Mail Coaches are first set up at Bristol by Mr. Palmer, and are soon in use all through England (1784). Anfossi (Pasquale), born about 1736 at Naples, died 1797. Many Operas and sacred compositions.
Traetta (Tomaso), born 1738 at Naples, died 1786. Operas and Church music.
The Crimea is given up by Turkey to Russia (1784). Sabbatini (Luigi Antonio), born 1739 at Albano, died 1809. Church music and several theoretical works.
The power-loom for weaving is invented by E. Cartwright (1785). Boccherini (Luigi), born 1740 at Lucca, died 1806. Many symphonies, quintetts, quartetts, sonatas, and other instrumental compositions.
Watt greatly improves the Steam Engine (1736-1819).
Watt's double Steam Engine (about 1780).
The Steam Engine is applied to cotton spinning (1785).
Lessing (1729-1781).
The United States of America declare their independence (1776).
Alliance between France and the United States (1778). Paesiello (Giovanni), born 1741 at Taranto, died 1816. Composed 94 Operas, an Oratorio, a Requiem, many Masses, a Te Deum, and other sacred music.
Great popularity of the Operas by Paesiello, Cimaroso, Sacchini, Piccini, etc.
Langlé (Onorio Francesco), born 1741 at Monaco, died 1807. Composed 8 Operas (with French words), and wrote several theoretical works on music in French.
Grétry (André-Ernest-Modeste), born 1741 at Liége, died 1813. Composed 59 Operas, several Masses, motetts, symphonies, quartetts, pianoforte-sonatas, etc. Also Essays on Music.
Battishill (Jonathan), born 1738 in London, died 1801. Many sacred vocal compositions, and some Operas.
Spain and Holland in favour of the United States (1779). Arnold (Samuel), born 1740 in London, died 1802. Composed 40 Operas and Operettas (with English words), 7 Oratorios, etc.
United States of North America independent.
Washington their President (1783). Bach (Johann Christian), son of J. S. Bach, born 1735 at Leipzig, died 1782 in London. Composed 15 Operas (with Italian words), 18 concertos for the harpsichord, sonatas, trios, and other instrumental pieces.
Washington (1732-1799).
Frederick-William II., King of Prussia, nephew of Frederick the Great (1786). Albrechtsberger (Johann Georg), born 1736 in the neighbourhood of Vienna, died 1809. Composed 26 Masses, 43 graduales, 34 offertories, and other sacred compositions, many organ-fugues, etc. Author of a work on the Theory of Music.
The Quakers at Philadelphia emancipate their slaves (1788). Haydn (Michael), brother of Joseph Haydn, born 1737 in Rohrau, died 1806. Many Masses, Offertories, Te Deums, etc.
First English settlement in Australia, at Botany Bay (1788). Dittersdorf (Carl Ditters von), born 1739 at Vienna, died 1799. Composed 37 Operas, 41 symphonies, many concertos and other instrumental pieces.
Invention of the balloon, and ascent by Montgolfier, in Paris (1783). André (Johann), born 1741 at Offenbach, in Germany, died 1799. Composed about 30 German Operettas.
Blanchard and Jefferies cross the English Channel in a balloon (1785). Naumann (Johann Gottlieb), born 1741 in Saxony, died 1801. Composed 26 Operas, 13 Oratorios, many Masses, psalms, cantatas, and other vocal music, many symphonies, concertos, and other instrumental pieces.
Diderot (1713-1784).
Buffon (1707-1788).
Herschel completes his great forty-foot telescope, discovers volcanic mountains in the moon, etc. (1787). 1784 Martini (Johann Paul Egydius), properly Schwarzendorf, born 1741 in Germany, died 1816. Composed 12 Operas (with French words), a Requiem, Masses, a Te Deum. Wrote several theoretical works on music.
Festival in commemoration of Handel, in London. Mara (Gertrude Elizabeth), the celebrated German singer (born 1749 at Cassel, died 1833), visits London, and sings at the Festival.
