Судан. Министерство транспорта и коммуникаций

«Англо-Египетский Судан: Справочник. Том I»

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Ввиду прохождения железной дороги на всем протяжении по берегам реки от Абу-Хамеда до Хартума описание сухопутных маршрутов по берегам опущено. Читателю, которому они требуются, рекомендуется обратиться к N.O. (стр. 63–70).

Berber.Berber, 131 miles from Abu Hamed (for description, vide Chap. III, p. 85).

Между Бербером и Атбарой (20 миль) посевы улучшаются, и параллельно восточному берегу реки тянется довольно широкая полоса; жители на этом участке достаточно многочисленны.

Течение здесь имеет скорость от 2 до 3½ миль в час; однако выше по течению, где река расширяется, происходит соразмерное падение скорости потока, и она не превышает 2 миль.

Слияние с Атбарой. Река Атбара в месте впадения в Нил имеет глубокое, четко очерченное сечение и ширину русла около 400 ярдов; берега крутые и высокие. Хотя летом русло сухо, отметки паводков фиксируют высоту на 25 футов выше дна. Скорость течения Атбары в половодье столь велика, что она отжимает воды Нила к западному берегу. Образующаяся при этом песчаная отметь создает значительные трудности для судоходства и ранней весной 1898 г. привела к разделению флотилии канонерских лодок на две изолированные половины, ни одна из которых не могла при необходимости прийти на помощь другой.

Эль-Дамер. К югу от места слияния расположен город Эль-Дамер, некогда славившийся своей ученостью и университетом. В настоящее время он снова становится городом возрастающего значения и должен сменить Бербер в качестве штаб-квартиры провинции. Здесь находится железнодорожный мост через Атбару. Нил-Красноморская железная дорога ответвляется вверх по правому берегу Атбары к северу от моста.

Расстояние по воде от Атбары до Хартума составляет около 200 миль. На этом участке уклон реки делится порогом Шаблука на три части. Этот порог начинается примерно в 35 милях от Хартума и тянется до Вад-Хабаши, на 55 миль дальше на север.

Средние уклоны русла следующие:

From Khartoum to head of Cataract 111000

Cataract and Rapids 15500

From Wad Habashi to Atbara 112500

Между Атбарой и Шенди (86 миль) речные пейзажи малоразнообразны. Средняя высота берегов над рекой составляет 25–28 футов; русло широкое и испещрено множеством песчаных отмелей и островов. Восточный берег плоский, покрыт густыми зарослями кустарника и колючих кустов; почва хорошая, но трава хальфа из-за многолетнего запустения настолько захватила территорию, что требуется весьма значительный труд для ее удаления и приведения земли в пригодное для возделывания состояние. Западный берег ниже, а полоса пригодной для земледелия земли много уже, чем на восточном берегу. Местами от реки отходят овраги, или «хоры», которые в паводковый период должны заполняться водой. Весь этот край имеет крайне запустелый вид; деревень мало, они бедны; жители и скот отсутствуют, хотя изредка попадаются небольшие стада овец и коз; тут и там работает сагия; однако земледелие сосредоточено главным образом на прибрежной полосе реки и на островах. В определенных пунктах низкие цепи холмов, такие как Джебель-Эгердан и Джебель-Умали, подступают к реке с обеих сторон. Топливо довольно доступно, и повсюду колючие заросли наступили и поглотили площади, которые некогда возделывались. Обезлюдение этого района должно датироваться периодом, предшествовавшим правлению дервишей. Сэр Самуэль Бейкер, посетивший эти места в 1869 г., отмечал упадок и запустение, наступившие после его визита несколькими годами ранее. Он приписывал это разрушение дурному управлению турецкого генерал-губернатора.

«Пирамиды Мероэ» остаются позади около 17-й параллели; они расположены вблизи селений под названием Маруга и Сур. Округ здесь между Атбарой и Нилом в древние времена назывался «островом» Мероэ. (См. главу IV и приложение D.)

Шенди. Шенди, в 86 милях от устья Атбары, расположенный на правом берегу реки и на каменистом грунте, который тянется на полмили выше и ниже города, некогда был столицей древнего царства Мероэ и, как говорят, служил резиденцией знаменитой царицы Савской. Исмаил-паша, сын Мухаммеда Али, был сожжен здесь в своей хижине племя джаалин в 1822 г. в месть за его жестокости. Город и его жители были уничтожены в 1823 г. Мухаммедом Али. В настоящее время он значительно возрождается и является штаб-квартирой кавалерии в Судане; своим выбором он обязан главным образом прекрасным пастбищам, гравийным почвам и ровной местности вокруг него.

Метемма. В 4 милях за Шенди, на левом берегу, лежит Метемма — конечный пункт транспериметикального маршрута из Корти через Баюду (см. т. II), использовавшегося Пустынной колонной в 1885 г. Город тогда не подвергался штурму и не был взят нашими войсками, но стал объектом усиленной рекогносцировки 21 января 1885 г.; он оставался в заблуждении до 1897 г., когда превратился в штаб-квартиру готовившегося племенем джаалин восстания против дервишей. Однако Махмуд был вовремя предупрежден и истребил заговорщиков со всем их имуществом. Более 2000 джаалин были убиты, а город разрушен. Он по-прежнему представляет собой заброшенные руины, лежащие более чем в миле от реки, но легко узнаваем по одиночной роще финиковых пальм, выделяющейся в качестве ориентира на плоской и безлесной равнине. Здесь западная пустыня подступает к самой кромке воды, однако небольшое земледелие ведется на прибрежной полосе и на крупном острове напротив города. На берегу выше по течению города до сих пор сохранились остатки пяти дервишских земляных укреплений, а еще одно (замаскированное) — на острове. В полутора милях выше по течению находится бывшее селение Губат, являющееся крайней точкой, достигнутой Пустынной колонной в 1885 г.

Между Метеммой и Вад-Хабаши вся местность кажется заброшенной, наблюдается полное отсутствие признаков жизни. В одном месте к реке подступает цепь испещренных выемками утёсов, тянущаяся параллельно ей на протяжении каких-5 миль.

Вад-Хабаши. Вад-Хабаши (на левом берегу), в 42 милях от Шенди, служил исходным пунктом Омдурманской экспедиции 1898 г. Почва здесь превосходная, и эта земля когда-то определенно возделывалась, так как до сих пор видны следы старых арыков. Теперь она покрыта густыми зарослями акациевых джунглей и травы хальфа, простирающимися плотным поясом на пару миль от Нила.

СЦЕНА С ПАСТУХОМ ИЗ ПЛЕМЕНИ ДЖААЛИН.

КАМНИ ДЛЯ ПОМОЛА ЗЕРНА, ОМДУРМАН.

Примерно в половине мили вглубь суши параллельно реке идет большой и глубокий канал. Весь этот участок полностью заброшен, и, судя по его виду, кажется вероятным, что он был выведен из обработки еще до восстания 1884 г. В 4 милях к югу от Вад-Хабаши проходит граница между провинциями Бербер и Хартум, причем рубежи отмечены одиночным гранитным холмом на восточном берегу, известным под названием «Хагар-эль-Асаль». От этой точки начинаются рифы, образующие хвост порога Шаблука, и судоходство в межень становится невозможным для пароходов. Хотя сам порог, или стремнина, имеет протяженность всего около 12 миль, трудные для воды участки выше и ниже прохода тянутся на расстояние порядка 55 миль, то есть до Вад-Рамлы, или до пределов 35 миль от Хартума.

