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Cerise de la Besnardière. P. cerasus. 1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:181. 1866. 2. Leroy. Dict. Pom. 5:172 fig. 1877. Kirsche von Bénardière. 3. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 334. 1889. In 1841, Leroy mentioned this variety in his catalog stating that it was found in the gardens of the Baron of Besnardière. Mortillet believed it to be Carnation not being convinced of the contrary until after he had published his description of the Carnation. Tree strong, moderately productive; fruit attached singly, large, globular, compressed at the ends; suture apparent; stem of medium length, inserted in a rather wide, deep cavity; skin clear red, brilliant; flesh reddish at the surface, whitish near the center, tender, with abundant, slightly colored juice, pleasantly acidulated and sweet; first quality; stone small, round, plump; season the end of June in France. Cerise du Bicentenaire. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Rev. Hort. 284, 285, Pl. 1903. Bicentenaireweichsel. 2. Proskauer Obstsort. 58. 1907. This variety is supposed to be a bud variation of Royal Duke found in a garden at Lieusaint, France. The trees resemble those of Royal Duke but the fruit is superior in size and ripens from three weeks to a month later. Said to be valuable on northern exposures which increase the advantages of late maturity. Cerise Blanche à Petit Fruit. P. avium. 1. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2:507. 1860. Similar to the Cerisier à Gros Fruit Blanc but smaller. Cerise Commune. P. Cerasus. 1. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2:No. 11, Pl. 1846. 2. Le Bon Jard. 346. 1882. One of the French varieties of cherries grown in the neighborhood of Paris to supply the early market trade. Sometimes called La Grosse Cerise Commune. Cerise à Côtes. P. Cerasus. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:258, 259 fig. 1877. This cherry is similar in tree and fruit to Large Montmorency but the fruit is traversed on both sides by a prominent suture. Fruit attached in threes, of medium size, globular, compressed at the ends; suture deep, completely encircling the fruit; stem variable in length, inserted in a large, deep cavity; apex slightly depressed; skin clear red; flesh yellowish, transparent, tender, juicy, sugary, acidulated; pit of medium size, round; second quality; season the end of June; moderately productive. Cerise d'Espagne. P. Cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 25. 1876. Fruit large, deep red, delicious, acidulated, ripening from June to July. Cerise à la Feuille. P. Cerasus. 1. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:174, 175. 1768. The fruit is of medium size, roundish-cordate, faces flattened; stem long; cavity deep and straight; skin deep reddish-brown; flesh red, with an acid flavor which it loses somewhat at complete maturity; stone large, lightly tinted; ripens the middle of July. Cerise de Gembloux. P. avium. 1. Ann. Pom. Belge 8:91, Pl. 1860. M. Staquet Berger of Gembloux, Belgium, grew this cherry from seed. Tree productive, vigorous; fruit large, roundish, slightly cordate; suture pronounced; stem long, slender; skin thin, glossy, nearly black; flesh red, fine, melting, juicy, sugary, acidulated; stone small, oval; ripens the last of July. Cerise Guigne. P. avium. 1. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:195, 196, Pl. 16 fig. 1. 1768. 2. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:140, 141 fig. 34, 142. 1866. 3. Mas Le Verger 8:159, 160, fig. 78. 1866-73. 4. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:254, 255 fig., 256. 1877.

Griotte Guigne. 5. Prince Pom. Man. 2:149. 1832. Cerise Anglaise. 6. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2:No. 26, Pl. 1846. Rothe Muskateller. 7. Ill. Handb. 159 fig., 160. 1860. This cherry is now of historical interest only. It has been called Cerise Guigne since Duhamel described it in 1768, and may be the variety known long ago by the Romans as Cecilienne. There is no record to show that Cerise Guigne was ever brought to America. Tree large, vigorous, productive; fruit of medium size, roundish-cordate, flattened at the base; suture distinct; stem of medium thickness and length; skin thin; color clear red becoming reddish-brown; flesh clear red, with abundant, colored juice, tender, slightly stringy, sweet, sprightly, agreeable; quality good; ripens early. Cerise de Mai Double. Species? 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:36, 40. 1771. Briefly discussed by Knoop. Cerise de Mai Simple. Species? 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:36, 40, 41. 1771. Resembles Cerise de Mai Double but smaller. Cerise de Martigné. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:147. 1882. The tree-characters are briefly described in this reference. Cerise de Ostheim. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 78. 1890. Ostheim. 2. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:79, fig. 18. 1903. In 1883, Professor J. L. Budd of Ames, Iowa, brought this variety to Iowa. It is very similar to the Minnesota Ostheim but a few days later. Fruit of medium size, round, occasionally cordate; stem of medium length, slender, set in a shallow cavity; skin firm, deep red, with highly colored juice, mildly subacid; quality very good. Cerise du Prince Maurice. Species? 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:36, 41. 1771. Tree vigorous, erect, productive; fruit scarlet, with whitish dots. Cerise de Prusse. P. cerasus. 1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:151 fig., 152, 153, 221, 304. 1866. Guindoux de Provence. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 429, 430. 1819. Prussian Cherry. 3. Prince Pom. Man. 2:150. 1832. Provencer Süssweichsel. 4. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:50. 1858. Cerise de l'Esvière. 5. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882. Cerise de Prusse noire? 6. Ibid. 11:160. 1882. This old variety is supposed to be of French origin. It is distinguished from other sorts by its cordate form, its more or less distinct suture, its thick skin, and its heart-shaped pit. Tree vigorous, moderately productive; fruit rather large, partially cordate, marked by a suture on both sides, more pronounced towards the base; stem of medium length, inserted in a rather deep cavity; skin thick, tough, separating from the pulp, deep reddish, almost black; flesh rather firm, deep red, juicy, sprightly, vinous, with a pronounced acidity; stone rather large, oval-pointed, turgid; ripens early in July. Cerise de Rouen Double. P. avium. 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:36, 42. 1771. Tree vigorous and productive; fruit cordate, marked with a suture of moderate depth; color streaked with clear red on a yellow ground; flesh brittle, sweet, very agreeable. Cerise de Rouen Simple. P. avium. 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:42. 1771. Resembles the preceding variety in form, color and quality but is somewhat smaller.