The French Revolution (1789). Origin of the English Musical Festivals, in which the principal performers are mostly foreigners.
Death of Mirabeau (1791).
Royalty abolished in France (1792).
Louis XVI. beheaded (1793). 1790 Salieri (Antonio), born 1750 at Legnano, died 1825. Composed 41 Operas, a Requiem, many vocal-canons, and other vocal pieces.
Zingarelli (Nicolo), born 1752 at Rome, died 1837. Composed 22 Operas, 38 Masses with organ, 45 other Masses, 4 Requiems, and many other sacred compositions.
Marat stabbed by Charlotte Corday (1793).
Robespierre guillotined (1794). Clementi (Muzio), born 1752 at Rome, died 1832. Pianist and founder of pianoforte-playing. Composed above 60 sonatas for pianoforte alone, many others with accompaniments, fugues, studies (Gradus ad Parnassum), symphonies. Also an instruction book for the pianoforte.
Netherlandish Painters:—Van Os, Vanloo, Van Spaendonk, Scheffer, Pienemann, Hodges, Kuipers, Ommegang, Wonder, etc.
French Painters:—Joseph Vernet (1714-1789), Greuze, Vien, David, Isabey, Drouais, Gerard, Gros, Ingres, Regnauld, Guerin, Horace Vernet (born 1789), etc. Clementi and Beethoven, by their compositions for the pianoforte, especially promoted the perfecting and the popularity of the pianoforte.
Viotti (Giovanni Battista), born 1753 at Piedmont, died 1824. Violinist, and founder of a new school of violin-playing. Many concertos and other instrumental compositions.
Cimarosa (Domenico), born 1754 at Naples, died 1801. Composed 75 Operas, a Requiem, Masses, etc.
Dalayrac (Nicolas), born 1753 in Languedoc, France, died 1809. Composed 56 Operas.
Denmark sets the example of abolishing the slave trade (1791).
France abolishes slavery in her colonies (1794).
Abolition of the slave trade by the English Parliament (1807). Shield (William), born 1754 in London, died 1829. Composed Operas, canzonets, instrumental trios. Author of a Treatise on Harmony.
Storace (Stephan), born 1763 in London, of Italian origin, died 1796. Composed 14 Operas with English words.
Gerber (Ernst Ludwig), born 1746 in Saxony, died 1819. Author of two biographical Dictionaries of Musicians, and of some books of instruction on music.
Vaccination is introduced by Dr. Jenner (1796). Schulz (Johann Peter), born 1747 at Lüneburg, in Germany, died 1800. Several Operas, Oratorios, choruses, etc.
Lithography is invented by Alois Sennefelder (1796). Neefe (Christian), born 1748 in Saxony, died 1798. Composed 10 Operas. Teacher of Beethoven, in Bonn.
Hahnemann, founder of Homœopathy (1796).
In the year 1792 the French nation adopted a new Calendar founded on philosophical principles. It remained in use until the end of the year 1805, when the Gregorian mode of calculation was restored at the instance of Napoleon. The public feasts or "Sansculottides," fixed in the Revolutionary Calendar, were dedicated to Les Vertus, Sept. 17; Le Génie, Sept. 18; Le Travail, Sept. 19; L'Opinion, Sept. 20; Les Recompenses, Sept. 21. Stadler (Maximilian), Abbé, born 1748 in Austria, died 1833. An Oratorio, Masses, psalms, and other sacred vocal music, compositions for the organ and the pianoforte.
Vogler (Georg Joseph), Abbé, born 1749 at Würzburg, in Germany, died 1814. Composed 5 Operas, several Masses, many other sacred compositions, symphonies, organ pieces, etc. Author of several theoretical works on music.
Forkel (Johann Nikolaus), born 1749 at Coburg, in Germany, died 1818. Wrote a History of Music, and several other musical treatises.
Koch (Heinrich Christoph), born 1749 at Rudolstadt, Germany, died 1816. Instruction books on harmony, and a Musical Dictionary.
