resisted by Feudalism, 494
use of torture becomes general, 499
adoption of inquisitorial process, 513
applications of torture, 515
Ordonnance of 1670, 517
réserve des preuves, 518
abolition of torture, 583
Francesco della Puglia opposes Savonarola, 311
Francis I. challenged by Charles V., 106
grants the duel, 233
perfects the inquisitorial process, 514
Francis, St., uses ordeal of fire, 307, 309
Franconia, use of purgatorial oaths, 24
Frangens jusjurandum, 46
Frankfort, duel in 1369, 171
Franks, use of compurgation, 34
use of judicial duel, 113
use of ordeal, 274
punish sorcery with drowning, 325
compounding for ordeals, 384
torture of slaves, 453
torture of freemen, 470
Fratricide punished with iron bands, 377
Fraud, torture in cases of, 530
use of, in witch-trials, 558
Fredegonda, her compurgation, 39
her use of torture, 455
Frederic I. (Emperor) overthrows Henry the Lion, 133
his charter to Austria, 134
exempts traders from the duel, 204
prescribes iron ordeal for slaves, 292
ordeal at discretion of accused, 387
master’s oath clears a slave, 390
prescribes torture for theft, 475
Frederic II. (Emperor) on compurgation, 41
rules for compurgation, 54, 56
ignores compurgation, 75
prohibits clerics as judges, 73
compels clerics to duel, 159
allows defendant choice of weapons, 177
on cowardice of champions, 185
provides champions at public expense, 190
his charters to Ratisbon and Vienna, 204
denounces the duel, 212
prohibits the ordeal, 422
prescribes torture for treason, 475
is use of torture, 482
Frederic of Mainz takes ordeal of Eucharist, 348
Frederic the Great limits use of torture, 579
Fredum, 16
Freeman not liable to personal punishment, 65
and serf, combat between, 122
cannot be challenged by serf, 140
red-hot iron ordeal for, 291
not tortured in Greece, 432
not subject to torture in Rome, 434
exceptions, 435, 437, 439
is a Roman citizen, 440
not tortured among Ostrogoths, 457
limitation on torture of, under Wisigoths, 459, 460
subject to torture in Castile, 464
inviolability obsolete, 470
presence required at the mallum, 472
Freedman not tortured in Greece, 433
not tortured against his patron in Rome, 442
among Ostrogoths, 457
against patron in Spain, 464
Freisingen, duels of women in, 153
Frese, Georg, his ordeal, 301
Friends, evidence of, excluded, 38
Frisian laws, oaths in, 23
use of compurgation, 34
rules for compurgators, 47
compurgation and ordeal combined, 61
penalties of conjurators, 64
judicial duel in, 114
facilities for judicial duel, 119
either party can claim the duel, 140
right of litus to the duel, 148
hired champions allowed, 180
hot-water ordeal, 283
ordeal of the lot, 353
ordeal for defeated accuser, 385
Frisia, ordeals persisted in, 422
torture not used, 563
Frithborgs, 41
Frotho III. orders judicial duel, 110
Fuero Juzgo, no compurgation in, 75
torture in, 461
Fuero Viejo, compurgation in, 75, 80
Fulk the inquisitor, his abuse of torture, 486
Fulk Nera, his charter to Abbey of Beaulieu, 161
Fulvius Flaccus, case of, 448
Furstenberg, Count of, uses the ordeal, 300
Gaddi and Altoviti, duel of, 236
Gæum, ordeal used in the, 270
Galanas, 40
Galbert, his explanation of ordeal, 401
Galicia, hot-water ordeal in, 281
Gallius, Q., case of, 435
Gascony, land title decided by cold-water ordeal, 323
Gauls, torture of widows among, 452
Gauntlet, iron, ordeal of, 296
Gautama, ordeal unknown to, 268
Gavarret, revenue from ordeal at, 415
Geiler von Kaisersberg opposes torture, 575
Gelmirez, Diego, authorizes duel, 132
Gengulphus, St., his improvised ordeal, 286
George IV. abolishes torture in Hanover, 581
Geirröd, his torture of Odin, 454
Gerald, St., of Braga, case of, 379
Gerard of Cambrai on torture of heretics, 474
Gerberga drowned as a witch, 325
Gerefa, 48
Gerhardt, E., on ordeal for witches, 332
Германия (см. также Саксонское зерцало, Швабское зерцало, Саксонское вейхбильд).
