[i]
ТРАКТАТ ОБ АВТОРСКОМ ПРАВЕ
[ii][iii]
ТРАКТАТ ОБ АВТОРСКОМ ПРАВЕ В СОЕДИНЕННОМ КОРОЛЕВСТВЕ И ВЛАДЕНИЯХ КОРОНЫ, А ТАКЖЕ В СОЕДИНЕННЫХ ШТАТАХ АМЕРИКИ
СОДЕРЖАЩИЙ ПОЛНОЕ ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ ВСЕХ ДЕЙСТВУЮЩИХ АКТОВ ПАРЛАМЕНТА, МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫХ КОНВЕНЦИЙ, ПРИКАЗОВ ТАЙНОГО СОВЕТА, ПРОТОКОЛОВ КАЗНАЧЕЙСТВА И АКТОВ КОНГРЕССА
Э. Дж. МАКГИЛЛИВРЕЙ, бакалавр права (Кембридж), Внутренний Темпл, барристер, член Факультета адвокатов Шотландии
ЛОНДОН, ДЖОН МЮРРЕЙ, АЛЬБЕМАРЛ-СТРИТ, 1902
[iv],
[v]
ТОМАСУ ЭДВАРДУ СКРАТТОНУ, эсквайру, королевскому адвокату, в знак признательности за многочисленные наставления и доброту
[vi][vii]
ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ
Основы этой работы были заложены моими попытками разобраться в том, что, пожалуй, является наиболее сложной и неясной серией статутов в своде законов. Работая время от времени над вопросами авторского права, я ощутил острую нехватку учебного пособия, которое исчерпывающе освещало бы прецедентное право и в то же время содержало краткое и четко структурированное изложение положений статутного права. Эту потребность я попытался восполнить для себя в настоящем сборнике, и теперь он публикуется в надежде, что может оказаться полезным и для других. Действующее право является несовершенным как по существу, так и по форме, но тем более важно, чтобы те, кто имеет дело с литературной или художественной собственностью, понимали его, насколько это возможно. Вероятно, при работе с авторским правом для неосторожных лиц существует больше подводных камней, чем в любой другой отрасли права.
Мы уже некоторое время находимся накануне общей кодификации и внесения поправок в закон об авторском праве. Однако это «накануне» длится долго и неопределенно. Прошло двадцать восемь лет с тех пор, как была назначена Королевская комиссия по авторскому праву, и до сих пор ничего не сделано для улучшения плачевного состояния, в котором комиссары тогда обнаружили закон. Разногласия среди тех, кто заинтересован в авторском праве, неспособность прийти к удовлетворительному соглашению с колониями и нехватка времени у законодательного органа — вот основные причины этой задержки. Тем временем всем, кто заинтересован в авторском праве, следует ознакомиться с действующим законом, чтобы, когда наконец придет время для законодательных реформ, результат был более удовлетворительным.
Я добавил к этой работе Часть II, посвященную авторскому праву в Соединенных Штатах, и надеюсь, что она окажется полезной не только английским, но и американским юристам и издателям.
Я должен выразить признательность за значительную помощь в подготовке этой работы и множество бесценных советов моим друзьям, мистеру Лэнгриджу из Миддл-Темпла и мистеру Маккиннону из Внутреннего Темпла.
Э. Дж. МАКГИЛЛИВРЕЙ.
Темпл Гарденс, 3, июнь 1902 г.