Kauer (Ferdinand), born 1751 in Moravia, died 1831. Above 200 Operas of a light and popular character.
Reichardt (Johann Friedrich), born 1752 at Königsberg, in Prussia, died 1814. Composed 30 Operas, some Oratorios, hymns, secular songs. Author of several Treatises on Music, etc.
Revolution in Poland: Kosciusko, in the beginning successful, is later defeated. Suwarrow storms Warsaw (1794).
The third division of Poland between Russia, Austria, and Prussia (1795). Knecht (Justin Heinrich), born 1752 at Bieberich, in Germany, died 1817. Masses, cantatas, and other sacred music, and an instruction book on harmony.
Türk (Daniel Gottlieb), born 1756 in Saxony, died 1813. An Oratorio, motetts, many pieces for the clavichord and the pianoforte, a Treatise on Thorough-bass, etc.
La Place, mathematician and astronomer (1796).
Stereotyping invented by Ambrose Didot, of Paris (1797).
Frederick William III., King of Prussia (1797).
Buonaparte in Egypt and Syria (1798).
Buonaparte, in France, is declared First Consul (1799). Mozart (Wolfgang Amadeus), born 1756 at Salzburg, died 1791. Composed 6 great Operas with Italian words, 2 great Operas with German words, 8 earlier Italian Operas, 2 German Operettas, several cantatas, a Requiem, many Masses, graduales, offertories, hymns, a Te Deum, and other sacred compositions, about 33 symphonies, 23 pianoforte concertos, some concertos for other instruments, 6 violin quintetts, 26 violin quartetts, 31 pianoforte sonatas with and without accompaniments, many other instrumental compositions, many songs, etc.
The English take possession of most of the French and Dutch dominions in America (1803).
Napoleon, Emperor of France (1804).
Kant, philosopher (1724-1804).
Death of Nelson (1805).
Death of Pitt (1806). 1800 Mozart composed, in 1780, the Opera 'Idomeneo' for Munich; in 1781, 'Die Entführung aus dem Serail' (his first Opera with German words) for Vienna; in 1785, 'Le Nozze de Figaro' for Vienna; in 1787, 'Don Giovanni' for Prague; in 1790, 'Cosi Fan Tutte' for Vienna; in 1791, 'La Clemenza di Tito' for Prague, and 'Die Zauberflöte' (his second Opera with German words) for Vienna. In the same year, 1791, he wrote also his Requiem.
Wieland (1733-1813).
Napoleon arrives at Elba (1814).
Napoleon defeated at Waterloo (1815).
The "Holy Alliance" concluded at Paris (1815). Righini (Vincenzo), born 1756 at Bologna, died 1812. Composer of 20 Operas, several Masses and other sacred music.
Cherubini (Luigi), born 1760 at Florence, died 1842. Composer of 29 Operas, some ballets, 4 great Masses, 2 Requiems, many other sacred pieces, violin quartetts and other instrumental music. Author of a Treatise on Musical Composition.
The Jesuits expelled from Russia (1816).
The foreign troops evacuate France (1818).
Death of Marshal Blücher, aged 77 (1819). Gervasoni (Carlo), born 1762 at Milan, died 1819. Instruction books and historical Treatises on Music.
Mayer (Simon), born 1763 in Bavaria, died 1845. From his early youth lived in Italy. Composer of 77 Operas, many Oratorios, Masses, psalms, and other sacred music.
Captain Ross makes a voyage of Discovery in the Polar Sea (1818).
Klopstock (1724-1803).
Herder (1744-1803). Mehul (Etienne Henri), born 1763 at Givet, died 1817. Composed 42 Operas, many hymns, cantatas, etc.
Lesueur (Jean François), born 1764 at Abbeville, died 1837. Composed 10 Operas, 33 Oratorios, several Masses and motetts.
Winsor, a German, obtains in England a patent as the inventor of gas for the purpose of illumination. He makes his first experiment at the Lyceum in the Strand (1804).