purgatorial oaths, 23, 24
of father, 41
sinodales homines, 41
rules for compurgation, 54
juramentum supermortuum, 56
use of advocates, 70
clerics not to be judges, 73
compurgation retained, 80
accusatorial conjurators, 96, 97
judicial duel among ancient Germans, 112
challenging of judges, 126
legislative function of duel, 129
duel habitual in criminal cases, 135
theory of guilt, 136
limitations on the duel, 141
crimes liable to duel, 147
penalty of defeat in duel, 171
of default in duel, 173
weapons allowed, 177
champions a matter of course, 190
exemptions granted to the towns, 204
prolongation of the duel, 238
use of hot-water ordeal, 283
titles to fiefs settled by water ordeal, 324
cold-water ordeal in witchcraft, 326
ordeal of sieve-driving, 358
cases of bier-right, 362
formula for bier-right, 368
use of ordeal in civil cases, 387
ordeal for convicts, 392
persistence of ordeals, 423
mediæval use of torture, 475, 476
reappearance of torture, 479, 505
torture established, 522
disused, 579
substitutes for torture, 582
Gerode, Abbey of, its ordeal, 295
Geroldus converts Mecklenburg, 277
Gerstlacher, his defence of torture, 580
Getter’s case, bier-right in, 367
Ghent, laws of, no allusion to ordeal, 202
ordeal for slaves, 394
Ghee, boiling, ordeal of, 283
Giraldus Cambrensis on study of Roman law, 73
Gifts to hired champions, 191
Giuliano Rondinelli, his ordeal of fire, 311
Gladiators identified with champions, 187
subject to torture in Rome, 441
Glanville, jury-trial ascribed to him, 48
allusions to compurgation, 70
prescribes cold-water ordeal for slaves, 322
knows nothing of torture, 564
Glastonbury, Abbey of, its hired champion, 197
Gloucester, Statute of, 242
Thomas of, his duel code, 241
Glove as gage of battle, 245
Gobereen, ordeal of, in Rajmahal, 259
God, judgment of, faith reposed in, 102
tempting of, in the ordeal, 207, 411
his interposition expected, 250
appeals to, among Hebrews, 261
Godelmann on cold-water ordeal in witchcraft, 328
Godfrey, St., his charter to Amiens, 201
Godi, Norse priest and judge, 27
decides as to compurgation, 53
Godwin of Kent, his death, 341
Golden Bull, torture in, 505
Golden Calf, ashes of, as ordeal, 262
Gonsalvo de Cremona, 359
Gothic ritual defended by duel, 132
by fire ordeal, 313
Готы (см. также Остготы и Вестготы).
compurgation not used, 34
use of judicial duel by, 115
their civilization, 456
their use of torture, 457
Gout cured by torture, 528
Gräfe, Johann, opposes torture, 576
Grágás (см. Исландия).
