and railroads, 166-167; I. W. W. and, 215; and Socialist party, 244-245.
Greeley, Horace, and ten-hour bill, 52; on child labor law, 53; and eight-hour day, 71.
Green Point (L. I.), potters’ strike (1880), 67.
Greenback party, 68, 231, 237.
Guild system, 3-4, 13.
H
Hamond, Edward, on I. W. W., 198.
Hardie, Keir, 123.
Hargreaves, James, invents spinning-jenny, 7.
Harriman, Job, 243.
Hayes, Dennis, 124-125.
Hayes, R. B., proclamation, 67.
Haywood, W. D., 195, 197, 202; quoted, 199.
Henderson, Arthur, 257.
Henderson, John, 123.
Herald, New York, quoted, 56.
Hewitt, A. S., 234.
Highland Park (Ill.), Home for Disabled Railroad Men, 139.
Hines, W. D., Director-General of Railroads, 167.
Homestead Act (1862), 50.
Homestead strike (1892), 126, 174.
Homesteaders, 233.
Hoqiam (Wash.), sabotage in, 212.
Hours of labor, long hours, 28, 44; ten-hour day, 30-31, 32, 34, 35, 44, 50-54, 160; first ten-hour law (1847), 52; as issue, 69-70; eight-hour day, 70-72, 74, 129, 152; Paris peace treaty and eight-hour day, 106; eight-hour railroad law, 133 (note), 160, 164-166, 247; eight-hour law as political issue, 231; State regulation, 250.
Housing conditions about 1840, 27.
Hume, Joseph, 17-18.
I
I. W. W., see Industrial Workers of the World.
Idaho, miners’ strike, 174; “hobo” labor in, 190; violence in, 193; and I. W. W., 216.
Illinois, strikes, 66, 67; eight-hour law (1867), 71; I. W. W. and draft in, 216; United Labor party in, 235; labor code, 249.
Illinois Central Railroad, conductors organize union, 150.
Immigration, character of immigrants, 26; adds to armies of labor, 69; I. W. W. and, 191; People’s party on, 236.
Indiana, strikes, 66, 67; shoemakers’ strike (1880), 68; labor ticket (1888), 237.
Indianapolis, McNamara trial at, 175.
Industrial Commission, United States, 152; report quoted, 168; on union restriction of output, 186.
Industrial Revolution, 26.
Industrial Workers of the World, American Alliance for Labor and Democracy as an anecdote for, 101; and American Federation of Labor, 109; history of movement, 188 et seq.; factions, 196; and direct action, 200-201; and Socialist party, 245.
Industry, centralization of, 87-88.
“Infidel” party, 223, 224.
Inspection, see Factory inspection.
Insurance, Locomotive Engineers’ Mutual Life and Accident Insurance Association, 138-139;
Order of Railway Conductors, 150; Brotherhood of Trainmen, 160-161.
Inter-Allied Labor Conference, London (1918), 256-258.
International Association of Machinists, 125.
International Association of Steam, Hot Water and Power Pipe Fitters and Helpers, 119.
International Firemen’s Union, 152-153.
International Typographical Union of North America, 60, 126, 169.
Interstate commerce, regulation as political issue, 231.
Interstate Commerce Commission, and wage increases, 145; Clark on, 151; Wilson asks for reorganization of, 164.
Ipswich (Mass.), meeting against I. W. W., 211.
Iron Molders’ Union of North America, 60, 169.
Italy, syndicalism in, 189; general strikes, 200.
J
Jackson, Andrew, and mechanics, 27.
Jay, John, on wages (1784), 21.
Jenkins, Judge J. G., of United States Circuit Court, on strike violence, 174.
Johnstown, puddlers’ strike (1880), 67.
Journeymen, Stone Cutters’ Association of North America, 60.
Judson, F. K., 146.
K
Kansas, I. W. W. and draft, 216; labor ticket (1888), 237.
Kay, John, invents flying shuttle, 7.
Kearney, Dennis, 238.
Keefe, D. J., 126-127.
Kidd, Thomas, 125.
Knapp, Judge, of United States Commerce Court, 146.
Knights of Industry, 88.
