His attempt to evade the conclusion to which his view leads, quoted, 67, note.
His definition of conscience, 82
Hegesias, the orator of death, i. 215
Heliogabalus, his blasphemous orgies, i. 260
Hell, monkish visions of, ii. 221 and note.
Glimpses of the infernal regions furnished by the “Dialogues” of St. Gregory, 221.
Modern publications on this subject, 223, note
Helvétius, on the origin of human actions, i. 8, note.
On customs of the people of Congo and Siam, 102, note.
Compared with Aulus Gellius, 313
Herbert, of Cherbury, Lord, his profession of the doctrine of innate ideas, i. 123
Hercules, meaning of, according to the Stoics, i. 163
Hereford, Nicholas of, his opposition to indiscriminate alms, ii. 96
Heresy, punishment of death for, i. 98; ii. 40
Hermits. See Asceticism; Monasticism
Heroism, the Utilitarian theory unfavourable to, i. 66.
War, the school of heroism, 173
Hilarius, St., legend of him and St. Epiphanius, ii. 159
Hildebrand, his destruction of priestly marriage, ii. 322
Hippopotamus, legend of the, ii. 161
Historical literature, scantiness of, after the fall of the Roman empire, ii. 235
Hobbes, Thomas, his opinions concerning the essence and origin of virtue, i. 7, 8, note.
His view of the origin of human actions, quoted, 8, note.
His remarks on the goodness which we apprehend in God, quoted, 9, note.
And on reverence, 9, note.
On charity, 9, 10, note.
On pity, 10, note.
Review of the system of morals of his school, 11.
Gives the first great impulse to moral philosophy in England, 19, note.
His denial of the reality of pure benevolence, 20, 21.
His definition of conscience, 29, note.
His theory of compassion, 72, note
Holidays, importance of, to the servile classes, ii. 244
Homer, his views of human nature and man's will, i. 196
Horace, his ridicule of idols, i. 166.
His description of the just man, 197
Hospitality enjoined by the Romans, ii. 79
Hospitals, foundation of the first, ii. 80, 81
Human life, its sanctity recognised by Christianity, ii. 18.
Gradual acquirement of this sense, 18
[pg 388]
Human nature, false estimate of, by the Stoics, i. 192
Hume, David, his theory of virtue, i. 4.
Misrepresented by many writers, 4.
His recognition of the reality of benevolence in our nature, 20, and note.
His comment on French licentiousness in the eighteenth century, 50, note.
His analysis of the moral judgments, 76.
Lays the foundation for a union of the schools of Clarke and Shaftesbury, 77
Humility, new value placed upon it by monachism, ii. 185, 187
Hutcheson, Francis, his doctrine of a “moral sense,” i. 4.
Establishes the reality of the existence of benevolence in our nature, 20.
His analysis of moral judgments, 76
Hypatia, murder of, ii. 196
Iamblichus, his philosophy, i. 330
Ideas, confused association of. Question whether our, are derived exclusively from sensation or whether they spring in part from the mind itself, 122.
The latter theory represented by the Platonic doctrine of pre-existence, 122.
Doctrine of innate ideas, 122
Idols and idolatry, views of the Roman philosophers of, i. 166.
Discussion between Apollonius of Tyana and an Egyptian priest respecting, 166, note.
Idols forbidden by Numa, 166, note.
Plutarch on the vanity of, 166, note
Ignatius, St., his martyrdom, i. 438
Ignis fatuus, legend of the, ii. 224, note
Imagination, sins of, i. 44.
Relation of the benevolent feelings to it, 132, 133.
Deficiency of imagination the cause of the great majority of uncharitable judgments, 134-136.
Feebleness of the imagination a source of legends and myths, 347.
Beneficial effects of Christianity in supplying pure images to the imagination, 299
Imperial system of the Romans, its effect on their morals, i. 257.
Apotheosis of the emperors, 257
India, ancient, admiration for the schools of, i. 229
Inductive, ambiguity of the term, as applied to morals, i. 73
Industrial truth, characteristics of, i. 137.
Influence of the promotion of industrial life upon morals, 139-140
Infanticide, history of the practice of, ii. 24.
Efforts of the Church to suppress it, 29.
Roman laws relating to, 31.
Causes of, in England, 285
Infants, Augustinian doctrine of the damnation of unbaptised, i. 96.
The Sacrament given to, in the early Church, ii. 6
Insanity, alleged increase of, ii. 60.
Theological notions concerning, 86.
The first lunatic asylums, 88
Insurance societies among the poor of Greece and Rome, ii. 78
Intellectual progress, its relations to moral progress, i. 149-151
Interest, self-, human actions governed exclusively by, according to the Utilitarians, i. 7, 8, note.