Cerise Rouge Pale. P. cerasus. 1. Mas Le Verger 8:89, 90, fig. 43. 1866-73. 2. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:383, 384 fig., 385. 1877. Cerisier à Gros Fruit Rouge-pâle. 3. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:182, 183, 184, Pl. 9. 1768. 4. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:5, Tab. 14 fig. 1. 1792. Villennes. 5. Prince Pom. Man. 2:140. 1832. Bleichrothe Glaskirsche. 6. Ill. Handb. 75 fig., 76. 1867. This cherry is of interest only because of its past. Of its origin no record can be found. It is first mentioned by Duhamel, in 1768, under a somewhat longer name, "Cerisier à Gros Fruit Rouge-pâle," which many later writers have confused with Carnation. Tree large, vigorous, productive; fruit large, roundish, flattened; stem long, thick; cavity deep, broad; skin thin; color a clear, brilliant red growing darker as maturity advances; flesh transparent, juicy, firm, tender, sweet, yet sprightly; of very good quality; season late. Cerise Rouge Sanguine. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882. Listed in this reference. Cerise Royale Ordinaire. Species? 1. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2:No. 22, Pl. 1846. This variety is known in Normandy as Cerise Musquée because of its slight musky taste. Fruit small, sides compressed; skin red; flesh yellowish, juicy, sugary; quality fair. Cerise de Soissons. P. cerasus. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 55. 1831. Französiche Süssweichsel. 2. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:51. 1858. Admirable de Soissons. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 476. 1869. Cerise de Soissons is described as a Morello, medium to above in size, broadly cordate, slightly compressed, with a slight suture; stem short; skin dark red; flesh red, tender, juicy, brisk subacid; ripens the middle of July. Cerise de Tiercé. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882. Listed without a description. Cerise de Xavier. P. cerasus. 1. Mag. Hort. 17:363. 1851. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 215. 1854. A Morello cherry, first shown in 1851, by M. P. Wilder, Dorchester, Massachusetts. Fruit medium in size, round, dark red, acid. Cerisier Commun à Fruit Rond. P. cerasus. 1. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:172, 173. 1768. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 658, 659. 1819. Under this heading are grouped many wild cherries in France, grown from seeds, whose trees, leaves and flowers vary as well as the size, taste and time of ripening of the fruits. One of the best of these is grown around Paris, the fruit being small; stem long; pit large; quality and flavor variable. Cerisier Commun Pleureur. P. cerasus. 1. Rev. Hort. 397. 1888. This cherry was found in a Sour Cherry plantation. It resembles Montmorency in habit of growth and the Heart cherries in texture of flesh. The tree is used for ornamental planting and its fruit for culinary purposes. Tree very productive, bushy, branches inclined to droop; fruit large, oblong; stem long, inserted in a large cavity; skin glossy, dark red; flesh rose-colored, transparent, sugary, juicy; pit of medium size, elongated-oval; ripens early in June.

Cerisier à Feuilles Laciniées. P. avium. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:267, 268 fig. 1877. This is a chance seedling first mentioned by Leroy in his catalog in 1860. Because of its foliage it is often used as an ornamental. Tree strong, moderately productive; fruit generally attached singly, small, oval; suture apparent; stem long; cavity moderately large; skin clear red, marbled with reddish-brown; flesh firm, yellowish-white, with abundant, uncolored juice, sugary, slightly acidulated; pit of medium size, elongated-oval, plump. Cerisier à Gros Fruit Blanc. P. avium. 1. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2:507. 1860. A cherry ripening in July but described as very sugary and very good; flesh watery, aromatic; productive. Cerisier Royal Tardif à Fruit Noir. Species? 1. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2:506. 1860. The fruit ripens in July, becoming deep black. Cerisier Très-fertile. P. cerasus. 1. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:175, 176. 1768. Weichselbaum mit bündelförmigen Früchten. 2. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:5, Tab. 12 fig. 1. 1792. Cerise à Trochet. 3. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 56. 1831. 4. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:397, 398 fig. 1877. Prolific Cherry. 5. Prince Pom. Man. 2:132. 1832. Amarelle très-fertile. 6. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:201 fig., 202, 203. 1866. Leroy states that this variety was long ago well known in France. Because it was grown in the neighborhood of Angers and Saint-Laud, and was of the Montmorency type, Leroy says it was locally named Cerisier Montmorency Hâtif de Saint Laud. He is doubtful whether it existed before the Eighteenth Century; Duhamel was the first to describe it in 1768. The tree resembles the Cluster cherry and is probably but a variation of the Cerise Commune type. Tree small; fruit generally attached in threes, of medium size, globular, compressed at the stem; cavity rather deep; apex small, somewhat prominent; stem of medium size, unequal in length; skin transparent, clear red, deeper when mature; flesh tender, white, juicy, sugary, strongly acidulated; stone medium in size, roundish, turgid; ripens the middle of June. Its graceful habit and productiveness make it a favorite for ornamental purposes. Cerisier de Varenne. Species? 1. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2:507. 1860. Belle de Varennes. 2. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:159. 1882. Tree erect, very vigorous; fruit large, compressed; stem long; color bright red. Challenge. P. pumila. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 353. 1896. Challenge is a Sand Cherry seedling grown in Canada; fair flavor and of medium size. Champagne. Species? 1. Horticulturist 5:76, 77 fig. 1850. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 205. 1854. Champagne is a seedling raised by Charles Downing,84 Newburgh, New York, and so

named because of the peculiar and lively mingling of sweet and acid in its flavor. Tree very hardy, vigorous, bearing regularly, and withstanding the attacks of rot and blight. Fruit of medium size, roundish-cordate, slightly angular; stem moderately long; cavity shallow, flat; skin lively brick-red, inclining to pink; flesh amber, juicy, sprightly, rich; ripens the middle of June. Champion. P. pumila. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 307. 1898. Champion is one of many seedlings of the Manitoba Sand, a native Canadian cherry named and described in 1898, by Wm. Saunders of the Canadian Experimental Farms. Fruit large, very dark red, nearly black when ripe; flesh sweet, nearly free from astringency; quality good; ripens in Manitoba the last of August. Chapman. P. avium. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 130. 1897. 2. Cal. Nur. Cat. 1:14. 1898. 3. Ore. Nur. Cat. 21. 1903. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 26. 1909. Chapman was grown by W. H. Chapman of Napa, California, and is supposed to be a seedling of Black Tartarian, surpassing that variety in size and earliness. By some horticulturists Chapman and California Advance are considered identical, but most growers, particularly in California, declare the two to be distinct. Fruit matures early; very large, roundish, purplish-black; stem long, slender; flesh slightly tender; very good in quality; stone small. Cheresoto. P. pumila × P. americana. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 130:184, Pl. 10, Pl. 11, 185. 1911. Cheresoto is a cross between the Sand Cherry and the De Soto plum from the South Dakota Experiment Station. The tree resembles the plum in growth but the fruit, in looks and flavor, is like that of the Sand Cherry. Fruit rather long with a prickle at the apex; about one and three-eighths inches in diameter; skin black with a bluish bloom, thin, free from acerbity; flesh yellowish-green, sprightly; pit clinging.

China Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:126. 1832. China Heart. 2. Prince Treat. Hort. 30. 1828. 3. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 48. 1831. This variety was raised from the seed of an Ox Heart by William Prince, Flushing, New York, and at first was called China Heart. W. R. Prince in his Pomological Manual of 1832, calls it China Bigarreau as it is more of the Bigarreau than of the Heart type of cherries. Tree vigorous, large; fruit medium in size, roundish or oval-cordate, with a distinct suture; stem long, slender, set in a shallow cavity; skin when fully ripe, glossy red mottled with lighter red; flesh firm, somewhat melting, with a sweet, rich, peculiar flavor; ripens just after Black Tartarian and forms a link between it and the later varieties; very productive. Choque. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 15, 191. 1876. 2. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:141, 142. 1882. Guigne Choque. 3. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 482. 1904. Originated near Metz, Lorraine, Germany. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit rather large; of a deep red color at maturity; flesh white, slightly tinted with a rose color, firm, very juicy, sweet; ripens the last of June. Christbauer. P. cerasus. 1. Mo. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 42. 1892. A sort reported to ripen before Early Richmond. Christiana. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 206. 1854. This variety was raised by B. B. Kirtland, Greenbush, New York, and resembles May Duke in character of tree and fruit. The fruit is borne in clusters, is of a bright, lively red color, and has a sprightly subacid flavor. Churchill Heart. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 48. 1831. 2. Hogg Fruit Man. 290. 1884. Tree hardy, productive; fruit large, heart-shaped; stem long; cavity shallow; skin glossy, of a clear, waxen, pale yellow, bright red when exposed to the sun, mottled with dark red and orange; flesh pale yellow, firm, sweet, rich, moderately juicy; season the end of July. Cistena. P. pumila × P. pissardi. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 130:190, 191. 1911. Cistena is a cross between the Sand Cherry and Prunus pissardi, interesting only because of its beautiful purple foliage. Clark September. P. avium. 1. Ont. Fr. Gr. Assoc. Rpt. 22:XVIII. 1890. Clark September is a local sort from Lower Granville, Nova Scotia. The fruits are of medium size and when fully ripe are of a dark red color; flesh firm, of a sweet and agreeable flavor. Cluster Black Heart. P. avium. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 481. 1904. Tree vigorous; fruit small or of medium size, cordate; stem long; skin glossy, black; flesh very dark red, tender, juicy, agreeably mild acid; ripens in July. Cocklin Favorite. P. avium. 1. Gard. Mon. 3:249 fig., 1861. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 458. 1869. Late Amber. 3. Horticulturist 17:381. 1862. This seedling was introduced by E. H. Cocklin, Shepherdstown, Pennsylvania, but its origin is unknown. Tree upright, conical, very productive; fruit large, roundish,

regular, slightly compressed, somewhat flattened at the base, almost without a suture; apex depressed; stem long, slender; cavity deep; skin yellowish shaded and mottled in the sun with a light crimson; flesh tender, juicy, sweet, vinous; quality good; stone very small for the size of the fruit; season late. Coe Late Carnation. P. cerasus. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 216. 1854. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 275. 1857. Coe's Spate Rote Kirsche. 3. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 343, 344. 1889. This is a late variety of unknown origin—possibly a seedling of Carnation. Fruit medium to large, cordate; suture shallow; color yellowish-amber mottled with clear red; flesh tender, juicy, subacid; quality fair; season the last of July. Coeur de Pigeon Noir. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:148. 1882. Fruit of medium size, cordate, slightly elongated. Coeur de Poule. P. avium. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:124. 1832. Gros Bigarreau coeur-de-Poule 2. Rev. Hort. 65. 1881. According to Prince, this variety was rather extensively cultivated in the south of France especially in the vicinity of Toulouse, where it was known as Cor dè Galino. The fruit ripens in July, has the form of the Hearts; its vivid red changes to nearly black as does also the juice. Cole. P. cerasus. Cole is a rather small-sized Morello of little value and no doubt now out of cultivation. Fruit cordate, compressed along the sutures; stem long, slender, set in a wide cavity; skin nearly black; flesh tender, rather meaty, dark red, lighter near the pit, having abundant, wine-colored juice, sour, sprightly; stone clings; season late. Columbia. P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 459. 1869. Tree vigorous, spreading, productive; fruit of medium size, heart-shaped, inclining to a point, surface angular and uneven, sides compressed; suture deep, narrow; stem long, slender; cavity large, deep; skin whitish-yellow, blushed and mottled with light red; flesh whitish, stained with pink, tender, juicy, pleasant; season the last of June. Common Morello. P. cerasus. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:143, 144. 1832. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 103. 1852. Wild Morello. 3. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 54. 1831. Common Red Morello. 4. Kan. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 144. 1886. This variety must not be confused with the well-known English Morello. Through self-propagation, it is widely known, as are its many seedlings which oft-times surpass it in size and quality. Como. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882. Listed in the reference given. Comtesse de Médicis Spada. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882. Listed without a description. Condé. Species? 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:35. 1771. Mentioned in the reference given. Conestoga. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 19:423. 1853. 2. Horticulturist 17:381. 1862. Conestoga was introduced by Casper Hiller, Conestoga, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania.

Tree a rampant, spreading grower, very productive; fruit very large, obtuse-cordate, slightly compressed and indented at the apex; suture shallow; stem very long, inserted in an open cavity; skin deep red, purplish, somewhat mottled; flesh firm, rather tender, juicy, sugary, brisk; quality good; season early July. Constance Maisin. P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 25. 1876. 2. Guide Prat. 17. 1895. This is a Belgian variety, which, according to Guide Pratique, 1895, is very similar to Montmorency. Cook Imperial. P. avium. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Sp. Rpt. 25. 1904-05. This variety, a seedling of Napoleon, originated with Steven Cook, Benton Harbor, Michigan. It is mentioned as a promising new sort, resembling Black Tartarian in shape, flavor, color, and length of stem but earlier and larger. Cornelia. P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 459. 1869. Cornelia originated with Charles Pease, near Cleveland, Ohio. Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, very productive; fruit medium to above in size, compressed, heart-shaped; suture slight; stem long; cavity narrow, deep; skin whitish-yellow, shaded with bright crimson on the sunny side; flesh light yellow, tender, juicy, sweet, rather lively; quality good; stone small; season the last of June. Corning. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 72. 1899. 2. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:66 fig. 1903. Corning is a cross between the Wragg and Lutovka and originated with A. F. Collman, Corning, Iowa. Fruit oblate-cordate, above medium in size; suture lacking; stem of medium length, stout, inserted in a medium deep, narrow cavity; skin rather thick, tender, red; flesh firm, breaking; juice slightly colored, briskly subacid; quality good; stone medium large, ovate; ripens in August. Corone. P. avium. 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 572. 1629. 2. Rea Flora 205. 1676. 3. Hogg Fruit Man. 291. 1884. Englische Schwarze Kronherzkirsche. 4. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 149-152. 1819. 5. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 347. 1889. Corone, as the references show, is one of the oldest-named varieties, though strictly speaking, since it was largely grown from seed, according to the old writers, it is a type and not a variety. In character of fruit it seems to be midway between Black Mazzard and Black Tartarian. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit below medium in size, roundish-cordate, compressed and often roughened; suture deep; stem slender, long; cavity deep, round, narrow; color a deep, shining black; flesh dark purple, very firm, sweet; ripens late. Corwin. P. cerasus. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 216. 1854. This is a medium-sized, roundish, red Morello with tender, acid flesh and a large stone; season July. Coularde. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 424-427. 1819. Cerisier de Hollande. 2. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:184, 185, Pl. 10. 1768. 3. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:298, 346. 1877. 4. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 363. 1889. Holländische Weichselbaum mit sehr grosser Frucht [or] Coulard. 5. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:5, Tab. 12 fig. 2. 1792.

