«Швейцарская республика»

Если приобретение власти имеет определенную тенденцию к ослаблению связей федерального союза, мы должны ожидать, что Конфедерация, лишенная в силу естественных, а также привходящих обстоятельств всяких претензий на политическую власть, будет по этой причине обладать в высшей степени достоинством стабильности. Все, что приводит в движение пружины человеческого сердца, побуждает швейцарцев к защите своих бесценных привилегий. Смелые и бесстрашные; тело, приспособленное к перенесению труда; душа, способная презирать опасность; восторженная любовь к свободе; отвращение к самому имени или эмблеме королевской власти, проиллюстрированное в веках героических и воинских подвигов, которые с непоколебимым и дерзким предприимчивостью построили нацию и государство; с этими качествами они, если возникнет необходимость, будут помнить предупреждение своего собственного Руссо: «Вы, свободные нации, помните эту максиму: свободу можно приобрести, но ее нельзя вернуть». В момент опасности швейцарцы будут движимы духом своего храброго старого Ландаммана, который ответил герцогу Бургундскому: «Знайте, что вы можете, если на то будет воля Божья, получить наши бесплодные и суровые горы; но, подобно нашим предкам, мы будем искать убежища в более диких и отдаленных пустынях, и когда мы будем сопротивляться до последнего, мы умрем с голоду в ледяных пустошах ледников; мужчины, женщины и дети, мы будем заморожены в уничтожении вместе, прежде чем наш свободный швейцарец признает иностранного господина».

Может существовать более глубокая опасность, ожидающая Швейцарию, которой не может соответствовать никакой дух, каким бы энергичным и решительным он ни был, — опасность изнутри, а не снаружи. Нация, которая в силу неблагоприятных обстоятельств численной неполноценности, бедности средств или отсутствия предприимчивости не может поддерживать своих граждан в достижении справедливой славы и материального благополучия, лишена одного из первых и самых необходимых элементов силы. Малое государство склонно растрачивать свою силу в действиях, слишком незначительных для общего интереса, растрачивая свои умственные богатства, не меньше, чем свои сокровища и кровь, на поддержку интересов, которые не могут привлечь симпатии никого за пределами своих границ; слава и сила, подобно богатству, находят себя и чаще всего обнаруживаются там, где их плоды уже накопились. Если из какого-либо источника зло придет в эту маленькую республику, то, по патриотическим словам ее последнего историка, «поколения будут указывать на место, где оно возникло и процветало, и скажут: здесь когда-то жил свободный, самоуправляющийся народ, маленькая, но активная республика, с замечательными институтами, с известной и памятной историей».

НАСЕЛЕНИЕ И ПОЧВА, ПЕРЕПИСЬ 1888 ГОДА.

Order. Cantons. Population. Total area. Productive. Unproductive.

Sq. km. Sq. km. Sq. km.

1 Zurich 339,014 1,724.7 1,616 108.7

2 Bern 539,305 6,889 5,385.7 1,503.3

3 Luzern 135,780 1,500.8 1,369 131.8

4 Uri 17,284 1,076 477.7 598.3

5 Schwyz 50,396 908.5 660.2 248.3

6 Unterwalden

Obwald 15,032 474.8 399.4 75.4

Nidwald 12,524 290.5 217.9 72.6

7 Glarus 33,800 691.2 448.6 242.6

8 Zug 23,120 239.2 194.3 44.9

9 Freiburg 119,562 1,669 1,469.6 199.4

10 Solothurn 85,720 783.6 717.8 65.8

11 Basel

Stadt 74,247 35.8 30.4 5.4

Landschaft 62,133 421.6 405.6 16

12 Schaffhausen 37,876 294.2 281 13.2

13 Appenzell

Ausser-Rhoden 54,200 260.6 253.6 7

Inner-Rhoden 12,906 159 144.4 14.6

14 St. Gallen 229,441 2,019 1,713.5 305.5

15 Grisons 96,291 7,184.8 3,851.6 3,333.2

16 Aargau 193,834 1,404 1,341.7 62.3

17 Thurgau 105,091 988 835.6 152.4

18 Ticino 127,148 2,818.4 1,880 938.4

19 Vaud 251,296 3,222.8 2,728.8 494

20 Valais 101,837 5,247.1 2,409.9 2,837.2

21 Neuchâtel 109,037 807.8 572.3 235.5

22 Genève 106,738 279.4 232.9 46.5

Total 2,933,612 41,389.8 29,637.5 11,752.3

ДЕНЬГИ, ВЕСА, МЕРЫ.

Franc Cents, 19.3.

One hundred centimes One franc.

Metre, equal to 1.094 yards.

Kilometre, equal to .621 mile.

Metric quintal, or metre centner, equal to 100 kilogrammes, or 2 cwt. nearly (1 cwt. 3 qrs. 24½ ƚbs.).

Square kilometre, equal to .386 square mile.

Hectare, equal to 2½ acres nearly (2 acres, 1 rood, 35½ poles).

Centner, equal to about 110¼ ƚbs.

Cubic metre, equal to 1.308 cubic yards.

Litre, equal to .88 quart.

Hectolitre, equal to 22 gallons.

ПЕРЕПИСЬ 1888 ГОДА.

ПЛОЩАДЬ — ПРОДУКТИВНАЯ И НЕПРОДУКТИВНАЯ ЗЕМЛЯ.

Productive Land.

Forest 7,714.2 square kilometres.

Vineyards 305.0 ””

Cultivated 21,618.3 ””

Total 29,637.5 ””

Unproductive Land.

Glaciers 1,838.8 square kilometres.

Lakes 1,386.1 ””

Cities, villages, and outer buildings 161.8 ””

Area of railroads, turnpikes, etc., rivers and rocky wastes 8,365.6 ””

Total 11,752.3 ””

Population as to Confessions.

Protestants

1,724,869

Catholics

1,189,662

Jews

8,384

Others

10,697

As to Languages.

German

2,092,479

French

637,710

Italian

156,482

Others

8,565

ПОРЯДОК И ДАТЫ ВСТУПЛЕНИЯ ДВАДЦАТИ ДВУХ КАНТОНОВ В КОНФЕДЕРАЦИЮ.

Order of entry. French name. German name. Year.

1 Zurich Zürich 1351.

2 Berne Bern 1353.

3 Lucerne Luzern 1332.

4 Uri Uri 1291.

5 Schwytz Schwyz 1291.

6 Unterwalden Unterwalden 1291.

Le haut Obwald

Le bas Nidwald

7 Glaris Glarus 1352.

8 Zoug Zug 1352.

9 Fribourg Freiburg 1481.

10 Soleure Solothurn 1481.

11 Bâle Basel 1501.

Ville Stadt.

Campagne Landschaft.

12 Schaffhouse Schaffhausen 1501.

13 Appenzell Appenzell 1573.

Rhodes-Extérieures Ausser-Rhoden.

Rhodes-Intérieures Inner-Rhoden.

14 St. Gall St. Gallen 1803.

15 Grisons Graubünden 1803.

16 Argovie Aargau 1803.

17 Thurgovie Thurgau 1803.

18 Tessin (It. Ticino) Tessin 1803.

19 Vaud Waadt 1803.

20 Valais Wallis 1814.

21 Neuchâtel Neuenburg 1814.

22 Genève Genf 1814.

ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ.

КОПИЯ ЛАТИНСКОГО «ПАКТА 1291 ГОДА» В АРХИВАХ ШВИЦА.