Knights of Labor, 72; history of, 76-85; contrasted to American Federation of Labor, 90; Mitchell and, 127, 128; and Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers, 133 (note); help organize National Union party, 233; and Farmers’ Alliance at St. Louis, 235; and Socialist party, 245.
“Knights of St. Crispin,” 72, 74-76.
L
Labor, organizations in eighteenth century, 14-15; organizations in American before Revolution, 21; and politics, 68, 74, 220 et seq.; relations with capital, 69; number of wage-earners in United States (1860-1890), 69; Congress at Baltimore (1866), 73; Bureau of, established (1884), 85; and corporations, 87; and Paris peace treaty, 106-107; leaders, 121-123; Department of, and Brotherhoods, 163; “floaters,” 189-190; special report of United States Commissioners of (1905), 193; contract labor as political issue, 231; legislation, 247-252; see also Hours of labor; and the courts, 252-254; bibliography, 261; see also Child labor, Convict labor, Hours of labor, Strikes, Trade unions, Wages.
Labor Reform League, 51.
Labor Reform party, 74, 229-230.
Labour Party in England, 18.
Land, Evans and, 48-50; Homestead Act (1862), 50; forfeiture of grants as political issue, 231.
Lawrence (Mass.), unemployment (1857), 62; strike (1912), 202-206.
Lee. W. G., 160.
Lima (N. Y.), Clark at, 151.
Little Falls (N. Y.), strike in textile mills (1912), 206.
Littlefield, Congressman from Maine, 247-248.
Locomotive Engineers’ Journal, 136, 139.
Locomotive Engineers’ Mutual Life and Accident Insurance Association, 138-139.
Loeb, Daniel, alias Daniel DeLeon, 195.
London, Inter-Allied Labor Conference (1918), 256-258.
London Corresponding Society, 17.
Los Angeles, dynamiting of Times building, 175.
Lowell (Mass.), condition of women factory workers (1846), 44-45; women strike in (1836), 55.
Lowell Female Industrial Reform and Mutual Aid Society, 55.
Lynch, J. M., 126.
M
McAdoo, W. G., 166.
McCulloch, J. R., 18.
MacDonald, Ramsey, 123.
Machinists’ Union, 118.
McKee, National Conventions and Platforms, cited, 233 (note), 244 (note).
McKees Rocks (Penn.), I. W. W. at, 202.
McMaster, J. B., quoted, 26.
McNamara, James, 175.
McNamara, J. J., 175.
Maine, labor politics, 227, labor party (1878), 232.
Mann, Horace, 42.
Manufacturers’ Association, 249.
Manufacturing, guild system replaced by domestic, 4; introduction of machinery, 7-10; in United States, 24-26.
Martineau, Harriet, cited, 35-36.
Marx, Karl, 9; follower addresses meeting in New York, 47.
Maryland, class distinctions, 20; strikes, 66.
Massachusetts, factories in 1820, 25; first labor investigation, 51; women factory workers, 56; Bureau of Labor and collective bargaining, 169-170; labor politics, 227; labor party (1878), 232; labor code, 249.
Mechanics’ Union of Trade Associations, 29.
Menlo Park, (N. J.), electric car in, 64.
Mercantile system, 5-6.
Metal Polishers’ Union and Buck’s Stove and Range case, 180.
Metal Trades Association, 249.
Mexican Central Railway, Garretson on, 152.
Michigan, “hobo” labor in, 190; labor ticket (1888), 237.
Militia, use during strikes, 37, 244-245.
Mill, James, Place and, 17.
Milwaukee, Knights of St. Crispin in, 74; and Socialism, 244, 245.
Minnesota, “hobo” labor in, 190; labor ticket (1888), 237.
Missouri, strikes, 66; eight-hour law (1867), 71; labor ticket (1888), 237.
Mitchell, John, president of United Mine workers, 113,
114, 128-129; his life and character, 127-128; and Anthracite Coal Strike, 129-130; quoted, 131-132; on compulsory membership in unions, 170; on collective bargaining, 170; sentenced to imprisonment, 182, 254.
Montana, “hobo” labor in, 190; violence in, 193; and I. W. W., 216.
Mooney, Thomas, Nine Years in America (1850), quoted, 43-44.
Moore, Ely, 31.
Morrison, Frank, 182, 254.
Morrissey, P. H., 146, 148, 158-160.
