«Обещание американской жизни»

not a cause of wars, but the contrary, 260-261;

question of what are limits of a practicable, 262-263;

is accomplishing a work without which a permanent international settlement would be impossible, 263;

validity of, even for a democracy, 308;

of the United States, 308-310.

Commerce,

question of control of, by state or Federal government, 351-357.

Commissions,

supervision of corporations by, 360-361;

the objection to government by, 362;

false principle involved in government by, in that commissions make the laws which they administer, 364;

public ownership contrasted with government by, 366;

the great objection to government by, in its effect on the capable industrial manager, 368.

Communal state,

the mediæval, 215, 216.

Communities,

religious, 283;

various brands of socialistic, during American Middle Period, 422.

Competition,

wastes of, lessened by big corporations, 115;

restriction of, by labor unions, 127, 386-388;

coöperation substituted for, by big corporations, 359.

Compromise,

erected into an ultimate principle by British governing class, 234, 238;

in America in the interests of harmony, to be avoided, 269-270.

Congressional usurpation, danger to American people from, 69.

Constabulary,

state, 344-345.

Constitution,

the Federal, founders of, displayed distrust of democracy, 33-34;

despite error of Federalists, has proved an instrument capable of flexible development, 34-35;

legal restrictions in, 35;

defect of unmodifiability of, 36;

on the whole a successful achievement, 36-37;

an accomplishment of the leaders of opinion rather than of the body of the people, 38;

sanctioning of slavery by, 72;

power bestowed on lawyers by, 132-134;

immutability of, regarded as a fault in the American system, 200;

serious changes in, not to be thought of, at present, 316;

in all respects but one is not in need of immediate amendment, 351;

различие, проводимое в нем между торговлей штата и межштатной торговлей, не имеет отношения к реальным фактам промышленности и торговли, 351-352;

will in the end have to dispense with the distinction, 356-357.

Constitutions of states, 119.

Constitutional Unionists,

belief of, concerning slavery, 78;

present-day lawyers compared to, 137.

Corporation lawyers, 136.

Corporations,

growth of big, 110-116;

dealings between big, 113-114;

fights between, prelude closer agreement, 114;

decrease in wastes of competition by, 115;

profits of, disproportionate to their services, 115;

equivocal position in respect to the law, 115-116;

unprecedented power wielded by, 116;

political corruption and social disintegration the result of, 117;

the political "Boss" and the, 122-124;

similarities and dissimilarities of labor unions and, 130-131, 386;

agitation against and its varying character, 143;

Federal regulation of, advocated by W.J. Bryan, 158;

problem of control of, 351 ff.;

interference of state governments with railroad, insurance, and other corporations, 352-355;

exclusive Federal control of, an essential to their proper conduct, 355-356;

two courses that may be followed in policy of central government toward, 357;

W.J. Bryan's suggested policy toward, 358;

the Roosevelt-Taft programme, of recognition tempered by regulation, 358-360;

tendency of, to substitute coöperation for competition, 359;

supervision of, by commissions, 360-361;

danger of impairing efficiency of, by depriving them of freedom, 362-363;

laws which should be made for, on repeal of Sherman Anti-Trust Law, 364;

the proposed remedy for management of, is one more way of shirking the ultimate problem, 367;

disposal of question of excessive profits of, 370;

state taxation of, one means of control, 370;

American municipal policy toward public service corporations, 372-373;

the question of public ownership, 375-379 (see Public ownership);

necessity for uniformity in taxation of, 385.

См. Муниципальные корпорации и Корпорации общественного обслуживания.

Council,

legislative and administrative, suggested for state governments, 329-330;

appointment of an executive council or cabinet by the governor, 338.

Courts,

failure of American criminal and civil, 318;

protection of inter-state corporations by Federal, 355-356;

decisions of, on labor questions, 394.

Crèvecoeur, Hector St. John de, quoted, 8-9.

Criminal justice,

failure of American, 318;

reform of, by states, 344-345.

Criminals,

treatment of, by states, 345-346.

Critics and criticism in America, 450-451;

broadening of the work of, 451-452.

Crazier, John B., quoted, 15-16.

Cuba,

relations between United States and, 303, 308.

Cumberland Road, the, 67.

D

Debt, national,

Hamilton's belief in good effects of, 40-41.

