Rosbach, Emerich von, his work on criminal law, 525
Rotharis, his law on compurgation, 47
forbids withdrawal of confession, 52
prescribes the judicial duel, 113
restricts the judicial duel, 114
Rotruda, St., her relics tested with fire, 316
Roumania, modern use of torture, 588
Royal courts not liable to appeal, 126
Ruaille, 168
Rumor suffices to justify torture, 537
Russia, the Mir, 15
wer-gild, 15
early use of duel, 110
no limitation of weapons, 178
duels with foreigners prohibited, 178
use of champions, 195
exemption of German traders, 204
duel abolished, 238
use of ordeals, 274
water and iron ordeals, 292
converted by ordeal of fire, 310
household ordeal for theft, 334
bier-right, 359
ordeal in all cases, 386
for accuser, 389
torture introduced, 509
abolished, 581
used in political cases, 587
Sachentages, 477
Саксонское зерцало —
value or purgatorial oaths, 23
compurgation, 81
appeals from judgment, 126
limitations on the duel, 141
difference of rank, 151
champions for the dead, 152
guardians must provide champions, 153
penalty for defeat in duel, 171
penalty for default in duel, 173
weapons provided for the poor, 175
advantages equally divided, 177
regulations of use of champions, 181
disabilities of champions, 188
duel condemned by Gregory XI., 210, 420
use of hot-water ordeal, 283
accused selects the ordeal, 292, 383
land titles settled by ordeal, 324
ordeal for convicts, 393
no allusion to torture, 480
Саксонское вейхбильд —
formula of oath, 26
purgatorial oath of father, 41
compurgation, 81
kinship an impediment to duel, 141
wounds sufficing for duel, 142
difference of rank, 151
penalty for defeat in duel, 171
penalty for default in duel, 173
use of champions, 181
infamy of champions, 187
hiring of champions forbidden, 190
duel only in criminal cases, 204
the dead cleared by ordeal, 294
ordeal for convicts, 393
Sacramentales (см. Соприсяжники).
Sacrifices as guarantee of oaths, 26
Sacrificial ordeals, 258
Saighi, 18
St. Adrian of Zala, abbey of, 157
St. Aignan, chapter of, challenges a knight, 159
St. Albans, abbey of, its claims for the duel, 162
St. Andrews, bishop of, exempted from duel, 159
witch-pool of, 330
St. Aubin, abbey of, its duel, 158
St. Bascul, council of, 395
St. Bonnet, customs of, 219
St. Brieuc, Bishop of, orders the duel, 164
St. Disier, torture not used in, 497
St. Martin-des-Champs, use of torture, 499
St. Omer, its traders exempted from the duel, 204
Saint-Pé, abbey of, its fees for ordeals, 415
St. Quentin, challenging of courts, 124
council of, 1235, complains of St. Louis, 217
St. Remy, abbey of, decrees the duel, 163
St. Sergius, case of priory of, 137
St. Sever, abbey of, gains land by ordeal, 323
St. Vaast d’Arras, abbey of, 164
Saints’ tombs, oaths on, 372
Salaried champions, 192, 196
Salic law, use of compurgation in, 34
number of compurgators, 42
compurgation in default of testimony, 52
penalties of conjurators, 64
accusatorial conjurators, 94
judicial duel in, 112, 118
ordeal of hot water, 274, 282
hot-water ordeal for Antrustions, 323
enforcement of the ordeal, 383
compounding for the ordeal, 384
ordeal in failure of compurgation, 390
torture of slaves, 452
Salisbury, Bishop and Earl of, duel between, 139
Salt, blessed, used in ordeal, 281
lumps of, used as ordeal, 257
Salvation, exclusive, results of belief in, 589
Salzburg, council of, 799, prescribes the ordeal, 409
Samaritan legend of fire-test, 314
Samoa, punishment of perjury, 374
Samoiedes, oath ordeal among, 259
Sanballat, his triumph in fire-test, 314
Sancar, his ordeal, 290
Sanctio of Orleans, his trial for simony, 61
Sand-bag used in duels, 244
Sandemend, 562
Sanila and Bera, duel of, 117
Sapor I., his religious reforms, 267
Saraad, 55
Saracens, duels with Christians forbidden, 151