Во имя Господа, Аминь. Честности содействуют и общественной пользе предусматривают, когда договоры скрепляются в должном состоянии покоя и мира. Да будет известно всем, что люди долины Ури, община долины Швиц и сообщество интрамонтанских людей нижней долины, учитывая злобу времен, чтобы иметь возможность более эффективно защищать себя и свое, и лучше сохранять их в должном состоянии, по доброй воле обещали взаимно помогать друг другу советом, помощью и всяким расположением, личностями и имуществом, внутри долин и вне их, всеми силами, всеми усилиями против всех и каждого, кто причинит им или кому-либо из них какое-либо насилие, беспокойство или обиду, замышляя любое зло против их личностей и имущества, и в каждом случае каждая община обещала другой поспешить, когда это будет необходимо, чтобы прийти на помощь. И за свой собственный счет, как будет нужно, сопротивляться натиску злонамеренных, мстить за обиды, дав на это телесную клятву, без обмана соблюдать, до ратификации клятвой формы Конфедерации, обновляя настоящим; так, однако, что каждый человек согласно условиям своего имени должен быть обязан подчиняться и служить своему господину подобающим образом. Также общим советом и единодушным расположением мы обещали, постановили и приказали, чтобы в вышеупомянутых долинах мы не принимали и не признавали никакого судьи, который приобрел бы эту должность за какую-либо цену или деньги, или который не был бы нашим жителем или провинциалом.

Если же возникнет разногласие между какими-либо заговорщиками, более благоразумные из заговорщиков должны прийти, чтобы утихомирить раздор между сторонами, как им покажется целесообразным. И та сторона, которая отвергнет это постановление, должна быть противником для других заговорщиков. Превыше всего, однако, между ними было постановлено, чтобы тот, кто обманным путем и без вины убьет другого, если будет пойман, лишился жизни, если не сможет доказать свою невиновность в сказанном злодеянии, в силу своих гнусных преступлений. И если, возможно, он уйдет, он никогда не должен возвращаться. Укрыватели и защитники вышеупомянутого злодея должны быть отделены от долин, пока не будут предусмотрительно отозваны заговорщиками. Если кто-либо днем или ночью в тишине обманным путем разорит кого-либо из заговорщиков поджогом, он никогда не должен считаться соотечественником. И если кто-либо лелеет и защищает сказанного злодея внутри долин, он должен предоставить удовлетворение пострадавшему. К этому, если кто-либо из заговорщиков лишит другого имущества или причинит ему ущерб каким-либо образом, если имущество виновного может быть найдено внутри долин, оно должно быть сохранено для обеспечения удовлетворения пострадавшим согласно справедливости. Кроме того, никто не должен брать залог другого, если он не является явно должником или поручителем, и это должно делаться только с особого разрешения судьи. Кроме того, каждый должен подчиняться своему судье и, если необходимо, указать судью, под которым он должен скорее подчиняться закону. И если кто-либо окажется непокорным суду, и из-за его упрямства кто-либо из заговорщиков понесет ущерб, все присягнувшие обязаны принудить вышеупомянутого упрямца предоставить удовлетворение. Если же война или раздор возникнут между кем-либо из заговорщиков, если одна сторона спорящих не заботится о получении завершения справедливости или удовлетворения, заговорщики обязаны защищать оставшуюся сторону. Вышеписанные статуты, ради общей пользы, спасительно установленные, с согласия Господа, длятся вечно. В доказательство этого факта настоящий инструмент, составленный по просьбе вышеупомянутых, скреплен защитой печатей вышеупомянутых трех общин и долин. Совершено в год Господень 1291, в начале месяца августа.

ПЕРЕВОД.

Во имя Господа — Аминь!

Добродетель поощряется и польза обеспечивается государством до тех пор, пока пакты твердо установлены на надлежащей основе покоя и мира, поэтому пусть все люди знают, что долина Ури и весь округ долины Швиц и община интрамонтанских людей нижней долины, учитывая злой характер времен, с целью иметь возможность более эффективно защищать себя и свои интересы, и лучше сохранять их в надлежащем состоянии, обещали по доброй вере взаимно поддерживать друг друга своей помощью, советом и нераздельной поддержкой, в своих лицах и имуществе, внутри и вне долин, всеми своими силами и объединенными усилиями против всех людей и каждого в отдельности, кто причинит им или кому-либо из них какое-либо насилие, беспокойство или обиду, замышляя любое зло против их лиц и имущества, и каждая община обещала другой в каждом случае спешить, когда это будет необходимо, чтобы оказать помощь. Они также (обещали) за свой индивидуальный счет сопротивляться, как это будет необходимо, атакам злонамеренных, мстить за обиды, дав свою телесную клятву относительно верного сохранения настоящего от изменений до ратификации клятвой инструмента Конфедерации. Так, однако, что любое и каждое лицо должно считаться обязанным подчиняться и служить своему Господу точно в соответствии с условиями своего обязательства. Мы также обещали, решили и, более того, постановили общим решением и единодушным согласием, что мы не будем, в какой-либо степени, принимать или признавать никакого судью, который обеспечит себе должность за какую-либо цену, или деньгами, или любым другим устройством, или который не будет одним из наших жителей или провинциалом.

Но если возникнет разногласие между кем-либо из Конфедератов, более благоразумные из них должны выступить вперед, чтобы утихомирить разногласия между сторонами так, как им покажется целесообразным, и сторона, которая отвергнет постановленное урегулирование, должна быть противником для других Конфедератов.

Более того, превыше всего, было постановлено среди них, что тот, кто неправомерно и без провокации убьет другого, если будет арестован, должен лишиться жизни, как того требует его гнусное злодеяние, если не сможет доказать свою невиновность в предполагаемом преступлении, и если случайно он покинет страну, он никогда не должен возвращаться; укрыватели и защитники вышеупомянутого злодея должны быть отрезаны от долин, пока не будут отозваны с должной предусмотрительностью Конфедератами. Но если кто-либо днем или в тишине ночи злонамеренно повредит кому-либо из Конфедератов путем поджога, он никогда не должен считаться соотечественником. И если кто-либо укрывает и защищает предполагаемого злодея внутри долин, он должен предоставить удовлетворение лицу, которое понесло убыток. Кроме того, если кто-либо из Конфедератов ограбит другого или иным образом причинит ему убыток, если имущество виновной стороны может быть найдено внутри долин, оно должно быть удержано для обеспечения удовлетворения пострадавшему согласно справедливости.

Более того, никто не должен брать залог второго, если этот не является явно должником или поручителем, и это должно быть сделано только в соответствии со специальной лицензией судьи. Кроме того, любой и каждый должен подчиняться своему судье и указать самого судью, если это будет необходимо, под которым он по выбору принимает обязательство подчиняться закону. И если кто-либо покажет себя непокорным решению судьи, и вследствие его упрямства кто-либо из Конфедератов будет поврежден, все, кто под присягой, обязаны принудить вышеупомянутого упрямца предоставить удовлетворение. Но в случае, если война или насильственный раздор возникнут между кем-либо из Конфедератов, если одна сторона спорящих не расположена принять решение справедливости или удовлетворение, Конфедераты обязаны защищать оставшуюся сторону.

Вышеписанные статуты спасительно установлены в пользу общественной выгоды с неограниченной продолжительностью, с согласия Господа. В качестве доказательства этого акта настоящий инструмент, составленный согласно прошению вышеупомянутых лиц, подтвержден авторитетом печатей вышеупомянутых округов и долин. Совершено в год Господень 1291, в начале месяца августа.

Вышеуказанный перевод был любезно сделан профессором У. Э. Питерсом из Университета Вирджинии, и при его передаче он говорит: «Я посылаю вам буквальный перевод Пакта, оригинал чрезвычайно груб и неверен согласно классическим стандартам. Я думаю, однако, смысл передан. Я перевожу vniversitas как округ, и Коммуна могла бы быть заключена в скобки; я бы перевел это как Кантон, но швейцарские кантоны тогда еще не были сформированы, и термин Коммуна едва ли выражает смысл, так как он французский. Мне пришлось в некоторых случаях форсировать перевод, где латынь абсолютно испорчена и неверна. Я стремился сделать перевод, как вы желали, строго согласно латыни, а не согласно тому, что было допустимо с латынью и ее расстановкой».