Holländische grosse Kirsche Coulard. 6. Christ Handb. 670. 1797. Holländische grosse Weichsel [or] Coulard. 7. Christ Wörterb. 284. 1802. Holland Griotte. 8. Prince Pom. Man. 2:141. 1832. 9. Kenrick Am. Orch. 280. 1832. Holländische Süssweichsel. 10. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:51. 1858. Cerisier coulard de Holland. 11. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2:505. 1860. Leroy states that Coularde has been known since 1740 but is often confused with other cherries. According to Leroy, this variety was reintroduced as a novelty about 1864, under the name Belle d'Orleans. American writers, however, list a Belle d'Orleans as early as 1850, which is of the Guigne type rather than the Griotte. Tree the largest of its class; branches strong and straight; blooms profusely; fruit large, round; skin red; flesh firm, reddish-white, sweet, agreeable; ripens the end of June. The pistils being much longer than the stamens, many flowers are never fertilized which gives the blossoms a blighted appearance. Courte-queue de Gaiberg. Species? 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 23, 192. 1876. Courte-pendu de Gaiberg. 2. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882. Listed as having been received from Germany on the recommendation of Oberdieck. Crawford. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882. Listed, not described. Crown Prince. Species? 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 465. 1900. Tree vigorous; fruit above medium in size, cordate; skin yellow with a light red blush; flesh whitish, juicy, tender, refreshing; quality good; ripens the last of May. Cserszeger Honigkirsche. P. avium. 1. Proskauer Obstsort. 55. 1907. A yellow Heart cherry. Cullen Cherrie. P. cerasus. 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 574. 1629. "The Cullen Cherrie is a darke red cherrie like the Agriot, which they of those parts neere Cullen and Vtrecht &c. vse to put into their drinke, to give it the deeper colour." Cumberland. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 205. 1854. Triumph of Cumberland. 2. Horticulturist 7:100. 1852. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 267, 268. 1857. 4. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:87, 88, fig. 44. 1882. Cumberland Heart. 5. Gard. Mon. 2:118. 1860. Cumberland Spice. 6. Horticulturist 17:498. 1862. Cumberland is a chance seedling found in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania; introduced by David Miller of Carlisle. Tree strong in growth, erect, vigorous, productive; fruit obtuse-cordate, sides compressed; stem rather long, slender, set in a broad, open cavity; apex slightly depressed; suture entirely around the fruit, but a line on one side; skin medium thick, tough, clear purple changing to a purplish-black; flesh deep purple, crisp, aromatic, with abundant, colored juice; quality good; pit roundish-oval, compressed, slightly clinging; ripens the middle of June. Cyclone. P. avium. 1. Nova Scotia Fr. Gr. Assoc. Rpt. 23. 1894. This variety is said in Nova Scotia to be somewhat similar to Wood and Rockport but to be superior to either in size and quality.

Dacotah. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 26:402, 403. 1860. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 459. 1869. Dacotah is a seedling of one of Professor J. P. Kirtland's sorts, originated by his son-in-law, Charles Pease, Cleveland, Ohio. In growth it resembles Rockport; in fruit, Black Tartarian although it is later. The fruit is borne on spurs on the body as well as on the limbs, thus being protected from birds by the foliage. Fruit medium to large, heart-shaped, compressed; suture shallow; stem long, slender; cavity deep, narrow; skin rich dark red, almost black, slightly roughened; flesh rather tender, purplish, juicy, sweet; of high quality; stone of medium size; productive. Daiber Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 344. 1889. Listed by Mathieu. Dankelmannskirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 242-246, 677. 1819. Schwefelkirsche. 2. Krünitz Enc. 72, 73. 1790. Agatkirsche. 3. Christ Handb. 666. 1797. Dankelmann's Weisse Herzkirsche. 4. Ibid. 666. 1797. Kleine weisse Perlkirsche. 5. Ibid. 683. 1797. Dankelmann's Molkenkirsche. 6. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:28. 1858. Bigarreautier à fruit jaune? 7. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2:504. 1860. Bigarreau jaune. 8. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:133. 1866. In 1791, Truchsess received grafts of what he thought were several distinct varieties and disseminated them as such. Later, they were found to be identical with the Dankelmann. The fruit is recognized from others of its class by its small size, its honey sweetness, its peculiar color and its transparent skin. Fruit more round than cordate, with a shallow suture; stem slender, inserted in a narrow, shallow cavity; skin yellow washed with red, transparent allowing the pit to be visible; flesh yellowish-white, tender, very juicy, very sweet if ripened thoroughly; stone small, round, almost free when ripe; season the last of June to July. Datge. Species? 1. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 2nd Ser. 3:59. 1900. Mentioned in this reference as being moderate in growth. Davenport. P. avium. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:154. 1832. Davenport's Early Red. 2. Kenrick Am. Orch. 218. 1835. Davenport's Early Black. 3. Ibid. 233. 1841. Davenport's Early. 4. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 172, 173. 1845. This early cherry, resembling somewhat Black Heart, was originated nearly a century ago by Edward Davenport, Dorchester, Massachusetts. Tree medium in size, productive; fruit above medium to large, roundish-cordate; stem long, rather thick; skin bright red becoming purplish-black; flesh firm but tender, sprightly, pleasant, juicy, sweet; very good in quality; season early. De Belleu. Species? 1. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 2nd Ser. 3:59. 1900. Mentioned in this reference as being a variety of moderate growth. De Jacap. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 52. 1831. Mentioned in the reference given. De Ravaene. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882. Listed without a description.

