«Музыкальные мифы и факты, том 2»

Democritus, of Abdera, philosopher, writes seven books on music.

Commencement of the Peloponnesian war between the Athenians and Spartans which lasts twenty-seven years (431).

Socrates (469-399). 430 Lysander, of Sycion, invents a more artistic instrumental accompaniment to vocal music.

Alexandrides extends the compass of the Greek wind instruments.

Alcibiades.

Brennus, Chief of the Gauls, burns & sacks Rome (390). 400 Timotheus, of Miletus, Asia Minor, singer, kithara-player and poet, composes many works, and improves the lyre.

Plato, philosopher, in his works treats also on music.

Demosthenes (384-322). 360 About this time, the first dramatic performances with music in Rome.

Diogenes (350).

Alexander, the Great, son of Philip of Macedonia (333). 350 Aristoteles, of Stagira, born in 384, philosopher and musician. In his works much about music.

Ptolemy I., King of Egypt, encourages the cultivation of sciences and arts in his kingdom, & founds a library in Alexandria. 310 Aristoxenus, of Tarentum, born in 340, philosopher and musician, founds a new School of music which is in opposition to the teaching of Pythagoras, generally accepted until that time. He writes many treatises on music. Division of the musicians into Musici, or the followers of Aristoxenus, who derive the rules of music from its effect upon the ear,—and Canonici, or the followers of Pythagoras, who derive them from mathematical laws.

Pyrrhus, King of Epirus, is defeated by the Romans (275). 300 About this period the Greeks made many improvements in the construction of their musical instruments.

Euclides, of Alexandria, born in 323, died 283, mathematician, writes on the theory of music and acoustics.

The first Punic war (264-241).

The second Punic war (218-202). 250 Archimedes, of Syracuse, born in 287, died 212, mathematician, is said to have invented the hydraulic organ.

Scipio defeats Hannibal in Africa (202). Ctesibius, of Alexandria, improves the pneumatic organ and alters it into a hydraulic organ. His son Hero still further perfects the instrument and describes it.

The first Macedonian war (200).

The first library at Rome (167). 200 Aristeas, of Greece, a kithara-player, writes a treatise on kithara-playing.

Corinth and Carthage destroyed by the Romans (146). Greece and North Africa become Roman provinces. 150 Polybius, of Megalopolis in Arcadia, born about the year 204, historian, writes a treatise on the influence of music upon civilization.

Civil war in Rome (88).

The Romans under Julius Cæsar invade Britain (55). 100 Alypius, of Alexandria, writes on musical notation by means of the letters of the Greek alphabet.

Julius Cæsar assassinated in the Senate-house (44).

Cicero killed (43).

Virgilius.

Antonius and Cleopatra defeated (31). 50 Hermogenes (Marcus Tigellius), singer and instrumentalist of Greece, settles in Rome.

Augustus, Roman Emperor (30).

Horace.

Mæcenas. 30 Diodorus Siculus, of Agyrium in Sicily, historian, gives some account of the oldest music of the Egyptians and Greeks.

Titus Livius, historian.

Ovidius, poet. 10 Vitruvius (Pollio M.), born in Italy, architect, writes on musical subjects.

a.d.

Hermann in Germany defeats Varus (9). 1 Gradual decay of the Greek Music.

The Romans under the Emperor Claudius invade England (40).

London founded by the Romans (49). The first Christian hymns (St. Matthew, chap. XXVI., v. 30; St. Mark, chap. XIV., v. 26; I Corinth., chap. XIV., v. 15; Ephes., chap. V., v. 19; Coloss., chap. III., v. 16; St. James, chap. V., v. 13, etc.).

50 Pliny the Elder, born at Verona in the year 27, died in 79. Several books on music.

Destruction of Jerusalem by Titus (70).

Herculaneum and Pompeii destroyed by an eruption of Vesuvius (79). 60 Nero, Roman Emperor from a.d. 54 to 68, musician, singer, flutist, lyrist. He sings and plays in public, and is said to have maintained 5000 musicians in his pay.

Tacitus, historian.

Juvenal, poet.

Martialis, poet.

Pliny the Younger.

Trajan, Roman Emperor (98). 80 Plutarchus, born at Chaeronea in Boeotia, about the year 40, biographer and philosopher. Several musical essays.

Introduction of Christianity into Ireland by St. Patrick (110). 100 Ptolemaeus (Claudius) born at Pelusium in Egypt, about the year 70, mathematician, geographer, astronomer, and musician. In his writings he endeavours to reconcile the musical theories of Pythagoras and Aristoxenus. He reduces the fifteen Modes of the Greeks to seven.

Fingal (Ossian) in Scotland (200).

Persecutions of the Christians during the third century.

Artaxerxes, king of Persia, conquers the Parthians, & founds the dynasty of the Sassanidæ (226). 200

From about the year 150 to 200, above a dozen authors are known in whose works some account is given of the music of the ancients.

Probus, Roman Emperor, causes the vine to be planted on the banks of the Rhine and the Moselle (276). 250 The Fathers of the Church who give the first account of the sacred songs of the early Christians are Tertullian, Clemens of Alexandria, and Origen. Their writings date from the first half of the third century. The Christian communities had already during the first century in their religious observances, which in the beginning were held secretly, hymns sung alternately by a single voice and a chorus in unison. The melodies of the hymns were probably similar to those of the Greeks. At all events, the Modes in which they were sung, and the notation by letters of the alphabet, had been derived from the Greeks.

Constantine, Emperor, is converted to Christianity, and transfers the seat of his empire from Rome to Byzantine, henceforth called Constantinople (330). 330 Silvester I., Pope, institutes in Rome the first school for Church-song.

Division of the Roman Empire into Eastern and Western (364).

Kingdoms formed by the Ostrogoths and Visigoths.

The Huns migrate from Asia to Europe, and come in collision with the Goths (375). 350 Damasus, Bishop of Rome, born at Madrid in the year 314, introduces in Church the antiphonal singing of the Psalms by two choirs, and regulates the intoning of the Mass.

St. Basilius (died 379) promotes sacred song in the Eastern (Greek-Christian) Church, and describes the Church-music of his time.

Theodosius the Great, Emperor of the Eastern Empire (379). 380 St. Ambrose, Bishop of Milan, from 374 to 397, born about 333 in Gallia, died in 398. Introduces the Ambrosian Song of Praise (Te Deum laudamus), composes several hymns, and promotes the singing of the Psalms, in opposition to the old Greek music.

The Visigoths, or Goths of the West, under Alaric, invade Italy (400). 400 St. Augustine, Bishop of Hippo, born 354 at Tagasta, in Africa, died 430. In his works, writes much about music, and especially recommends Psalm-singing.

Rome is sacked and burnt by Alaric (410). The Fathers of the Church, St. Chrysostom, Cyprian, and Hieronymus, with others, uphold the cultivation of Church-song, which is discouraged by many.

The Anglo-Saxons arrive in Britain (449).

The Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy in Britain (457).

420 Macrobius writes on music according to the system of Pythagoras.

500 Boethius, born 470 in Rome, died 526; writes several treatises on the music of the Ancients.

Silkworms are introduced into Europe from China (550). 550 Cassiodorus (Magnus Aurelius) born 480, died 575; musical author.