N
National Civic Federation, 152.
National Convention of Journeymen Printers (1850), 60.
National Erectors’ Association, 249.
National Labor party, convention, 230 (note); see also Labor Reform party.
National Labor Union, 73-74, 229.
National Metal Trade Association, 125.
National Protective Association, 133.
National Trade Association of Hat Finishers, 60.
National Trades Union, 34.
National Typographical Union, 60.
National Union party, 233.
Navigation Laws, 6, 10.
Nebraska, labor ticket (1888), 237.
Nevada, and I. W. W., 216.
New Brunswick, union in, 34.
New England, class distinctions, 20; manufacture in, 25; women in textile mills, 55; cotton weavers’ strike (1880), 67; labor politics, 225-227.
New England Association of Farmers, Mechanics, and Workingmen, 225.
New England Protective Union, 48.
New England Workingmen’s Association, 46, 51.
New Hampshire, first ten-hour law, 52.
New Jersey, manufacturing in, 25; delegates to national cordwainers’ convention (1836), 35; ten-hour law (1851), 54; stablemen’s strike (1880), 67; labor party, 232.
New York (State), delegates to national cordwainers’ convention (1836), 35; communistic colonies, 41; cotton weavers’ strike (1880), 67; eight-hour law (1867), 71; boycotts, 178; labor party (1878), 232; United Labor party in, 235; labor code, 249.
New York Boycotter quoted, 179.
New York Bureau of Statistics and Labor, on boycotts, 178.
New York Central Railroad, Arthur as engineer on, 141.
New York City, early labor organizations, 21, 22; cordwainers’ strike (1809), 23-24; growth, 25; strikes (1833), 31; General Trades’ Union organized, 31; tailors’ strike (1836), 32; union in, 34; boycott of convict labor, 37; sabotage in (1835), 38; strike benefits, 39; coöperative movement, 47-48; women’s organizations (1825), 55; Female Industry Association organized (1845), 56; strikes (1853), 57; national meeting of carpet-weavers (1846), 60;
demonstration in 1857, 61-62; unemployment, 62; ribbon weaver’ strike (1880), 67; stablemen’s strike (1880), 67; tailors’ strike (1880), 68; Third Avenue Railway strike (1886), 83; Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers expels members (1905), 138 (note); garment makers’ strike (1915), 169; bakers strike (1741), 172; Mrs. Grey boycotted, 178-179; “floaters” winter in, 190; “army of the unemployed” (1913-1914), 209; labor politics, 222; election (1886), 234; Socialist-Labor convention (1892), 242; movement to form American Labor party, 255.
New York Masons Society (1807), 22.
New York Protective Union, 48.
New York Society of Journeymen Shipwrights (1807), 22.
New York Typographical Society, 24.
Newark (N. J.), union in, 34.
Newlands Law, 162.
Noble Order of the Knights of Labor, see Knights of Labor.
Northern Pacific Railroad, Clark on, 151.
Norway, syndicalism in, 189.
O
O’Connell, James, 125.
O’Conor, Charles, of New York, 230.
Ohio, communistic colonies in, 41; ten-hour law (1852), 54; strikes, 66, 67; in election of 1916, 166; labor ticket (1888), 237.
Oklahoma, I. W. W. and draft, 216.
Omaha, stockyards strike (1880), 67; People’s party convention (1892), 236.
Oneonta (N. Y.), Brotherhood of the Trainmen organized at (1883), 156.
Orange (N. J.), Hatters’ Union victory in, 182.
Order of Railway Conductors, 150-152.
Oregon, “hobo” labor in, 190; and I. W. W., 216.
Original Working Man’s party, 224.
Osceola (Ia.), Garretson born in, 151.
Oshkosh (Wis.), Kidd arrested in, 25.
Owen, Robert, Place and, 17; in America, 40-41, 58.
Owens, R. D., 222, 225.
P
Panics (1837), 34, 35, 40, 50-51; (1857), 61-62; (1873-1874), 66; (1893), 158.
Paris Peace Conference, Commission on International Labor Legislation, 105; Gompers and the treaty, 106-107.
Parker, Joel, Governor of New Jersey, 230.
Paterson (N. J.), ribbon weavers’ strike (1880), 67; silk mills strike (1913), 207-209.