Летом, то есть если не используется железная дорога, этот отрезок пути приходится преодолевать либо на местных лодках, либо объезжать порог на верблюдах. Сухопутный путь короче речного и составляет не более 26 миль в длину.

Вад-Хамед. В 5 милях выше Вад-Хабаши на западном берегу проходим бывшую кавалерийскую станцию Вад-Хамед. Это место было выбрано в качестве штаб-квартиры египетской кавалерии из-за хороших кормов, имеющихся поблизости. Отсюда трудности судоходства возрастают; река разбивается на множество проток и петляет среди живописных островов, покрытых пышной растительностью. Скалы и рифы выступают над водой, а водовороты и завихрения указывают на наличие множества других под поверхностью. Именно на этой части стремнины, у острова Мернат, сел на мель пароход «Бордейн», возвращавшийся из Хартума в 1885 г. Низкие зазубренные гранитные гряды подступают к реке с обеих сторон.

При входе в ущелье Шаблука русло делает очень резкий поворот на восток, а сечение является одновременно глубоким и узким — его ширина нигде не превышает 200 ярдов, а местами даже меньше этого. Река течет между высокими гранитными холмами на протяжении 4–5 миль с очень большой скоростью. Отметки на скалах показывают, что высший уровень паводка превышает уровень воды в реке в марте не более чем на 7 футов.

Северный вход в проход охранялся пятью фортами дервишей, ныне лежащими в руинах: четырьмя на западном и одним на восточном берегу. Они полностью контролируют фарватер. При выходе из этого ущелья река расширяется, и трудности судоходства возобновляются. Рифы, скалы и острова появляются во всех направлениях; одиночные пики Джебель-Роян и Джебель-Тием возвышаются по одному на каждом берегу. Примерно в 20 милях выше по течению от прохода достигается Вад-Рамла; от этой точки до Хартума судоходство при соблюдении осторожности возможно для пароходов даже в самый низкий уровень воды в Ниле. Местность по обе стороны становится более открытой, проходятся многочисленные крупные острова, большинство из которых, в особенности остров Таманиат, дают прекрасные урожаи дуры. На этих островах также выращивается в больших количествах сено, которое вывозится в Омдурман. Земля на восточном берегу хорошая, и пригодная для возделывания полоса тянется на значительную ширину, хотя и покрыта, как обычно, кустарником и высокой травой. На западном берегу пустыня вплотную подходит к реке.

Омдурман, Северный Хартум и Хартум.

Омдурман. В 198 милях от Атбары достигается город Омдурман, причем длинная низкая гряда холмов Керери на севере знаменует собой место сражения 1898 г. Этот город занимает большую площадь, имея в длину около 5½ миль при ширине от 1 до 1½ миль. Его восточный фасад на всем протяжении тянется вдоль берега реки. Его пересекают две или три широкие улицы, но за этими исключениями дома отделены друг от друга лабиринтом извилистых переулков. Некоторые из уцелевших главных домов дервишей, особенно дома Халифы и Ягуба, просторны и хорошо построены. В крышах широко используется черное дерево, а там, где велик пролет, для поддержки кровли вставлены железные балки.

«Бейт-эль-Амана», или склад дервишей, занимает обширную территорию. Здесь находятся старые пороховые погреба и склады самого разного назначения. Мечеть под открытым небом представляет собой просто большое огороженное пространство, а внутри «сура», или большой стены, теснится целый кроличий садок из построек с узкими и извилистыми уличками. Весь город во время оккупации дервишами был полон старых выгребных ям; они представляли собой просто глубокие дыры, выкопанные в пустыне и открытые воздуху. Эти ямы, вероятно, в значительной степени отвечали за болезнь, из-за которой Омдурман приобрел столь дурную славу (цереброспинальный менингит), но которая ныне практически исчезла. Гробница Махди и дом Халифы, причем последний до сих пор находится в хорошем состоянии, представляют интерес для туриста (см. стр. 266 и 252 соответственно).

Город лежит по прямой линии в 3 милях от Хартума, но по воде — еще на милю дальше, примерно в 40 минутах езды на пароходе. Очень многие дома ныне заброшены, но население все еще насчитывает около 46 000 человек. Он расположен на хороших гравийных почвах и включает, помимо упомянутых выше старых построек дервишей, казармы для гарнизона, состоящего из 2 пехотных батальонов и 2 пулеметов «Максим». Имеются большой рынок (сук), где ведется значительная торговля гуммиарабиком и другими продуктами. На пологих берегах кипит активная лодочная жизнь. Пароходы и паромные суда связывают город с Хартумом. Здесь находится резиденция субгубернатора провинции Хартум, который проживает в доме, построенном на территории участка покойного Халифы.

By kind permission of] [W. Crooke, Edinburgh.

ГЕНЕРАЛ-МАЙОР СЭР РЕДЖИНАЛЬД УИНГЕЙТ.

Генерал-губернатор и сирдакр.

Северный Хартум (Хальфая). Северный Хартум (недавно Хальфая) является конечным пунктом железной дороги из Хальфы и лежит напротив Хартума, на правом берегу Голубого Нила. Он включает в себя склады, мастерские, штаб-квартиру и док Департамента пароходов и лодок, казармы для египетского гарнизона, состоящего из пехоты и артиллерии, таможню и т. д. Население около 2000 человек. Его связывает с Хартумом паровая цепная переправа, курсирующая каждые полчаса.

Хартум. Главные города. Хартум, включая города Северный Хартум (бывшую Хальфаю) и Омдурман, а также небольшую прилегающую территорию (см. прил. G), образует самостоятельную провинцию. Он снова является столицей Судана и резиденцией правительства, хотя Омдурман до сих пор остается, а Северный Хартум, вероятно, через несколько лет станет главным торговым центром.

Хартум (что означает «слоновий хобот» — в отсылку к мысу суши, выступающему между двумя Нилами) — быстро растущий город на левом берегу Голубого Нила, непосредственно перед его слиянием с Белым Нилом; он построен на месте старого города с тем же названием, который так доблестно удерживался Гордоном и был разрушен дервишами в 1885 г. Его население в настоящее время составляет 8500 человек и постепенно увеличивается. Почва аллювиальная; берег Голубого Нила находится примерно в 30 футах над уровнем реки в межень. В 1898 г. старый город предстал полностью заброшенным и лежащим в руинах.

Главными зданиями являются Дворец (построенный в 1899 г.), резиденция генерал-губернатора; правительственные здания (включая местное военное министерство и канцелярии Правительства Судана); «Нузл» (правительственный склад), здания почты и телеграфа, мечеть, департамент общественных работ, мудирия (канцелярия губернатора), филиалы Национального банка и Банка Египта, Колледж Гордона, британские казармы (расквартировывающие один батальон британских войск), дома высших чиновников, а также растущий с каждым днем небольшой городок с добротными домами из сырцового кирпича и камня (включая рыночную площадь, пристань, хороший европейский отель, клуб, кирпичные заводы, зоосад и т. д.).

Казармы. С интервалами вдоль линии старых укреплений с востока на запад располагаются казармы, занимаемые египетской армией и названные в честь Исмаила, Тевфика и Аббаса-пашей.

