этом дикарь находится лишь на одну ступень выше зверя. Поднимаясь по шкале, мы исследовали первые этапы человеческого прогресса и проанализировали зачатки цивилизации. Теперь мы перешагнем рубеж, отделяющий человечество от животного мира, и вступим в область нематериального и сверхъестественного — явлений, которые сугубо позитивная философия объяснить не может.
Первичным свидетельством абсолютного превосходства человека над другими животными является способность к речи; не те немые или голосовые символы, выражающие страсти и эмоции, которые свойственны как животным, так и людям, а способность разделять идеи, порождать в уме и воплощать в словах последовательности мыслей. Правда, на пороге этого исследования, как и во всем, что связано с первобытным человеком, мы обнаруживаем, что животный мир упорно преследует нас и оспаривает право на долю в этой способности к развитию. Наряду с человеком животные обладают всеми органами чувств. Они видят, слышат, чувствуют, ощущают вкус и запах. У них есть даже органы речи, но у них нет речи. Источник этой удивительной способности лежит глубже, скрытый туманом, который всегда клубится вокруг нематериального. Независимо от того, обладают ли животные душой согласно аристотелевской теории души, или же душа животного бессмертна, либо обладает качеством и предназначением, отличными и низшими по сравнению с человеческой душой, мы видим в них несомненные свидетельства умственных способностей. Высший порядок животных обладает низшим порядком интеллектуальных восприятий. Так, гордость проявляет украшенный сбруей конь, стыд — побитая собака, волю — упрямый мул. Животные обладают памятью; они проявляют любовь и ненависть, радость и печаль, благодарность и месть. Они бывают храбрыми или трусливыми, хитроумными или простодушными не просто в меру того, что мы обычно называем инстинктом, но с очевидным проявлением рассудительности; и до определенной степени мы могли бы даже приписать им дальновидность — например, в заготовке запасов пищи на зиму. Но при всем этом наблюдается недостаток истинной или связанной мысли и способности к абстракции, с помощью которой анализируются понятия и определяются впечатления.