Democracy,

as represented by Republicans at close of Revolution, 28-29, 30-31;

Federalists' antagonism to, 32-33;

misfortune of founding national government on distrust of, 33-34;

misunderstanding of, as an ideal, in 1786, 34;

Hamilton's distrust of, 41;

Jefferson the leader of, against Hamilton and his policies, 42-43;

Jefferson's view of, as extreme individualism, 43;

real policy of Jeffersonian, as revealed upon triumph of his party, 46-49;

Jeffersonian, becomes reconciled with Federalism, 46-47;

fifty-year sway of Jeffersonian tradition, 48;

questionable results of triumph of Jeffersonian, 50-51;

existence of a genuine American, proved by War of 1812, 54-55

(см. Демократия, джексоновская);

slavery as an institution of, 80 ff.;

work of Abolitionists in the name of, 80-81;

Abolitionists' perverted conception of, 80-81, 86;

Lincoln an example of the kind of human excellence to be fashioned by, 89;

Lincoln's realization of his ideal of a, 94;

the labor union and the tradition of, 126 ff.;

the American, and the social problem, 138-140;

the ordinary conception of, as a matter of popular government, 176-180;

the true meaning of, 176 ff.;

and discrimination, 185-193;

the real definition of, 207 ff.;

a superior form of political organization in so far as liberty and equality make for human brotherhood, 207-208;

principles of nationality and, in England, 230 ff.;

and nationality in France, 239 ff.;

principles of, and of nationality in America, 267 ff.;

and peace, 308 ff.

Democracy, Jacksonian (or Western), 52 ff.;

suspected by Hamilton, appreciated by Jefferson, 52-53;

disapproves Jefferson's policy of peaceful warfare, 53;

forces Madison into second war with England, 53-54;

the first genuinely national body of Americans, 54-55;

characteristics of, 55-56;

reasons for hostility of, to office-holding clique and the National Bank, 57;

causes leading to introduction of spoils system by, 57, 59-60;

error of views of, 60-61;

the first body of Americans genuinely democratic in feeling, 61-62;

the true point of view in studying the, 63-65;

reason for triumph of, over Whigs, 69-70;

attitude of, toward slavery, 73-74, 84;

in 1850 Stephen A. Douglas becomes leader of, 84;

rally to Lincoln's standard, 86;

made to understand for the first time by Lincoln that American nationality is a living principle, 88.

Direct primaries,

fallacy of system of, 342-343.

Disarmament,

undesirability of, under present conditions in Europe, 257;

a partial, would be fatal, 264.

Discrimination,

democracy and, 185-193;

class, in certain legislative acts, 191-192;

constructive, 193 ff.

Distribution of wealth,

improvement in, 209-210;

in France, 244-245;

equalization of, by graduated inheritance tax, 381-385.

Divorces,

the matter of, 346.

Douglas, Stephen. A., 84-86, 281.

E

Economic liberty of the individual, 201-206.

Economy, national vs. international, 235.

Education,

chaotic condition of American system of, 318;

opportunity for state activities concerning, 346;

individual vs. collective, 399 ff.;

is the real vehicle of improvement, by which the American is trained for his democracy, 400;

American faith in, characterized by superstition, 400-402;

popular interest in, does not give importance to the word of the educated man, 403;

what constitutes the real education of the individual, 403-405;

efficiency of national, similarly, depends on a nation's ability to profit by experience, 405;

education of the individual cannot accomplish the work of collective national, 407;

value of a reform movement for, 408;

the work of collective, not complete in itself, but followed by certain implications, 428.

Elzbacher, O., quoted, 235.

Emancipation,

conditions of individual, 409 ff.;

attempts at individual, 421 ff.;

means of individual, 427 ff.

Embargo,

Jefferson's policy of commercial, 42;

disapproved by Jackson and Western Democrats, 53.

England,

faith of Englishmen in, 2;

an early example of political efficiency found in, 217;

increase of national efficiency of, by attention strictly to her own affairs, 219;

national development of, as contrasted with France, 220-221;

principles of nationality and of democracy in, 230 ff.;

national efficiency of, until recently, 231;

aristocracy in political system of, 231-232;

causes and remedies of loss of ground by, 232 ff.;

the principle of compromise carried too far by aristocracy of, 234, 238;

political and social subserviency in, resulting in political privilege and social favoritism, 236-237;

national idea of, is a matter of freedom, 267.