The Picts are converted to Christianity (565).

The Visigoths, or Goths of the West, conquer the greater part of Spain (580).

Foundation of the Kingdom of Mercia by Crida (582). 590 Gregory the Great, Pope, 590 to 604, collects the Christian hymns, fixes the employment of them, improves the Singing Schools, appoints Cantores, Precentors, etc. The Gregorian Church-song used in place of the Ambrosian.

596 St. Augustine, first Bishop of Canterbury, usually called the Apostle of the English, introduces into England with the Christian religion, the Church-song.

Church-music contributes much to the diffusion of Christianity in heathen countries.

Mohammed, founder of a Religion (604).

The Pope in Rome acknowledged as the head of the Church (607).

University of Cambridge founded (631). 600 St. Isidore, Archbishop of Seville, in Spain, born at Carthagena about 570, died 636. Promotes the improvement of Church-music, and writes treatises on music.

Conquests of the Arabs in Asia, as far as Hindustan.

Jerusalem is taken by them (637).

The Caliph Omar burns the Alexandrian library (640). 650 Jacob (Deacon), Stephan Eddi, Putta, Maban, and Acca (Bishop), were distinguished church-singers in England during the period from 620 to 700.

The Danes invade England (660).

The Britons are driven into Wales (685). 660 Vitalianus, Pope, from 657 to 672, introduces the hydraulic organ into the Church for sounding the first tone of the Chorale as a guide to the singers. He sends two accomplished Roman singers to Gallia (France) for the purpose of improving the Church-song in that country.

Conquests of the Arabs in North Africa (688). 676 Johannes Damascenus, born at Damascus. Introduces in Church hymns, the melodies of which differ from the old Grecian.

The Saracens in Spain (713).

Glass-painting & Mosaic in Italy (750). 700 Beda Venerabilis, born 673, died 735; an English Monk, to whom are attributed two important treatises on music.

Pepin, King of the Franks (752-768). Benedict, an English Abbot, introduces chanting in choirs.

The Danes invade England (783).

Harun al-Raschid, Caliph of Bagdad. Flourishing state of the sciences with the Arabs (786). 780 Alcuinus, or Albinus, an English Prelate, born 736, died 814; promotes Church-music.

Division of the Monarchy of Charlemagne (843). 800 Charlemagne, Emperor of Germany, introduces the Gregorian Church-song into all his dominions, and orders a collection to be made of the popular secular songs.

Church organs come gradually into use.

Alfred the Great defeats the Danes in England (880). 850 Notker, a Benedictine Monk of St. Gallen, in Germany, composes sacred songs called Sequentias Missales, which are introduced in the churches.

886 Friar John of St. David's, the first Professor of Music at the University of Oxford, appointed by Alfred the Great.

Foundation of the University of Oxford by Alfred the Great (900).

Foundation of the Kingdom of Hungary by the Magyars (about 900).

University of Cambridge restored (915).

Institution of Free-Masons in England (924). 900 Hucbald, Monk of St. Amand, in Flanders, born about 840, died 932. First attempt to accompany an air with several voices in harmony. Notation, consisting of the syllables of the words placed in different positions between lines. The signs used for the words placed in different positions between lines. The signs used for the purpose during the three preceding centuries were called Numæ.

The Russians, under Wladimir the Great, embrace Christianity (988).

950 St. Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury, introduces organs into English churches.

Poland becomes a Kingdom (1000).

William of Normandy invades England (1066).

The Moors in Spain (1091).

Peter the Hermit. The first Crusade (1095). 1030 Guido of Arezzo, a Benedictine Monk at Pomposa, born about 990 in Arezzo, died 1050. Improves the method of singing in use at his time, and the notation of Hucbald; designates the tones by the letters of the alphabet. He is supposed to be the inventor of the Solmisation of the Hexachord, or scale of six sounds, etc.

War between England and France (1113).

Frederick I., called Barbarossa, in Germany (1152).

The Sultan Saladin conquers Egypt (1187). 1100 Notation.—During the twelfth century originated our musical notation, the inventor of which is unknown. The first attempts in Counterpoint led to the employment of notes of different value (Mensural and Figural Notes). However, these innovations did not come into general practical use until about the year 1200.

Magna Charta, or the Charter of English Liberty (1215). 1200 The most popular instruments of the Middle Ages were the Psalterium, Harp, Rotta, Viol, Lute, Organistrum, Regals, Recorder, Sackbut, Shalm, etc.

Distinguished Troubadours and Minnesänger during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries:—

Guillaume IX., Count of Poitou; Blondel, with Richard Cœur de Lion; Sordello of Mantua, Peyrols, Bertrand de Lorm, Arnold of Maraviglia, Heinrich von Veldeck, Wather von der Vogelweide, Reimar der Aeltere, Reimar der Zweter, Ulrich von Lichtenstein, Heinrich von Morungen, Wolfram von Eschenbach, Hartmann von der Aue, Gottfried von Strassburg, Conrad von Würzburg, Johann Hadlaub. 1207 Contest of the Minnesänger at the Wartburg, in Saxony.

The Minnesänger, who flourished in Germany, especially during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, were identical with the Troubadours, or singers of secular, amorous, and martial ditties, which they accompanied with the harp, cither, guitar, or some other instrument. The original home of the Troubadours was Provence, in the South of France, where they originated about the beginning of the eighth century. Subsequently, at the time of the German Minnesänger, there were also Troubadours in Italy, Spain and England. Among them were many noblemen, and even princes.

The Kingdom of Granada founded by the Moors in Spain (1238).

Foundation of the University of Vienna (1237). 1220 Franco of Cologne, the first known musical author who treats circumstantially on the new theory of Harmony, and who, by expounding it systematically, greatly contributes to its diffusion. (Forkel, Fétis, and some other musical historians, maintain that Franco of Cologne lived during the second half of the eleventh century.)

Cimabue, Giotto, Italian painters (1240).

Termination of the Crusades (1248). 1240 Odington (Walter), an English monk, writes on music in a manner similar to that of Franco of Cologne, in Germany.

Parliament of Great Britain. First assembly of the Commons as a confirmed representation (1265).

Venice and Genoa are powerful. 1260 Hieronymus von Mæhren, in France, writes on the theory of music.

1280 Adam de la Hale, of Arras, in France, writes compositions in four-part harmony, dramatic pieces, with songs, etc. He lived in Provence.

Invention of Gunpowder (1292).

Italian poets and authors: Dante Alighieri (1265-1321); Petrarca (1304-1374); Boccaccio (1313-1375). 1290 Ægidius, of Zamora, a Spanish monk, writes on the invention of musical instruments.

Disunion in the Church. Popes in Avignon (1378). 1300 Gradual diffusion of the theory of Harmony, especially through Marchetto di Padua, about 1310, in Italy;—and through Jean de Muris, about 1325, in France.

The Turks victorious in Hungary (1396). 1390 Gerson (Johannes), a French monk, born 1363, died 1429. Musical author.