Достопочтенный Джон Д. Уошберн, министр Соединенных Штатов в Берне, в статье, представленной Американскому антикварному обществу в Вустере, штат Массачусетс, в апреле 1890 года, об «Основании Швейцарской Республики», ссылаясь на Пакт 1291 года, говорит: «Фундаментальный камень, на котором, как общепринято, покоится вся надстройка [Швейцарской Республики], известен как Пакт — Письмо о союзе, Bundesbrief — 1291 года. Это не миф, но, за исключением, возможно, абсолютной точности даты и некоторых посторонних обстоятельств, якобы сопровождавших его, хорошо установленная запись истории. Этот инструмент хорошо вознаграждает тщательное изучение, не только как удивительно смелая декларация модифицированной независимости в очень ранний день, но и как особенно интересная для американского студента из-за замечательных параллелей мысли в умах этих древних людей и в умах тех, кто почти пятьсот лет спустя сделал предварительные декларации американской независимости».

УКАЗАТЕЛЬ.

A.

Aar, water system of the, 415.

Aarau, peace of, 14.

Aargau admitted, 16.

conquest of, 13.

Academy, military, 238.

Act of mediation, 39.

Administrative law, 90.

Agricultural schools, 289.

Agriculture, 290, 306.

Alliance, Holy, Switzerland in the, 18.

Letter of, 473, 477.

Allmend, 181.

future of, 183.

Alpenglühen, 426.

Alpenstocks, 375.

Alphorn, 340.

Alpine flowers, 371.

hay-making, 326.

Alps, 354.

Alsace-Lorraine, 458.

Altdorf, folkmote in, 155.

Amendments, constitutional, 50, 51.

American and Swiss constitutions compared, 54, 56, 59, 63.

American elections compared with Swiss, 82.

Appeals to federal tribunal, 109.

Appellate courts, 136.

criminal, 112.

Appendix, 473.

Appenzell admitted, 14.

division of, 141.

Inner, councils in, 159.

Outer, folkmote in, 151.

Arbitration, intercantonal, 104.

international, 445.

Armaments, European, 456.

Army, active, 237.

federal, 233.

strength of, 239.

Assembly, federal, 42, 65.

local, 158.

powers of, 71.

Asylum, right of, 466.

Ausser-Rhoden folkmote, 151.

Authorities, federal, 49.

Autonomy, cantonal, 146.

communal, 176, 186.

Avalanches, 366.

B.

Banquet, communal, 183.

Basel admitted, 14.

division of, 141.

inheritance of property in, 218.

Battle of Marignano, 14.

of Morat, 13.

of Morgarten, 11.

of Sempach, 13.

Beef, dried, 345.

Bern, 411.

aristocracy of, 423.

codes in, 216.

joins the league, 13.

life in, 423.

name of, 413.

places of interest in, 420.

surroundings of, 425.

Bills of rights, 57.

Bise, 23.

Boundaries, 20.

Breeds of cattle, 311.

Brunnen, league of, 11.

Bundesbrief, 473, 477.

Bundesgericht, 104.

См. Федеральный трибунал.

Bundespräsident, 88, 97.

Bundesrath, 85.

См. Федеральный совет.

Bundesstaat defined, 36.

established, 42.

Bundesversammlung, 42, 65.

Bürgergemeinde, 180.

C.

Cæsar and the Helvetians, 9.

Calvin, character of, 30.

Calvinism in Geneva, 29.

Cantonal affairs, federal intervention in, 129.

citizenship, 199.

coinage, 123.

conservatism, 160, 164.

constitutions, 134, 146.

courts, 136.

customs, 160, 164.

differences, 104.

individuality, 144.

institutions, 146.

judges, 136.

land laws, 215.

officials, 141.

revenues, 141.

rights, 60, 146.

sovereignty, 45, 130, 147.

standards, 143.

Cantons and half-cantons, 141.

area and population of, 469.

Catholic, 18, 29.

chief magistracy of, 133.

coercion of, 90.

eight old, 13.

elections in, 131.

entry of, into confederation, 471.

forest, 12, 13.

history of, 123.

legislation in, 131.

present status of, 125.

Protestant, 29.

relations of, to the communes, 188.

representation in, 131.

sovereignty of, 45, 130, 147.

status of, 38.

Capital punishment, 48, 51, 139.

Cassation, courts of, 136.

tribunal of, 112.

Cataracts, 370.

Catholic cantons, 18, 29.

Celtic ancestry, 9.

Census of 1888, 24, 466.

Cereals, 306.

Chalets, 329, 332.

Chamber, criminal, 112.

of accusation, 112.

Chamois, 337.

Chancellery, federal, 49.

Character of the peasants, 351.

Chaux-de-Fonds, altitude of, 25.

Cheese, 315.

Citizenship, 47.

acquirement of, 178, 200.

American, 193.

ancient Swiss, 191.

cantonal, 199.

communal, 177, 187, 193.

defined, 192, 195.

exit from, 203.

history of, 191.

instruction in its duties, 189.

nature of, 202.

renunciation of, 204.

rights and duties of, 127, 134.

state, defined, 196.

Swiss, 198.

Climate, 21.

Codes, cantonal, 215.

Coercion of cantons, 90.

Coinage, old cantonal, 123.

Colonial extension, 457.

Commerce, 299.

Commercial courts, 136.

restrictions, 46.

Common lands, 181.

Communal assembly, 186.

citizenship, 177, 187, 193.

membership, 177.

by purchase, 178.

officers, 186.

paupers, 188.

relations to the cantons, 188.

rights, 177.

schools, 266.

Commune defined, 174, 176.

d’origine, 177.

history of, 175.

origin of, 189.

powers of, 186.

Communes and communities, 135.

area of, 180.

des bourgeois, 180.

des habitants, 180.

double, 180.

local, 150.

national, 150.

population of, 180.

property of, 181, 183.

Composite state, 42.

Concert, European, 456.

Confederation and federation, 37.

Helvetic, 40.

powers of, 45.

reform of, 43.

Congress of Vienna, 40.

Conservatism, cantonal, 160, 164.

in government, 62.

Conservative party, 83.

Constitution, amendments of, 50, 51.

compared with that of the United States, 54, 56, 59, 63.

nature of, 61.

of 1874, 43.

Swiss, 34.

text of, 44.

Constitutions, cantonal, 131, 134, 146.

Convention of 1848, 42.

Convention of Geneva, 433.

Copyright, international, 439.

Corruption, absence of, 81.

Costumes, 349.

Council, blood, 159.

communal, 186.

federal, 76, 85. See Federal Council.

great, 158, 159.

in Appenzell-interior, 159.

in Unterwald-lower, 159.

national, 65, 66, 68.

of states, 65, 69.

triple, 158.

Councils, greater, 132.

lesser, 133.

Courts, cantonal, 136.

commercial, 136.

district, 136, 137.

federal, 111.

of cassation, 136.

supreme, 137.

См. также Федеральный трибунал.

Courtship, primitive, 347.

Covenant, original, 12, 473.

Cows, Swiss, 310, 336.

Cretinism, 429.

Criminal courts, 112.

Criminals, extradition of, 130.

Curriculum in schools, 267, 268.

Custom in cantonal business, 160, 164.

D.

Dairy products, 309.

Decapitation, 141.

Defensive preparations, 465.

Democracy, early, 12, 148, 151.

Department, political, 100.

Departments, executive, 97.

governmental, 49.

Dependent classes, 188.

Dialects, Swiss, 24.

Diet, general, 39.

Differences among cantons, 104.

District courts, 136, 137.

Dogs, St. Bernard, 27.

Swiss, 422.

Dried beef, 345.

Duties on imports and exports, 46.

E.

Écoles des recrues, 236.

Edelweiss, 371.

Education, 253. See Schools.

military, 236, 238.

religious, 260.

scope of, 278.

Eidgenossen, 14.

Eight old cantons, 13.

Einsiedeln, 27.

Einwohnergemeinde, 180.

Elections, 67, 70, 81.

in Ausser-Rhoden, 153.

Engineering feats, 320.

Estate in lands, 210, 211.

European concert, 459.

situation, 450.