Summary of the relations of virtue and public and private, 117
Intuition, rival claims of, and utility to be regarded as the supreme regulator of moral distinctions, i. 1, 2.
Various names by which the theory of intuition is known, 2, 3.
Views of the moralists of the school of, 3.
Summary of their objections to the Utilitarian theory, i. 69.
The intuitive school, 74, 75.
Doctrines of Butler, Adam [pg 389] Smith, and others, 76-77.
Analogies of beauty and virtue, 77.
Distinction between the higher and lower parts of our nature, 83.
Moral judgments, and their alleged diversities, 91.
General moral principles alone revealed by intuition, 99.
Intuitive morals not unprogressive, 102, 103.
Difficulty of both the intuitive and utilitarian schools in finding a fixed frontier line between the lawful and the illicit, 116, 117.
The intuitive and utilitarian schools each related to the general condition of society, 122.
Their relations to metaphysical schools, 123, 124.
And to the Baconian philosophy, 125.
Contrasts between ancient and modern civilisations, 126, 127.
Practical consequences of the opposition between the two schools, 127
Inventions, the causes which accelerate the progress of society in modern times, i. 126
Ireland, why handed over by the Pope to England, ii. 217
Irenæus, his belief that all Christians had the power of working miracles, i. 378
Irish, characteristics of the, i. 138.
Their early marriages and national improvidences, 146.
Absence of moral scandals among the priesthood, 146.
Their legend of the islands of life and death, 203.
Their missionary labours, ii. 246.
Their perpendicular burials, 253
Isidore, St., legend of, ii. 205
Isis, worship of, at Rome, i. 387.
Suppression of the worship, 402
Italians, characteristics of the, i. 138, 144
Italy, gigantic development of mendicancy in, ii. 98.
Introduction of monachism into, 106
James, the Apostle, Eusebius' account of him, ii. 105
James, St., of Venice, his kindness to animals, ii. 172
Jenyns, Soame, his adherence to the opinion of Ockham, i. 17, note
Jerome, St., on exorcism, i. 382.
On the clean and unclean animals in the ark, ii. 104.
Legend of, 115.
Encouraged inhumanity of ascetics to their relations, 134.
His legend of SS. Paul and Antony, 158
Jews, their law regulating marriage and permitting polygamy, i. 103.
Their treatment of suicides, 218, note.
Influence of their manners and creed at Rome, 235, 337.
Became the principal exorcists, 380, 381, note.
Spread of their creed in Rome, 386.
Reasons why they were persecuted less than the Christians, 402, 407.
How regarded by the pagans, and how the Christians were regarded by the Jews, 415.
Charges of immorality brought against the Christians by the Jews, 417.
Domitian's taxation of them, 432.
Their views of the position of women, ii. 337
Joffre, Juan Gilaberto, his foundation of a lunatic asylum in Valencia, ii. 89
John, St., at Patmos, i. 433
John, St., of Calama, story of, ii. 128
John XXIII., Pope, his crimes, ii. 331
Johnson, Dr., his adherence to the opinion of Ockham, i. 17, note
Julian, the Emperor, his tranquil death, i. 207, and note.
Refuses the language of adulation, 259.
His attempt to resuscitate paganism, 331.
Attitude of the Church towards him, ii. 261.
Joy at his death, 262
[pg 390]
Julien l'Hospitalier, St., legend of, ii. 84, note
Jupiter Ammon, fountain of, deemed miraculous, i. 366, and note
Justinian, his laws respecting slavery, ii. 65
Justin Martyr, his recognition of the excellence of many parts of the pagan writings, i. 344.
On the “seminal logos,” 344.
On the Sibylline books, 376.
Cause of his conversion to Christianity, 415.
His martyrdom, 441
Juvenal, on the natural virtue of man, i. 197
Kames, Lord, on our moral judgments, i. 77.
Notices the analogies between our moral and æsthetical judgments, 77
King's evil, ceremony of touching for the, i. 363, note
Labienus, his works destroyed, i. 448, note
Lactantius, character of his treatise, i. 463
Lætorius, story of, i. 259
Laughing condemned by the monks of the desert, ii. 115, note
Law, Roman, its relation to Stoicism, i. 294, 295.
Its golden age not Christian, but pagan, ii. 42
Lawyers, their position in literature, i. 131, note
Legacies forbidden to the clergy, ii. 151.
Power of making bequests to the clergy enlarged by Constantine, 215
Leibnitz, on the natural or innate powers of man, i. 121, note
Leo the Isaurian, Pope, his compact with Pepin, ii. 266
Leonardo da Vinci, his kindness to animals, ii. 172, note
Licentiousness, French, Hume's comments on, i. 50, note.