Commencement of the period in which appeared numerous sacred vocal compositions, viz: Masses, Motetts (English Anthems), Offertories, Hymns, Psalms, Madrigals, etc. The Madrigals were in the form of the Motett, but often had secular words. Instrumental music was still insignificant.

Masaccio, Fiesole, Italian painters (1400).

Conquest of France by Henry V., King of England (1420).

Charles VII., of France (1422-1461). 1400 Dufay (Guillaume), born about 1350 at Chimay, in Belgium, died 1432. The first Contrapuntist, properly speaking. Purer harmony than previously. Application in the notation of the White notes, which had been already invented before his time. Many Church compositions.

Jeanne d'Arc burnt (1430).

England loses all her possessions in France, except Calais (about 1440).

Invention of Printing (1440). Binchois (Egide), born in Picardy, contributes to the improvement of harmony and of musical notation. Composes much vocal music.

Constantinople taken by the Turks (1453). 1450 Dunstable (John), born about 1400 in Scotland, died 1458. Improves the harmony and the musical notation.

Watches invented at Nürnberg (1477).

Inquisition in Spain (1480).

Burgundy and Provence incorporated with France (1481).

The Medici govern in Florence; flourishing growth of the arts & sciences (1402-1537). 1470 Ockeghem, or Ockenheim (Johann), born about 1430 in Hainault, Belgium; died 1513. Founder of the newer Netherlandish School, improver of harmony, and composer of Church music.

Obrecht, or Hobrecht (Jacob), born about 1430 in Holland. Many compositions for the Church.

Bernhard, a German residing in Venice, is said to have invented the organ pedal.

America discovered by Columbus (1492).

Macchiavelli, historian (1469-1527).

Ludovico Ariosto, poet (1474-1533). 1490 Déprés (Josquin des Prés), born about 1450 in France, died about 1521. Pupil of Ockeghem. Many Masses and other compositions for the Church.

Tinctor (Jean), born about 1450 at Nivelles, died about 1520. Founder of a School in Italy. Many Church compositions.

Leonardo da Vinci, painter (1444-1519).

Tiziano Vecelli, painter (1477-1576).

Rafael Sanzio, painter (1483-1520). Gafforio (Franchino), born 1451 at Lodi, died 1522. Writer on the theory of music, and promoter of new rules of harmony.

Adam von Fulda, born about 1450 in Germany. Writes a treatise on the newly-established theory of music, and composes music for the Church.

Correggio (1494-1534).

Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528).

Newfoundland, the first British Colony in America, discovered by Cabot (1497). Towards the end of the fifteenth century Chairs of Professorship for music were instituted in different towns of Italy, especially in Milan and Naples.

Copernicus, astronomer (1473-1543). In the beginning of the sixteenth century the Netherlandish music attains its highest reputation in Italy (at the time of the Popes Julius II. and Leo X.), in Spain, France, and Germany.

Zwingli in Switzerland (1519).

Gustav Wasa, King of Sweden (1523). 1500

Henry VIII., King (1509-1547). 1502 Petrucci (Ottaviano), of Fossombrone in Italy, invents the printing of musical notation with movable types.

The highest degree of perfection of the art of painting in Italy. 1520 Willaert (Hadrian), born about 1490, in Flanders, died 1563. Lived in Rome and Venice. Founder of the Venetian School. Composer of the first Masses for six and seven different voices, of Masses for two and three choruses, etc.

The Netherlandish School of Painting, founded by Johann van Eyk, about 1350:—Floris, Stradan, De Vos, Spranger, Peter & Franz Porbus, Steenvyk, Vanbort, P. & J. Breughel, Rubens (1577-1640). Snyders, Momper, David Teniers, De Crayer, Gerhard & Daniel Segers, Jordans, Rombouts, Anton van Dyk (1598-1641).

The Dutch School of Painting, founded by Lucas of Leyden, born 1494:—Van Veen, Bloemart, Poelenburg, Wynants, Vertange, Hanesberge, etc.

Roman School of Painting; pupils of Rafael:— Giulio Romano, Penni il Fattore, Bagnacavallo, Del Vaga, Caravaggio, Gemigniani, Garofalo, etc.

Venetian School of Painting; pupils of Titian:—Del Piombo, Palma Vecchio, Lotto, Bordone, Pordenone, Schiavone, Bassano, Tintoretto, Poalo Veronese.

Florentine School of Painting; pupils of Da Vinci:—Luini, Salaino, Melzo, Fra Bartolomeo, Del Sarto, Peruzzi, Razzi, Michel-Angelo. 1530 Aaron (Pietro), born about 1480 in Florence. Contrapuntist, writer on the theory of music, and composer of Church music.

Luther (Martin), born 1483 at Eisleben, in Germany, died 1546. Composes Chorales, and promotes congregational singing.

Alterations in the old Church-songs for the Reformed Church. Introduction in German Churches of Chorales in the German language.

Walther (Johann), born about 1490 in Saxony, died about 1555. German Mass, many Chorales, etc.

Senfl (Ludwig), born about 1490, at Basle in Switzerland, died about 1560. Masses, Motetts, Chorales, etc.

Agricola (Martin), born 1486 in Silesia, died 1556. Many vocal compositions, and a treatise on musical instruments.

Luscinius (Ottomar), properly Nachtigall, born 1487 at Strassburg, died about 1540. Treatises on music and on the musical instruments of his time.

Glarean (Heinrich Lorit), born 1488 in Switzerland, died 1563. Many essays on the History and Theory of Music.

Festa (Costanzo), born about 1490 at Rome. Many Motetts and other Church music. Regarded as the precursor of Palestrina.

1540 Berchem (Jacob), called Giachetto di Mantua, born 1499 at Antwerp, died about 1580. Many Masses, Motetts, etc.

Gombert (Nicolas), born about 1500 in the Netherlands, died about 1570. Many Masses, Motetts, and other sacred and secular compositions for four, five, and six different voices.

Arcadelt (Jacques), born about 1500 in the Netherlands, died about 1570. Teacher in Rome. Many Masses, Motetts, Madrigals, etc.

Clement (Jacques), called Clemens non Papa, born about 1500 in Flanders, died 1566. Masses and other sacred compositions.

The Order of Jesuits founded by Ignaz Loyola (1540).

The Turks conquer Tripoli (1551).

Death of Rabelais (1553).

Philip II., King of Spain (1556).

Foundation of the University of Jena (1558).

Holbein, painter (1494-1554).

Calais is lost to England in the reign of Mary (1558). 1550 Goudimel (Claude), born 1510 in Flanders, died about 1572. Many Psalms, Motetts, and other sacred compositions, and also secular music. Much progress in Harmony. Founder of a Music School in Rome.

Morales (Christoforo), born about 1510 at Seville in Spain, lived in Rome. Many Masses, etc.

Est (Michael), born about 1510 in England. Many Psalms and Madrigals.

Tallis (Thomas), born 1520 in England, died about 1585. Many sacred compositions.

Lossius (Lucas), born 1508 in Germany, died 1582. Many Chorales, a treatise on music, etc.

Queen Elizabeth (1558-1603).

English authors:

Spenser, poet (1553-1598).