Pennsylvania, communistic colonies in, 41; ten-hour law, 53; child labor law, 53; coal miners (1873), 66; strikes, 67; labor party (1878), 232; labor ticket (1872), 237; labor code, 249; mounted constabulary, 254.
Pennsylvania Railroad, Brotherhood and, 141.
People’s Council, 101.
People’s party, 235, 236; see also Populist party.
Philadelphia, early labor organizations, 21, 22;
weaving center, 26; first Trades’ Union in, 29; Trades’ Union of the City and County of, 30; number of union members (1834), 34; strike (1835), 37; sabotage in, 38; strike benefits, 39; coöperative movement, 45-46, 47; strikes, 57; unemployment (1857), 62; ribbon weavers’ strike (1880), 67; Knights of Labor in, 81; cordwainers (1806), 171; cordwainers’ strike (1792), 172; hatters’ union victory, 182; Lawrence strikers start for, 204; Workingman’s party, 220-221; workingmen’s political clubs, 221-222.
Phillips, Wendell, and ten-hour movement, 53; and eight-hour day, 71; nominated Governor of Massachusetts, 237.
Pinkerton detectives opposed by People’s party, 236.
Pittsburgh, becomes manufacturing town, 26; union in, 34; strikes, 57; riots, 67; Federation of Organized Trades established (1881), 89; railway strikes (1877), 174.
Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railroad, Brotherhood and, 136;
Place, Francis, 17, 18.
Plumb plan of railroad operations, see Government operation of Railroads.
Poindexter, Miles, Senator, and I. W. W., 216.
Politics, Labor and, 68, 74, 220 et seq..
Populist party, 235, 242; see also People’s party.
Port Jervis (N. Y.), Firemen’s Brotherhood organized at, 152.
Portland (Ore.), I. W. W. at, 202.
Postal savings banks, advocated by People’s party, 236.
Powderly, T. V., Grand Master of Knights of Labor, 79-80, 84.
Prison reform, 42.
Progressive party, 232.
Progressive Labor party,233.
Pullman strike, 172, 174, 195, 243, 253.
Q
Quinlan, Patrick, 208.
R
Railway Brotherhoods, 133 et seq.
Railway Conductor, The, 150-151.
Reading, railway strike (1877), 174.
Red Bank (N. J.), communistic experiment at, 41.
Referendum, National Labor party on, 230 (note).
Revolutionary War, new epoch for labor begins with, 21.
Rhode Island, ten-hour law (1853), 54; labor politics, 227.
Ripley, George, and Brook Farm experiment, 41.
Rock Island Railroad, Stone on, 143-144.
Roosevelt, Theodore, and Gompers, 98, 99; intervention in coal miners’ strike, 129, 130; and Clark, 151; and Sargent, 154; defeated as mayor of New York City, 234; Federation of Labor opposes, 248.
Ruskin, John, and labor conditions, 9.
Russia, general strikes, 200.
S
Sabotage, 38, 201 et seq., 211.
Sacramento (Cal.), I. W. W. trials (1919), 217;
Workingman’s party convention (1878), 240.
St. Louis, union in, 34; Knights of Labor in, 82, 83; meeting of Knights of Labor and Farmers’ Alliance, 235.
St. Louis Central Trades and Labor Union, 181.
San Diego, I. W. W. in, 213-215.
San Francisco, stablemen’s strike (1880), 67; “floaters” winter in, 190; labor situation (1877), 238; Workingman’s Trade and Labor Union of, 239.
Sargent, F. P., 154.
Scandinavia, general strikes in, 200.
Schaffer, Theodore, 126.
Schenectady, union in, 34.
Scranton (Penn.), Powderly at, 79.
Seaman’s Act (1915), 247 (note).
Seamen’s Union, 117.
Sexton, James, 257.
Shaw, Albert, 146.
Shaw, Chief Justice of Massachusetts, opinion in Commonwealth vs. Hunt, 60-61.
Sherman Anti-Trust Law, Gompers and, 99; and boycott, 183.
Silver, free coinage, 236.
Simons, A. M., 195.
Skidmore, Thomas, 224; The Rights of Man to Property…, 222.
Smith, Adam, 10, 18; The Wealth of Nations, 1.