Executive department, 49, 85.

departments, 97.

Expatriation, right of, 207.

Exports and imports, 304.

F.

Farms of peasants, 307, 325.

Federal army, 233.

assembly, 42, 49, 65.

powers of, 71.

authorities, 49.

chancellery, 49.

council, 49, 76, 85.

appeals from, to the assembly, 114.

authority of, 91.

business of, 97.

departments of, 97.

duties of, 88, 90, 96.

election of, 71, 93, 101.

eligibility to, 92, 94.

history of, 94.

judicial powers of, 90.

meetings of, 97.

membership of, 87.

personnel of, 102.

powers of, 91.

salaries of, 96.

tenure of members of, 94, 95.

triennial renewal of, 95.

workings of, 101, 103.

pact, 17.

tribunal, 49, 104.

appeals to, 109.

compared with the Supreme Court of the United States, 115.

defects of, in practice, 120.

election to, 106, 114.

history of, 104.

limited powers of, 114, 115.

membership of, 106, 109.

origin of, 104.

powers of, 106, 114, 115.

seat of, 114.

Federalism, growth of, 145.

tendency of, 62.

Federation and Confederation, 37.

Feudal Helvetia, 10.

Feudalism, end of, 211.

Firn, 365.

First inhabitants, 9.

Flora, native, 372.

Föhn, 23.

Folkmote, 149.

of Ausser-Rhoden, 151.

Foreign affairs, 100.

policy, 452.

Forest cantons, 12.

Forestry, 291.

Forests, 372.

Fountains, 417.

France and Germany, 458.

Frankish supremacy, 10.

Freedom of conscience, 47, 54, 56.

of trade, 46.

Freiburg admitted, 13.

Fremden-industrie, 323.

French-speaking Swiss, 24.

supremacy, 15.

Friendly remonstrances, intercantonal, 104.

Funeral customs, 349.

G.

Gauls, early, 9.

Gemeinde-trinket, 183.

General diet, 39.

Geneva admitted, 17.

and its lake, 378.

Calvin in, 29.

code Napoleon in, 220.

convention, 433.

Geography of Switzerland, 19.

German cantons, testamentary powers in, 220.

empire, relations to, 14.

-speaking Swiss, 24.

Germany and France, 458.

Glaciers, 359.

Glarus and Uri, boundary between, 143.

constitution of, 157.

joins the league, 13.

landsgemeinde in, 157.

Goitre, 428.

Government, coördinate branches of, 122.

principles of, 61.

Grass crops, 315.

Great council, 158.

powers, the, 455, 459.

Grisons admitted, 16.

Guides, 374.

Guilds, history of, 178.

Gymnasia, 267.

H.

Half-cantons, 141.

Handelsgerichte, 136.

Hapsburg protection, 11.

Hay-making in the Alps, 326.

Health resorts, 375.

Helvetians, ancient, 9, 10.

Helvetic confederation, 40.

republic, 15.

union, origin of, 12.

Herdsman’s life, 337.

History of constitutions, 38.

Holy Alliance, Switzerland in the, 18.

Homeless persons, 49.

Hospice of St. Bernard, 26.

Houses, legislative, 65, 69, 73.

I.

Ideals, national, 410.

Independence of cantons, 38.

Individual rights, 57.

Individuality, cantonal, 144.

Industrial schools, 277.

Industry, 299.

Influence on European affairs, 453.

Inheritance of property, 209.

Initiative, popular, 171, 173.

Inquest, judges of, 112.

Intercantonal affairs, 125.

judicial relations, 138.

International arbitration, 445.

copyright, 437.

labor congress, 448.

law, 448.

unions, 430.

Introduction, 9.

Isotherms, 22.

Italian element, 25.

J.

Jesuits expelled, 31, 48.

Judges, cantonal, 136.

federal, 109.

of inquest, 112.

their relations to juries, 138.

Judicial department, 49. See Federal Tribunal.

powers, limitations of, 121.

torture, 140.

Judiciary, cantonal, 136.

Juf, altitude of, 25.

Juries in cantonal courts, 138.

Jury, functions of, 138.

in federal assizes, 112.

Justice, 136. See Courts.

K.

Kuhreihen, 340.

L.

Labor congress, international, 448.

Ladin, 345.

Lake-dwellers, prehistoric, 315.

Lakes, 378.

Land laws, 209, 212.

cantonal, 215.

Land, ownership of, 209.

by peasants, 222.

communal, 181.

subdivision of, 222.

Landammann, re-election of, 160.

Landammann’s oath, 154.

Landrath, 157.

Lands in common, 181.

Landsgemeinde, 70, 148, 149, 152.

at Altdorf, in Uri, 155.

at Trogen, 151.

functions of, 157.

history of, 148.

in Glarus, 157.

Landsturm and Landwehr, 237, 239.

Languages, census of, 470.

spoken, 24.

Lausanne, the seat of the federal tribunal, 114.

Law, administrative, 90.

international, 448.

Laws, cantonal, 130.

summarized, 135.

Leases of land, 213, 216.

Legislation, federal, 48, 52.

harmonization of, 131.

initiation of, 73, 76, 89.

Legislative bodies, personnel of, 79.

sessions of, 78.

department, 49.

houses, 65, 69, 73.

tyranny, 58.

Legislators, oath of, 79.

Legislatures, cantonal, 131, 132.

Legitima portio, 221.

Letter of alliance, 473, 477.

Lion of Luzern, 230.

Liquor traffic, regulation of, 52.

Literary property, protection of, 437.

Local assembly, 158.

Localism and nationalism, 60.

Love of country, 33.

Lunéville, treaty of, 16.

Luzern, becomes a canton, 12.

lake of, 381.

M.

Manufactures, 302.

Marignano, battle of, 14.

Marriage customs in Ticino, 346.

laws, 53.

Material progress, 387.

Mediæval nobles, 10.

Mediation, act of, 39.

Mediatorsbip of Napoleon, 16.

Meinrad, St., 27, 28.

Mer de Glace, 364.

Metric standards, 470.

Militarism, dangers of, 460.

Military education, 236, 238.

service, 226, 233, 236.

status, Swiss, 464.

tax, 243.

topography, 451.

Militia, 237, 239, 249.

Mineral springs, 375.

Money, 469.

old cantonal, 123.

Monks of St. Bernard, 26.

Moraines, 365.

Morat, battle of, 13.

Morgarten, battle of, 11.

Mountaineering, 373.

Mountains, 20, 354.

their effect on character, 32.

Mythenstein, 398.

N.

Name of Switzerland, 19.

Napoleon’s influence in Switzerland, 16, 39.

Napoleon’s mediatorship, 16.

National communes, 150.

Council, 65, 66, 68.

languages, 49.

Nationalism and localism, 60.

growth of, 145.

Nationalities of Switzerland, 24.

Natural beauties, 353.

features of the country, 20.

Naturalization, 200.

defined, 207.

in the United States, 204, 208.

Neuchâtel admitted, 17.

history of, 17.

Névé, 364.

Nobles, mediæval, 10.

Normal schools, 265.

O.

Oath of landammann, Appenzell, 154.

nature of, 154.

Obergericht, 136.

Office, tenure of, 80.

Officers, military, 241.

Officials, cantonal, 141.

Old cantons, 12, 13.

Catholic party, 31.

Original inhabitants, 9.

pact, 12, 473, 477.

Orography of the country, 20, 21, 354.

Ownership of common lands, 181.

P.

Pact, federal, 17.

original, 12, 473.

Parliaments, peasant, 151.

Parties, political, 83.

Pastoral life, 335.

Pastures, Alpine, 313.

Patois, 345.

Patriotism, 32, 33.

Pauperism, 188.

Pay of soldiers, 241.

Peace of Aarau, 14.

Peasant home and life, 324, 344.

Peasant parliaments, 151.

proprietorship, 222.

Pensions, 242.

People, character of, 31.

patriotism of, 32, 33.

Personal rights, 57.

Pestalozzi, educational work of, 255.