Francis Bacon (1561-1626). 1560 Rore (Cyprian), called Vanrore, born 1516 at Malines, died 1565. Pupil of Willaert, in Venice. Many sacred and secular vocal compositions.

Waelrant (Hubert), born 1517 in the Netherlands, died 1595. Many Church compositions. Improvement in the Solmisation.

Shakespeare (1564-1616).

Marlow, Green, Beaumont, Fletcher, Massinger:— Dramatic poets and contemporaries of Shakespeare.

Calvin in Geneva (1565). Lassus (Orlandus), properly Roland de Latre, born 1520 at Mons, in Hainault, died 1594. A great number of Church compositions of every kind, of which 1572 are known.

Kerle (Jacob), born about 1520 in Flanders. Many Masses, etc.

Zarlino (Giuseppe), born 1519 at Venice, died about 1590. Many Church compositions. Great progress in Harmony. Several treatises on the Theory of Music.

Hans Sachs, Meistersänger (1494-1576).

Tycho Brahe, Astronomer (1546-1601).

The Counts Egmont & Horn beheaded at Brussels (1568).

Palestrina (Giovanni Pierluigi di), born 1524 in Palestrina, died 1594. Reform of the Italian Church music by means of purer harmony. Ennobling of the rude Netherlandish style. Many Masses, Hymns, Motetts, Litanies, Offertories, etc.—Palestrina's celebrated Mass, known as Missa Papæ Marcelli, which was performed in Rome in the year 1565, had the effect of altering the opinion of many of the ecclesiastics who at the Council of Trent, in 1562, advocated the banishment of all Figural music from the Church.

The first Puritans and Presbyterians (1571).

Massacre of St. Bartholomew (1572).

First circumnavigation of the world, by Drake (1577). 1570 Faber (Heinrich), born 1525 at Brunswick, in Germany, died 1598. Church compositions, and a treatise on music.

Lejeune (Claude), born about 1540 in the Netherlands, died about 1600. Masses, Psalms, etc.

Nanini (Giovanni Maria), born about 1540 at Vallerano, in Italy, died 1607. Teacher of Counterpoint; many Motetts for eight different voices, and other Church compositions.

North-America English.

Walter Raleigh (1584).

Portugal is conquered by the Spaniards in 1581, and remains a Spanish Province until 1640.

The Netherlands become independent (1581).

The Gregorian Calendar introduced into all the Roman Catholic States of Europe (1582).

Elizabeth, Queen of England, causes Mary, Queen of Scots, to be beheaded at Fotheringay Castle (1587).

Defeat of the Spanish Armada in the English Channel (1588). 1580 Morley (Thomas), born about 1540 in England, died 1604. Madrigals and other vocal compositions. Instruction book on music.

Opera.—About the year 1580, a number of professional musicians and amateurs associated in the house of Giovanni Bardi, Count of Vernio, at Florence, with the object of reviving in the drama the musical declamation of the ancient Greeks. To this association belonged the composers Emilio del Cavalieri, Giacomo Peri, Giulio Caccini, and the poet Ottavio Rinuccini. Their exertions resulted in the production of the first Lyric Opera, called 'Dafne,' the poetry of which was by Rinuccini, and which was performed at Florence in the year 1594. Soon followed the first Tragic Opera, 'Euridice,' the poetry of which being by Rinuccini, and the music by Peri and Caccini. The next Operas were 'Il Satiro' and 'La Disperazione di Filano,' both with music by Cavalieri. Meanwhile, Orazio Vecchi attempted to compose a kind of Comic Opera, entitled 'L'Anfiparnasso, Commedia Armonica,' which was performed at Modena in the year 1594. The songs of these operas partook of the character of the recitative, and they were accompanied by a few instruments.

Janson, of Middlebourg, invents spectacles and telescopes (1590).

Torquato Tasso (1544-1595). 1590 Gabrieli (Giovanni), born about 1550 at Venice, died 1612. Many Church compositions.

Marenzio (Luca), born about 1550 at Brescia, died 1594. Motetts, Madrigals, etc.

Bird (William), born 1546 in England, died 1623. Masses, Graduales, Madrigals.

First Edition of Bacon's 'Essays' published (1597).

Edict of Nantes. Religious Liberty (1598). Weelkes (Thomas), born about 1550 in England. Madrigals and other vocal compositions.

Eccard (Johann), born about 1545 in Thuringia, Germany. Pupil of Orlando di Lasso. Many Church songs.

Gallus (Johann Peter), properly Händl, born about 1550 at Krain, in Austria, died 1591. Many sacred songs.

Incorporation by Royal Charter of the English East India Company (1600).

Lopez de Vega, dramatic poet, in Spain (1562-1635).

James VI. of Scotland, son of Mary Stuart, succeeds Queen Elizabeth of England as James I. (1603).

First French Colony in Canada (1604).

First permanent British settlement in North America, formed by "the London Company" under charter from James I. (1607). 1600 Vittoria (Tomaso Ludovico della), born about 1560 in Spain, died about 1608. Many Church compositions.

Dowland (John), born 1562 in England, died 1615. Virtuoso on the lute. Many vocal compositions.

Bull (John), born 1563 in England, died 1622. Organist. Vocal compositions and Organ pieces.

Vulpius (Melchior), born about 1560 in Germany, died 1616. Chorales and other sacred songs.

Calvisius (Sethus), born 1556 in Thuringia, Germany, died 1615. Many Church compositions, and also theoretical works.

Schultz (Hieronymus), called Prætorius, born 1560 at Hamburg, died 1629. Motetts, etc.

From about 1600 to 1725, the celebrated Violin Makers of Cremona, in Italy:—Amati, Guarneri, Stradivari, etc.

Bacon publishes his Advancement of Learning (1605). The most popular instruments about the year 1600 were: The lute, cither, spinet, virginal, clavichord, flûte-à-bec, cornet, etc.

Guy Fawkes Gunpowder Plot (1605).

Third recorded appearance of the comet afterwards known as Halley's Comet (1607). 1605 Viadana (Ludovico), born 1560 in Italy, died 1625. Many Church compositions, and the first Church concertos and Solo songs for the Church. Viadana is said to have invented, in the year 1605, the thorough-bass, or indication of the Harmony by marking the bass with figures; but this invention is also ascribed to Ottavio Catalano, born about 1595 in Sicily.

Thermometers are invented about this time by Drebbel, of Alkmaer, Paulo Sarpi, and Sanctorio.

Cervantes, author of Don Quixote, etc. (1547-1616).

English poets:—Milton, Dryden, Butler, Otway, Prior, Cowley, Denham.

The telescope is first applied to astronomical purposes by Galileo, at Padua. Discoveries of the satellites of Jupiter, and the spots in the sun (1610). 1610 Monteverde (Claudio), born 1565 at Cremona, died 1649. Masses, Madrigals, and also secular songs. The most important steps towards the development of the modern music by new licenses in the Harmony. Invention of the Tremolo of the violins, etc.

Cerone (Dominico Pietro), born 1566 at Bergamo, died 1620. Many theoretical treatises.

Prætorius (Michael), born 1571 in Thuringia, Germany, died 1621. Many Masses, Psalms, Hymns, and a musical treatise.