За этими рубежами находятся селения с глинобитными и крытыми травой хижинами различных суданских племен, члены которых заняты преимущественно на строительстве и в других сферах. (См. также гл. V.)

Выше по течению Голубого Нила, в Бури, находятся Колледж Гордона и британские казармы.

Город и т. д. Город спланирован симметрично, с широкими проспектами, засаженными тенистыми деревьями, а возводимые типы зданий должны строго соответствовать стандартам, установленным для каждого конкретного квартала.

Общественные сады и «зоопарк» расположены в западной части города; они, особенно последний, находятся пока лишь в зачаточном состоянии.

Гарнизон. Обычный гарнизон Хартума состоит из одного батальона британской пехоты, сменяемого ежегодно в октябре, и трех пехотных батальонов египетской армии, а также кавалерии и артиллерии. (См. стр. 3.)

Рынок. Рынок в Хартуме беден и дороже, чем в Омдурмане, который намного больше и лучше. Мясо обычно стоит 3 пиастра за окку (2¾ фунта), а дура колеблется от 25 до 90 пиастров за ардеб (300 фунтов) в зависимости от сезона и года.

Материал для строительства и дрова приходится доставлять издалека, вверх по Голубому и Белому Нилу, вследствие чего они стоят дорого.

Рабочая сила в дефиците, её трудно найти из-за множества зданий и других объектов, строящихся в настоящее время.

Количество осадков. Количество осадков очень непостоянно, но в среднем за год оно весьма незначительно; [30] дождь идет редко — более чем в 10–15 дней в году, однако если он выпадает, то обычно в виде сильных гроз, которые происходят эпизодически с июня по октябрь и обычно предваряются пыльными бурями, очень похожими на те, что бывают в Кассале. В некоторые годы сильные бури случаются уже в мае.

Климат. Климат сравнительно благоприятный круглый год, хотя в августе, сентябре и октябре, а иногда и в другие сезоны, широко распространена лихорадка. [31] Хартум находится на высоте 1253 футов над уровнем Средиземного моря.

Самым жарким месяцем, согласно среднемесячным максимальным температурам, зарегистрированным за 1901 год, является апрель (110,66° по Фаренгейту), а самым холодным — январь (88,34° по Фаренгейту). Апрель, май и июнь здесь, как и повсеместно на территории Судана, обычно являются тремя самыми жаркими месяцами в году. См. также стр. 12.

Самая высокая температура, зафиксированная в 1901 году, наблюдалась в июле (116,6° по Фаренгейту), а самая низкая (51,8°) — в декабре.

Ветер дует с севера почти непрерывно с ноября по апрель, после чего его направление значительно меняется, и наконец в мае или июне устанавливается довольно устойчивый южный ветер, который дует до конца октября или начала ноября.

Почта и телеграф. Существует два раза в неделю почтовое сообщение с севером и обратно, раз в неделю — с Эль-Обеидом, Вад-Медани, Гоз-Абу-Гумой и промежуточными станциями на Белом Ниле, раз в две недели — с Кодоком и раз в месяц — со станциями на Верхнем Ниле и в Бахр-эль-Газале.

Телеграфная связь со следующими и промежуточными станциями: Каир, Донгола, Мерове, Суакин, Массауа через Кассалу, Гедареф, Галлабат, Росейрес, Ренк, Кодок, Тауфикия и Эль-Обеид. Телеграммы в Аддис-Абебу можно отправлять через Кассалу и Асмэру. См. также стр. 219.

Переправы и т. д. Правительственный паром поддерживает сообщение с Омдурманом, а пароход ходит два раза в день между Омдурманом и Северным Хартумом, заходя в Хартум. Имеется также, как упоминалось ранее, паровой паром из Хартума в Северный Хартум и несколько местных лодочных переправ.

The suburbs of these three towns include an additional population of 11,000 souls.

Сводная таблица расстояний по реке по участкам:

От Мерове до Хартума.

Intermediate. From Merowe.

Miles. Kilometres. Miles. Kilometres.

Merowe 0 0 0 0

Foot of 4th Cataract 9 14 9 14

Head „ „ 77 124 86 138

Abu Hamed 62 100 148 238

El Bagara Rapid 55 88 203 327

Foot of 5th Cataract 24 38 227 364

Head „ „ 2 3 229 367

Berber 30 48 259 416

Mouth of Atbara 20 32 279 447

Shendi 86 138 365 585

Metemma 4 6 369 592

Foot of 6th Cataract 54 87 423 678

Head „ „ 12 19 435 697

Omdurman 41 66 476 764

Khartoum junction of Niles 3 5 479 771

ИНТЕРЬЕР СТАРОГО ДВОРЦА В ХАРТУМЕ.

By kind permission of] [M. Venieris.

ХАРТУМ: ВИД НА СЕВЕР С КРЫШИ ВОЕННОГО МИНИСТЕРСТВА ЧЕРЕЗ ОСТРОВ ТУТИ.

By kind permission of] [M. Venieris.

ДВОРЕЦ И САД В ХАРТУМЕ С ЮГО-ЗАПАДНОЙ СТОРОНЫ.

Раздел (3). — От Хартума до озера Но.

Place. Miles.

Kilometres. Left Bank. River and General. Right Bank.

Inter-mediate. From Omdurman.

Omdurman

On the W. bank, after getting clear of the houses of Omdurman, a hard, sandy track is followed skirting the edge of the cultivation In the first 15 miles up stream of Khartoum the country on either side is low, flat, and treeless; cultivation is carried out on the mud flats, and on the islands, which appear as the water falls. The water channel is fully 2 miles wide in this reach. It is very shallow, and landing is almost impossible on account of the shelving banks. On these last, as the water falls, a crop of grass springs up, which affords grazing to large flocks of cattle and sheep. Further up stream the channel gets narrower, but it is still over a mile in width. Both banks are low and fringed with thin and low thorny jungle, and except for the isolated hills of Jebel Auli and Jebel Gurun the country is a dead flat. On leaving Omdurman the water channel at once opens out, at high Nile, to 2 or 3 miles, course for steamer close to R. bank

Left bank low, sandy, some scrub, and further on mimosa woods extending to river

Right bank; several villages, low, sandy, or swampy bank.

Kalakla 8 8

Road from Khartoum passes through village Kalakla in large clump of trees and then continues on open desert sand about 2 miles from river; very good going.

Sheikh Salim 3 11

Sheikh Salim or Wad Um Meriam.

Village with high tomb in it. Road about 2 miles from river. After this it enters some low sandhills with large clump of trees on river side about ½ mile off. The first open scrub begins, which thickens as it approaches the river.

Gemmueiya district 6 17 Gemmueiya district.—A long, straggling village of that name and tribe; track passes on desert side of it some 3 miles from river; bank of river difficult of access for watering owing to mud; some bush and trees; low volcanic range to W. Well passed on right just before reaching village 30 feet deep, 7 feet diameter water good. A small tukl village just E. of hill and same name. Track as before.

Um Arda 3 20

Scrub gets thicker on R. bank.

Low flat island. About 9 miles long, trees S. end. Island banks inhabited by Jaalin and Hassania.

Haneik 7 27

S. end of El Arda island.

Jebel Auli 1 28

45 Track unchanged, sparse bush on either flank; good camping ground (at low Nile) and watering place

Road runs round E. of Jebel Auli, a steep bare volcanic rock about 100 feet high. Good camping ground for a brigade or less under the mountain. Another track leads S.E. from here.