Petite culture, 325.

Physical geography, 20.

Policy, foreign, 452.

Political department, 100.

parties, 83.

Polytechnic school, 270.

Popular initiative, 171, 173.

sovereignty, 168, 174.

голосование. См. Референдум.

Population, 469.

Postal union, 435.

Powers, the great, 455, 459.

Prehistoric remains, 383.

Presidency, American, compared with the Swiss executive, 86.

President of confederation, 88, 97.

Presidents of legislative bodies, 66, 67, 69, 71, 73.

Principles of government, 61.

Procureur-général, 112.

Progressive spirit, 387.

Property, communal, 181, 183.

Propitiator, 137.

Proprietorship in lands, 211.

Protection of literary property, 437.

Protestant and Catholic parties, 18.

cantons, 29.

Reformation, 28.

Provisions, temporary constitutional, 50.

Prussian supremacy in Neuchâtel, 17.

Public life, training for, 95.

Punishment in schools, 262.

Punishments, 48.

unusual, 170.

R.

Rack for prisoners, 139.

Radical party, 83.

Railways, 317.

Ranz des Vaches, 340.

Rath, 157.

Realschulen, 293, 295.

Red cross flag, 433.

Referendum, 74, 77.

benefits of, 169.

cantonal, 172.

compulsory, 172.

defined, 164.

functions of, 165.

history of, 171.

nature of, 50, 56.

optional, 172.

principle of, 171.

veto by, 167, 169.

Reform, federal, 19.

Reformation, 28.

Religion in schools, 260.

Religious controversies, 18.

differences, 25.

freedom, 47, 54, 56.

statistics, 470.

Remonstrances, friendly, 104.

Representation, 68.

in cantons, 131.

Republic, Helvetic, 15.

Rhetians, 9.

Rhone, the, 379.

Right of asylum, 466.

Rights, cantonal, 146.

communal, 177.

Rigi, 382.

Rivers of Switzerland, 20.

Roads, 323.

Romansch language, 345.

Rütli, story of, 393.

S.

St. Bernard, monks of, 26.

St. Gallen admitted, 16.

inheritance of property in, 218.

St. Gothard tunnel, 318.

Salvation army, 55.

Scenery, 353, 384.

Schaffhausen admitted, 14.

School-houses, 262.

Schools, 253.

agricultural, 289.

communal, 266.

grades in, 267.

industrial, 277.

art, 286.

manual training in, 282, 296.

military, 238.

normal, 265.

punishment in, 262.

religion in, 260.

straw-platting, 287.

technical, 277.

trade, 285, 288.

Schützenfest, 249.

Schwyz, an original canton, 12.

Scrutin de liste, 68.

des arrondissements, 68.

Sempach, battle of, 13.

Shepherd’s life, 337.

Silk industry, 302.

Situation, the European, 450.

Small nationalities, character of, 453.

Soldiers, pay of, 241.

Solothurn admitted, 13.

Sonderbund, 18.

Sorcery, execution for, 139.

Sovereignty, cantonal, 45, 147.

popular, 168, 174.

Staatenbund defined, 36.

Standards, cantonal, 143.

Ständerath, 65, 69.

Stantz, treaty of, 13.

State, the composite, 42.

States, council of, 65, 69.

-attorney, 112.

Statistics, 469.

Statutory enactments, 52.

Staubbach, 370.

Suabian war, 14.

Верховный суд Соединенных Штатов в сравнении со швейцарским федеральным трибуналом, 115-122.

Swineherds, 339.

Swiss foreign influence, 452.

mercenaries, 257.

valor, 230, 251.

T.

Tagsatzung, 40.

Tagwen in Glarus, 158.

Tax, military, 243.

Technical schools, 277.

Telegraph union, international, 435.

Tell, William, 391.

the national hero, 407.

Tell’s story, legends parallel to, 401.

Temporary constitutional provisions, 50.

Tenant, rights and responsibilities of, 213.

Testamentary powers, 209.

Thirty Years’ War, 14.

Thurgau admitted, 16.

Ticino admitted, 16.

marriage customs in, 346.

Topography, military, 451.

Torture, judicial, 140.

Tourmentes, 385.

Tours de scrutin, 68.

Training of officials, 95.

Treaty of Lunéville, 16.

of Stantz, 13.

Trial by jury, 138. See also Jury.

Tribunal, federal, 104. See Federal Tribunal.

Triple council, 158.

Trogen, folkmote at, 151.

Troops, cantonal, 234.

federal, 233.

Tyranny of legislatures, 58.

U.

Union, postal, 435.

telegraph, 435.

Unions, international, 430.

Universities, 269.

Unterwalden, division of, 141.

Uri, an original canton, 12.

and Glarus boundary, 143.

folkmote in, 155.

V.

Valais admitted, 17.

peasantry, 350.

Vaud admitted, 16.

land laws in, 217.

Veto, popular, 167, 169.

Vice-President, 66.

succession of, to the Presidency, 100.

Vienna, Congress of, 40.

Vierwaldstätten, 13.

Vineyards, 307.

Vorort, 37, 41.

Голосование, народное. См. Референдум.

W.

Waldstätten, 12.

War, Suabian, 14.

Thirty Years’, 14.

Watchmaking, 303.

Waterfalls, 370.

Wedding customs, 370.

Weights, 469.

Winds, 23.

Winkelried, story of, 404.

Witch-burning, 139.

Witenagemote, 149.

Woman’s lot, 343.

Women, courage of, 251.

Y.

Yodel, 341.

Z.

Zug joins the league, 13.

Zurich joins the league, 13.

testamentary powers in, 219.

Zwingli, 28.

КОНЕЦ.

СНОСКИ

1 Müller, “Histoire des Suisses.”

2 “History of the Helvetic Confederation,” Lausanne, 1650.

3 See Appendix for original Pact and translation.

4 A federal executive officer resembling the French consul.

5 The history of Switzerland affords frequent instances of mutual succors for these purposes.

6 After this battle Francis stamped on his medals, “Vici ab uno Cæsare victos” (“I vanquished those whom Cæsar alone had before vanquished”).

7 It was only in 1857 that the anomalous condition of Neuchâtel ceased. The rights of the kings of Prussia as sovereigns date back to the cession made of it in 1707 by William of Orange to his cousin Frederick, first King of Prussia. In 1806 it was granted as a principality to Marshal Berthier, and so recognized by all the powers of Continental Europe. The Congress of Vienna restored it to the King of Prussia, making it, however, a Canton of the Helvetian Republic. In 1848 a revolution forcibly overturned the authority of the King of Prussia, and it so remained, in apparent conflict to what had been formally recognized by all the Great Powers, until 1857, when a treaty was signed between Austria, France, Prussia, Russia, Great Britain, and Switzerland, by which it was made independent, to continue to form a part of the Swiss Confederation, by the same title as the other Cantons.

8 Rufus Choate.

9 Book xxi., ch. 31.

10 The dog Barry, one day, found a little child in a half-frozen state; he began directly to lick him, and having succeeded first in restoring animation, and next in the complete resuscitation of the boy, he induced the child by his caresses to tie himself on his back. When this was effected, he carried the poor child, as if in triumph, to the hospice. The body of Barry was stuffed and placed in the museum at Bern, and may be seen there, with the little vial still hanging to his neck in which he carried a reviving drink for the perishing traveller.

11 Zwingli lost his life in 1531 in the battle of Cappel; though he fell under another banner than that of the Prince of Peace, he was acting in obedience to the law of the republic, and accompanied the army by the express command of the magistrates. He is represented as a man of great meekness and moderation and charity, and, amidst all the disputes, was a constant advocate for peace and reconciliation.

12 A hair-dresser of Geneva was imprisoned for arranging a bride’s hair with too much attention to vanity; and a woman was beaten for singing secular words to a psalm-tune; men were imprisoned for reading what were considered profane books, and children beheaded for striking a parent.