Walliser (Christoph Thomas), born about 1571 at Strassburg, died 1648. Church compositions, and a treatise on Harmony and on the Fugue.

1620 Frescobaldi (Gieronimo), born about 1580 in Italy, died 1640. Organist. Many Church compositions, Madrigals, Organ compositions, Fugues, Ricercari, etc.

Tea is brought from India by the Dutch; it is introduced into England in 1666. Vieira (Antonio), born about 1580 in Portugal, died in 1650. Many Church compositions for eight different voices.

Allegri (Gregorio), born about 1580 at Rome, died 1652. Many Church compositions. The Miserere of the Vatican.

The present authorized English version of the Bible is published, and is called "King James's Bible" (1611).

Settlement of New York, in North America, by the Dutch (1614).

Emigration of the Puritans to New England; they found New Plymouth (1620). Carissimi (Giacomo), born about 1582 at Padua, died about 1673. Many Masses, some of which are for twelve different voices, and other Church compositions. Improver of the Recitative. The first important Oratorios and Cantatas in Italy.

Kapsberger (Johann Hieronymus), born about 1575 in Germany, died 1650. Lived in Italy. Church compositions, and Instruction books for playing the Lute and the Guitar. Gibbons (Orlando), born 1583 at Cambridge, died 1625. Many Church compositions, Anthems, Madrigals, etc.

Charles I. succeeds James I., King of England, after the death of the latter, in 1625. Disputes between King Charles I. and his Parliament. Civil war begins in 1642. Last general assembly of the Hanseatic cities of Germany. Lübeck, Hamburg and Bremen continue united. 1627 Schütz (Heinrich von), called Sagittarius, born 1585 in Germany, died 1672. Many Motetts, Psalms, and also Operas. In the year 1627 the Opera Dafne, by Rinuccini (see above, date 1580), having been translated into German by Opitz, and composed anew by Schütz, was performed in Dresden as the first German Opera.

Mazzocchi (Domenico), born about 1590 at Castellana, in Italy. Oratorios, Madrigals for five different voices with instrumental accompaniments. Introduced signs of expression in the notation.

Kepler, Astronomer (1571-1630).

Gustavus Adolphus dies on the battle-field at Lutzen (1632).

Wallenstein assassinated at Eyer (1634).

Rubens, Vandyck, Domenichino, painters (1620).

Ben Jonson, dramatist (1620). 1630 Mazzocchi (Virgilio), brother of the preceding, born about 1595, died 1646. Many Church compositions. The first development of the melody in the present sense.

Doni (Giovanni Battista), born 1593 at Florence, died 1674. Treatises on the music of the ancient Greeks and on that of his time.

Jenkins (John), born 1592 in Kent, England, died 1678. Virtuoso on the Viola da Gamba. Many compositions for his instrument and also vocal music.

Lope de Vega, Spanish writer (1620).

Galileo is condemned by the Inquisition of Rome as guilty of heresy for upholding the Copernican system, and compelled to abjure it (1633).

Richelieu founds the French Academy (1635). Schein (Johann Hermann), born 1586 in Germany, died 1630. Chorales, Madrigals, Secular Songs, etc.

Scheidt (Samuel), born 1587 at Halle, in Germany, died 1654. Contrapuntist. Many Church compositions as well as pieces for the Organ and Clavichord.

Mersenne (Marie), born 1588 in France, died 1640. Treatises on Harmony, Acoustics, and Musical History.

Death of Cardinal Richelieu (1642).

Louis XIV. (styled Dieu-donné), King of France (1643-1715). 1640 Lawes (Henry), born 1600 in England, died 1662. Psalms and Secular songs.

The Pendulum is applied to clocks by Richard Harris and the younger Galileo (1641). Kircher (Pater Athanasius), born 1602 at Fulda, in Germany, died 1680. Several treatises on music.

Charles I. beheaded (1649). 1645 The first Italian Opera in Paris, ordered from Italy by Cardinal Mazarin.

Oliver Cromwell, Protector of the Commonwealth (1653).

Portugal takes possession of the Brazils (1654).

Calderon de la Barca, dramatic poet in Spain (1601-1687).

Dutch and Flemish Painters:—Eykens, Sachtleven, Rembrandt, Douw Swanevelt, Wouvermann, Berghem, Paul Potter, etc. 1650 Sabattini (Galeazzo), born about 1610 in Italy. Litanies, Madrigals, and other vocal music.

Dumont (Henri), born 1610 at Liége, Belgium, died 1684. Masses and other Church compositions. Innovation of the employment of instrumental accompaniments to the Mass.

Child (William), born 1608 at Bristol, in England, died 1696. Psalms and other sacred vocal music, and secular songs.

Simpson (Christopher), born about 1610 in England, died about 1670. Instruction book on the Viola da Gamba, on the Theory of Music, etc.

Restoration of Charles II. (1660). Hammerschmiedt (Andreas), born 1611 in Bohemia, died 1675. Many Masses and other sacred compositions.

Spain takes possession of Havannah (1662).

The French, commanded by Turenne, victorious upon the Rhine (1663). Cesti (Marc-Antonio), born in 1620 at Florence, died 1681. Nine Operas. Progress in the development of operatic music.

Eccles (John), born about 1620 in England. Several Operas, songs, etc.

Plague in London (1665).

Great fire of London (1666). Lock (Matthew), born about 1620 in England, died 1677. Sacred music and dramatic compositions.

Flourishing state of France owing to her industry & commerce (1670).

The Turks in Hungary invade Poland (1670). 1670 Stradella (Alessandro), born 1645 at Naples, died 1678. An Oratorio and some Operas.

Kerl (Johann Caspar von), born about 1625 in Saxony, died about 1690. Masses and organ compositions.

Meibom (Marcus), born 1626 in Schleswig, died 1711. Many Treatises on the Music of the Ancient Greeks.

Death of Molière (1673).

De Ruyter, the Dutch Admiral, dies (1675).

1672 Lulli (Giovanni Battista), born 1633 at Florence, died 1687 at Paris. Founder of the older French operatic music. Composed 19 Operas and 26 ballets. His first French Opera was performed at Paris in the year 1672.

William Penn founds Pennsylvania (1681).

Vienna is besieged by the Turks (1683).

Death of Corneille (1684).

The Huguenots expelled from France (1685).

Peter the Great, Czar of Russia (from 1682 to 1725). 1680 Frohberger (Johann Jacob), born 1637 at Halle, Germany, died 1695. Organist. Many compositions for the organ and the clavichord.

Buxtehude (Dietrich), born about 1640 in Germany, died 1707. Many Organ compositions.

Gasparini (Michael-Angelo), born at Lucca, in Italy, during the second half of the seventeenth century, died in 1732. Many Operas. Founder of a School of Singing at Venice.

Steffani (Agostino), called Gregoria Piva, born about 1650, at Venice, died 1730. Masses and other sacred compositions, Operas, vocal duets.

William III., Prince of Orange, and Mary (daughter of James I.) his wife, declared King and Queen of England (1688).

Charles XII. King of Sweden from 1697 to 1718.

Alsace becomes French (1697).