Gar El Nabi 2 30

Road runs ½ to ¾ mile from river through open bush to Gar El Nabi; village mostly destroyed.

Jebel Mandara 2 32 Jebel Mendera or Mandara. Well defined table hill 2 miles from L. bank, road passes spur of it. Bank swampy

Bank sandy.

Wad El Kereil 2 34 Village to west of track Water channel 3 miles broad at high Nile; keep to right bank Road crossed by small khors and in places by cultivation in zeribas. River invisible from it.

Mohammedia 1 35

Many small islands Village; also called Wad El Kereil.

Jebel Barima or Breima (Wad Belal) 5 40 Low hill. Watering place 1½ miles from track. Latter crosses khors at intervals along route; good, some bush and trees, and sand dunes Sand and swamp alternate on both banks with trees growing into the water. Rocks appear at low Nile to W. of channel just before reaching the Jebel Road runs through sand hills ½ mile from river and then closes to river at Wad Belal; good watering place and wood station for steamers.

Abu Hagar 12 52

82 Dense scrub just before reaching El Hagar or Abu Hagar. Good camping ground ¼ mile to W. in desert. Watering place somewhat difficult of access at river; pools near desert after high Nile. For 2 miles track continues good, then becomes a single camel track, necessitating marching in file through very thick bush. The track to Homra (80 miles) and El Obeid gradually branches off S.W. from the river track Water channel 1¾ miles.

El Geteina 3 55

88

Large village divided into 2 parts, clean, good market, some “Shaduf” cultivation. Headquarters of the Geteina district. P.T.O. Country flat; Danagla Arabs. Road runs through village here about 200 yards from river. Good going, chiefly through sand dunes and scattered bush.

Salahia 4 59 El Salahia district. Swamp or cracked mud near river bank. Much dura in Wadi Sadik South of this thick thorn bush commences. From here to El Dueim (66 miles) the same scenery continues. Cultivation is limited to the islands and foreshores. As the water falls, large mud flats in the centre of the river appear. To these the people transfer their cattle and belongings, build “tukls” and set up shadufs. The soil on these flats is good, and rich crops are produced. As the majority of these islands are not exposed before the month of February, artificial irrigation for the crops is necessary. These quickly ripen under the hot sun, and are, as a rule, harvested in May. The river varies in width from 700 to 2,000 yards. The west bank throughout this reach is fringed with acacias, and, at high Nile, is flooded for a long distance as the left bank is very low and shelving E. bank open, high, and sandy. Sand hills come down to the water’s edge.

Dazira and El Debeiker 4 63 Old salt works, a mile E. of track.

El Alaga 7 70 Good camping ground and watering place. For 3 miles track leads through dura cultivation, then good road near river bank El Alaga district both banks.

El Gerazi or Garrasa 6 76

Water channel 2 to 3 miles broad for next 40 miles. Vast quantities of water birds of all sorts inhabit the Nile almost from Khartoum upwards, and large numbers of crocodiles are visible, one or more on nearly every mud bank Low sand hills with Danagla village of Gerazi to S. of them. People poor, no market. Good meshra. Road runs from here through 3 or 4 miles of dura land ½ to ¼ mile from river, then along sand hills near river to Wad Shalai.

Wad Shalai 6 82

132

Village of conical thatched houses; banks become drier; series of villages from here along right bank at 2 to 5 miles interval. Road runs for about 3½ miles through sand dunes close to river, then gradually leaves river, and passes through dura ground about 1½ miles from it.

Wad Nimr 2 84 A long straggling village and name of the district. Good watering place 5 miles S., the desert road joins the river road. Track runs some way from the river skirting the edge of the cultivation.

Wad El Zaki 5 89

Large village on top of some sand hills, pop. 400 to 500. From here 3 miles takes one to a few houses about 2 miles from the river on some sand hills called Sayif, one of three villages of that name. Road goes on over cotton soil for 4 miles, then crosses sand hill ridge for about 1 mile and descends to a plain close to river where another village, also called Sayif, is seen 2 miles inland.

El Rahawat 1 90 On left bank nearly opposite Wad El Zaki is El Rahawat watering place, good camping ground. Leaving this village the track on desert side of the cultivation should be followed. Three miles on sand dunes are passed on R., and behind them is the canal, some 20 miles long, 500 yards broad and 6 feet deep. (Feb’y.) Commencement of Tura El Khadra (Green Canal) district.

Sayif 5 95

Good meshra and ferry to other bank; good building and cultivation. The road from here to Dabasi Meshra is over cotton soil with low scrub on river side.

Tura El Suk and Zif 5 100 Four miles from river

Zif village. Hashaba a mile to the E.

Dabasi Meshra, or Dobasi 6 106

Khalifa had big grain depôt here, ruins of which can still be seen. Ferry. Road runs through sand hills ½ mile from river to Dabasi.

Dabasi 1½ 107½

173 Telegraph line to El Obeid branches off here from Dueim line at Minedrib

Fair-sized village, 400 to 500 inhabitants on road. From Dabasi to Shabasha road remains close to bank, thence for next 10 miles 1 to 1½ miles distant.

Amara and Jebel Arashkol 1½ 109

175 About 10 miles west of left bank is the high rugged mass of Jebel Arashkol, with several distinct peaks. Volcanic. Chief peak named J. Abd el Daim Island Manir

Long, flat, well-wooded island opposite Amara. Amara village (or Um Arda).

Shabasha 3 112 Good camping ground and excellent watering place. Village under spur from main mass of Jebel Arashkol. Track continues through cultivation. Good going A ferry connects Shabasha El Gharb with Shabasha El Sharg (on the east of the river).

Ghobeisha 9 121

The road closes to river at Meshra. Ghobeisha village. Good place for camp and watering. Road crosses open plain with high grass; cotton soil; probably under water at high Nile (?)

El Dueim 4 125

201 Town of fluctuating population of about 7,000 inhabitants; disembarking place for El Obeid. Head Quarters of the White Nile Province and residence of the Governor. El Dueim is developing into an important trade centre; large market; principal mart for export Kordofan gum. Substantial Government offices. Starting point of Sudan transport service for El Obeid. The plain all round is open and the locality is fairly healthy. Up-stream from El Dueim some fine strips of cultivation occur along the foreshore. Behind this belt grows a fringe of acacias, and beyond lies a rolling steppe. Action here 23.8.83; small Egyptian garrison repulsed Mahdists. Channel narrows to 1 mile or less Road opposite Dueim leads to Maatuk, Managil, and Wad Medani.

The east bank is covered with low bush and a little cultivation. Track leads N.E. (20 miles) to Maatuk.

Hassania Island (N. end) 5 130

Island (sometimes under water) Half a mile on Meshra Ghayafa. Good camping ground and watering place; sandhill near Meshra. Sand fairly thick; cotton soil.

Denegila 5 135

Village west of road opposite island of same name, chief village of which is Mahbale. 1½ miles further is village of Abu Gurun, north of road where it crosses track to Um Saneita. Dura crops in this district.

Um Gar 3 138 Um Gar village. Good watering place and camping ground. Track leads 5 miles to opposite Kawa, through bush and trees Um Gar Island.

Meshra El Hella 5 143

Small floating pieces of sudd begin to appear Thick bush close to river to Meshra El Hella. Road runs close to river to Kawa.