[ix]
CONTENTS
PAGE
Table of English, Scotch, Irish, Indian, and Colonial Cases xix
Table of Cases in the United States xxxi
PART I
THE LAW OF COPYRIGHT IN THE UNITED KINGDOM
AND THE DOMINIONS OF THE CROWN
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTORY 3
CHAPTER II
WHAT BOOKS ARE PROTECTED
Sec. 1. What is an Original Book 10
Definition of a Book 10
Essential Elements of a Book 11
Physical Form 11
Literary Matter 13
Originality 15
Examples of what are Books 16
Sec. 2. Publication 36
Divestitive Publication 37
Investitive Publication 38
First Publication within the British Dominions 40
Sec. 3. Author's Nationality 42
Sec. 4. Immoral Works 46
Sec. 5. Registration 46
Before Action 46
The Requisite Entry 49
The Actual Title 49
The Time of First Publication 51
The Name and Place of Abode of the Publisher 52
The Name and Place of Abode of the Proprietor 52
Certificate of Registration 53
False Entries 54
Rectification of Register 54[x]
Sec. 6. Delivery of Copies to Libraries 55
Sec. 7. Duration of Protection 56
Sec. 8. Copyright in Lectures 57
CHAPTER III
THE OWNER OF THE COPYRIGHT IN BOOKS
Sec. 1. The Crown 59
Sec. 2. The Universities 61
Sec. 3. The Author 62
Sec. 4. The Employer 66
Under Section 18 66
Scope of Section 67
Under such Employment 68
On Terms that Copyright shall belong to such Proprietor 68
Joint Employers 71
Payment 71
Author's Separate Rights 72
Employer's Rights where Section 18 does not apply 73
Sec. 5. The Assignee 74
Before Publication 74
After Publication 77
Partial Assignment 80
Assignment distinguished from Licence 81
Sec. 6. The Licensee 82
Sec. 7. The Executors or Administrators 83
Sec. 8. The Trustee in Bankruptcy 83
CHAPTER IV
INFRINGEMENT OF COPYRIGHT IN BOOKS
Sec. 1. Prohibited Acts, and Remedies 84
Causing to be Printed 85
Damages 86
Account of Profits 86
Injunction 86
Delivery up of Copies 89
Customs Act 91
Every Offence 91
Limitation of Action 91
Pleading 92
Evidence 94
Discovery 94
Mode of Trial 94
Costs 95
Sec. 2. What is a Piratical Copy 96
What is a Copy 97
A Substantial Part must be Taken 97[xi]
No Animus Furandi need be Proved 100
Taking not necessarily for Profit 101
Copying may be Indirect and Unintentional 102
Custom of Trade 102
Fair Use 103
No one can Monopolize a Field of Labour 103
No Infringement to take Facts 104
No Infringement to take the General Scheme of another's Work 105
Every Author must do his own work 105
Work with a Different Object 109
Extract for purpose of Criticism 111
Improvement or Addition of New Matter no Excuse 112
Dramatization of a Novel 114
Abridgments 114
Translations 116
Licence 118
Abandonment 119
Acquiescence and Delay 119
Provision against the Suppression of Books 119
CHAPTER V
PERFORMING RIGHTS
Sec. 1. Nature of Performing Right 120
Sec. 2. Performing Right at Common Law 121
Sec. 3. What is a Dramatic Work 123
Sec. 4. What Dramatic Works are Protected, and Duration of Protection 126
Sec. 5. What is a Musical Composition 130
Sec. 6. What Musical Works are Protected, and Duration of Protection 130
Sec. 7. Registration of Performing Rights 131
Musical Compositions 133
Sec. 8. Assignment of Performing Rights 134
Sec. 9. Infringement of Dramatic Performing Rights 135
Public Performance 135
Substantial Part 138
Causing to be Represented 139
Knowledge 142
Innocent Agents 142
Licence 142
Sec. 10. Infringement of Musical Performing Rights 142
Substantial Part 142
Public Performance 143
Causing to be Represented 143
Sec. 11. Remedies for Infringement of Dramatic Performing Rights 144