Death of Racine (1699).

Locke, philosopher, English (1632-1704). 1690 Baj (Tomaso), born about 1650, at Bologna, died 1714. Many sacred compositions. A Miserere for the Vatican, which is sometimes performed instead of that by Allegri.

Corelli (Arcangelo), born 1653 at Fusignano, in Italy, died 1713. Violinist. Many concertos, etc.

Blow (John), born 1648 at Nottingham, died 1708. Many anthems, psalms, etc.

Purcell (Henry), born 1658 in London, died 1695. About 17 English Operas, secular songs, anthems and other sacred compositions.

Krieger (Adam), born 1646 at Nürnberg, died 1725. Operas, etc.

Charles XII., King of Sweden, at war with Denmark, Poland, and Russia. He forces the King of Denmark to conclude a peace with him, and defeats the Russians on the banks of the Narva (1700).

1700 Scarlatti (Alessandro), born 1659 at Trapani, in Sicily, died 1725. Composed 115 Operas, 200 Masses, several Oratorios, many sacred and secular cantatas, etc. Invention of the Recitative with orchestral accompaniment; of a greater combination of orchestral instruments than hitherto; of the Da-Capo, or repetition of the theme; and of several other essential innovations.

Queen Anne (1702). Desmarets (Henri), born 1662 at Paris, died 1741. About 8 Operas.

Battle of Blenheim, or Höchstadt, gained by the Duke of Marlborough & Prince Eugene over the French and Bavarians (1704).

Gibraltar taken by the English (1707). Brossard (Sébastien de), born 1660, probably at Strassburg, died 1730. Many Masses, a Dictionary of Music. Brossard's Dictionary, which was published in 1703, is generally regarded as the earliest work of its kind. Tinctor, however, already in the fifteenth century compiled a collection of the definitions of the musical terms in use at his time; and Janowka published at Prague a Musical Dictionary in Latin, two years previous to the appearance of Brossard's work, which is in French.

Union of England and Scotland by Treaty (1707).

Peter the Great defeats Charles XII. at Pultowa (1709). Fux (Johann Joseph), born 1660 in Austria, died about 1732. Composed 17 Operas, 26 Masses, 3 Requiems, 1 Stabat Mater, 10 Oratorios, above 170 other sacred compositions; likewise, instrumental pieces, a work on the theory of music (Gradus ad Parnassum), etc.

Herculaneum discovered (1711).

Peace of Utrecht (1713). 1710 Gasparini (Francesco), born about 1665 at Lucca, died 1727. Many Operas, Cantatas, etc. Teacher in counterpoint of Domenico Scarlatti and Marcello.

Death of Fénélon (1715).

Defoe, author of 'Robinson Crusoe.' Lotti (Antonio), born about 1665 at Venice, died 1740. Nineteen Operas, many church compositions and madrigals.

Saunderson and Brook Taylor, English mathematicians. Vivaldi (Antonio), born about 1670 at Venice, died about 1743. Twenty-six Operas, violin concertos, and many other instrumental pieces.

Prior, Congreve, and Parnell, English Poets.

George, Elector of Hanover, becomes King of England, as George I. (1714). Bononcini (Giovanni), born about 1672 at Modena, died 1750. Composed about 23 Operas. For a time rival of Handel in London.

Couperin (François), born 1668 at Paris, died 1733. Organist. Many organ and clavecin (harpsichord) compositions.

Prince Eugene defeats the Turks at Peterwardein in Austrian Slavonia (1716). Keiser (Reinhard), born 1673 at Leipzig, died 1739. Many Operas, many Oratorios and other sacred compositions, etc. He is said to have composed 116 Operas, partly to German, and partly to Italian words.

Prince Eugene defeats the Turks at Belgrade (1717). Pepusch (Johann Christoph), born 1667 at Berlin, died 1732. Cantatas and other sacred music.

Leveridge (Richard) born 1670 in London, died 1758. Operas and songs.

Charles XII., King of Sweden, is killed at the Siege of Frederickshall, in Norway (1718).

English authors: Pope (1688-1744); Swift (1667-1744); Young (1684-1765); Thomson (1700-1748); Fielding (1707-1754); Johnson (1713-1784); Goldsmith (1728-1774); Sterne (1713-1768); Hogarth, painter (1698-1764).

Death of the Duke of Marlborough, born 1650 (1722).

Death of Peter the Great (1725).

George II., King of Great Britain, succeeds his father, George I., who died, aged 68 (1727).

Fahrenheit, improver of the thermometer (1724).

Réaumur, improver of the thermometer (1731).

The Jesuits are expelled from China (1724).

Isaac Newton (1642-1727).

Swift publishes his 'Gulliver's Travels' (1726). 1720 Caldara (Antonio), born 1678 at Venice, died 1763. Sixty-seven Operas, many Masses and other sacred compositions.

Astorga (Emanuale), born 1681 at Palermo, Sicily, died 1736. Several Operas, a Requiem and many other sacred compositions.

Geminiani (Francesco), born 1680 at Lucca, died 1762. Violinist. Many compositions for his instrument.

Scarlatti (Domenico), son of Alessandro Scarlatti, born in 1683 at Naples, died about 1760. Clavicembalist. Many compositions for his instrument.

Rameau (Jean Philippe), born 1683 at Dijon, died 1764. Composed 36 Operas, many motetts and other sacred vocal compositions, as well as pieces for the organ and for the clavecin (harpsichord). Several theoretical works. A new System of Harmony. Progress in operatic music.

Mattheson (Johann), born 1681 at Hamburg, died 1764. Seven Operas, 24 Oratorios, several other sacred compositions, and a great many works on the theory and history of music.

Telemann (Georg Philipp), born 1681 at Magdeburg, in Germany, died 1767. Composed 44 Operas, many Oratorios and other sacred compositions, secular instrumental pieces, etc.

Heinichen (Johann David), born 1683 in Saxony, died 1729. Operas, sacred and secular compositions. Treatise on the Theory of Music.

Walther (Johann Gottfried), born 1684 at Erfurt, died 1748. Organ compositions, chorales, and a Musical Dictionary.

About this time, the first Pianofortes were constructed by Christofori, in Italy, and by Schröter, in Germany.

Pope publishes his 'Essay on Man' (1729).

Thomson publishes his 'Seasons' (1730).

Arbuthnot and Sir Hans Sloane, English physicians (1730).

Le Sage, author of 'Gil Blas' (1730).

Jonathan Swift, Dean of St. Patrick's, poet and miscellaneous writer (1730). 1730 Marcello (Benedetto), born 1686 at Venice, died 1739. Composed fifty Psalms, several Oratorios, Masses, etc.

Porpora (Nicolo), born 1687 at Naples, died 1767. Great singing teacher. Composed fifty Operas, many Masses, etc.

Tartini (Giuseppe) born 1692 at Pirano, died 1770. Violinist and composer. Author of a Treatise on Harmony.

Leo (Leonardo), born 1694 at Naples, died 1756. Composed forty-eight Operas, several Oratorios, Masses, and other sacred music. He wrote for his Operas larger overtures than previous composers had done.