De Sibérie à gros fruit et à rameaux pendans. Species? 1. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2:508. 1860. This is a dwarf ornamental tree bearing small, oval, mediocre fruits ripening in August and September. De Spa. P. cerasus. 1. Mag. Hort. 17:363. 1851. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 278. 1857. De Spa is a medium-sized, dark red, acid Morello forming a prolific bush, ripening soon after May Duke. De Vaux. Species? 1. Can. Exp. Farm. Bul. 2nd Ser. 3:59. 1900. Listed in the reference given. Dearborn Red French. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Kenrick Am. Orch. 280. 1832. This is a Duke cherry imported from France by H. A. S. Dearborn, Roxbury, Massachusetts. The name having been lost, the importer renamed it. Dechenaut. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 78. 1866. Fruit large, roundish-cordate, broad at the base, rather flattened; suture faint; skin bright cornelian-red, becoming darker red when ripe, glossy; stem long, set in a wide, deep cavity; flesh tender, succulent; resembling May Duke in flavor and season. Delaware Bleeding Heart. P. avium. 1. Mo. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 61. 1898. This is a medium-sized, dark red, nearly black fruit with solid flesh and good flavor. Delicate. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 19:167, 168. 1853. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 193 fig. 1854. Delicate was raised by Professor J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland, Ohio, in 1842, from a pit of Yellow Spanish, probably crossed with Black Tartarian, Black Mazzard, or May Duke. Tree moderately vigorous, upright-spreading, productive; fruit medium to large, roundish-oblate; suture rather pronounced; stem medium in length; skin thin, translucent, amber-yellow overspread and mottled with light carmine; flesh pale yellow, juicy, pleasant, sweet; very good in quality; stone small, roundish-oval; season the last of June and the first of July. Délicieuse. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882. Listed by Mas. Denner Black. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 48. 1831. Listed but not described. Des Cheneaux. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882. Mentioned in the reference given. Deutsche Belzweichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Wörterb. 290. 1802. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 603, 604, 605. 1819. Probably this is but a wild seedling used in grafting. Fruit of medium size, round; suture indistinct; stem long, slender, set in a shallow cavity; skin glossy, dark brown; flesh firm, dark, reddish directly under the skin, juicy, with a sourish wine-flavor; stone small, oval; ripens the middle of July. Disnoder Gewürzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Proskauer Obstsort. 55. 1907. Listed as a black Bigarreau. Ditst. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11: 160. 1882. Listed in the reference given.

Dobbeete Moreller. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 54. 1831. Listed in this reference. Doctay. Species? 1. Horticulturist 17:498. 1862. Reported in the reference as a good, late cherry of second size as grown by E. Manning, Harrisburg, Ohio. Doctor. P. avium. 1. Horticulturist 2:123 fig. 1847-48. 2. Mag. Hort. 19:167, 168. 1853. 3. Mas Le Verger 8:37, 38, fig. 17. 1866-73. American Doctor. 4. Hogg Fruit Man. 71. 1866. Doctor was originated by Professor J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland, Ohio, in 1842, from a pit of Yellow Spanish, probably crossed with Black Tartarian, Black Mazzard, or May Duke. Hogg called it American Doctor to distinguish it from the German Doctorkirsche. Tree of medium vigor, upright-spreading, healthy, very productive; fruit medium to large, roundish-cordate; stem long, rather slender; skin light yellow, mottled, blushed and at times almost entirely overspread with red; flesh pale yellow, juicy, tender, aromatic, sweet; good in quality; stone small. Dr. Flynn. P. avium. 1. Coates Cat. 1911-12. Dr. Flynn is a chance seedling which originated in Portland, Oregon, with a Dr. Flynn. Fruit large, dark red; similar to Lambert in shape; preceding Napoleon. Dr. Wiseman. P. avium. 1. Van Lindley Cat. 23. 1892. 2. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 321. 1897. This cherry was named after Dr. Wiseman, Davie County, North Carolina, who claimed it to be the earliest Sweet Cherry. Van Lindley believes it to be the Doctor which originated with Professor Kirtland. Fruit of medium size, light yellow, shaded with bright red, resembling Wood. Doctorkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Obstbäume 161. 1791. 2. Christ Handb. 674. 1797. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 402-405. 1819. 4. Ill. Handb. 497 fig., 498. 1861. This variety was first mentioned in 1791. It should not be confused with another sort mentioned by Büttner and Truchsess as Doctorknorpelkirsche. Fruit large, roundish, somewhat compressed; stem long; cavity rather deep; skin tough, brownish-red changing to reddish-black; flesh dark red, melting, juicy, sweet yet with a sprightly flavor; pit round, slightly pointed; ripens the middle of July. Doctorknorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 201, 202, 203. 1819. 2. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:37. 1858. According to Truchsess, this sort was received by him in 1797, from Büttner at Leipzig under the name of Doctorkirsche. Because one or two other sorts were growing at that time under this name, Christ changed this one, following Büttner's description, to Doctorkirsche mit Hartem Fleisch, which has since been shortened to Doctorknorpelkirsche. Fruit large, slightly compressed; stem long and slender; color black; flesh firm, clear red, juicy, agreeably sweet; ripens the middle of August. Dollaner Schwarze. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 9 fig., 10. 1867. According to Oberdieck, this variety originated at Dollan, Bohemia, Austria, the home of the Dollaner prune. Fruit above medium in size, truncate-cordate, traversed