Schiller (1759-1805). Rouget de Lille (Claude Joseph), born 1760 at Lons-le-Saulnier, died 1836. Composer of romances, and of the Marseillaise.
Attwood (Thomas), born 1767 in England. Many Operas and sacred compositions.
Winter (Peter von), born 1755 at Mannheim in Germany, died 1825. Above 30 Operas, many Ballets, Oratorios, Masses, motetts, hymns, cantatas, etc.
Schiller's 'The Robbers' appeared in 1781; Don Carlos, about 1785; Wallenstein, 1799; Maria Stuart, 1800; William Tell, 1804. Pleyel (Jgnaz), born 1757 near Vienna, died 1831. Composed 29 symphonies, many violin-quartetts, pianoforte-sonatas, etc.
Preindl (Joseph), born 1758 in Austria, died 1823. Many Masses, a Requiem, and other church music. Instruction books for thorough-bass, for singing, etc.
Painters:—David, Fuseli, G. F. Morland, Stothard, Benjamin West, Northcote, etc.
Actors:—J. P. Kemble, Mrs. Siddons, Talma.
First meeting of the Imperial Parliament of Great Britain and Ireland (1801).
Jefferson, President of the United States (1801).
Institution of the Legion of Honour in France (1802). Zelter (Carl Friedrich), born 1758 in Berlin, died 1832. Many vocal compositions, and some literary productions. Zelter founded, in 1808, the first German Liedertafel, or society of male singers. Similar societies have subsequently become popular in Germany and other countries.
Zumsteeg (Johann Rudolph), born 1760 at Sachsenflur, in Germany, died 1802. Composed 8 Operas, many ballads, and other vocal music.
Dussek (Johann Ludwig), born 1761 in Bohemia, died 1812. Pianist and composer for his instrument. Wrote 13 concertos, 53 sonatas, several pianoforte-quartetts, etc. Also an Opera.
Men of Science born about this time:—
Sir D. Brewster, philosopher, born 1781.
G. B. Airy, astronomer, born 1801.
Baron Liebig, chemist, born 1803.
R. Owen, comparative anatomist, born 1804. Kunzen (Friedrich), born 1761 at Lübeck, died 1817. Composed 9 Operas (8 of which are with Danish words, and one is with German words), 3 Oratorios, several cantatas, and other sacred music.
Gyrowetz (Adalbert), born 1763 in Bohemia, died 1850. Above 30 Operas, many Ballets and Entr'actes, sacred vocal music, many symphonies, quartetts, pianoforte compositions, songs, etc.
Brassey, engineer, born 1805.
Lesseps, French engineer, born 1806.
J. Stuart Mill, philosopher, born 1807.
Longfellow, American poet, born 1807. Steibelt (Daniel), born about 1764 at Berlin, died 1823. Pianist. Composed 6 pianoforte concertos, 46 solo sonatas and many other compositions for the pianoforte, studies for the pianoforte, and an instruction book for that instrument; also 4 Operas.
Lyon Playfair, chemist, born 1819.
J. Tyndal, chemist, born 1820.
Death of Sheridan (1816). 1810 Paer (Ferdinando), born 1771 at Parma, died 1839. Composer of 51 Operas, 11 cantatas, and other vocal music.
Berton (Henri Montan), born 1767 in Paris, died 1844. About 50 Operas, several Oratorios, cantatas, and Treatises on the Theory of Music.
Iffland, German actor and dramatic writer (1759-1814). Baillot (Pierre), born 1771 at Passy, died 1842. Violinist. Concertos and other compositions for the violin, an instruction book for the violin, etc.
Thorwaldsen, Danish sculptor (1770-1844). Choron (Alexandre Etienne), born 1772 at Caën, died 1834. Many theoretical works. A Musical Dictionary.
Béranger, French poet (1780-1857).
Arago, French Savant (1786-1835). Catel (Charles Simon), born 1773 at L'Aigle, died 1830. Composed 10 Operas, many instrumental and vocal pieces. Author of a Treatise on Harmony, etc.