13 The old curator of the Bern Museum would say to the visitors, pointing to the portrait of Voltaire, “There is the portrait of the famous M. de Voltaire, who dared to write against the Republic and against God.”

14 Professor Fiske.

15 These words, it may be remarked, are from the same root, ligo, to bind.

16 Agreements to furnish soldiers to foreign countries.

17 There are many provisions regulating the rights of citizens and electors, Cantonal and Communal, which are given in Chapters 6 and 9, and “Chapter on Citizenship.”

18 It reads in the French text, “From his natural judge,” the natural or constitutional judge being the one provided by the terms of the judicial Constitution, and as contradistinguished from an exceptional Court created after the appearance of the case to be adjudged.

19 See amendment of December, 1887.

20 See amendment of June, 1879.

21 Homeless persons, Heimathlosen. These comprise not only foreigners who have lost their nationality of origin without having obtained another, but also natives who are not members of any Swiss Commune.

22 The Constitutional provisions relating to these are fully given in chapters severally devoted to these Departments.

23 The Constitution is officially published in Romansch and Ladin, in addition to the three “national languages.”

24 That the Constitution-making and amending power should be vested in a bare majority of the voting citizens, coupled with a majority of the Cantons, is considered by some as wanting in that solidity and security which are the most vital attributes of a fundamental law. But none of the enactments contained in the Swiss Constitution can be legally abolished or modified without the employment of the Referendum. And no law which revises the Constitution, either wholly or in part, can come into force until it has been regularly submitted by means of the Referendum to the vote of the people, and has been approved by a majority of the citizens who on the particular occasion gave their votes, and also by a majority of the Cantons. It is also provided, that under certain circumstances a vote of the people shall be taken not only on the question, whether a particular amendment or revision approved by the Federal Assembly shall or shall not come into force, but also on the preliminary question whether any revision or reform of the Constitution shall take place at all. And the Referendum in all such cases, in the language of the Constitution, is “obligatory.” The self-imposed checks of the Constitution of the United States, in this respect of amendment, have been described as “obstacles in the way of the people’s whims, not of their wills.” The system of the Initiative for the Swiss constitutional revision (by 50,000 citizens), though modelled upon one of the alternative methods by which amendments to the United States Constitution may be proposed, contains one significant modification of it; the people in the former appear in their national character and independent of state lines; the same holds true of the ratification of amendments.

25 In 1480 fifteen hundred executions took place in Switzerland.

26 By a Federal law to carry out this amendment, the distilled liquors are sold for cash by the Confederation in minimum quantity of a hundred and fifty litres (0.88 quart), and the price to be fixed from time to time by the Federal Council; but it shall never be less than one hundred and twenty francs nor more than one hundred and fifty francs per hectolitre (twenty-two gallons) of pure alcohol. Denaturalized spirits to be sold at cost price for technical and household use.

27 The Swiss Constitution contains 7700 words and 127 articles (including temporary provisions); that of the United States, 5300 words, divided into 37 sections.

28 “American Historical Association,” vol. i., p. 37. Professor Scott.

29 It was the original purpose of the writer to include, as an appendix to this volume, a translation of the Swiss Constitution; a faithful search having failed to discover any publication of it in English. But having ascertained that during the current year two such translations had appeared, one by Professor Edmund J. James, University of Pennsylvania, the other by Professor Albert Bushnell Hart, of Harvard, copies were obtained, and found to meet, in a most satisfactory and excellent manner, every possible demand for such a work. However, every important provision, and, in fact, almost the complete text of the Constitution, appears in the copious citations from it in the chapters on the Federal Departments, Cantons, Communes, and the Army.

30 John Adams, Works, iv., p. 186.

31 Previous to 1874 the members received only twelve francs a day.

32 Woodrow Wilson, “The State.”

33 Federal legislation may confer upon the Assembly the election or confirmation of other federal officials.

34 This power was exercised in connection with the Neuchâtel revolution of 1856, the Royalist prisoners and deserters being amnestied in 1857.

35 In 1874 it was fixed by a federal law that the Assembly should convene on the first Monday in June for the first, and on the first Monday in December for the second portion of the regular annual session.

36 The remuneration of these officials in 1848, when the system was inaugurated, was much smaller; the President receiving only 6000 francs a year and each of the other members 5000 francs.

37 This election occurs during December of each year on a day agreed upon by the Assembly.

38 Although the Assembly cannot exactly turn out the members of the federal executive during their term of office, it enjoys such extensive power of supervision and control over their acts, and, in fact, exercises so large a part of what is called executive discretion, that it can practically have very little reason for desiring to remove them.

39 “All such laws are adopted by the people, either tacitly or through the referendum; and the judiciary must submit their judgment on constitutional questions to the will of the people.”—Dubs, “Das Oeffentliche Recht der Schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft.”

40 Marbury vs. Madison, 1 Cranch, 137. Mr. Madison disregarded the obiter opinion of the court, and Mr. Jefferson treated it with contempt. “The federal judges,” he said, “declared that commissions signed and sealed by the President were valid, though not delivered. I deemed delivery essential to complete a deed, which as long as it remains in the hands of the party is as yet no deed. It is in posse only but not in esse, and I withheld delivery of the commissions.” (Letter to Judge Roane, September 6, 1819. Works, vol. vii. p. 135.)

41 “Political Science Quarterly,” June, 1890. C. B. Elliott.

42 See also Professor Bryce, “American Commonwealth,” i. p. 237.

43 Kent’s Commentaries, i. p. 453.

44 Burke.

45 A common standard of weights and measures was adopted in 1835, but the question of the coinage remained unsettled until 1848.

46 It was customary, formerly, to deduct from five to ten per cent. from all property going out of the Canton by inheritance or marriage. It was also usual, when a person wished to sell land, to recognize a right in his relatives, or even neighbors, or fellow-citizens of the Canton, to take the property at an arbitrated value.

47 Communities include school, church, and political territorial divisions, and only the latter are designated as Communes.

48 Repealed in 1879, relegating it to the discretion of the Cantons except as to “political offences.” Since then eight of the Cantons have re-established capital punishment in their codes. They are the small Cantons, and represent only twenty per cent. of the Swiss population. No execution, however, has taken place in any of these Cantons since 1879; two sentences of death have been passed, but in both cases they were commuted to imprisonment for life.

49 Professor Dicey, “Law of the Constitution.”

50 These horns are made to imitate the human voice, and have a most mournful bellow.

51 This is done to secure religious equality and to provide for the representation of the Catholic population in the Communes in which they are in the minority.

52 Et in corruptissima republica plurimæ leges.—Tacitus.

53 Professor Dicey.

54 Numa Droz.

55 See chapter on citizenship.

56 Thomas Jefferson.

57 See chapters on “Constitution” and “Cantons.”

58 This includes, also, birth abroad of children of American citizens temporarily residing or travelling in other countries (Rev. Stat. U. S., Sec. 1993).

59 “Citizenship of the United States,” Richman,—“Political Science Quarterly,” March, 1890.

60 “A citizen of a State is now only a citizen of the United States residing in that State; citizenship of the United States is the primary citizenship; State citizenship is secondary and derivative, depending upon citizenship of the United States.” (Slaughter-House cases, 16 Wallace.)

61 The difficulty of obtaining citizenship, at one time, in the pastoral Cantons, is shown by the fact that no one had done so in lower Unterwald from 1664 to 1815.

62 The successful issue of this suit was due to the vigorous and determined efforts of the United States consul at Zurich, George L. Catlin.

63 These peasant proprietors do not live scattered amid the fields which they till, but are disposed to gather in the centre of the Commune, forming numerous small hamlets.

64 Called in the Roman law legitima portio, legitimate portion; but the German law has a better designation for it,—Pflichttheil, duty part.

65 In the district of Saffelare, a part of East Flanders, which nature has endowed with an unproductive but easily cultivated sandy soil, the territory is composed of 37,000 acres and has to nourish 30,000 inhabitants, all living by agriculture; and yet these peasants not only grow their own food, but they also export agricultural produce, and pay rents to the amount of from fifteen to twenty-five dollars per acre. (Krapotkin, “The Forum,” August, 1890.)