entirely by a suture; stem slender, long, set in a narrow, shallow cavity; skin tough, brownish-black with light spots, wholly black when ripe; flesh and juice dark red, flesh firm, but tender enough to be classed among the Hearts, sweet, aromatic, with a slight sourness before fully ripe; stone elongated-oval; season late. Donna Maria. P. cerasus. 1. Barry Fr. Garden 326. 1851. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862. 3. Am. Hort. An. 84 fig. 41, 85. 1869. This is a Morello cherry, probably of French origin. It is distinct from the Early May grown in the West with which it has been confused. Donna Maria held a place on the American Pomological Society's catalog of fruits from 1862 until 1899. Tree small, productive; fruit medium in size, roundish, dark red; flesh tender, juicy, sprightly; good in quality; season late. Doppelte Weichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Handb. 673. 1797. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 505, 506, 507. 1819. Doppelte Amarelle. 3. Christ Obstbäume 158. 1791. Christ first described this variety as Doppelte Amarelle but in his later writings changed it to Doppelte Weichsel. It is distinguished from the Spanische Frühweichsel in being larger, longer in stem, and sourer. Fruit above medium in size, globular; suture shallow; stem long, rather stout, set in a shallow cavity; skin dark brownish-red, thin, not glossy in wet years; flesh dark, firm for a Weichsel, juicy, light colored, pleasing subacid; pit small, more round than broad, free; season the end of June. Dorotheenkirsche. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 347. 1889. Mentioned in this reference. Dörrells Neue Himbeerkirsche. P. avium. 1. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:27. 1858. Tree productive; fruit large, cordate, flattened; stem stout; skin dark red; flesh firm, whitish, sweet, aromatic; stone small; ripens at the end of June. Doty. Species? 1. Am. Inst. An. Rpt. 212. 1867. This is a small but pleasantly flavored seedling exhibited by William M. Doty, Star Landing, New Jersey. Double Yellow Spanish. P. avium. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 331. 1885. This variety was imported to America by Professor J. L. Budd of Ames, Iowa. The tree has a drooping habit, large foliage and sweet fruit of best quality. Douce de Bardowick. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882. Listed in the reference given. Dougall. Species? 1. Cult. & Count. Gent. 39:454. 1874. Dougall is a large, black, seedling fruit introduced by James Dougall, Amherstburgh, Canada. Ripens before Early Purple. Doulin Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 460. 1869. This is a foreign variety which may not be distinct. Tree a rapid, spreading grower, bears early; fruit large, heart-shaped, compressed on one side; stem slender, curved, set in a deep cavity; suture slight; skin dark purplish-red; flesh pinkish, rather tender, juicy, sweet, pleasant; quality good; season early June. Dove Bank. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882. Listed in the reference given.

Downing Red Cheek. P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 186 fig. 76. 1845. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 205. 1854. Rouge de Downing. 3. Mas Le Verger 8:85, 86, fig. 41. 1866-73. Downing's Sämling. 4. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 346. 1889. This attractive cherry, resembling Yellow Spanish, was raised by A. J. Downing,85 Newburgh, New York, about 1840; its exact parentage is unknown. Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, productive; fruit medium to large, obtuse-cordate, slightly compressed; stem long, slender, inserted in a shallow cavity; skin thin, yellowish-white blushed and mottled with attractive dark crimson; flesh yellowish but often very nearly white, half-tender, juicy, delicate, sweet; good in quality; stone medium in size; ripens from the middle to the last of June. Downton. P. avium. 1. Pom. Mag. 3:138 Pl. 1830. 2. Prince Pom. Man. 2:124. 1832. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862. 4. Ill. Handb. 485 fig., 486. 1861. Downtoner Molkenkirsche. 5. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:30. 1858. Guigne Downton. 6. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:98, 303. 1866. 7. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:321 fig. 1877. Impératrice Downton? 8. Mas Pom. Gen. II:161. 1882.

Downton was raised early in the Nineteenth Century by T. A. Knight, Downton Castle, England, from a seed of Elton. Tree strong in growth, spreading; fruit attached in pairs, large, obtuse-cordate, roundish; stem rather long, slender; skin pale yellowish, heavily specked with red, which often merges into a blush on the sunny side; flesh light yellow, very tender, juicy; high in quality; stone slightly adherent; ripens after May Duke. Dresdener Mai Herzkirsche. P. Avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 23. 1876. A very early Heart cherry received by Thomas from Germany. Drogan White Bigarreau. P. Avium. 1. Hogg Fruit Man.. 79. 1866. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 20, 188. 1876. Drogan's Weisse Knorpelkirsche. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 341, 684. 1819. 4. Ill. Handb. 55 fig., 56. 1867. This is one of Drogan's seedlings from Guben, Prussia, Germany, 1809. Leroy includes Drogan's White and Yellow Bigarreaus with his Guigne Blanche (Grosse) but the three are distinct varieties. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit large, roundish-cordate, flattened on one side; suture distinct; stem rather short, stout; cavity wide, deep; apex pointed; skin tough, pale yellow, mottled and blushed with red where much exposed; flesh firm, pale yellow, juicy, sweet; stone plump, ovate to oval; desirable for table and kitchen use; late. Drogan Yellow Bigarreau. P. Avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 147 fig., 148. 1860. 2. Hogg Fruit Man. 79, 80. 1866. 3. Mas Le Verger 8:111, 112, fig. 54. 1866-73. Bigarreau (Golden)? 4. Fell Cat. 41. 1893-94. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit large to very large, oblate-cordate, resembling May Duke, compressed on the faces, truncate at the base, traversed by a shallow suture; stem long, stout, inserted in a wide, deep cavity; skin rather glossy, clear yellow, golden in the sun; flesh firm, yellowish, having abundant, uncolored juice, with a sweetness which increases as the season advances; quality high; pit small, turgid, roundish-oval, truncate at the base; ripens late. Drogans Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. P. Avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 206, 207, 677. 1819. A Prussian seedling from Guben, Germany, which in favorable years is of good size and pleasant flavor; skin black; flesh firm, juicy, colored; ripens the middle of July. Drooping Guigne. P. Avium. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:119. 1832. Guignier à rameaux pendans. 2. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2:503. 1860. Noisette lists this variety under the Merisiers while others take it to be Toussaint which it resembles in habit of growth. Fruit large, roundish or heart-shaped, glossy black, with a long stem; flesh reddish-black, watery, sweet; season July; very productive. Du Comte Egger. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882. Listed, not described. Du Nord Nouvelle. P. Cerasus. 1. Barry Fr. Garden 326. 1851. Mentioned as a Morello from France ripening in August. Fruit of medium size, bright red, tender, acid; useful because of its lateness. Duchesse d'Angoulême. P. Cerasus. 1. Mas Le Verger 8:155, 156, fig. 76. 1866-73. 2. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:261. 1877. 3. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:67, fig. 12. 1903. Herzogin von Angouleme. 4. Ill. Handb. 535 fig., 536. 1861.