Sec. 12. Remedies for Infringement of Musical Performing Rights 145[xii]
CHAPTER VI
COPYRIGHT IN ENGRAVINGS
Sec. 1. What Works are Protected 146
What is an Original Engraving 146
Originality 147
Maps, Charts, and Plans 148
Engravings in a Book 149
Must the Engraving be made within the British Dominions 150
The Engraving must be First Published within the British Dominions 150
Date of First Publication and Proprietor's Name 151
Name of Proprietor 151
Immoral Works 152
Duration of Protection 152
Sec. 2. The Owner of the Copyright 152
The Engraver 152
The Employer 153
The Assignee 154
Sec. 3. Infringement of the Copyright 155
Prohibited Acts and Remedies 155
Guilty Knowledge 156
Limitation of Action 156
Costs 156
Copying for Private Use 156
What is a Piratical Copy 156
Licence a Defence 159
CHAPTER VII
COPYRIGHT IN SCULPTURE
Sec. 1. What Works are Protected 161
What is an Original Sculpture 161
The Sculpture must be First Published within the British Dominions 162
Publication 162
Author's Nationality 162
Proprietor's Name and Date 162
Proprietor's Name 163
Date 163
Immoral Works 163
Duration of Protection 163
Sec. 2. The Owner of the Copyright 164
The Artist 164
The Employer 164
The Assignee 164[xiii]
Sec. 3. Infringement of the Copyright 164
Prohibited Acts and Remedies 164
Guilty Knowledge 165
Limitation of Action 165
Copying for Private Use 165
What is a Piratical Copy 165
CHAPTER VIII
COPYRIGHT IN PAINTINGS, DRAWINGS, AND PHOTOGRAPHS
Sec. 1. What Works are Protected 167
Every Original Painting, Drawing, and Photograph 167
Originality 167
Artistic Merit 168
Publication Outside the British Dominions 168
Published 169
Nationality or Residence of Artist 170
Registration 171
The Requisite Entry 171
Name 173
Place of Abode 173
Short Description 173
Immoral W 174
Duration of Protection 174
Sec. 2. The Owner of the Copyright 174
The "Author" 174
The Employer 175
The Assignee 176
Sec. 3. Infringement 177
Prohibited Acts and Remedies 177
Cause or Procure 178
Innocent Agent 179
Unlawful Copy 179
Separate Offence 179
Copying for Private Use 180
Action on Breach of Contract 180
Fraudulent Acts 180
Limitation of Action 181
Evidence 181
What is a Piratical Copy 181
No Monopoly 181
What is a Copy 181
General Idea may be Taken 182
Material Part 183
Indirect Taking 184
Guilty Knowledge 184
Replicas 184
Licence a Defence 184[xiv]
CHAPTER IX
COLONIAL COPYRIGHT
Books 186
Artistic Works 191
CHAPTER X
INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT
Works Produced in His Majesty's Dominions 193
Works Produced in Foreign Countries with which this Country has no Treaty 193
Works Produced in Foreign Countries with which this Country has a Treaty 193
What Foreign Works are entitled to Protection 195
Produced 195
Character of Work 196
Unpublished Works 196
Special Provisions 197
Works Produced in Foreign Countries before 6th December 1887 197
Formalities Required in case of Foreign Work 198
Who are Entitled to Sue in respect of a Foreign Work 200
Evidence of Title 200
Protection afforded to Foreign Works 200
Works Published before 6th December 1887 202
Translating Right 203
Articles in Newspapers and Periodicals 204
Photographic Works 204
Performing Right in Dramatic or Dramatic Musical Works 204
Express Provision as to particular kind of Infringement 205
CHAPTER XI
COMMON LAW
Title—Passing off 206
No Copyright in Title. 206
Whether Protection is based on a Right of Property in Title 207
Knowledge of Existence and Value on the part of the Public 208
Non-user of Title 208
No Fraud need be Proved 209