66 In the matter of these capitulations the Cantons claimed that, first, they never granted troops to any prince or state but by virtue of some preceding alliance; second, they granted troops only for the defence of the state they were given to, and not to act offensively; third, that the sovereign never received any subsidy or other advantages from it. The Cantons contented themselves with giving such auxiliary troops as were stipulated by their alliance and procuring a beneficial service for their subjects, without reserving profit to themselves. But in spite of the contention that these mercenaries espoused only a just quarrel, such service was a source of social no less than of political ills, and seriously impaired, for the time, the dignity and standing of the country.

67 Primi in omnibus prœliis oculi vincuntur.—Tacitus.

68 Even the Cantons, from the first institution of their governments and up to the time the Confederation assumed control of the military service, never kept in pay any standing troops. During the wars with the House of Austria the service was performed by militia, who were paid by the respective Cantons while kept in the field, and dismissed as soon as the campaign was ended.

69 The minimum height for a recruit in the United States army is five feet four inches, weight one hundred and twenty-five pounds, and chest measure thirty-two inches.

70 United States Revised Statutes, Sec. 1625, makes subject to enrolment in the militia “every able-bodied male citizen of the respective States, resident therein,” etc.

71 “When the citizens of Geneva were alarmed in the night [the Escalade of December 12, 1602], in the depth of winter, by the enemy, they found their muskets sooner than their shoes.”—Rousseau.

72 The report of 1887 for the Canton of Bern gives 1,925,580 francs expended on the cantonal and communal schools, not including the university.

73 In July of this year (1890) a statue of Pestalozzi was dedicated at Yverdon, on the Lake of Neuchâtel, for it was there that, after many struggles with adversity, he founded, at the beginning of this century, the school which was perhaps more deeply and lastingly useful than any school that ever existed, by spreading the educational tenets and methods of its famous master throughout Europe, and later across to America, with contagious force. The unveiling of the monument was accompanied with a Cantate patriotique by a choir of a thousand children. The statue represents Pestalozzi with a boy and girl whom he is instructing by his side, and bears the simple inscription, “Henry Pestalozzi, 1746-1827. Monument erected by general subscription 1890.”

74 The University of Geneva, at the close of the last century, known as the College of Geneva, and which exerted a wide influence in Europe, being temporarily suppressed during the revolution which had taken place, proposed, through its faculty, the transplanting of the college in a body to the United States. To Washington, who had in view the devoting of a quite large amount of money to the founding, or to the support, of institutions of learning, Jefferson wrote a letter on February 23, 1795, in which he laid before him the plan for the transferring of this institution to the national capital; and in the letter Jefferson characterized the College of Geneva as one of the eyes of Europe in matters of science, the University of Edinburgh being the other.

75 Zurich has made its city forest, the Sihl-Wald, a great public pleasure-ground that pays large sums annually into the city treasury, besides yielding inestimable dividends in the shape of health and happiness to the citizens. This forest has been owned by Zurich ever since 1309, and has been carefully administered for centuries, and is now managed on the most approved scientific principles by corps of trained foresters. Last year the net profits were something over eight dollars an acre, or a total of about twenty thousand dollars, for the city treasury. Half the annual yield of wood is from thinnings alone. In the economic treatment of the forest, its value as a pleasure-ground is not forgotten; the landscape is preserved unharmed, and the place made thoroughly and pleasantly accessible.

76 Early in the seventeenth century a king of Spain came to see a clock which had been made by Jacques Droz, who resided at Locle, and whose automatons were much noted. Upon the clock there were seated a shepherd, a negro, and a dog. As the hour was struck the shepherd played upon his flute, and the dog fondled gently at his feet. But when the king reached forth to touch an apple that hung from a tree under which the shepherd rested, the dog flew at him and barked so furiously that a live dog in the street answered him. One of the courtiers of the king ventured to ask the negro, in Spanish, what time it was. There was no reply, but when the question was repeated in French, an answer was given. All of them at once voted that the clock was the work of an evil one.

77 It is estimated that 200 francs’ worth of steel will make 525,000 francs’ worth of common watch-springs.

78 On the new federal palace at Bern, in progress of construction in 1890, men were employed to act as turnspits, in immense wheels, for elevating the large blocks of stone.

79 Adams and Cunningham, “The Swiss Confederation.”

80 The Fête des Vignerons, which occurs once in fifteen years at one of the villages on the Lake of Geneva, is the most brilliant festival held in Switzerland, and is accompanied with all the light, joyous mirth of the ancient Bacchanalian festivals. It is graphically described in Cooper’s “Headsman.”

81 The word Alp is a provincialism, and means an elevated pasture, and hence the name of the mountains on which the pastures exist.

82 Liquid manure fills an important part in the economy of Swiss husbandry, under the name of Jouche or Mist-Wasser in the German Cantons, and of Lisier in the French Cantons. They collect in large casks the drainage of their manure-piles, stables, and hog-pens, and bring it in carts to the fields, where it is drawn off into wooden tubs fitted to the shoulders of men, and sometimes of women, who, walking along the furrows, distribute it in due proportion to each plant, by stooping to the right and left, the coffee-colored nectar pouring over their heads. It would be impossible to perform an uncleanly task in a more delicate manner.

83 The great projector did not live to see the accomplishment of his grand work.

84 The construction of the St. Gothard railway stopped this indemnity.

85 A report, made in connection with the Swiss National Exhibition of 1883, calculated that up to 1880, 1002 inns had been built for the special use of travellers, and that they contained 58,137 beds, an average of 58 apiece. The capital value of the land, buildings, and furniture belonging to these was estimated at 320,000,000 francs; the gross profits on which were 53,000,000 francs, or seventeen per cent.; this was reduced by deduction of working expenses to 16,000,000 francs, or five per cent. Of these 1002 inns no fewer than 283 are situated in positions above three thousand four hundred feet, and 14 are actually above six thousand five hundred and sixty-two feet in elevation.

Швейцария стала «игровой площадкой» только в последнем столетии. Первый английский путеводитель появился в 1818 году, автор — Дэниел Уолл из Лондона. Первый путеводитель любого рода был опубликован в 1684 году Вагнером, цюрихским натуралистом, и назывался «Index Memorabilium Helvetiæ».

86 Ruskin.

87 When these storms break upon the mountain, be it night or day, the bells of the village churches are vigorously rung to exorcise the evil one, and bring the pious villagers on their knees in prayer.

88 These are made of maple, linden, and pine by the shepherds themselves, who bestow much time on their manufacture. The ladles are made in the shape of shells. The milk-strainer, the measures, and the milk-hods are all elegantly shaped and very clean.

89 The chamois is a small species of antelope, somewhat resembling a goat. Its hoofs are remarkably cloven, with a protruding border, which enables it to climb almost perpendicular declivities. Its muscular power is great: it can leap chasms twenty feet wide, and jump down rocks the same distance to platforms with only just room enough for its four hoofs. In the autumn, when strongest and fattest, it is black, in the early spring gray, and in the summer red.

90 It measures four and one-half feet in length and nine to ten feet from wing to wing extended, weighs as much as twenty pounds, and is of a rusty brown color. It is a fierce enemy of sheep, goats, dogs, hares, etc., and has been known to carry off young children.

91 The Swiss infant is bandaged into a large piece of cloth,—to be kept straight, it is explained,—and resembles a pappoose. In the country churches can be seen old paintings of the Virgin holding the infant Christ swathed in just the same manner.

92 A French writer, Picot, went so far as to say of the peasants of Valais: “The Valaisans, far from desiring to attract attention from the world, are jealous of their obscurity, of their ignorance, and even of their poverty, which they believe essential to their happiness.” Many localities have their written existence in song or story. The words of the Vaudois poet, Juste Olivier, “Vivons de notre vie,” have sunk into the hearts of a number of writers who, under their own public alone, are cherishing and seeking to reproduce the life about them, dwelling especially upon those local and traditional phases which they feel daily to be giving way before the march of progress.