Saragossa, council of, 592, tests relics by fire, 315
Sardinia, perjury on relics, 374
Sassanids, ordeals under the, 267
Sassy-bark, ordeal of, 254
Satan, aids witches in ordeals, 300, 327, 328, 332
in torture, 555
Satane ordeal, 258
Sathee, 344
Savonarola, his Sperimento di fuoco, 311
Саксонские законы (см. также Саксонское зерцало) —
purgatorial oaths in, 23
reclamation of stolen horse, 26
judicial duel in, 114
Saxons offer duel to Luitzes, 130
Saxony, torture in 1130, 474
no defence allowed to accused, 544
exile for retracted confession, 549
abolition of torture, 580
Sayn, Count, his compurgation, 89
Scandinavian nations, torture not used by, 562
Scavenger’s Daughter, the, 569
Scheingehen, 365
Schoolmen on duel and ordeal, 209
Schwabenspiegel, value of oaths, 24
purgatorial oath of father, 41
compurgation retained, 80
faith in judgment of God, 102
judges must be vigorous men, 123
appeals from judgment, 126
theory of guilt, 136
limitations on the duel, 141
difference of rank, 150
cripples must provide champions, 152
duels of women, 153
penalty for defeat in duel, 171
penalty for default in duel, 173
penalty of bail of defaulter, 174
disabilities of champions, 188
hired champions forbidden, 190
use of hot-water ordeal, 283
accused selects the ordeal, 292, 383
ordeal in default of evidence, 387
for convicts, 393
no allusion to torture, 480
Schwartzenberg challenges von Hutten, 238
Schwerin, Synod of, condemns the duel, 210
Scialoja, his work on torture, 525
Scipio, oath administered by, 271
Scober, James, a witch-pricker, 571
Scone, abbey of, its jurisdiction, 162
Scotland, use of compurgation, 34
selection of conjurators in, 44
compurgation in default of evidence, 53
compurgation for the aged, 57
compurgation retained, 82
first evidence of duel in, 162
champions as witnesses, 183
use of champions, 192
charters exempting from duel, 201
restrictions on duel in towns, 203
persistence of duel, 239
cold-water ordeal for slaves, 323
cold-water ordeal for witchcraft, 330
cases of bier-right, 361
bribes in ordeal forbidden, 406
ordeals disused, 421
use of torture in, 572
abolition of torture, 574
witch-burning in 1722, 575
Scottish Marches, duel universal, 145
liability of clerics to duel, 158
death does not release from duel, 174
Scourging as torture, 466, 467
a torture for children, 528
for retracted confession, 549
Scribonius on cold-water ordeal in witchcraft, 327
Scuz iarn, 288
Sebakemsauf, violation of his tomb, 430
Secrecy of inquisitorial process, 496, 513, 546
Secta, 84, 96
Secular law, exemption from, for clerics, 414
jurisdiction of prelates, 161
legislation against ordeals, 421
Security required of combatants, 173
Seguidors, 51
Seigneur, his power over the villein, 490
Sejanus, plot of, 435
Selection of compurgators, 38
of mode of compurgation, 383
Selingenstadt, council of, 1023, prescribes the ordeal, 410
Semites, ordeals among, 260
torture among, 430
Semperfri, 150
Senan, St., his golden bell, 397
Senchus Mor, duel prescribed in, 109
Senckenberg reprints Zanger’s treatise, 578
Senlis, case of torture in, 491
Sens, Archbishop of, compelled to duel, 159
Sentence of torture, appeals from, in Castile, 465, 467
consultation over, in France, 507, 513
appeal from, in Germany, 545
deliberation required for, 547
its revision in Saxony, 580
Sepulture denied to duellists, 207, 210
Serfs allowed to bear testimony, 122
cannot challenge freemen, 140
and master, no duel between, 146
duels between, 149
cold-water ordeal for, 322
Servia, survival of the duel, 239
Servitude must be proved before torture, 438
Severity of ordeal, 394
of torture, limitations eluded, 532
of the strappado, 543
Severus, Sept., on evidence of slaves against masters, 444