Locke, John, his view of moral good and moral evil, i. 8, note.
His theological utilitarianism, 16, note.
His view of the sanctions of morality, 19.
His invention of the phrase “association of ideas,” 23.
His definition of conscience, 29, note.
Cousin's objections against him, 75, note.
His refutation of the doctrine of a natural moral sense, 123, 124.
Rise of the sensual school out of his philosophy, 123, note.
Famous formulary of his school, 124
Lombard, Peter, character of his “Sentences,” ii. 226.
His visions of heaven and hell, 228
Longinus, his suicide, i. 219
Love terms Greek, in vogue with the Romans, i. 231, note
Lucan, failure of his courage under torture, i. 194.
His sycophancy, 194.
His cosmopolitanism, 240
Lucius, the bishop, martyrdom of, i. 454
Lucretius, his scepticism, i. 162.
His disbelief in the immortality of the soul, i. 182, note.
His praise of Epicurus, 197.
His suicide, 215.
On a bereaved cow, ii. 165
Lunatic asylums, the first, ii. 89
Luther's wife, her remark on the sensuous creed she had left, i. 52
Lyons, persecution of the Christians at, i. 441
Macarius, St., miracle attributed to, ii. 40, note.
His penances, 108, 109.
Legend of his visit to an enchanted garden, 158.
Other legends of him, 158, 159, 170, 220
Macedonia, effect of the conquest of, on the decadence of Rome, i. 169
Mackintosh, Sir James, theory of morals advocated by, i. 4.
Fascination [pg 391] of Hartley's doctrine of association over his mind, 29
Macrianus, persuades the Emperor Valerian to persecute the Christians, i. 455
Macrina Cælia, her benevolence to children, ii. 77
Magdalen asylums, adversaries of, ii. 98, and note
Mallonia, virtue of, ii. 309
Malthus, on charity, ii. 92, note
Mandeville, his “Enquiry into the Origin of Moral Virtue.” His thesis that “private vices are public benefits,” i. 7.
His opposition to charity schools, ii. 98
Manicheans, their tenets, ii. 102.
Their prohibition of animal food, 167
Manilius, his conception of the Deity, i. 163
Manufactures, influence upon morals, i. 139
Marcellinus, Tullius, his self-destruction, i. 222
Marcia, mistress of Commodus, her influence in behalf of toleration to the Christians, i. 443
Marcian, St., legend of the visit of St. Avitus to him, ii. 159
Marcus, St., story of, and his mother, ii. 128
Marriage, how regarded by the Jews, Greeks, Romans, and Catholics, i. 103, 104.
Statius' picture of the first night of marriage, 107, note.
Reason why the ancient Jews attached a certain stigma to virginity, 109.
Conflict of views of the Catholic priest and the political economist on the subject of early marriages, 114.
Results in some countries of the difficulties with which legislators surround marriage, 144.
Early marriages the most conspicuous proofs of Irish improvidence, 144.
Influence of asceticism on, ii. 320.
Notions of its impurity, 324.
Second marriages, 324
Marseilles, law of, respecting suicide, i. 218, note.
Epidemic of suicide among the women of, ii. 55
Martial, sycophancy of his epigrams, i. 194
Martin of Tours, St., establishes monachism in Gaul, ii. 106
Martyrdom, glories of, i. 390.
Festivals of the Martyrs, 390, note.
Passion for, 391.
Dissipation of the people at the festivals, ii. 150
Mary, St., of Egypt, ii. 110
Mary, the Virgin, veneration of, ii. 367, 368, 390
Massilians, wine forbidden to women by the, i. 96, note
Maternal affection, strength of, ii. 25, note
Maurice, on the social penalties of conscience, i. 60, note
Mauricus, Junius, his refusal to allow gladiatorial shows at Vienna, i. 286
Maxentius, instance of his tyranny, ii. 46
Maximilianus, his martyrdom, ii. 248
Maximinus, Emperor, his persecution of the Christians, i. 446
Maximus of Tyre, account of him and his discourses, i. 312.
His defence of the ancient creeds, 323.
Practical form of his philosophy, 329
Medicine, possible progress of, i. 158, 159
Melania, St., her bereavement, ii. 10.
Her pilgrimage through the Syrian and Egyptian hermitages, 120
Milesians, wine forbidden by the, to women, i. 94, note
Military honour pre-eminent among the Romans, i. 172, 173.
History of the decadence of Roman military virtue, 268
Mill, J., on association, 25, note, et seq.
[pg 392]
Mill, J. S., quoted, i. 29, 47, 90, 102
Minerva, meaning of, according to the Stoics, i. 163
Miracles, general incredulity on the subject of, at the present time, i. 346, 348.