Must be Calculated to Deceive 209
Cases in which an Injunction Granted 209
Cases where Injunction Refused 211
Malicious Criticism 213
Slander of Title 213[xv]
Author who has parted with Copyright is entitled to Protect his Reputation 213
Protection from Breach of Faith or Contract 215
Unpublished Works 220
Speeches and Sermons 223
Letters 225
CHAPTER XII
PUBLISHING AND PRINTING AGREEMENTS
Publishers' Agreements 227
Printers' Agreements 230
PART II
THE LAW OF COPYRIGHT IN THE UNITED STATES
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTORY 235
CHAPTER II
WHAT WORKS ARE ENTITLED TO COPYRIGHT
Sec. 1. An Original Literary or Artistic Work 236
Sec. 2. Nationality of the Author 247
Sec. 3. Necessary Formalities 250
Conditions Precedent 251
Delivery of Title 251
Delivery of Description 253
Delivery of Copies 253
Printing in the United States 254
Retrospective Provision 254
Notice of Copyright 255
Publication 260
Sec. 4. Immoral Works 266
Sec. 5. Duration of Copyright 267
CHAPTER III
WHO IS THE OWNER OF THE COPYRIGHT
Sec. 1. The Author 269
Sec. 2. The Employer 271
Sec. 3. The State 272
Sec. 4. The Assignee 272[xvi]
CHAPTER IV
INFRINGEMENT OF COPYRIGHT
Sec. 1. What is a Piratical Copy 276
Copying may be Indirect 277
The Intention need not be Bad 277
Proof of Copying 277
No Monopoly in the Subject-Matter 278
Taking a Substantial Part 279
Fair Use 281
Improvement no Excuse 283
Different Object 283
Extract for Review 284
Abridgments 284
Translations 286
Dramatic Performing Right 286
Musical Rights 287
Sec. 2. Prohibited Acts and Remedies 287
Account of Profits 289
Damages 290
Penalties 290
Forfeiture 290
Injunction 291
Who is Liable 291
Limitation of Action 292
Acquiescence 292
Pleading 293
Penalties for affixing False Notice 293
Importing Books Printed outside the United States 294
CHAPTER V
COMMON LAW RIGHTS
Sec. 1. Published Work 296
Passing Off 296
Sec. 2. Unpublished Work 298
APPENDIX
BRITISH STATUTES
The Engraving Copyright Act, 1734 303
The Engraving Copyright Act, 1766 305
The Copyright Act, 1775 (Universities) 307
The Prints Copyright Act, 1777 310
The Sculpture Copyright Act, 1814 311[xvii]
The Dramatic Copyright Act, 1833 313
The Lectures Copyright Act, 1835 315
The Prints and Engravings Copyright Act, 1836 316
The Copyright Act, 1836 (Compensation to Libraries) 317
The Copyright Act, 1842 317
The International Copyright Act, 1844 329
The Colonial Copyright Act, 1847 337
Copyright in Designs Act, 1850, secs. 6 and 7 (Sculpture) 338
The International Copyright Act, 1852 339
The Fine Arts Copyright Act, 1862 343
The International Copyright Act, 1875 348
The Canada Copyright Act, 1875 349
The Customs Laws Consolidation Act, 1876 350
The Copyright (Musical Compositions) Act, 1882 351
The International Copyright Act, 1886 353
The Copyright (Musical Compositions) Act, 1888 360
The Revenue Act, 1889 361
INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS
The Berne Convention, 1886 361
Order in Council, 1887 370
The Additional Act of Paris, 1896 373
Order in Council, 1898 376
TREASURY MINUTE
Government Publications Treasury Minute, 1887 377
AMERICAN STATUTES
Revised Statutes, 1874 379
Act of Congress, June 18, 1874 384
""August 1, 1882 384
""October 1, 1890 385
""March 3, 1891 385
""March 3, 1893 389
""March 2, 1895 390
""January 6, 1897 390
""March 3, 1897 391[xviii]
[xix]
ТАБЛИЦА СУДЕБНЫХ ДЕЛ
Примечание: В ссылках на страницы цифры, набранные более крупным шрифтом, указывают на то, что обстоятельства дела наиболее полно изложены именно на этой странице.