Harrison, an Englishman, constructs a chronometer of great precision (1735). His fourth chronometer is used at sea in 1764, and he receives a reward of £20,000.

Frederick III., Elector of Brandenburg, and Duke of Prussia, in an assembly of the states, puts a crown upon his own head, and upon the head of his consort, and is proclaimed King of Prussia, by the title of Frederick I. (1701). Carey (Henry), born about 1690 in England, died 1743. Many songs. He is supposed to have composed in the year 1740 the English national air of 'God save the King.'

Handel (Georg Friedrich), properly Händel, born 1685 at Halle, died 1759 in London. Composed fifty-one Operas (forty-three having Italian words and eight having German words), twenty English Oratorios, many cantatas, motetts, anthems, a Mass, four Te Deums, concertos, instrumental compositions for the organ, harpsichord, etc.

The concertos of that period consisted of orchestral pieces with or without an organ concertante; or of violin-quintetts with double-bass; or also of pieces for the harpsichord accompanied by a quartett of stringed instruments, etc.

German poets and authors:—Elias Schlegel, Gellert, Hagedorn, Rabener, Rammler, Kleist, Weisse, Bürger, Hölty, Stollberg, Voss, Gleim, Jacoby, Uz, Gerstenberg, Gotter, Claudius, Gessner. During the eighteenth century, most of the German Opera composers of distinction wrote chiefly to Italian words. Every German town in which a Sovereign resided had an Italian Opera. The German art of singing began to flourish only about the year 1760. Even Mozart wrote but two Operas to German words. The German composers (Handel, Gluck, Hasse, Mozart, etc.) studied dramatic music in Italy.

Frederick William I, King of Prussia, son of Frederick I. (1713).

First attempt of Steam Navigation, by Jonathan Hulls (1736).

John Wesley, founder of the sect of Methodists (1730).

George Whitfield, founder of the sect of Calvinistic Methodists, preaches in London in the open air (1738).

The Methodist Society is fully established (1740). Bach (Johann Sebastian), born 1685 at Eisenach, in Germany, died 1750 at Leipzig. Composed several Oratorios, many Masses, a great many motetts, cantatas, chorales, etc.; many compositions for the organ, clavichord, clavicembalo (harpsichord), and for the orchestra. The first book of his Preludes and Fugues for the clavichord, entitled 'Das Wohltemperirte Clavier,' dates from the year 1722, and the second book from the year 1740. He composed the Passion according to St. Matthew, about the year 1728; the great Mass in B minor, about 1734; the Art of Fugue, in the year 1748.

Stölzel (Gottfried Heinrich), born 1690 in Bohemia, died 1749. Several Operas, Oratorios, Masses, and Treatises on the Theory and History of Music.

Pergolesi (Giovanni Battista), born 1710 at Jesi, died 1736. Composed 7 Operas, a Stabat Mater, several Masses, offertories, etc.

Italian Painters of this period:—Rotari, Casanova, Landi, Grassi, Appiani, Bossi, Sabatelli, Ermini, Alvarez, Camoccini, etc.

Frederick II., King of Prussia (from 1740 until 1786).

First Silesian war (1740-1742).

Second Silesian war (1744-1745). 1740 Durante (Francesco), born 1693 at Naples, died 1755. Composed Masses and other sacred music, secular madrigals, pieces for the clavicembalo, etc.

Durante, was with Leo, the founder of the famous Neapolitan School.

Feo (Francesco), born 1699 at Naples. Operas, Oratorios, Masses, Psalms. Feo is especially remarkable for being regarded as the master whom Gluck particularly admired and studied.

Greene (Maurice), born 1698 in London, died 1755. Many sacred compositions and some English Operas.

Maria-Theresa, Empress of Germany, Queen of Hungary and Bohemia (1740).

Francis I., Duke of Lorraine, marries Maria-Theresa, and is elected Emperor of Germany (1745).

During the reign of Frederick II. or 'Frederick the Great,' the Prussian monarchy is made to rank among the first powers in Europe.

Battle of Dettingen gained by George II. over the French (1743).

The electric shock is discovered at Leyden (1745).

German poets: Salis, Matthison, Pfeffel, Kind, Langbein, Seume, Schubert, Tiedge, etc.

Lima and Callao are destroyed by an earthquake which buries 18,000 persons in the ruins (1746). Quanz (Johann Joachim), born 1697 at Hanover, died 1773. Flute-player, and teacher of Frederick II. of Prussia. Many compositions, and an instruction book for the Flute.

Graun (Carl Heinrich), born 1701 in Saxony, died 1759. Composed 30 Operas, several Oratorios, Masses, cantatas, etc.

Hasse (Johann Adolf), born 1699 at Hamburg, died 1783. Composed 52 Operas, 11 Oratorios, several Masses, a Requiem, 4 Te Deums, various other sacred compositions, symphonies, sonatas for the clavichord, concertos, etc.

Galuppi (Baldassaro), born 1703 at Venice, died 1785. Composed 55 Operas, several Masses, motetts, and other sacred music.

Sammartini (Giovanni Battista), born about 1700 at Milan, died 1775. Many Masses and other Church music, many symphonies, quartetts, trios, and other instrumental compositions of every kind. Sammartini wrote about 2,800 works, and his style is considered as being the precursor of that of Joseph Haydn.

From about the middle of the eighteenth century, the sonata-form in instrumental compositions (sonatas, symphonies, quartetts, etc.) becomes much developed, especially through Joseph Haydn.

Linnæus, naturalist (1750).

The Academy of Sciences at Stockholm, and the Royal Society at Göttingen, are founded (1750). 1750 The flourishing period of the Italian operatic music dates from about the year 1700 to 1780. The most celebrated writers of libretti were Apostolo Zeno and Metastasio. The most celebrated female singers: Faustina, Cuzzoni, Mattei, Scotti, Grassi, Gabrieli, Agujari, Danci, Allegrante, Storace, etc.

Samuel Johnson commences the publication of his 'Rambler' (1750).

Lady W. Montague, and Lord Chesterfield, miscellaneous writers (1750).

New style introduced into England (1752). The most celebrated male singers: Lovattini, Guarducci, Farinelli, Nicolini, Guadagni, Millico, Pacchiarotti, Morelli, Marchesi, Salimbeni, Crescentini, etc.

Martini (Giovanni Battista), Padre, born 1706 at Bologna, died 1784. Many sacred compositions, History of Music, School of Harmony, and other literary works on music.

Perez (Davide), born 1711 at Naples, died 1778. Composed 31 Operas.

Death of Montesquieu (1755).

Great earthquake at Lisbon (1755). Jomelli (Nicolo), born 1714 at Aversa, died 1774. Composed 40 Operas, 4 Oratorios, several Masses, Requiems, etc.

Voltaire at the Court of Frederick of Prussia (from 1750 until 1753).

Benjamin Franklin, in America, invents the lightning conductor (1755).

Conquest of India under Colonel, afterwards Lord, Clive (1757). Rousseau (Jean Jacques), born 1712 at Geneva, in Switzerland, died 1778. Author. Some French Operas. Many Treatises on Music. Musical Dictionary. Invention of the melodrama ascribed to him.