93 The winds, refrigerated in their passage over fields of ice and snow, meet there a warm aerial current coming from the plains of Italy.

94 Longfellow’s “Hyperion.”

95 Virgil.

96 The Rhone is made to serve useful as well as æsthetic purposes; the great water-power of this river has been utilized by diverting that part passing on the left of the island into a canal, which conducts the water into a building containing twenty turbines, with four thousand four hundred net horse-power; this power is utilized in a variety of ways, from running sewing-machines to supplying power for an electric light plant; it is an enterprise very profitable to the municipality of Geneva.

97 See Chapter on “Constitution.”

98 In the Canton of Vaud, a short distance back from the lake is Avanche or Avanches, the ancient capital of Helvetia; near this place the Helvetians were defeated by one of Vitellius’s lieutenants, and “many thousand were slain and many sold as slaves, and after committing great ravages the army marched in order of battle to Aventicum, the capital of the country.” (Tacitus.)

99 The first steamer on a Swiss lake was the “Guillaume Tell,” in 1823, on the Lake of Geneva.

100 Whirlwinds of snow, or tourmentes (known in the Grisons), are tossed aloft by the gale, like the sandy vortices of Africa formed by the simoom; they are dangerous by blinding the traveller and effacing the track.

101 On this passage of Helvetian history, there is a poem of exquisite beauty, by Mrs. Hemans, the “Record of Woman:”

“Werner sat beneath the linden tree,

That sent its lulling whispers through his door,

Even as man sits, whose heart alone would be

With some deep care, and thus can find no more

The accustomed joy in all which evening brings,

Gathering a household with her quiet wings.”

102 This place is evidently a fragment, some seventy-five or one hundred acres, that has fallen from the mountain, and, lying between the lake and the rocks, it offered a good point of rendezvous.

103 It is a curious fact that Schiller made Franz, the hero of his “Robbers,” say, “In order to become a finished rascal one must have a certain national bent; he must live in a certain climate and breathe a certain rascally atmosphere; so I advise you to go into the Grisons, for that is, in these days, the Athens of pickpockets.” Schiller was obliged to apologize, the Council of the Leagues threatening to withhold the money they had promised to lend the Duke of Wurtemberg if the offending poet was not punished; he also received an order “never to write more of the same.”

104 In 1796 there appeared in New York an opera in three acts, adapted by William Dunlap from a dramatic performance published in London in 1794, called “Helvetic Liberty.”

105 A rude weapon much used by the early Swiss, consisting of a club ending in a massive knob, with spikes protruding in every direction so as to suggest the name of “morning star.”

106 Although it is alleged that five similar feats to Winkelried’s are on record in Swiss history, only one is recognized and commemorated by the Swiss. In the village square of Stantz is a marble group representing Arnold Winkelried in the act of pressing the Austrian spears into his heart and holding them down, while a second figure pushes forward to take advantage of the gap.

107 The Æneid, vi. 660.

108 At the art exhibition held in Bern this year (1890) there were forty plaster models of statues of William Tell competing for the one it is proposed to erect at Altdorf, 150,000 francs having been appropriated for that purpose.

109 Lamartine.

110 The Aar is perhaps the most interesting water system in Switzerland, especially if we include its great tributaries, the Reuss and the Limmat. Rising among the metamorphic wilds of the Finsteraarhorn, thundering through the granitic dikes of the Grimsel, breaking its way to the Handeck, and plunging in mad career over the falls, it dashes on to the clear profound of Brienz, to the softer beauties of Interlaken and Thun, and, after watering the fertile table-lands of Bern, receives the sister waters of the Reuss and Limmat, which it carries, in one dark-green flood, into the main artery of the Rhine.

111 The market for fowls has one feature worthy of imitation everywhere. In the centre of it stands a man with a miniature guillotine, who for one centime (a fifth of a cent) will behead the fowl, and it is done deftly and free of all bloody exposures; the fowl is firmly held and muffled to prevent outcry, the decapitation instantaneous, the falling of the head and bleeding concealed, and when life is extinct and flow of blood ceases, the fowl is nicely wrapped in paper by the executioner and replaced in the market-basket; it is certainly a humane substitute for wringing off the neck.

112 Means weather-peak, and it is an established barometer in its neighborhood.

113 The western wing of the Bernese Alps presents broad pyramidal masses of a flattened character. The eastern wing exhibits a complete contrast in its tapering obelisks and rocky minarets, in its serrated crests and numerous horns.

114 Alpenglühen, or sunset-glow, is an exception to the general laws governing the disappearance of the sunlight by the gradual rise of the earth’s shadow; it is a kind of second or after-coloring in the snowy masses, making them stand out from the dark background, though the general light is constantly diminishing. The peaks are illuminated till the sun is from 20° to 30° below the horizon; then the general clearness diminishes, but on the western horizon is a clear segment of 8° to 10°; but as the air has much less reflecting power than the snowy mountains, the latter begin to be lighted up again. This second lighting may be so great that the mountains appear to be actually illuminated by the sun.

115 Since this was written and placed in the hands of the publishers Congress has passed and the President approved a copyright bill, aimed at securing reciprocal protection to American and foreign authors in the respective countries which may comply with its provisions. While the measure which has become a law is not entirely satisfactory to the friends of international copyright, and must be regarded as experimental as to its ultimate results or workings, all of its advocates feel that it is a huge instalment of justice, and a gratifying victory gained for the indorsement of the principle of international copyright. In answer to an inquiry addressed to Mr. A. R. Spofford, Librarian of Congress, as to the effect of the law on the relation of the United States to the Bern Convention, he has kindly made the following statement: “Under the rather uncertain (not to say ambiguous) meaning of Sec. 13 of the Act of March 3, 1891, two things seem to be necessary before a foreigner can be entitled to copyright in the United States: (1) His government must be one that already grants copyright to Americans (by law or international agreement) on the same terms as to its own people; (2) the President must certify by proclamation the fact just cited.

«Предполагалось ли, что новый закон будет сразу применим к авторам всех наций, которые были участниками Бернской конвенции 1885-86 годов; имеет ли исполнительная власть Соединенных Штатов полномочия сейчас присоединиться к этой конвенции и вступить в Международный союз согласно положениям статьи XVIII; потребовало бы это совместных действий Президента и Сената; или, наконец, потребовался бы акт Конгресса (как Великобритании пришлось провести акт через Парламент, чтобы сделать эту страну участником Бернского международного союза), — все это представляется мне открытыми вопросами из-за отсутствия точности в Акте от 3 марта, который был принят в условиях перегруженности государственных дел и не был полностью проработан комитетом, особенно в отношении Бернской конвенции».

116 An international arbitration agreement has been drafted by the nations of North, South, and Central America, and a copy has been sent to each European government, extending an invitation to signify their adherence to its provisions. The President of the Swiss Confederation has submitted to the Federal Assembly this pan-American treaty, with a recommendation that Switzerland accept the invitation given by the late International American Conference.

117 Adams and Cunningham, “Swiss Confederation.”

118 Though without a sea-coast or a ship, Switzerland has recognized rights even on the sea as a neutral nation; the treaty of Paris of 1856 respecting neutral flags, neutral goods on vessels of belligerents, and blockades, was also entered into by the Swiss government in the same year.

119 A hide cut into shoe strings was made to surround a principality under a bargain to buy,—Taurino quantum possent circumdare tergo.

120 The annexation of Alsace-Lorraine was really a violation of what is the sound basis of the principle of the sacredness of nationalities; a violation of the sacredness of self-government.

121 This term is employed to denote the seven nations which were parties to the Treaty of Berlin,—viz., England, France, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia, Italy, and Turkey.

Примечания транскрибера

Очевидные опечатки были исправлены без уведомления. Вариации в дефисах и акцентах были стандартизированы, но вся остальная орфография и пунктуация остаются без изменений.

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