АНГЛИЙСКИЕ, ШОТЛАНДСКИЕ, ИРЛАНДСКИЕ, ИНДИЙСКИЕ И КОЛОНИАЛЬНЫЕ ДЕЛА
Abernethy v. Hutchinson 1825 3 L. J. (O. S.), Ch., 209 37, 38, 219, 222, 224
Adams v. Batley 1887 18 Q. B. D., 625 144
Aflalo v. Lawrence — [1902], 1 Ch., 264 71
Ager v. Collingridge 1886 2 T. L. R., 291 20
Ager v. P. & O. Steam Navigation Co. 1884 26 Ch. D., 637 20, 102, 118
Alexander v. Mackenzie 1847 9 D., 748 23, 101, 104
Allen v. Lyon 1884 5 Ont. Rep., 615 118
Anglo-Canadian v. Suckling 1889 17 Ont. Rep., 239 191
Anonymous Case 1774 Lofft., 775 115
Anstruther v. Bentley 1866 14 W. R., 630 228
Archbold v. Sweet 1832 5 C. and P., 219 214
Austria, Emperor of, v. Day 1861 4 L. T. (N. S.), 494 90
Avanzo v. Mudie 1854 10 Exch., 203 200
Avery v. Wood — [1891], 3 Ch., 115 144, 156
Bach v. Longman 1777 2 Cowp., 623 36, 97
Baily v. Taylor 1829 1 Russ. and My., 73 15, 23, 86, 87, 98, 105, 109
Barfield v. Nicholson 1824 2 Sim. and Stu., 1 62, 220, 229
Barnett v. Glossop 183 1 Bing., N. C., 633 93
Baschet v. London Illustrated Standard — [1900], 1 Ch., 73 46, 152, 174, 179, 180, 201
Baskett v. Cunningham 1762 1 Wm. Black, 370 59, 60
Baskett v. University of Cambridge 1758 2 Burr., 661 59
Bastow, ex parte 1854 14 C. B., 631 54, 81, 82
Beal, ex parte 1868 L. R., 3 Q. B., 387 91, 173, 179, 181, 184
Beckford v. Hood 1798 7 T. R., 620 36, 47, 86, 206
Beere v. Ellis 1889 5 T. L. R., 330 138
Bell v. Walker 1785 1 Bro. Ch. Cas., 450 115
Bell v. Whitehead 1839 8 L. J. Ch., 141 112
Bensley v. Bignold 1822 5 B. and Ald., 335 230[xx]
Bentley v. Foster 1839 10 Sim., 329 42
Black v. Murray & Son 1870 9 M., 341 12, 26, 27, 111
Blackie v. Aikman 1827 5 Sh., 719 229
Blackwell v. Harper 1740 2 Atk., 93 146, 151, 152
Blake v. Nicholson 1814 3 M. and S., 167 230
Blanchett v. Ingram 1887 3 T. L. R., 687 38
Bleaden v. Hancock 1829 4 C. and P., 152 230
Bogue v. Houlston 1852 5 De G.and Sm., 267 12, 34, 149
Bohn v. Bogue 1846 10 Jur., 420 98, 101
Bolton v. Aldin 1895 65 L. J. Q. B., 120 181
Bolton v. London Exhibitions 1898 14 T. L. R., 550 179, 183
Boosey v. Davidson 1846 4 D. and L., 147 92, 93
"" 1849 13 Q. B., 257 42, 94
Boosey v. Fairlie 1877 7 Ch. D., 301 26
Boosey v. Jefferys 1851 4 Exch., 145 42
Boosey v. Purday 1846 10 Jur., 1038 93
"" 1849 4 Exch., 145 40, 42
Boosey v. Whight, — [1899], 1 Ch., 836 11, 12
"" — [1900], 1 Ch., 122 11, 33, 97
Borthwick v. Evening Post 1888 37 Ch. D., 449 88, 207, 209, 212
Boucicault v. Chatterton 1876 5 Ch. D., 267 36, 41, 127, 128, 129
Boucicault v. Delafield 1863 1 H. and M., 597 41, 129, 193
Boydell v. Drummond 1809 11 East., 142 230
Bradbury v. Beeton 1869 39 L. J. Ch., 57 207, 209, 211
Bradbury v. Dickens 1859 27 Beav., 53 207