Duchesse d'Angouleme is supposed to have come from the vicinity of Vienna, Austria, although some writers give France as its place of origin. It is often confused with other sorts. Tree large, vigorous, upright, slightly spreading, productive; fruit medium to above in size, roundish-oblate; stem rather long and thick, set in a large, deep cavity; skin firm, bright red; flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, sprightly, agreeably aromatic at extreme maturity; quality fair to good; stone nearly round, slightly compressed; ripens from the middle to the end of June. Duchesse de Palluau. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Mag. Hort. 19:407 fig. 28. 1853. 2. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:261, 262 fig. 1877. 3. Rev. Hort. 236, 237, Pl. 1901. Herzogin von Paluau. 4. Ill. Handb. 169 fig., 170. 1860. Précoce Lemercier incor. 5. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:142-146, fig. 1866. Duchesse de Palluau was raised about 1840 by M. Pierre Bretonneau near Tours, Indre-et-Loire, France. In 1844 he gave cions of this variety, under the name Duchesse de Palluau, to Leroy who propagated and probably disseminated the sort. Tree large, productive; fruit medium to large, heart-shaped, compressed; stem long, slender; skin thin, dark purple becoming almost black; flesh tinged with red, juicy, brisk subacid becoming sweet; good in quality; stone nearly free, oblong-ovate, small; ripens in early mid-season. Duke of Edinburgh. P. avium. 1. Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales 19:998. 1908. Tree stunted, upright; fruit too small and soft for market; similar to Belle d'Orleans; ripens in November in Australia. Dumas. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882. Mentioned in the reference given. Dunkelrothe Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensor. 680-682. 1819. Bigarreau à Longue Queue. 2. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:121, 122 fig., 123, 219. 1866. Bigarreau Rouge Foncé. 3. Ibid. 2:302. 1866. Bigarreau Violet. 4. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:249 fig. 1877. This variety probably originated with Van Mons in Belgium about 1790. It was received by Truchsess a little later as a French sort under the name Bigarreau Violet. Fruit large, elongated-cordate, sides compressed; suture very distinct dividing the fruit into halves; stem very long, more deeply inserted in unripe fruits; skin firm but not tough, yellowish, overspread with dark red, verging to violet; flesh yellowish, firm, juicy; quality excellent; stone free, small, roundish-oval; apex acutely pointed; ripens the middle of June. Duraccia. P. avium. 1. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 292. 1893. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 175. 1895. E. E. Goodrich, Santa Clara, California, received cions of this variety from Lucca, Italy, thinking it to be the famous "Pistojese" used extensively in Italy for brandying. Fruit above medium in size, cordate; stem long, slender, set in a large, deep, regular cavity; suture deep, extending beyond the apex; skin thin, tough, smooth, glossy, finely pitted, dark purple to almost black; flesh red with lighter veinings, firm, meaty, rich, sweet; quality very good; pit of medium size, plump, partially adherent; season at Santa Clara the last of July to August; ships well; has not been reported from the eastern states.

Dure Noir Grosse. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882. Not described. Dwarf Siberian. P.fruticosa. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:153. 1832. Dutch Weeping. 2. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 48. 1831. De Sibérie. 3. Ibid. 55. 1831. 4. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2:No. 20, Pl. 1846. Weeping. 5. Kenrick Am. Orch. 283. 1832. De Sibérie à fruit rond? 6. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2:508. 1860. Dwarf Siberian belongs to Prunus fruticosa, the dwarf cherry of the Old World, of which Cerasus chamaecerasus is a synonym. This cherry was introduced into America by Prince of Flushing, New York, and was thought by him to be the most suitable species to furnish stocks for dwarf trees. At best the variety reaches a height of from three to four feet with branches very numerous, forming a dense shrub. The flowers have long peduncles, often solitary but are usually united in umbels of from three to five each, which are sessile and axillary; fruit globular, red, small; flesh red, very acid, tender. Early Amarella. P. cerasus. 1. Albertson & Hobbs Cat. 26. 1904. 2. Vincennes Nur. Cat. 26. 1906. Tree upright, hardy, very productive; fruit large, brilliant red becoming darker as it gets riper; stem very long. Early Amber. P. avium. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 69. 80. 1866, 2. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 45. 1831. River's Early Amber Heart. 3. Kenrick Am. Orch. 234. 1841. 4. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 177. 1845. Guigne panachée précoce. 5. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:97, 208. 1866. Bigarreau Ambré Précoce. 6. Mas Le Verger 8:49, 50, fig. 23. 1866-73. 7. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:174, 175 fig. 1877. Thomas Rivers of Sawbridgeworth, England, is given credit for this variety as a strain of the old Early White Heart. Leroy, however, states that his grandfather propagated this cherry under the name Cerise Panache or Suisse, as early as 1790 but without knowing its origin. He dropped the précoce because other varieties ripened long before this one. Tree vigorous, erect, productive; fruit borne in threes, medium in size, obtuse-cordate, slightly compressed; suture wide; stem long, slender, set in a straight, deep cavity; skin firm, medium thick, changing from lively red to reddish-brown; flesh yellowish, tender, cracking, with uncolored juice, sweet, aromatic; pit large for the fruit; season early. Early Black Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 69, 80. 1866. 2. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:302. 1866. Fruit large, distinctly heart-shaped; stem long; color jet black; flesh dark purple, firm, rich, sweet; excellent; season the last of June and the first of July. Early Eugene. Species? 1. Ill. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 437. 1898. Reported by H. L. McGee, Villa Ridge, Illinois, as being a hardy and productive variety. Early May. P. cerasus. 1. Rural N. Y. 12:375. 1861. 2. Trans. Ill. Agr. Soc. 5:199. 1861-64. 3. Am. Jour. Hort. 1:123. 1867. 4. Ibid. 3:18-22. 1868. 5. Am. Hort. An. 84. 1869. 6. Country Gent. 39:118. 1874.

This variety originated a generation or more ago in Virginia and was known there and in neighboring states as Early May. Later, it became widely disseminated in the Middle West where it was often confused with Early Richmond, Late Kentish and Montmorency. Early May should not be confused with a European cherry of the same name formerly grown upon the continent but now seldom seen. The fruit of the American sort is much like Early Richmond though of inferior quality and is now probably wholly replaced by the latter variety. Early Prolific. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 193, 194. 1854. Early Prolific was raised by Professor J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland, Ohio, in 1842. Tree healthy, vigorous, upright, slightly spreading; fruit large, round, obtuse-cordate; suture distinct; stem variable; skin bright carmine-red mottled on a light amber-yellow ground; flesh rather tender, firm, juicy, rich, sweet; very productive; season early June. Early Red Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:130. 1832. 2. Hogg Fruit Man. 69, 81, 94. 1866. 3. Thomas Guide Prat. 23. 1876. Bigarreau Rouge de Guben. 4. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:242 fig., 243. 1877. This variety originated about 1845, from seed in the garden of the Pomological Society, at Guben, Prussia, Germany. The Russians, who were growing it in 1858, sent the variety from Crimea to M. Eugène Glady, who in turn gave cions of it to Leroy. Tree moderately vigorous, productive; fruit usually attached in pairs; above medium to large, obtuse-cordate, more or less irregular, compressed; suture indistinct; stem long, slender, inserted in a deep cavity; skin thick, dark red changing to reddish-brown; flesh dark colored, firm, breaking, juicy, sweet, pleasant; quality excellent; stone rather large, ovate; ripens the last of June. Early Red Guigne. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 23. 1876. 2. Guide Prat. 17. 1895. 3. Rivers Cat. 18. 1898-99. This cherry, of unknown origin, was propagated by Thomas Rivers of Sawbridgeworth, England. It is thought by some to be Elton. Fruit large, pale red; flesh very tender, rich and good; ripens in early June. Early Red and Yellow. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 8:282. 1842. This variety was raised by Robert Manning, Salem, Massachusetts, from the seed of a white Bigarreau. Fruit of medium size, obtuse-cordate; light red on a yellow ground; sweet, juicy; good; ripe the last of June. Early Rivers. P. avium. 1. Flor. & Pom. 5 fig., 6. 1872. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 28, 204. 1876. 3. Flor. & Pom. 117. 1878. 4. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 3rd App. 162. 1881. 5. Hogg Fruit Man. 296. 1884. Guigne Early Rivers. 6. Soc. Nat. Hort. France Pom. 104 fig., 105. 1904. Early Rivers is a seedling of Early Purple raised by Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England; first fruited in 1869. Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, hardy, productive; fruit large, roundish-cordate, somewhat uneven and indented on the surface; stem long, rather slender; skin thin, deep red changing to glossy black; flesh reddish, juicy, very tender, rich, sweet; very good in quality; stone very small, elongated; season early. Early York. P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 666. 1897. Fruit medium in size; flesh greenish-white, tender, juicy, subacid.