Miracles not impossible, 347.
Established by much evidence, 347.
The histories of them always decline with education, 348.
Illustration of this in the belief in fairies, 348.
Conceptions of savages, 349.
Legends, formation and decay of, 350-352.
Common errors in reasoning about miracles, 356.
Predisposition to the miraculous in some states of society, 362.
Belief of the Romans in miracles, 363-367.
Incapacity of the Christians of the third century for judging historic miracles, 375.
Contemporary miracles believed in by the early Christians, 378.
Exorcism, 378.
Neither past nor contemporary Christian miracles had much weight upon the pagans, 378
Missionary labours, ii. 246
Mithra, worship of, in Rome, i. 386
Mohammedans, their condemnation of suicide, ii. 53.
Their lunatic asylums, 89.
Their religion, 251.
Effects of their military triumphs on Christianity, 252
Molinos, his opinion on the love we should bear to God, condemned, i. 18, note
Monastic system, results of the Catholic monastic system, i. 107.
Suicide of monks, ii. 52.
Exertions of the monks in the cause of charity, 84.
Causes of the monastic movement, 102.
History of the rapid propagation of it in the West, 183.
New value placed by it on obedience and humility, 185, 269.
Relation of it to the intellectual virtues, 188.
The monasteries regarded as the receptacles of learning, 199.
Fallacy of attributing to the monasteries the genius that was displayed in theology, 208.
Other fallacies concerning the services of the monks, 208-212.
Value attached by monks to pecuniary compensations for crime, 213.
Causes of their corruption, 217.
Benefits conferred by the monasteries, 243
Monica, St., i. 94, note
Monogamy, establishment of, ii. 372
Monophysites, the cause, to some extent, of the Mohammedan conquest of Egypt, ii. 143
Montanists, their tenets, ii. 102
Moral distinctions, rival claims of intuition and utility to be regarded as the supreme regulators of, i. 1
Moral judgments, alleged diversities of, i. 91.
Are frequently due to intellectual causes, 92.
Instances of this in usury and abortion, 92.
Distinction between natural duties and others resting on positive law, 93.
Ancient customs canonised by time, 93.
Anomalies explained by a confused association of ideas, 94, 95.
Moral perceptions overridden by positive religions, 95.
Instances of this in transubstantiation and the Augustinian and Calvinistic doctrines of damnation, 96, 97.
General moral principles alone revealed by intuition, 99.
The moral unity of different ages a unity not of standard but of tendency, 100.
Application of this theory to the history of benevolence, 100.
Reasons why acts regarded in one age as criminal are innocent in another, 101.
Views of Mill and Buckle on the comparative influence of intellectual and moral agencies in civilisation, 102, 103, note.
Intuitive morals not unprogressive, 102, 103.
Answers to miscellaneous [pg 393] objections against the theory of natural moral perceptions, 109.
Effect of the condition of society on the standard, but not the essence, of virtue, 110.
Occasional duty of sacrificing higher duties to lower ones, 110, et seq.
Summary of the relations of virtue and public and private interest, 117.
Two senses of the word natural, 119
Moral law, foundation of the, according to Ockham and his adherents, i. 17, note.
Various views of the sanctions of morality, 19.
Utilitarian theological sanctions, 53.
The reality of the moral nature the one great question of natural theology, 56.
Utilitarian secular sanctions, 57.
The Utilitarian theory subversive of morality, 66.
Plausibility and danger of theories of unification in morals, 72.
Our knowledge of the laws of moral progress nothing more than approximate or general, 136
“Moral sense,” Hutcheson's doctrine of a, i. 4
Moral system, what it should be, to govern society, i. 194
Morals, each of the two schools of, related to the general condition of society, i. 122.
Their relations to metaphysical schools, 123, 124.
And to the Baconian philosophy, 125.
Contrast between ancient and modern civilisations, 125-127.
Causes that lead societies to elevate their moral standard, and determine their preference of some particular kind of virtues, 130.
The order in which moral feelings are developed, 130.
Danger in proposing too absolutely a single character as a model to which all men must conform, 155.
Remarks on moral types, 156.
Results to be expected from the study of the relations between our physical and moral nature, 158.
Little influence of Pagan religions on morals, 161
More, Henry, on the motive of virtue, i. 76
Musonius, his suicide, i. 220
Mutius, history of him and his son, ii. 125
Mysticism of the Romans, causes producing, i. 318
Myths, formation of, i. 351
Naples, mania for suicide at, ii. 55
Napoleon, the Emperor, his order of the day respecting suicide, i. 219, note
Nations, causes of the difficulties of effecting cordial international friendships, i. 156