Bradbury v. Hotten 1872 L. R., 8 Ex., 1 99, 109, 110
Bradbury v. Sharp 1891 [1891], W. N., 143 89
Bramwell v., Halcomb 1836 3 My. and Cr., 737 99
Bridgman v. Green 1755 2 Ves. Sen., 627 219
Britain v. Hanks 1902 Wright, J., April 15 162, 163
British Museum v. Payne 1828 2 Y. and J., 166 56
Brooke v. Chitty 1831 2 Coop. Cas., 216 229
Brooke v. Milliken 1789 3 T. R., 509 91
Brooks v. Cock 1835 3 Ad. and E., 138 151
Brooks v. Religious Tract Society 1897 45 W. R., 476 183, 184
Brown v. Cooke 1846 16 L. J. Ch., 140 68, 71
Burnett v. Chetwood 1720 2 Mer., 441 46, 117
Butterworth v. Kelly 1888 4 T. L. R., 430 84
Butterworth v. Robinson 1801 5 Ves., 709 28, 115
Buxton v. James 1851 5 De G. and Sm., 80 40, 41, 42, 87
Byron v. Johnston 1816 2 Meriv., 29 215
Cable v. Marks 1882 47 L. T. (N. S.), 432 31
Cadell v. Anderson 1787 Mor. Dic., 8310 26
Caird v. Sime 1887 12 A. C., 326 37, 38, 220, 221, 222
Cambridge University v. Bryer 1812 16 East, 317 56, 86
Campbell v. Scott 1842 11 Sim., 31 88, 101, 112
Caproni v. Alberti 1892 40 W. R., 235 162
Carnan v. Bowles 1786 1 Cox Cha. Cas., 283 16, 27, 113, 164[xxi]
Carr v. Hood 1808 1 Camp., 354 n 213
Cary v. Faden 1799 5 Ves. 24 16, 46
Cary v. Kearsley 1802 4 Esp., 168 16, 75, 98, 100, 101, 113
Cary v. Longman 1801 1 East, 358 12, 16, 26
Cassell v. Stiff 1856 2 K. and J., 279 53, 202
Cate v. Devon 1889 40 Ch. D., 500 11, 21, 48, 50, 88, 99, 100, 102
Chappell v. Boosey 1882 21 Ch. D., 232 121, 127
Chappell v. Davidson 1855 2 K. and J., 123 210
"" 1856 18 C. B., 194 46, 49, 87, 93
Chappell v. Purday 1843 12 M. and W., 303 54, 55, 79
"" 1845 14 M. and W., 303 40, 42
Chappell v. Sheard 1855 2 K. and J., 117 50, 210
Chatterton v. Cave 1875 L. R., 10 C. P., 572 25, 26, 98, 123, 139
"" 1878 3 A. C., 483 25, 26, 97, 98, 102, 138
Chilton v. Progress Printing Co. — [1895], 2 Ch., 29 14, 33
Church v. Linton 1894 25 Ont. Rep., 131 19, 24, 33
Clark v. Bell 1804 Mor. Dic. Literary Property, App. 9 92
Clark v. Bishop 1872 25 L. T. (N. S.), 908 47, 120, 124, 133, 134
Clarke v. Freeman 1848 11 Beav., 112 214
Clarke v. Price 1819 2 Wills, C. C., 157 227
Clay v. Yates 1856 1 H. and N., 73 231
Clement v. Maddick 1859 1 Giff., 98 101, 207, 209, 210
Clementi v. Golding 1809 2 Camp., 25 11, 36
Clementi v. Walker 1824 2 B. and C., 861 40, 41, 75, 77
Clowes v. Hogg 1870 W. N., 268 210
Cobbett v. Woodward 1872 L. R., 14 Eq., 407 18, 19, 95, 238
Cocks v. Purday 1848 5 C. B., 860 40, 42, 76, 77, 79, 93
Colburn v. Duncombe 1838 9 Sim., 151 76, 78
Colburn v. Simms 1843 2 Hare, 543 85, 86, 90
Cole v. Gear 1888 4 T. L. R., 246 141
Coleman v. Wathen 1793 5 T. R., 245 37, 122
Collette v. Goode 1878 7 Ch. D., 842 93