Ebenter Cherry. Species? 1. Flor. & Pom. 111. 1879. 2. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 347. 1889. This cherry is said to be cultivated on the shores of Lake Constance, Germany, notably at Lindau and Tettnang, and is distinguished for its firm flesh, large size and small stone. Ripens after all other table cherries. Edouard Seneclause. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882. Not described. Elfner Kirsche. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 347. 1889. Listed by Mathieu. Elizabeth. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 207. 1854. 2. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882. Elizabeth is a seedling from Caleb Atwater, Portage County, Ohio, 1823. Tree vigorous, upright, prolific; fruit medium to large, heart-shaped, flattened on the sides; stem of medium length, set in a regular cavity; skin rich, dark red; flesh yellowish, slightly tinged with red, rather tender, juicy, pleasantly sweet; pit roundish-ovate; season the middle of June. Emperor Francis. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:111, 112, fig. 56. 1882. 2. Bunyard-Thomas Fr. Gard. 42. 1904. 3. Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc. 30:133. 1906. Bigarreau Empereur-Francois. 4. Thomas Guide Prat. 16. 1876. Kaiser Franz Josef. 5. Proskauer Obstsort. 56. 1907. 6. Reut. Pom. Inst. Festschrift 122. 1910. The origin of Emperor Francis is not given in any of the references though the variety seems to be quite well known in both France and England. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit large, obtuse-cordate; stem rather short; cavity medium in size; skin marbled with red on a yellowish-white ground; flesh firm, crisp, sweet, high flavored; stone small, bluntly pointed; ripens rather late. English Amber. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 207, 208. 1854. Probably this is an old variety known under some other name. Tree vigorous, strong in growth, very productive; fruit of medium size, roundish-cordate, regular; stem long; skin delicate amber, mottled with pale red; flesh whitish-yellow, half-tender, delicate, juicy, very sweet; pit of medium size; ripens the last of June. English Bearer. P. cerasus. 1. Brookshaw Pom. Brit Pl. 9. 1817. 2. Brookshaw Hort. Reposit. 2:131, Pl. 71 fig. 3. 1823. English Preserve. 3. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 49. 1831. This variety is grown in Kent, England, where it is known as English Preserver. It is distinguished from the Kentish only by its larger size and the dark, irregular spots under the skin. Ripens early in July. English Gaskin. Species? 1. U. S. Pat. Off. Rpt. 309. 1854. An almost worthless sort mentioned in the reference given. Englische Weinkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 284. 1819. Fruit large, roundish; stem long; skin tender, ground-color milky-white, crimson where exposed, on maturity the white changes to yellowish; juicy, vinous, aromatic; ripens in July.

Englische Weisse Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:27. 1858. Englische weisse ganz frühe Herzkirsche. 2. Christ Handb. 683. 1797. 3. Christ Wörterb. 280. 1802. 4. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 251, 252, 253. 1819. Possibly this is the same as the White Heart of England. It is without a doubt a separate variety from the Guignier à gros fruit blanc of Duhamel. Fruit above medium in size, elongated-cordate; stem very long, slender, set in a deep cavity; suture a line, skin yellowish-white, tinged with red in the sun, uneven, glossy, transparent; flesh white, not very tender, juicy, sweet; quality good; stone of medium size, cordate, acute; ripens at the end of June. Enopa. P. pumila × P. triflora. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 108:1908. 2. Ibid. 130:178 Pl. 8. 1911. Enopa, a cross between the Sand Cherry and the Occident plum, was sent out in 1908 by the South Dakota Station. Fruit one and one-sixteenths inches in diameter, round, with a minute prickle at the apex; skin thin, free from acerbity, dark red, with blue bloom; flesh green. Episcopale. P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 25, 193. 1876. 2. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:265 fig. 1877. This variety, according to Leroy, was found in the vicinity of Paris and was introduced by M. Jamin-Durand, Bourg-la-Reine, in 1846. The tree is distinguished from that of Montmorency in being more erect, less dense, less productive; the fruit is more acid and later in ripening. Eppers Weichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:67. 1858. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit large, oval, flattened at the base, brownish-red, with a deep suture; flesh clear red, juicy, strongly subacid; pit elongated; ripens in September. Erfurter Augustkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Obstbäume 159. 1791. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 550-554. 1819. D'Aout Erfurt. 3. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:89, 90, fig. 45. 1882. Délices d'Erfurt. 4. Guide Prat. 17. 1895. Erfurt Delicious. 5. Gard. Chron. 19:429. 1896. Hochgenuss Von Erfurt. 6. Proskauer Obstsort. 59. 1907. This cherry is well known in and about Thuringia forest, Germany, where it is propagated by suckers and is valued for its lateness. Tree vigorous; fruit above medium in size, roundish-cordate, flattened; stem of medium length, set in a noticeable cavity; suture indistinct; skin tender, glossy, brownish-red changing to purplish-black; flesh tender, reddish, juicy, sugary, acidulated; stone free, small, pea-shaped; ripens the last of July. Etopa. P. pumila × P. triflora. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 108:1908. 2. Ibid. 130:179. 1911. Etopa is a cross between the Sand Cherry and the Occident plum. Said to be excellent in quality and remarkable for its intense black, purplish color of skin, flesh and juice; skin thin, free from acerbity; ripens there about September twelfth. Eugène Furst. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Guide Prat. 18. 1895. Fürst's Herzkirsche. 2. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:23. 1858. Fruit above medium in size, elongated-cordate; stem of medium length, slender; skin