Smith, Sidney, quoted, 24-25.
Snowden, Phillip, 123.
Social Democratic party, 243.
Socialism, synonym of destruction, 62; organized labor and, 245, 258.
Socialist Labor party, 196, 243.
Socialist party, 196; Social Democratic party becomes known as, 243; in Milwaukee, 244; progress (1912), 244; and Great War, 244-245.
Socialist American Labor Union, 194.
Sorel, Georges, The Socialist Future of the Trade Unions, 188-189; Reflections Upon Violence, 189.
Spain, syndicalism in, 189.
Spargo, John, 245; Syndicalism, Industrial Unionism and Socialism, 201.
Spokane, I. W. W. in, 212.
Springfield Republican, on labor party, 226-227.
Stanwood, History of the Presidency, cited, 244 (note).
State Guardianship Plan, 225.
Statute of Laborers (1562), 12.
Stephens, U. S., founder of Knights of Labor, 76-77, 78, 79.
Steunenberg, Frank, Governor of Idaho, murdered, 193.
Steward, Ira, and eight-hour day, 70-71; A Reduction of Hours and Increase of Wages, 71.
Stone, W. S., 143-145, 149-150.
Strasser, Adolph, testimony before Senate Committee (1883), 120-121.
Strauss, O. S., 146.
Streeter, A. J., 233.
Strikes, weapon of self-defense, 14; tailors’ strike in Baltimore (1795), 22; cordwainers in Philadelphia (1805), 22-23; cordwainers in New York City (1809), 23; first general building strike (1827), 30; first general strike in America (1835), 30-31; (1834-1837), 32; issues not to be settled by, 36; use of militia, 37, 254-255; sabotage, 38, 201 et seq.;
benefits, 39; Boston tailors (1850), 46-47; New York tailors, 47-48; Dover mill girls (1829), 55; Lowell womens factory workers (1836), 55; in 1853, 57; Baltimore and Ohio, 57, 67, 133; become part of economic routine, 66; increase in number and importance, 66-68; in 1880, 67-68; of 1886, 68, 82-84; Anthracite Coal Strike, 113, 129-130, 174; O’Connell leads, 125; New York City railway (1905), 138 (note); railroad, 141, 142, 145, 153, 158, 174; Brotherhood threatens (1916), 163, 165; New York City garment makers, 169; history in United States, 171-173; strike statistics of United States Bureau of Labor, 172, 173; violence, 174-176; Lawrence mill strike (1912), 202-206; Little Falls textile strike, 206; Akron rubber works, 206-207; Granite City (Ill.), steel mills, 210-211; court prevention, 252-253.
Supreme Court, Danbury Hatters’ case, 183; open shop decision, 252.
“Supreme Mechanical Order of the Sun,” 72.
Syndicalism, in Europe, 188; I. W. W. and, 198.
T
Taft, W. H., vetoes exemption bill for Anti-Trust Law, 99.
Tammany Hall, 32.
Tannenbaum, Frank, 209-210.
Tariff, demand for protective, 27.
Tax Reformers, 233.
Taxation, single tax, 234, 235; income tax, 231, 236.
Terre Haute (Ind.), convention (1881), 88-89.
Texas, I. W. W. and draft, 216.
Thomas, C. S., Senator, report on I. W. W., 216.
Times, Los Angeles, dynamiting of building, 175.
Toledo, (O.), conference of Labor Reform and Greenback parties, 231.
Trade unions, beginnings, 29-39; temporary eclipse, 40; new species in the early fifties, 58-59; organization of special trades, 60; organization, 112; conventions, 112-113; local unions, 114-116; characterization of different trades, 116-117; disputes as to authority, 117-118; adjustment to changing conditions, 117-118; advantages of amalgamation, 119; and labor leaders, 121 et seq.; purpose, 168; and collective bargaining, 168-171; question of monopoly, 170-171; and strikes, 173-177; local autonomy, 177; union label, 184-186; restriction of output, 186-187; oppose use of military, 254; bibliography, 262.
Trades’ Union of the City and County of Philadelphia, 30.
Transportation, demand for better, 27.
Trautmann, W. E., 195; quoted, 198.
Troy (N. Y.), union in, 34.
Tulsa (Okla.), treatment of I. W. W. in, 216.