Sexhendeman, 47
Shadrach, Mesach, and Abednego, their ordeal, 304
Shakespeare, his description of bier-right, 360
Shaving of witches to neutralize charms, 556
Shaving, sin of, in laymen, 403
Shells used in ordeal, 257
Sheriff selects compurgators, 48
his presence required at ordeal, 406
Shower-bath, punishment of, 510
Shrewsbury, Countess of, her case, 570
Shrift of combatant, 242
Shrines of saints, oaths on, 372
Shu-king, its theo-philosophy, 252
Siawush, fire ordeal of, 266
Sicily, modern use of torture, 587
Sicularum Constitutiones —
no compurgation in, 75
defendant allowed choice of weapons, 177
champions as witnesses, 183
punishment of defeated champion, 185
champions provided at public expense, 190
severe restriction on duel, 212
ordeals prohibited, 422
use of torture, 482
Sieve-driving, ordeal of, 358
Sigurd Thorlaksson, case of, 404
Silanus, prosecution of, 443
Silence under torture does not acquit, 519
Simancas on compurgation for heresy, 89
on universality of torture, 468
disapproves deceit in witch-trials, 559
Simon de Montfort limits the duel, 208
Simony, trials for, 59, 62, 350
compurgation for, 92
Simple ordeals, 278, 287, 391
Simplicius, St., of Autun, his ordeal, 305
Sinking requisite in cold-water ordeal, 318
Sins, previous, cause failure in duel, 137
cause failure in ordeal, 403
Sita, ordeal undergone by, 267
Skevington, Sir Wm., invents a torture, 569
Skirsla or ordeal of turf, 274
Slavs, communities among, 15
prolonged use of compurgation, 83
use of judicial duel, 110
ordeals used by, 274
of Mecklenburg, ordeal introduced, 277
Slaves cleared by master’s oath, 22
ordeal in default of master’s oath, 390
their right to the duel, 148
ordeal for, in Rome, 272
red-hot iron ordeal for, 291, 292
fire ordeal for, 306
cold-water ordeal for, 322
ordeal of the lot, 353
subjected to ordeal, 394
as vicarious victims in ordeal, 396
torture reserved for, in Greece, 433
their evidence requires torture in Greece, 433
tortured as witnesses in Rome, 441
restriction on, 445, 446
by their owners in Rome, 444
torture of, under Ostrogoths, 457
under Wisigoths, 458
under Barbarians, 451, 452
in civil suits in Germany, 530
of churches tortured by priests, 554
unprotected in Iceland, 562
not tortured against their masters in Rome, 442
except in treason, 443
other exceptions, 444
under Wisigoths, 459
in Spain, 464
tortured, damage paid to master in Rome, 445
among the Barbarians, 452
in Castile, 468
thief sold as, in Wales, 564
Slavery, its extent in Greece, 433
its extent in Rome, 441
Slavonia, use of compurgation, 84
Бессонница, пытка (см. Бдения).
Smith, Sir Thos., on use of torture, 567
Snake-fang, ordeal of, 254
Soaper’s case, in appeal of death, 247
Soavo, champion of, 196
Soest, accusatorial conjurators in laws of, 97
exempted from duel, 202
Soissons, Bishop of, uses ordeal for heretics, 410
Chapter of, duel in its court, 224
council of, 853, uses the ordeal, 410
the vase of, 450
Solidarity of the family, 14
in Lombard Law, 48
Somali, ordeals among the, 256
Son to be tortured in presence of father, 543
his evidence against parents in witch-trials, 554
Sophocles, ordeals enumerated by, 270
Sorcerers, loss of weight by, 326, 335
tortured in Rome, 439
their punishment by Theodoric, 457
their evidence not received, 523
unconscious, 553
Sorcery forbidden in duels, 139
in ordeal, 407
duel in trial for, 230
red-hot iron ordeal for, 291, 300, 409
use of cold-water ordeal, 325
torture in accusations of, 469
used to justify torture, 539
detention after torture without confession, 551
torture necessary in trials for, 554
Sortes sanctorum, 354
Southampton, ordeal of Bible and key, 357
South Carolina, compurgation in, 88
appeal of death in, 247
Испания (см. также Вестготские законы).