Kawa 3 146

236 Wad Abu Rul, opposite Kawa. Thick bush and trees on banks. Gum depôt belonging to Kordofan province.

Large village, 500 inhabitants.

Residence of British Inspector and Mamur. Wooding station for steamers. Post and Telegraph Office. Road hence to Sennar. Kawa is built on high land and bush is open all round it. Inhabitants mixture Jaalin, Hassania, and Danagla. The houses are mostly round with thatched conical roofs. Large market, neat Government offices. Boat building has been started; ferry. Track from here northwards (31 miles) to Ma’atuk.

Lakadawia — —

Wooded island close by, with north end opposite, Kawa; about 4 miles long; richly cultivated with a variety of crops, comprising wheat, barley, onions, lubia, bamia, and dukhn. Above this the forest belt covers both banks of the river, and is often flooded for a great distance on either side

The road runs ½ mile from river through dura cultivation, and then over grassy plains past villages of Abu Hindi and Fum Omer to Shaggara.

Meshra Shaggara, Kenuz 8 154

Meshra and village close to river, thence past Kenuz with island opposite. The road runs ¼ to ½ mile from river. Hassan Allob on banks with village called Dabus opposite, still through dura country to Nur El Daim.

Hassan Alob and Dabus 2 156 Village.

Nur El Daeim 3 159

Large village and police station; 1 mile distant from river.

Khor Gusab (?) 1 160 Watering place. Road now leads through dense bush; river unapproachable till Um Turan.

Sheikh’s Tomb 2 162

Tomb of Sheikh Nur El Taib; three large trees, ruined mud and brick buildings and some flags mark it. Road bends due south to Shawal.

Shawal, Abu Lahm, and Aba Island (N. end) 1 163

262 Abu Lahm at point of curve North end of Aba Island. Take western channel. Island cultivated in places, some 27 miles in length, belt of trees along river’s edge, but interior only thinly wooded. Higher at south than at north end. Inhabited by a few Shilluks. From this point the character of both banks changes. The sand dunes seen lower down the river have been gradually disappearing, and black cotton soil now comes down to the water’s edge, which is fringed at low Nile by reeds, and by bunches of sudd which have floated down from the Bahr El Jebel. Beyond the fringe of are what are at high Nile grassy swamps, but at low Nile are dry and excellent grazing grounds. Behind this swampy ground is a belt of fine sant and other acacias. From here to Jebelein at low Nile thousands of sheep and goats and herds of cattle are seen grazing on either bank. These belong to the tribes living inland, where at this time of year water and grazing is scarce. Village right. Three conspicuous single hills (Jebel Tuema?) about 20 miles south-east and a fourth peaked hill rather south of these (Jebel Buyut?). Country on right open bush, slightly undulating, good sandy watering places on river.

Um Turan (?) 2 165 Watering place. Road improves; good going along bank till Fachi Shoya.

Malaha 1 166

Meshra Malaha and village Malaha; salt works. Road enters scrub; bush country to Marabia.

Marabia 8 174

Action 29.4.83; Hicks Pasha defeated Dervishes. Good camping place on high ground, where there are ruins of an old fort and brick buildings. Road leaves river, crosses a grassy plain, probably under water at high Nile, past village Torba (186) east of road, and turns towards river.

Mahdi’s Place 1 175

Large tree on river bank; ruins of mud houses.

Fachi Shoya 1 176

283 Starting point for Sherkeila and South Kordofan. Country open. Good camping and watering place. Village deserted. Base of two expeditions in 1899. The banks on both sides now begin to be fringed with reeds, the strip extending gradually in width from a few yards to 400 or 500 yards. Behind this are fine sant trees, etc.

Hesai Island 2 178 Thick trees and bush, up to 1½ miles in width, commence Between Aba Island and right bank. Mangara village on Aba Island.

El Alob 7 185 Village; track leads S.W. to Gedid (33 miles).

Zeinuba and Aba Island (S. end) 6 191

El Khema district both banks. Shilluk village at south end of Aba Island. “Manjera” (boat yard) of Zeinuba under clump of large trees.

Goz Abu Guma and Wurelat Island 1 192

309 Track leads S.W. (32 miles) to Gedid Wurelat Island, opposite Goz Abu Guma. Large grass islands make their appearance in the river (January). The eastern channel opposite Goz Abu Guma is shallow, and dries up at low Nile, when a landing has to be effected either 2 miles above the town or on the west bank of the island opposite the town. Headquarters of district of that name. Telegraph and Post Office. The telegraph line from Sennar (Blue Nile) across the Gezira reaches the White Nile here and continues southwards. East bank heavy grass with a few acacias. The east channel here is some 500 yards wide. The north and south road runs ½ to 1 mile from river. Line of villages on high ground 4½ miles from river. Good grazing; 400 inhabitants; Tukls. Little trade. Greek merchants have collecting station during the gum season on the left bank, which belongs to Kordofan.

Gum collecting station on L.B.

El Khema 7 199

Road joins river at El Khema Police Post. Many birds and monkeys.

Abbassia Gedida (Black Colony) 1 200

322

Colony of old Sudanese soldiers. East bank reed strip thinner than west.

Abu Zeid 8 208

333 Abu Zeid village. Bank continues fringed by several hundred yards of reeds. Baggara Selim country begins; sparsely inhabited, with thick bush and trees behind. Good game country begins Passage only practicable at low water. The Abu Zeid ford is a most serious obstacle to navigation. At this point, for a length of some 4 miles, the river spreads out in a broad and extremely shallow sheet, at low Nile about 1,200 yards in width. Upon the bed, masses of what are called “fresh-water oysters” collect. The broken shells form, with a shingle, a kind of “conglomerate,” almost as hard as rock, and which nothing but a specially adapted dredger could remove. In March and April, in very low years, the depth of water here is in places not more than 1 foot 5 inches to 1 foot 8 inches. The forest is very thick on both shores, and on the west a wide belt of swamp and grass renders landing very difficult. The papyrus reed is first seen at this place, and occasional ambach. Floating patches of sudd are met with in the channel, as well as many permanent large grass islands, the largest being those of Nuago and Musran. Hippopotami begin to appear in considerable numbers Police Post, east bank. Scattered trees and bush, 1 to 1½ miles in width, commence again.

Masran Island (N. end) 1 209

North end of island. East channel often much blocked with sudd; only a narrow passage of 50 yards being visible at times. Island thickly wooded Road keeps close to river bank.

Danko Shush 4 213

Shilluk village.

Azalet Rocks 9 221

Rocks across main western channel. Dangerous at low Nile.

Danko Selim 6 227

Shilluk village on Masran Island. Rocks in middle of stream; dangerous to navigation, especially at night. Here the reef runs right across the river channel, and the only method of passing safely at low water is to steer a course like the letter S. Many of the rocks are below the water surface, and their presence is only indicated by the ripples which they cause.

Meshra Zubeid 4 231

Meshra to Masran Island. Hence road winds through thick scrub, with patches of open country, to the ford at Jebelein.