Arne (Thomas Augustus), born 1710 in London, died 1778. Composed 23 Operas, 3 Oratorios, and many other vocal pieces, etc.

Boyce (William), born 1710 in England, died 1779. Organist. Several dramatic compositions, an Oratorio, sacred songs, many organ pieces.

Bach (Friedemann), son of J. S. Bach, born 1710 at Weimar, died 1784. Compositions for the organ, clavichord, and harpsichord.

Death of General Wolfe at the Battle of Quebec (1759). Bach (Carl Philipp Emanuel), son of J. S. Bach, born 1713 at Weimar, died 1788. Oratorios, cantatas, sacred songs, many compositions for the clavichord. Instruction Book for playing the clavichord.

The Seven Years' War in Germany (1756-1763). 1760 Fiorillo (Ignazio), born 1715 at Naples, died 1787. Several Operas, an Oratorio, a Requiem, Masses.

George III., King of Great Britain, grandson of George II. (1760).

Alembert (Jean-le-Rond d'), born 1717 in Paris, died 1783. Author of a System of Composition, and of other theoretical works on music.

Moses Mendelssohn, philosopher.

Winckelmann, antiquarian. Marpurg (Friedrich Wilhelm), born 1718 in Prussia, died 1795. Organ and clavichord compositions. Treatises on the Theory of Music.

Garrick, actor.

Joseph II., Emperor of Austria (1765).

Mesmer, a German physician, publishes his 'Theory of Animal Magnetism' (1766).

Mozart (Leopold), father of the great Mozart, born 1719 at Augsburg, died 1789. Composed 4 Operas, 12 Oratorios, many symphonies, and other instrumental and vocal music. Also a Violin School.

Gerbert (Martin), Abbot, born 1720 in Austria, died 1792. History of sacred music.

Blackstone publishes his 'Commentaries on the Laws of England' (1767).

Corsica becomes French (1768).

Napoleon Buonaparte born at Ajaccio, in Corsica (1769). Benda (Georg), born 1721 in Bohemia, died 1795. Composed 14 Operas, some melodramas, cantatas, and instrumental music.

Kirnberger (Johann Philipp), born 1721 in Thuringia, Germany, died 1783. Composed fugues and other pieces for the clavichord and pianoforte. Author of several works on the theory of music.

Death of Emanuel Swedenborg, founder of a new religious sect (1772).

Sheridan publishes his first drama, 'The Rivals' (1775).

Pestalozzi founds the Reformatory School at Neuhoff, in Switzerland (1775).

Adam Smith publishes his 'Wealth of Nations' (1776). 1770 The Pianoforte begins to supersede the clavichord and clavicembalo (English harpsichord).

Piccini (Nicolo), born 1728 at Naples, died 1800. Composed above 130 Operas, several Oratorios, psalms, etc.

Gluck (Christoph Willibald von), born 1714 at Weidenwang, Germany, died 1787. Composed 21 Operas, 8 of which are to Italian words, and 13 are to French words. A De Profundis, a Ballet entitled 'Don Juan,' some secular songs, a few instrumental pieces, etc.

Sarti (Giuseppe), born 1730 at Faenza, died 1802. Composed 44 Operas, and several sacred pieces.

Necker, Minister of Finance in France (1777).

The Sandwich Islands are discovered by Captain Cook (1778).

Death of William Pitt, first Earl of Chatham (1778).

Captain Cook is killed by the natives of Owyhee (1779).

J. Priestley, chemical philosopher (1733-1804).

Hunter, surgeon (1728-1793).

Sir W. Jones, orientalist (1746-1794).

Horace Walpole (1717-1797).

Boswell, biographer of Dr. Johnson.

Cowper, poet.

Bacon, sculptor. Lolli (Antonio), born about 1730 at Bergamo, died 1802. Violinist. Many compositions for his instrument.

Majo (Francesco de), born 1745 at Naples, died 1774. Composed 13 Operas, many Masses, Vespers, etc.

Arteaga (Steffano), born about 1730 at Madrid, died 1799. Author of a History of the Italian Opera.

Philidor (François André), born 1727 at Dreux, died 1795. Composed 22 Operas, of which 11 are to Italian words, and 11 to French words. Philidor is also celebrated as a chess-player.

Monsigny (Pierre Alexandre), born 1729 at St. Omer, died 1817. Composed 17 Operas, ballets, etc.

Gossec (François Joseph), born 1733 at Hainault, died 1829. Composed 28 Operas, and many sacred compositions.

Hawkins (John), born 1720 in England, died 1791. Author of a History of Music.

Burney (Charles), born 1726 at Shrewsbury, died 1814. Author of a History of Music, and some other works.

Abel (Carl Friedrich), born 1725 at Köthen, in Germany, died 1787 in London. Viola-da-Gambist and composer.

Josiah Wedgewood, improver of pottery manufacture (1730-1795).

Alfieri publishes his first tragedy 'Cleopatra' (1773).

Benjamin Franklin, American philosopher and statesman (1706-1790).

Pope Clement XIV. suppresses the Order of the Jesuits, founded in the year 1540 (1773).

The Jesuits were expelled from England in 1604; from France, in 1764; from Spain, in 1767. The Order was restored by Pope Pius VII. in 1814. Hiller (Johann Adam), born 1728 in Lusatia, Germany, died 1804. Composed 18 Operettas, many psalms, sacred and secular songs, symphonies, sonatas, and musical treatises.

Haydn (Joseph), born 1732 at Rohrau, in Austria, died 1809 Composed 24 Operas (10 with German words, and 14 with Italian words), 4 Oratorios, 19 Masses, several Te Deums, a Stabat Mater, Salve Regina, many motetts and other sacred music, 118 symphonies, 83 quartetts, 44 sonatas, and many other instrumental and vocal compositions.

J. Haydn wrote in 1783 the Oratorio The Seven Words, for Cadix; in 1800, The Creation; in 1803, The Seasons; in 1791 and 1793; the twelve so-called English symphonies, in London.

Kittel (Johann Christian), born 1732 at Erfurt in Germany, died 1809. Many organ compositions.

Death of Lord Clive (1774).

The American Colonies deny the right of the British Parliament to tax them (1774).

The first battle of the American war at Lexington (1775).

Voltaire (1694-1778). Gluck in Paris, from 1774 to 1779. Representations of his Operas. Reform of the French dramatic music. Rivalry between Gluck and Piccini in Paris. First performance of Orpheus and Euridice, Vienna 1762; of Alceste, Vienna, 1767; of Iphigenia in Aulis, Paris, 1774; of Armida, Paris, 1777; of Iphigenia in Tauris, Paris, 1779.

The Operas by Gluck are the noblest musical dramas in existence. They have served as models for the most eminent operatic composers whose works have been written subsequently to those of Gluck.

W. Herschel, astronomer (1738-1822).

W. Herschel discovers the planet Uranus, or Georgium Sidus (1781). 1780 Sacchini (Antonio Maria Giuseppe), born 1735 at Naples, died 1786. Composed 50 Operas, several Oratorios, Masses with double choruses, a Miserere, several other sacred compositions, sonatas, violin-trios, etc.