Equality,

stress laid by Jeffersonian Democrats on, 44;

sacrifice of liberty for, by Jeffersonian Democrats, 44-45;

desire for, of Jacksonian Democracy, leads to war on office-holding clique and the National Bank, 57;

economic and social, in France, and questionable results, 245.

Equal rights,

the Jeffersonian principle of, 44 ff.;

tradition of, results in bosses and trusts, 148-150;

the slogan of all parties, 151;

Roosevelt's inconsistency on the point of, 172;

the principle of, is the expression of an essential aspect of democracy, 180;

insufficiency of the principle, 181;

inequalities which have resulted from doctrine of, 182-183;

grievances resulting from doctrine, 185;

interference with, in Pure Food Laws, factory legislation, Inter-state Commerce Acts, etc., 191-192;

subordinated and made helpful to the principle of human brotherhood, 207-208;

a logical application of, would wrongly support competition against coöperation, 359.

«Эра доброго согласия», 51.

Evangelization, law of, 282.

Executives of states,

proposed administrative system for, 338-341.

F

Factory legislation,

justifiable class discrimination in, 191.

Faguet, Emile, quoted, 193, 208.

Farmers,

necessity of organization not felt by, 126;

present position of British, 235.

Farming,

improvement of, in Prussia, 250;

value of specialization in, 430.

Farm laborers, 396.

Fashoda incident, 260.

Federalism,

at close of Revolutionary War, represented by Hamilton, 28-29;

class which supported, 30;

views held by supporters of, of anti-Federalists, 32-33;

supporters of, founded national government on distrust of democracy, 33;

error and misfortune of so doing, 33-34;

the Hamiltonian brand of, shown in constructive legislation following framing of Constitution, 39;

reconciliation of Republicanism and, 46-47;

doubtful results of combination of Republicanism and, 50-51;

Whig doctrine of Clay contrasted with Hamilton's Federalism, 52.

Federalist, Hamilton's, quotation from, 37.

Federalists,

the Whigs an improvement on, 67.

См. Федерализм.

Financial policy of Hamilton, 39.

Foreign policy,

of Great Britain, 8;

of European states, 254-264;

natural method of arriving at a definite, as shown by England and France, 257-258;

bearing of colonial expansion on, 260-262;

relation between national domestic policy and, 310.

Foreign policy, American, 289 ff.;

the Monroe Doctrine in, 291-297;

of Jeffersonian Republicans, 292;

wisdom of continued policy of isolation, 298, 310;

correct policy would be to make American system stand for peace, 299;

international system advocated for South and Central America, and Mexico, 300-303;

the question of relations with Canada, 303-306;

suggested treaty bearing on relations between United States, Canada, and Great Britain, 306;

systematic development of, an absolute necessity, 306-307;

colonial expansion, 308-309;

questions of, raised by future of China, 309-310;

isolation of United States is only comparative, under modern conditions, 310.

Fortunes,

the inheritors of great, 204, 382-384.

France,

faith of Frenchmen in, 2;

origins of national state in, 218, 219;

effect of Revolution on national principle in, 223-224;

lack of representative institutions a defect in its government to-day, 228;

democracy and nationality in, 239 ff.;

a Republic proved to be best form of government for, 241-242;

democracy not thoroughly nationalized in, 242-243;

economic problem in, 244-245;

lack of national spirit in official domestic policy, 243-244;

failure of, as a colonial power as long as striving for European aggrandizement, 261;

national idea of, is democratic but is rendered difficult and its value limited, 268.

Franchises,

American municipal policy toward public service corporations', 372-375.

Freedom,

American tradition of, 421-422;

the failure to attain, 422 ff.

Free trade in Great Britain, 234.

French Revolution, the, 222 ff.

G

Garrison, William Lloyd,

mental attitude and policy of, contrasted with Lincoln's, 95, 427.

George, Henry, Jr., cited, 151.

Germany,

effect of religious wars and lack of national policy in, during early development, 219;

nationality in, increased after Napoleon, 225;

outstripping of England by, industrially, 232, 233;

relation between democracy and nationality in, 246 ff.;

system of protection, state ownership of railways, improvement in farming, etc., 250;

result of "paternalism" has been industrial expansion surpassing other European states, 250-251;

position of, not so high as ten years ago, 251;

the Social Democrats, 251-252;

dubious international standing of, 252-253;

is the power which has most to gain from a successful war, 252-253;

is the cause of a better understanding between England, France, and Russia, 253-254;

effect of success or failure of foreign policy on domestic policy, 254;

further consideration of international position of, and bearing on disarmament question, 256-259;

colonial expansion of, despite her expectation of European aggrandizement, 261;

danger of this policy, 261-262;

national idea of, turns upon the principle of official leadership toward a goal of national greatness, 267-268.