Masran Island (S. end) 5 236

Shilluk village at southern point. Careful navigation necessary

Jebelein 2 238

383 Two roads lead north-westwards from opposite Jebelein to Gedid, etc. Baggara Selim live on left bank River about 500 yards wide; rocks showing in places. Up-stream of Jebelein, for many miles, the country is most dreary and monotonous. A fringe of forest on either bank marks the higher land. Between this the river winds through reedy islands, masses of swamp grass and floating weed. A series of islands now begins. Dinka country right. The boundary between the White Nile and Upper Nile Provinces belonging itself to the Upper Nile (Kodok) Province. Jebelein is easily recognisable by the five peculiarly-shaped granite peaks which rise abruptly from the plain on the eastern shore. The highest of these peaks is perhaps 600 feet. The nearest is 1 mile from the river, and the farthest 3 miles. They form an amphitheatre of rocky hills; two distinct masses, with a third hill to the east of the northern mass. Grassy plain between north and south ridges. Village on east of south ridge. The forest on the east bank is about a quarter of a mile in width, and extremely thick. Behind it stretches an endless expanse of prickly grass, some 3 feet high, interspersed with clumps of mimosas. Lions and Tiang fairly plentiful. The soil is light and friable, and much of it must be flooded during the rainy season. One or two ravines serve as drains to this area. The ruins of Ahmed Fedil’s “Deim” are still visible here. This tract once formed part of the Dinka country, but is now quite uninhabited, most of the Dinkas having migrated to the south to escape the raids of the slave-traders. At this point the “serut” fly makes its first appearance, and remains an unwelcome guest throughout the journey to Kodok. This brown fly, which is about the size of a small wasp, has a sharp stab, and if allowed to settle speedily draws blood. Not poisonous. Road 200 to 400 yards from river. Massacre of Egyptian troops by Mahdists in 1882.

(Illustrations)

Meshra Sherif 3 241

Meshra and camping ground good; name applies to country for next 2 miles. Road runs through thickish thorn jungle; path good.

Bulli Island 6 247

North end of Bulli Island. Western channel 100 yards broad; eastern one bad. Narrow island 100 to 200 yards wide, covered with grass and rushes Path keeps close to east channel, which is nearly dry in April and May.

Debba[33] El Goda 12 259

Western channel bad Sheikh’s tomb. Large range of hills west. Pointed peak about 30 miles east. Perhaps Abu Gurud (?).

Gamus 17 276

South end of Bulli Island. Western channel about 80 yards broad.

Karshawal 2 278

Small Selim village, with old camp inland 2 miles to south-east. Selim and Dinka Meshra.

Agang 18 296

Selim and Dinka villages about 3 miles inland.

Renk 2 298

479

Thick forest on both banks. From Renk to Ahmed Agha there is no change in the monotony of the scenery. The west bank is very flat and low, and the east bank is covered with thorn jungle, plenty of trees and heavy grass Road closes to river. Headquarters of Renk District. Government offices and residence of British Inspector. Good sandy meshra, open ground for camping large force. Telegraph and Post Office. Inhabitants, Dinkas and Selim Arabs, who own sheep, goats, and the former cattle. Thick forest. Mosquitoes very troublesome here after sunset. Action here 15.9.98. Dervish “deim” bombarded and taken, and a steamer captured. Track to Gule and Roseires branches off here (vide Vol. 2).

Khor Deleib 2 300

The river is fringed with a belt of reeds on either bank, varying from 10 to 200 yards broad. Thick forest both sides. Much bird life. There is a ford across both channels here (Ahmed Fedil crossed in 1898), but it is rarely practicable except at low Nile, and not always even then. Northern end of Wad Dakona Island; take western channel. A few Shilluk villages on this island formed by White Nile and Khor Gaza El Abiad. This khor at high Nile is probably 300 to 600 yards wide, but at low Nile nowhere more than 300 yards; fordable nearly everywhere. Many wildfowl on it Road leads south-east to Khor Deleib and runs along an eastern branch of the Nile named Gaza El Abiad. Village of Sheikh Bakhit Niok (released slave from Cairo). South of here people mostly Selim Baggara, living in temporary encampments: about 1 mile inland for grazing.

Warrit, or Loingwin, and Dabba Dungit 10 310

Um Hedeida 10 320

Khor decreases till at Um Hedeida water stagnant and in small quantity (February). Elephants drink here regularly, but only at night. They pass the day about 20 miles inland in a forest of dense kittr bush which the Arabs call their “beit” or house. Track follows eastern bank of khor. Country covered with 3 feet high grass where not burnt. Scattered bush “Heglig” and “Hashab”; no cultivation.

Water reappears in khor. Selim encampments east of track.

Leungtom (D), or Domaia (or El Wat (A)) 6 326

South of Wad Dakona Island Meshra. Road approaches Nile for first time since Renk. About 1½ miles inland are villages of Kolang El Wat under Sheikh Salem Banga (also released slave from Cairo). Country fairly open. Track follows east bank of a khor. On west of track is a fringe of thick “talh.” To the east country is fairly open.

Debba El Zawia or Zawa 5 331 Dom Palms on left bank as well as on right Two islands, western channel 80 yards; shallow at low Nile Commencement of Nabagaia District. Island. Swamp grass and trees. First “dom” palms are met here.

Anok 4 335

Village of Agweim Dinkas passed about ¾ mile to east on slight elevation. Thick “talh” bush on either side of track. Village depends on river for water.

Tereiba or Allal (D) district commences.

Debba Ibrahim Sharak 9 344

Shade and good water in khor. Good midday camping ground. Jebel Ahmed Agha visible. From here on bush unpleasantly thick. Elephants and much game.

El Ragal (A) 1 345

Track branches off east to Dinka village or district of Kash Kash (10 to 20 miles from river?). Bush ceases to annoy. Elephants drink here.

Senagul (D) 4 349

Debba Abu Teiba 1 350

Two main khors, Sangeir (or Ran (D)) and Mesangeir (or Balantega (D)), from the Abyssinian hills near Kirin (?), join the river here. Difficult to cross July to November.

Meshra Meteima (Selim) 2 352 Meshra on left bank.

Jebel Ahmed Agha (or Biba (D)) 1 353

568 Western channel best; 70 yards. Matmar district commences; then Mohadan Zeraf

A solitary hill, 250 feet high and 250 yards from east to west along its crest; great landmark; volcanic; a few small trees to summit; stands 2 miles from the bank. From its summit is seen a vast tract of trees and grass broken by khors and swamps. J. Ulu and Gerauit visible 60-70 miles to the east. No break in the level. Much game. Several Dinka and Selim villages in neighbourhood, but in rains the Dinkas retire inland, and the Arabs to districts north of fly limit. Dinka Sheikh Jok. Many “dom” palms around the Jebel. Water is obtainable from Khor Biba. It is 1 mile east of river, which here bends south-west. About 22 miles south-south-east of the Jebel, on the Khor Mesangeir, lies the village of Akorwen in a large grassy plain. There is a track up K. Rau to Awitong and several other Dinka rain villages. Thence track goes to J. Ulu and Gerauit, thence to Kirin or J. Jerok.

Edor Gamoia. 4 357 Much game: buffalo, etc. Shilluk village on north end of Gezira Wad Beiker Opposite this island, for about 6 miles, extends the district of Heglig or Tau.

Gamus 6 363

Shilluk village on the island. The sheikh, after whom the village is named, is a refugee from Cairo.

Dabba Marbeit or Shakab 1 364

Opposite south end of Wad Beiker. A grand game country.

Kwe 2 366

A Dinka Farik.

Alumbal 1 367

Sheikh Ajak’s village. Country round is fairly open, scattered “kittr” and “naal” grass. Both these villages are under Sheikh Salem Banga of El Wat. Track south-east to Akorwen, 22 miles.