Grammatico, Tomaso, on punishment for suspicion, 520
Gran, council of, 1099, prescribes the ordeal, 410
Grand jury, presentation by, 388
Grandier, Urbain, case of, 556
Grateley, council of, 928, regulation of ordeal, 406
Gratian does not condemn the ordeal, 413
on extorted confessions, 478
Greece, family organizations in, 15
oaths used, 26
traces of compurgation in, 34
traces of judicial duel, 108
ordeals in, 270
oath of the gods, 371
use of torture in, 432
varieties of torture, 434
Greeks, duels with Franks, 151
Gregory I. on oaths on relics, 372
extorted confessions invalid, 478
Gregory II. prescribes oaths for clerics, 36
Gregory III., penitential of, on oaths, 30
Gregory VII., his war on simony, 62
introduces Roman ritual in Spain, 132
tries cold-water ordeal, 324
takes ordeal of Eucharist, 349
his improvised ordeal, 350
Gregory IX., his Decretals, 419
on purgation of heresy, 484
prohibits counsel to accused, 487
Gregory XI. condemns the Sachsenspiegel, 210, 420
Gregory of Tours, his purgatorial oaths, 28
accused by Leudastes, 454
Grenoble, accused refused a hearing, 518
Grillandus on compurgation, 93
on torture of sleeplessness, 535
his five degrees of torture, 543
on charms against torture, 557
Grimkel, Bishop, tests relic with fire, 316
Grimoald, King, restricts judicial duel, 114
restricts right of slaves to duel, 148
Grossolano, Archbishop, convicted by ordeal, 306
Gualberto, St. Giovanni, urges the ordeal, 305
Guarantees required for oaths, 25
of compurgatorial oath withdrawn, 72
Guardians, required to provide champions, 153
Guardianship cases, slave torture in, 442
Gudrun, Queen, cleared by the ordeal, 385
Guelf, Bavarian house of, founded, 133
Guibert of Nogent uses ordeal for heretics, 410
Guido, Abbot, of Pescara, 157
Guy (Emp.) on duels of clerics, 155
Guilds to furnish conjurators, 82
Guillot de Ferrières, case of, 492
Guilt before God but not before man, 136
Guisbert, Ladislas, case of, 588
Gulathingenses Leges, partition of wer-gild, 18
selection of compurgators, 50
oath of compurgators, 59
Gundeberga, Queen, case of, 113
Gundobald, King, use of duel ascribed to, 112
the duel as remedy for perjury, 118
Gunner’s case, 86
Gushtasp converted by the ordeal, 295
Gustavus Adolphus, compurgation in his laws, 83
Gyda, Queen, duel for, 115
Hainault, penalty for default in duel, 173
charter of 1619, torture in, 556
Hako Hakonsen on division of wer-gild, 18
choice of compurgators, 49
oath of compurgators, 59
prohibits ordeal, 422
Hair may float in cold-water ordeal, 319
Hale, Sir Matthew, on the duel, 245
Hales, Alexander, on duel, 209
condemns ordeals, 420
Halle, citizens tortured by Lothair II., 475
punishment without conviction, 521
torture of aged in, 527
Hanche, Adolf, his duel, 171
Hand of bishop, oath taken on, 30
Hand, loss of, for perjury, 64
for hired champions, 191
wrapped up after ordeal, 280, 288
Hanover, torture abolished, 581
Hans Speiss, convicted by bier-right, 363
Hardening to torture, 558
Harold Blaatand abolishes duel, 200
converted by ordeal, 295
Harold the Simple abolishes duel, 200
Harry, slave, convicted by bier-right, 367
Haselwood, Wm., uses ordeal of sieve, 358
Hatchet used in iron ordeal, 289
Hatred excuses from duel, 146
Haut-justiciers, their rights over duel, 218
Haynokes, Susannah, case of, 336
Hearing refused to accused, 518, 547
Heaven, its interposition relied on, 251
Hebrew customs, sacrificial oaths, 26, 27
use of ordeals, 261
fire ordeal, 303
torture not used, 430
Hela, witch tried by ordeal in, 333
Hellenic Patræ and Phratriæ, 15
Hen used in ordeal, 256
Henry II. (Emp.) accepts a duel, 134
restricts use of champions, 189
accords duel to the guilty, 131
hangs thieves convicted by the duel, 135
cold-water ordeal for slaves, 322
Henry III. (Emp.) on number of conjurators, 43
rules for compurgation, 54
challenges Henry I. (France), 130
charter to church of Volterra, 161
Henry IV. (Emp.) offers the duel, 133
his charter to Pisa, 200
refuses ordeal of Eucharist, 350
Henry V. (Emp.) his charter to Venice, 57
Henry I. (England), laws of, compurgation abolished, 67
his charter to London, 201
Henry II. (Engl.) exempts clerics from duel, 158
forbids hiring of champions, 190
his bleeding after death, 360
Henry III. (Engl.) prohibits the ordeal, 421
Henry VIII., compurgation under, 92
use of torture under, 566, 568
Henry II. (France) swears to grant no duels, 234
Henry III. (France) revises coutumier of Normandy, 79, 231
Henry IV. (France) edict against duels, 104
his pardons to duellists, 107
Henry II. (Navarre) grants the duel, 233
Henry of Bavaria buries a tortured pilgrim, 474
Henry of Essex, case of, 137
Henry, Duke of Limburg, 343
Henry the Lion, case of, 133
Henry of Lorraine claims jurisdiction of duel, 238
Henry I. of Mainz administers the ordeal, 295
Henry of Strassburg convicts heretics by ordeal, 419
Henry of Susa pronounces ordeals illegal, 420
Hepburn and Brown, duel of, 240
Hera, oaths taken by, 26
Heracles pays for murder of Iphitus, 15
Heretics, compurgators for, 88
conviction of, by ordeal, 297, 410, 419
ordeal forbidden in their trial, 419
torture used in 1025, 474
Heresy, no limitations on torture, 467
torture habitually used, 484
Herigarius, miracle granted to, 379
Herkia defeated in ordeal, 385
Hermann of Cologne, conversion of, 418
Hermann of Slavonia prescribes compurgation, 84
Hermann of Suabia challenges Henry II., 134
Hermes, mutilation of statues of, 433
Herzegovina, ordeal for witches, 333
Hidulf, St., power of his intercession, 377
Hildebert of Le Mans on torture, 475
Hinemar, his rules for compurgators, 47
his eulogy of hot-water ordeal, 278, 282
explanation of cold-water ordeal, 319
ordeals for witnesses and compurgators, 389
his suggestion of a champion, 398
Индийские обычаи (см. Индия).