jusjurandum in jure, 22
purgatorial oaths, 24
simplicity of oaths, 32
use of compurgation, 34, 75
selection of compurgators, 49
compurgation of Alfonso VI., 67
negative proofs rejected, 74
compurgation in the Fuero Viejo, 80
duel among Celtiberians, 108
introduction of Roman ritual, 132, 313
Catalonia, limitation on duel, 146
Aragon, limit of value for duel, 148
difference of rank in duels, 151
ordeals for women, 154
use of champions, 195
charters exempting from duel, 202
restrictions on the duel, 214
use of hot-water ordeal, 281
red-hot iron ordeal, 288
paternity proved by iron ordeal, 294
Arian relics tested by fire, 315
truce of God enforced by ordeal, 323
ordeal of Eucharist, 351
bier-right, 366
ordeal for loose women, 393
escape of adulteress in ordeal, 403
decline of ordeals, 423
torture under the Goths, 458
mediæval and modern, 462
irregular use of, 476
abolished in 1811, 583
Speculum Saxonicum (см. Саксонское зерцало).
Speculum Suevicum (см. Швабское зерцало).
Sperimento di fuoco of Savonarola, 311
Spies, use of in witch-trials, 558
Spiritual courts, duel in, 155
ordeal in, 409
torture in, 510
Spoon, ordeal of the, 264
Spot, insensible, of witches, 571
Sprenger admits lawfulness of duel, 213
objects to ordeal in witchcraft, 300
no allusion to cold-water ordeal, 326
his explanation of bier-right, 369
recommends deceit, 559
Sringa, 375
Staff, ordeal of, 397
Stalla hringr, 95
Stansfield, Philip, case of, 361
Stapfsaken, 274
Stare ad crucem, 336
Stars, duel to end when they appear, 178
Starvation and cold employed as torture, 530
State questions decided by duel, 130
Statute of Gloucester, 242
Staundford, Sir Wm., on ordeals, 426
Steil, historic duel at, 129
Stephen, St., supplies champions for abbey, 157
ordeals not in his laws, 277
Stephen V. condemns the ordeal as a torture, 395
Stephen VII. condemns Formosus, 382
Stercorarian heresy proved by ordeal, 411
Stockneffn, 49
Stonyng’s case, torture in, 568
Strangers, fire ordeal for, 306
subject to torture in Greece, 433
Strappado, the, 466, 467
description of, 516
five degrees of, 543
Strassburg, heretics convicted by ordeal, 297, 419
Stream of water, torture of, 510
Style’s “Practical Register,” 86
Styria, duel restricted in, 212
Styx, oath of the gods on its water, 371
Suabia, use of oaths in, 32, 24
accusatorial conjurators, 98
Subico of Speyer takes ordeal of Eucharist, 348
Substitutes in the ordeal, 295, 337, 390, 398, 400
for torture, 578, 580, 582, 583
Succession, law of, decided by duel, 129
Sudra caste, oaths required of, 25
cold-water ordeal used for, 320
Suidger of Munster, his improvised ordeal, 302
Sunset, duel to end at, 178
Superstition, its persistence, 427
Surlet, Gilles, case of, 505
Suspicion, ordeal for, 388
punishment for, 519
of incontinency, compurgation for, 87
of heresy, compurgation for, 88, 90
Swaddling cloth of Christ tested by fire, 315
Swantopluck of Bohemia, his use of torture, 476
Sweden, selection of compurgators, 49
prolonged use of compurgation, 82
accusatorial conjurators, 97
red-hot iron ordeal, 287, 298
paternity proved by the ordeal, 294
fees to priest for ordeal, 416
prelates liable to ordeal, 417
ordeals prohibited, 422
torture not used in, 563
Swinefield, Bishop, his hired champion, 192
Switzerland, torture abolished, 581
Synagogues, oaths taken in, 28
Syrians, duels with Franks, 151
Szegedin, witches tried by ordeal in 1730, 332, 335
Tacitus, his account of the Germans, 112
Tacitus (Emp.) on evidence of slave against master, 444
Tahiti, ordeal in, 257
Talio, the, applied to the duel, 143, 169
used in Ashantee, 255
in Rome, 440
applied to accusation of slaves in Rome, 445
for accusers under Wisigoths, 459
adopted by the Church, 513
rejected in inquisitorial process, 513
Tangena nut, ordeal of, 256
Tanner on number of witch-trials, 560
Taoism, its influence in China, 252
Tarbes, Cathedral of, its revenue from ordeals, 415
Tarragona, council of, 1244, on heresy, 89
Tassilo, allusion to ordeal by, 274
Tears, inability of witches to shed, 556
Teeth, question as to, in duel, 144
Templars offer to undergo the ordeal, 299
use of torture on, 486
torture of, in England, 511
Temple, the, oaths taken in, 27
Temporal jurisdiction of prelates, 161
Tempting of God in the ordeal, 207, 411
Terouane, torture in 1127, 474
Testes synodales, 41
Testimonis, 51
Свидетельство (см. Доказательства).