(Illustrations)

Meshra Zeraf 1 368 Meshra on left bank also

The meshra extends for about 2 miles, the road skirts the river and crosses a wide shallow khor called a “farlegh” or “rigl” by the Arabs. It is said to come from near Aturuk.

Rom or Um Gursan 4 372

Dinka village named Rom, under Sheikh Jok. The district for the next 8 miles is known by the Arabs as Um Gursan. The track from Renk to here is, as a rule, excellent, but from here to Kaka bad; passing over hard-baked, badly cracked cotton soil. Splendid game district on both banks.

Ardeib El Miriam 6 378 Ardeib El Miriam district on west bank

District of Tereiti begins.

Meshra Rom or Tereiti 2 380

Telegraph line passes here. Ageir district.

Fil and Ajak Kwa El Mango. 3 383

Ageir Dinka villages. Track about 1 mile from river. Country open with patches of bush here and there. Track goes further from river; at knoll called Debba Shagerab road bends westwards and crosses a marshy (in rains) plain to Debeik, Sheikh Akol’s village, about 1 mile from river opposite Kaka.

Kaka and Debeik 11 391

634 Kaka is one of a collection of Shilluk villages spread along several miles on the left bank, 400 yards from the river. From this point southward, the villages on the western bank of the river are continuous. They cluster along the ridge and behind the forest. In front of them extends a broad belt of swamp, mostly dry at low Nile, varying in width from a few hundred yards to over a mile. Landing at any point along this reach is impossible except at low Nile. The marsh is very deep, and covered with thick grass and reeds, through which nothing but hippopotami can force their way Many grass islands block the river channel, which averages from 300 to 400 yards in width. Near Kodok these grass islands occur in constant succession, and on the west bank a double line of Shilluk villages is to be seen—the one on the edge of the swamp, and the other further inland. Landing can only occasionally be effected on either bank of the river On the eastern bank the swamp is perhaps 500 yards wide behind it the eternal belt of forest. Outside of this again stretches an endless plain of high grass dotted with clumps of trees. This side of the river is quite uninhabited, except by a few Shilluks who cross the river for the purpose of hunting or fishing. Occasional big khors run into the Nile on the eastern bank. These depressions run for many miles inland, and their banks are covered with a thick growth of thorny trees.

Ajok 8 397

Skirting an open marshy (in rains) plain on right and following line of trees on left Ajok (Dinka village) is reached. Tracks now become numerous and ill-defined; the one followed led across an open marshy (in rains) plain to the Nile, 2 miles north of Kaka Wood station.

Kurwa district 5 402 Road starts from here to Fungor (Mek Bosh-Nubawi) (41), and J. Gedir (71 miles). No landing place.

Kaka Old Wood Station (1902) 2 404

The river now curves to the west and then to the east Known as Hellet El Nyam-Nyam, close to river bank; wood station. Much game here—waterbuck, lion, cobus leucotis, &c.

El Gerab 7 411 Village. Marshy banks; a few trees

The country in the bend the river forms is called Gerab El Aish (bread-bag?).

Melut 2 413

Telegraph station, Government buildings, and residence of police officer. Line crosses river to west bank. Track leads from here to Kirin, on the Abyssinian frontier.

Demtemma 3 416 Shilluk village left. Sheikhs Kodak and Tak

Demtemma. Small village 700 yards from bank. Headquarters of district officer.

Sheikh Delal 2 418 Unapproachable by steamers at high Nile; a string of villages now extends, 1 to 2 miles inland, along the west bank for many miles.

Sheikh Lowir (D) village two hours inland east.

Sheikh Nyekeia 31 449 His villages extend for the next 10 miles. Floating islands frequent. Western channel 200 yards Dinka villages right bank; but not so numerous as Shilluks on left bank.

Kodok[34] 10 669

459

738 Up narrow backwater on left bank. Position 9° 53′ longitude, 32° 8′ latitude. Height, according to Austin, 1,360 feet. Date palms. At low Nile a steamer cannot get up the backwater, and has to discharge on the east bank of the peninsula forming the backwater. The latter has then to be crossed in boats. Headquarters of the Province. Telegraph station and post office. Government buildings, brick stores, zinc roofed. Native village 600 yards to west, with a few shops, where small requirements, such as sardines, cigarettes, etc., can be purchased. Trade goods popular in these parts can be procured here. Garrison of two companies. Marchand’s garden, etc., kept up. His expedition arrived here June, 1898; attacked twice by Dervishes. Anglo- Egyptian expedition arrived 10.9.98. French evacuated December, 1898. Was in the old days a considerable trading station. Climate unhealthy July to October. Millions of mosquitos. Country on each bank open grassy plain, with bunches of big trees, resembling a park A track leads south from opposite Kodok to Uryong on the Sobat, about 40 miles. Three wells at Dunjol, 13 miles south. Open grassy country most of the way, up to within 7 miles of Uryong, when thick thorn bush continues to the river.

Scattered Dinka villages at intervals.

Lul 18 477 Austrian Roman Catholic Mission Station. Flourishing garden on bank. Station 600 yards inland. Staff of about five fathers and three sisters.

Taufikia 34 511

822

Station second in importance in U.N. Province. Headquarters of a Sudanese battalion; 300 inhabitants; Mamur; deleib and dom palms, also acacias; Old Government post under Ismail. Sir S. Baker’s headquarters in 1865, etc.; “Baker’s Tree” still remains. Fairly healthy site, but little trade. Country in rear marshy, but never flooded. White ants bad. Good landing place. Proposed site for a dockyard (1904).

Sobat River

[The river between the Sobat mouth and Lake No has not yet been accurately surveyed. The figures given in this portion must, therefore, be accepted with caution.] 5 516

830 Village left opposite junction. Sheikh Luong River channel bends gradually due west. Average breadth at Low Nile 150 to 300 yards. Numerous islands and backwaters in places Mouth of River Sobat or Bahr El Asfar. Yellow river, 80 to 150 yards wide; well defined banks; current of cream-coloured water three miles per hour. Almost at the junction, on the left bank of the Sobat, is the (deserted) fort built in 1898. This point was reached from Abyssinia by Colonel Artomonoff and Messrs. Faivre and Potter ten days before the Marchand mission passed (vide p. 141). Seven miles up the Sobat on its north bank, and six miles across southwards from Taufikia, is the American Protestant Mission Station of Tatûg or Deleib (amid a grove of deleib palms “tuga”). Flourishing. Shilluk neighbourhood.

Finidawi — — The left bank is still studded with a chain of Shilluk villages standing about a mile from the river. The intervening space is covered with long grass, but open in places, with stunted solitary trees. Much game.

(Illustrations)

Khor Attar 1 517

Wooding station; good landing place; swampy inland. Khor running in from due south. Trees and grass, ambach, &c.

Tonga 4 521

East end of Tonga Island begins. Very low; annually covered by the flood. Width from one to two and a-half miles. At low Nile the channel separating it from the mainland is dry at the western end. The eastern part of this channel is termed the River Lolle or Fanakama. At its eastern end it is 80 yards broad and about three feet deep (in April); it is doubtful whether it is a river at all; but it has been reported to come from the Nuba hills. It was explored by Marno in 1880 for about 32 miles, and by Colonel Sparkes in 1899 for about 28 miles (stopped by sudd). A branch from the Lolle forms the western part of the channel referred to.