Hiring of champions, 190, 193, 195
Hirpi walk over burning coals, 287
Hoel Dda, his laws, 20
abrogation of ordeals ascribed to, 110
Holland, ordeal of balance in, 335
torture system in, 521, 576
disuse of torture, 577
Holm-gang, 111
abolition of, 199
Holstein, bier-right in, 364
Holy Coat of Trèves, 422
Holy Ghost, ordeal of, 381
Holy water used in ordeal, 281, 407
Holyrood, Abbey of, its jurisdiction, 162
Homicide, penalty of, at Arques, 13
duel necessary to prove it, 142
inferior can challenge superior, 151
Homines sinodales, 41
Homo infamatus sent to ordeal, 392
Honor, duel of, 104
Honorius III. forbids clerical duels, 160
prohibits ordeals, 423
Honorius of Autun sanctions ordeal, 413
Horatii and Curiatii, preliminary oath, 271
Horatius, wer-gild paid by, 15
Host, consecrated, power of, 347
Hot-water ordeal in Japan, 253
in Ethiopia, 256
in Madagascar, 257
among the Khonds, 258
in Rajmahal, 259
among the Mazdeans, 265
in Tibet, 269
>among the Feini, 272
in earliest Salic law, 274
among the Wisigoths, 275
its use in Europe, 278
swallowing hot water, 283
its use in India, 283
miraculous cases, 285
used for trifling cases, 292
patrician or plebeian ordeal, 322
Household slaves, torture of, in Spain, 464
Hubert, Bishop of Worcester, 40
Huesca, ordeals prohibited in, 424
Hugh Capet challenged by Louis d’Outremer, 130
Hugh, king of Italy, 128
Hugh, legate, refuses bribe, 62
Hungary, liability of clerics to duel, 157
restriction of duel in, 237
ordeals introduced, 277
use of iron ordeal, 299
witches tried by ordeal in 1730, 332, 335
ordeal for all suspects, 388
preservation of purity of ordeal, 405
privilege of administering ordeals, 415
fees for ordeals, 416
ordeals prohibited in 1279, 423
torture legalized, 508
Husband and wife, rule as to torture of, 543
Hutten, Ludwig von, declines a challenge, 238
Iarnsida, partition of wer-gild, 18
selection of compurgators, 50
compurgation in default of evidence, 54
oath of compurgators, 59
use of compurgation, 82
no torture in, 562
Iceland, legal process in, 17
levying of fines, 18
sacrificial oaths, 27
use of compurgation, 35, 82
admission of compurgation, 53, 54
oaths of compurgators, 59
accusatorial conjurators, 97
use of duel in, 111
penalty for default, 174
duel abolished, 199
use of red-hot iron ordeal, 292
accused can demand ordeal, 387
ordeals abolished, 422
use of torture, 561
Ictus capituli, 163
Idol-water as an ordeal, 344
Iesameh, 29
Iglau, compurgation in laws of, 84
the duel in, 205
Illegal torture renders confession invalid, 550
Illinois, bier-right in, 368
Illusions, diabolic, in ordeal, 408
Imagination, influence of, in ordeals, 339, 396
Imbrico of Augsburg, his ordeal of Eucharist, 351
Immunity of clerics from secular law, 414
Imprecations, use of, in Assyria, 260
Imprisonment for retracting confession, 549
Incest, evidence of slave in cases of, 444
Incrimination of accomplices rejected in Rome, 443
accepted in modern times, 484, 515, 517, 546, 562, 570, 584
Incontinency, compurgation for, 87
India, communal organization in, 14
use of oaths, 25
evidence of friends and kinsmen excluded, 38
duel to avert battles, 104
judicial duel not used, 108
limitations on witnesses, 122
champions allowed in ordeals, 179