C. Babbage, philosophical mechanist (1792-1871). Rode (Pierre), born 1774 at Bordeaux, died 1830. Violinist. Many concertos, quartetts, and other compositions.
Sir Charles Lyell, geologist (1797-1875).
Statesmen born about this time:—
Gladstone born 1809.
Baron Beust, born 1809. Cramer (John Baptiste), born 1771 at Mannheim, in Germany, but living from early childhood in England, died 1858. Pianist. Pianoforte studies, 105 solo sonatas, and 7 concertos for the pianoforte. Also a pianoforte school, etc.
Bismarck-Schönhausen, born 1813.
Count Cavour, born 1810.
Cobden, born 1804. Weigl (Joseph), born 1766 at Eisenstadt, in Hungary, died 1846. About 30 Operas, 14 ballets, 21 Oratorios and cantatas, 10 Masses, and other sacred music.
John Bright, born 1811. Weber (Bernhard Anselm), born 1766 at Mannheim, died 1821. Several Operas, melodramas, and Entr'actes.
Sculptors born about this time:—
Marochetti, born 1805.
Kiss, born 1802.
Powers, born 1805. Romberg (Andreas), born 1767 in Vechte, near Münster, in Germany, died 1821. Composed 7 Operas, a Te Deum, psalms and other sacred compositions, many symphonies and other instrumental music, secular songs, etc.
The Jesuits are expelled from Prussia (1817).
The Mahratta war in Hindustan. Romberg (Bernhard), brother of Andreas Romberg, born 1770 near Münster in Germany, died 1841. Violoncellist. Composed 3 Operas, many concertos and other pieces for the violoncello, quartetts, etc.
Steam applied to printing in the Times office (1814).
The Marquess of Hastings renders British influence universal in India (1817).
The Island of Singapore is formed into a British settlement by Sir Stamford Raffles (1818).
Reunion of the Lutheran and other reformed forms of worship in several parts of Germany (1818).
Voyage to the Polar Sea by Parry (1819).
Parry undertakes another voyage to reach the North Pole (1820). Müller (Wenzel), born 1767 in Moravia, died 1835. Above 200 Operas of a light popular character, pantomimes, etc.
Nägeli (Johann Georg), born 1773 near Zurich, in Switzerland, died 1836. Promoter of popular singing societies, composer of vocal music, and author of instruction books on singing, etc.
Beethoven (Ludwig van), born 1770 at Bonn, died 1827. An Opera, 2 dramas with music, a melodrama, several single dramatic choruses and songs, an Oratorio, 2 Masses, 9 symphonies, 11 overtures, a septett, 7 concertos for pianoforte, a violin concerto, 2 violin quintetts, 17 violin quartetts, 5 violin trios, 35 solo sonatas for the pianoforte, 10 sonatas for pianoforte and violin, 6 sonatas for pianoforte and violoncello, 7 trios for pianoforte, violin, and violoncello, a pianoforte quintett, a great many other pianoforte compositions, cantatas, songs with pianoforte accompaniment, etc.
George IV., King of Great Britain, son of George III. (1820).
Guizot, French statesman and historian (1787-1874).
Revolution in Spain; King Ferdinand VII. swears to the constitution of the Cortes (1820). In 1793 Beethoven came to Vienna as Virtuoso on the pianoforte, and distinguished himself by his improvisations; in 1795 he published his first important work, the three pianoforte trios, Op. 1; in 1799 appeared his first symphony; in 1804 his Opera 'Leonore' (Fidelio); in 1809 his symphony in C Minor and his pastoral symphony; in 1814 his A Major symphony; in 1818 his ninth symphony.
Reicha (Anton), born 1770 at Prague, died 1836. Four Operas, symphonies, quartetts, sonatas, etc., and several Treatises on Harmony and Composition.
Mexico separates from Spain (1820).
Insurrection in Portugal (1820).
Revolution in the Brazils; King John VI. returns to Portugal, and his son, Dom Pedro, is made Regent of the Brazils (1820).