Teutberga, her divorce, 281
Teutonic Knights introduce the ordeal, 423
Texas, torture used in, 588
Thangbrand, Deacon, 199
Thebe, people of, float in water, 326
Theft, Russian ordeal for, 334
Theodore, penitential of, on oaths, 30
Theodore Lascaris prescribes the ordeal, 299
Theodoric tries to suppress judicial duel, 115
his use of torture, 457
Theodosius I. exempts priests from torture, 438
Thibaut of Champagne, his grant to church of Châteaudun, 415
Thief and receiver, duel between, 136, 171
Thieves convicted by the duel, 135
Thomas of Gloucester, his rules of duel, 171, 241
Thomas, Christian, opposed to torture, 577
Thumb, indestructible, of Pyrrhus, 314
Thuringians, kinsmen as champions, 180
minimum limit for duel, 147
red-hot iron ordeal, 291
Tiberius, his use of torture, 435
his devices to elude the laws, 443
Tibet, hot-water ordeal in, 269
Tiers-État, influence of, 200
Tiht-bysig man sent to ordeal, 392
Tirel, Hugues, case of, 77
Tison, Marie, case of, 585
Tithes, contested, settled by ordeal, 410
Titles to land settled by duel, 182, 197
by cold-water ordeal, 324
Tobbach, 18
Toledo, council of, 683, on abuse of torture, 461
Tombs of saints, oaths on, 372
Tonga, punishment of perjury, 374
Tongue, red-hot iron ordeal applied to, 264, 289, 291, 293
Tooth-relic of Buddha tested by fire, 314
Toribio, St., limits fees for torturing, 511
Torture, 429
as preliminary to compurgation, 91
ordeal as preparatory to, 329
used as torture, 394
its influence on ordeals, 426
in Egypt and Asia, 400
in Greece, 432
limitations on, in Rome, 445
estimate of evidence under, in Rome, 446
under the Barbarians, 451
its use by the Goths, 456
in mediæval and modern Spain, 462
its repetition illegal, 466
under the Carlovingians, 469
its use for extortion, 476
condemned by the Church, 477
its reappearance in 13th century, 479
unlimited repetition, 500
to discover previous offence, 501, 546
is ecclesiastical law, 511
to discover accomplices, 484, 515, 517, 546, 562, 570, 584
of witnesses, 440, 453, 459, 533, 541
its influence on judges, 534
its abuse by judges, 539
in surplusage after conviction, 546
without confession is acquittal, 551
as punishment, 579
indispensable in witch-trials, 554
witches insensible to, 556
devices to elude, 558
use of, is homicide in England, 565
to compel pleading in England, 575
its decline and abolition, 575
substitutes for, 578, 580, 582, 583
Toulouse, duel forbidden there, 224
exempted from torture, 495
Tournay, charter of, 54, 392
exempted from duel, 202
Tours, council of, 813, on use of chrism in ordeal, 407
council of, 925, prescribes the ordeal, 410
Tout Lieu de S. Disier, 497
Towel of Christ tested by fire, 316
Towns, champions of, 196
Tower of London, torture in, 569
Townships, responsibility of, 42
Trade, its influence adverse to duel, 204
Trahent, André de, case of, 397
Trajan on evidence of slave against master, 443
Trallian laws, 15
Transylvania, witches tried by ordeal, 322
Travancore, ordeal abolished in, 284
Treason, duel necessary in cases of, 144
torture for, in Rome, 435, 438, 443