ordeals of pre-Aryan races, 258, 291, 344
oaths as ordeals, 267
ordeal of fire, 267
complicated ordeal system, 268
is a religious ceremony, 269, 280
ordeal of boiling oil, 283
of red-hot iron, 289
of fire, 303
relics tested by fire, 314
ordeal of cold water, 319
of balance, 334
of endurance, 339
of rice, 344
of cosha, or idol-water, 344
of chance, 352
of poison, 375
only for doubtful characters, 384
either party can undergo the ordeal, 384
minimum limit of ordeals, 391
torture unknown, 431
Infamy of champions, 187
ordeal in cases of, 388
Influence of torture on judges, 534
Informers, responsibility of, in Rome, 440, 446
under Wisigoths, 459
Injustice of ordeal, explanation of, 401
Innocent I. on use of torture, 477
Innocent II. prescribes compurgation, 62, 71
forbids clerics to fight, 156
Innocent III. modifies compurgatorial oaths, 71
orders purgation for heresy, 89
on failure in duel, 137
forbids clerics to fight, 156, 158
his relation to the duel, 208
suppresses the ordeal, 418
Innocent IV. forbids clerical duels in France, 159
orders torture to discover heresy, 484
Innocent VIII. on torture of clerics in England, 566
Inquest of Fame, 71
Inquests, torture not used in, 499, 512
Inquisition, its use of compurgation, 89
its use of torture, 483
extortion of confession, 485
its influence on use of torture, 486, 512
restricted by Council of Vienne, 511
torture to discover accomplices, 516
Inquisition of State in Venice, 507
Inquisitorial Process, the, 512
becomes general, 499
not used in Poland, 509
retained in Germany, 581
Inquisitors dispensed for use of torture, 484
Insane, the, exempt from torture, 528
Inscription of accuser in Rome, 440, 446
under Wisigoths, 459
Intervention of God expected in the duel, 135
Inundation of 1219 caused by ordeals, 422
Inverness exempted from duel, 201
Involuntary perjury, penance for, 31
Ipswich, selection of conjurators in, 49
Ireland, solidarity of the family in, 15
levying of fines, 18
tribal responsibility, 42
judicial duel among the Feini, 109
duel in 1583, 243
inspiration of judges, 272
hot-water ordeal in, 273
hot-iron ordeal for women, 292
ordeal of the lot, 354
of the oath, 374
use of the Clog Oir, 397
Irregular ordeals, 377
Irregularity of clerics, 484
Iron bands used as an ordeal, 377
Ордалия железом (см. Раскаленное железо).
Isaac, assassin of Charles the Good, 474
Isidor of Seville on perjury, 31
Islam, reduplicated oaths, 29
accusations of adultery, 46
oaths as ordeals in, 263
Италия (см. также Лангобардское право, Сицилийские конституции).
conjurators to confirm witnesses, 56
challenging of witnesses, 120
Otho II. enlarges the sphere of the duel, 131
cases admitting the duel, 141
the Church subjected to the duel, 155, 160
jurisdiction of the Church over duel, 163
oaths preliminary to the duel, 166
penalty for defeat in duel, 169
duels fought to the end, 178
champions always employed, 182
as a profession, 189
restrictions on use of, 189
equalization of, 194
abrogation of duel, 235
bier-right, 365
ordeals prohibited in Naples, 422
in 15th century, 425
reappearance of torture, 481, 484
its development, 506
its abolition, 586
Itzehoe, case of bier-right in, 365
Ivan III., torture introduced by, 509
Ivo of Chartres, distrust of compurgation, 61