Gabt El Megahid 5 526

Formerly a base camp for sudd cutting parties.

Shakwa El Shilkawi 5 531

Shilluk villages—group.

Bahr El Zeraf 16 547

880

Western end of Tonga Island Mouth of the Bahr El Zeraf; 38 yards broad; little or no current; 19 feet deep (low Nile).

Maya Signora 53 600

A large lagoon (explored by M’lle. Tinné (Dutch) in 1863), over 500 yards wide, extending for some distance alongside the river. Likely place for sudd to collect. Connects with Bahr El Jebel, 13 miles up stream of Lake No.

Lake No 12 612

985

Entrance to Lake No. Mouth of the Bahr El Jebel. For description of Lake No vide p. 165.

СВОДНАЯ ТАБЛИЦА РАССТОЯНИЙ.

Intermediate. From Omdurman.

Miles. Kilometres. Miles. Kilometres.

J. Auli 28 45 28 45

Geteina 55 88 55 88

J. Arashkol 54 86 109 175

Dueim 16 26 125 201

Aba Island 38 61 163 262

Fachi Shoya 13 21 176 283

Goz Abu Guma 16 26 192 309

Abu Zeid 16 26 208 333

Jebelein 30 48 238 383

Renk 60 96 298 479

J. Ahmed Agha 55 89 353 568

Kaka 41 66 394 634

Demtemma 22 35 416 669

Kodok 43 69 459 738

Taufikia 52 84 511 822

Sobat River 5 8 516 830

Bahr El Zeraf 31 50 547 880

Lake No 65 105 612 985

ДЖЕБЕЛЕЙН.

ДРЕВЕСНАЯ СТАНЦИЯ НЕДАЛЕКО ОТ ГОЗ-АБУ-ГУМЫ.

ДЖЕБЕЛЬ-АХМЕД-АГА.

АКУНЕРЕ, ДЕРЕВНЯ ШИЛЛУК.

ДЕВУШКА ИЗ ПЛЕМЕНИ ШИЛЛУК С ДОМАШНЕЙ УТВАРЬЮ.

КОДОК.

РИМСКО-КАТОЛИЧЕСКАЯ МИССИОНЕРСКАЯ СТАНЦИЯ, ЛУЛ.

ТАУФИКИЯ.

ОЗЕРО НО.

ШАМБЕ.

Раздел 4. — От озера Но до Гондокоро.

Place. Miles.

Kilometres. Description.

Inter-mediate. From Lake No.[32]

For description of Lake No, see page 165. For the Sudd, see Appendix B.

Bahr El Jebel — — For detailed description and maps of the Bahr El Jebel between Lake No and Gondokoro, see Sir W. Garstin’s Report (Blue Book, Egypt, No. 2, 1901, price 3s. 6d.), from which much of the following is taken; also see his Report of 1904 (price 17s.).

Ex block[35] No. 1 1 1 The entrance to the Bahr El Jebel is about 150 yards broad at the extreme east end of Lake No. The channel, turning suddenly to the south, is bounded on either side by a dense perpendicular growth of rich green papyrus swamp, in which ambach trees, and um suf and convolvulus occasionally appear. The papyrus reaches from 10 feet to 15 feet above the surface of the water (Jan.). As the steamer proceeds in its winding course, the channel varies from 70 to 100 yards, whilst the breadth of the papyrus strip varies from a few hundred yards to several miles. The solid ground (at its best only a few feet above the level of the water) on the far side of the papyrus gradually recedes, and the trees in the distance become more and more sparse, till at last they vanish altogether. Except in occasional instances, no dry land is to be seen throughout these swamps. Their extent is unknown, but, more especially to the west of the river, it must be enormous. In all probability the greater portion of the region lying between the Bahr El Jebel and Bahr El Ghazal and its tributaries is, in the rainy season, a vast marsh. To the east their area is more limited, as the country beyond the Bahr El Zeraf gradually rises into alluvial plains, covered with dense grass, and intersected by numerous swamp lines. These plains, as a whole, are above the level of the Nile when in flood. In the long island, lying within the loop formed by the Bahr El Zeraf with the main stream, there undoubtedly exists a ridge of comparatively high land. Upon this a Nuer population has settled. Except by occasional glimpses of trees, and, more rarely, of a village, it is impossible to trace this ridge. Its limits are undetermined. It is surrounded on every side by a belt of almost impassable morass. The only evidence of human beings are the grass fires on the horizon, and, except for an occasional elephant, buck, or giraffe, visible in the far distance from the top of the steamer, and a few water-birds, bee-eaters, wagtails, &c., animal life appears to have suddenly become extinct. At sunset, however, thousands of insects make their appearance, but, with the exception of the mosquito, who is always en évidence to a greater or lesser extent (worst from April to November (during the rains) and least from December to March—dry season—grass fires), they vanish after an hour or two.

„ „ 2 8 9

14

Discharge (14.4.00) 218·95 c.m. per sec. 1 10

16

Ex block No. 3 6 16

26

„ „ 4 21 37

59

„ „ 5 14 51

82

„ „ 6 4 55

88

„ „ 7 3 58

93

„ „ 8 6 63

101

„ „ 9 3 66

106

„ „ 10 1 67

108

Ex block No. 11 5 72

116 The water of the Bahr El Jebel is dark-coloured, but contains little or no sediment. The depth of the main channel varies from 20 to 24 feet at low Nile. As far as mile 40, the ridge lying between the Zeraf and the Jebel is visible on the eastern bank, at a distance varying from 500 to 3,000 yards. Trees and a few palms appear to indicate the presence of villages. From this point the ridge disappears and the swamps stretch to the horizon upon both sides of the river. The first four of the sudd blocks, cleared by Major Peake’s party, occurred within this distance. The fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth blocks were met with between miles 50 and 63. Upstream of mile 63, the character of the marsh changes. North of this point comparatively few open lagoons are to be seen, but from here, until Hellet-el-Nuer (mile 139) is reached, these shallow lakes border the Bahr El Jebel in continuous lines. Some of them are of considerable area, as a reference to the map will show. They form nurseries for the growth of water plants, and are the chief cause of the blocks which form in the channel. Their depth rarely exceeds 3 feet. As the river is ascended, these lagoons increase in number and size. The channel often passes between two of these lakes, only separated from them by a belt of papyrus. In winter these lagoons are open spaces of water, but, with the advent of the rainy season (in the month of April), their surfaces become covered with detached masses of floating vegetation. Many of them are connected by a series of openings with the river, and their water level rises and falls with that of the latter. The loss of water, by evaporation, upon these shallow ponds, must be extremely great. It is difficult to say whether these lagoons are old courses of the Bahr El Jebel and long since filled up, or whether they are traces of the vast lake which, it is imagined, once covered this area. The latter supposition appears to be the more probable, as the channel of the river is so deep and so sharply defined that it appears hardly possible that it should have utterly disappeared. On the other hand, there is at least one instance where the river is actually in process of vanishing, i.e., between miles 143 and 165. In this reach the channel is filled with decomposed sudd to such an extent that it is difficult to trace it. It is reasonable to suppose that, unless cleared, it will, in course of time, disappear and be transformed into a series of “mayas” or lagoons. These “mayas” are constantly changing their shape. New channels burst into the river and others fill up and disappear.

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