Governors of states, 119;

suggested reforms relative to administration of, 338 ff.;

"House of," proposed, 347.

Great Britain,

effect of position of, on domestic and foreign policy, 8, 261;

question whether colonial expansion of, has been carried too far, 262;

relations between Canada and, 305-306;

suggested arrangement between United States and, relative to Canada, 306.

См. Англия.

H

Hamilton, Alexander,

doctrines of, versus those of Jefferson, 28-29, 45-46, 153;

insight and energy of, saved states from disunion, 37;

quoted on the Constitution, 37;

importance of work of, in constructive legislation, 38-39;

broad view taken by, of governmental functions, 39-40;

doubtful theory of, regarding national debt, 40-41;

reasons for loss of popularity and influence of, 41-42;

philosophy of, concerning liberty and the method of protecting it, 44;

Roosevelt's improvement on principle of, 169;

adaptability of doctrines of, to democracy without injury to themselves, 214;

foreign policy of, 289-290, 292-293.

Harriman, Edward, 202.

Hearst, William R., 136, 151, 155;

as a reformer, 142, 143-144;

radicalism of, 163;

inconsistencies, factiousness, and dangerous revolutionary spirit of, 164-166;

viewed as the logical punishment upon the American people for their sins of wrong tradition, 166.

Heresies of American Middle Period, and sterile results of, 422-426.

Hill, James J., 202.

Hodder, Alfred, quoted, 144, 160, 162.

Holland,

possible incorporation of, with German Empire, 253.

Holy Alliance,

political system established by, 226;

Monroe Doctrine the American retort to, 291.

Home rule, municipal, 347-350.

"House of Governors," proposed, 347.

Howe, Frederic C., 151.

Hughes, Governor, 135.

Human brotherhood,

liberty and equality subordinated to principle of, in ideal democracy, 207-208;

the only method of realizing the religion of, 453.

I

Ideal,

necessity of an individual and a national, 5-6.

Income taxation, 384-385.

Individual emancipation,

conditions of, 409 ff.;

attempts at, 421 ff.;

means of, 427 ff.

Individualism,

found in both Federalists and Republicans at close of Revolution, 32;

free play allowed to, through triumph of Jefferson and defeat of Hamilton, 49;

attitude of the pioneer Western Democrat toward, 64-65;

disappearance of political, in the machine, 117-125;

encouragement of, and restriction of central authority, result in the "Boss" and the "tainted" millionaire, 148-149;

abandonment of the Jeffersonian conception of, necessary for real reform, 152-154;

in education, as opposed to collective education, 399-409;

damage to American individuality from existing system of economic, 409 ff.;

method of exercising influence of, on behalf of social amelioration, 441 ff.

Individuality,

place of, in Middle West of pioneer days, 63-65;

disappearance of, in work of the specialist in later development of the country, 102-103;

injury to, from, existing system of economic individualism, 409-410;

real meaning of, and of individual independence, 410 ff.;

question of how a democratic nation can contribute to increase of, 413.

Industrial corporations,

regulation, of, 378-379.

См. Корпорации.

Industrial legislation,

class discrimination in, 191.

Inheritance tax,

a graduated, 381-385.

Inheritors of fortunes, 204, 382-384.

Initiative,

movement in favor of, in state governments, 320.

Insane asylums,

improvement of, as a function of the state, 345.

Institutional reform, 315 ff.

Insurance companies,

attempted regulation of, by various state governments, 355.

Internal improvements,

the Whig policy of, 66;

failure of, 67-68.

International relations of European states, 254-264.

См. Англия, Франция, Германия и Россия.

International socialism, a mistake, 210-211.

International system,

a stable American, 300 ff.;

coöperation of Latin-American states and Mexico in, 300-303;

place to be held by Canada in, 303-306;

systematic effort to establish, a plain and inevitable consequence of the democratic national principle, 307;

peace in an, 311-312.

Inter-state commerce,

question of state or Federal control of, 351-357;

policy to be followed by central government toward, 357-368.

Inter-state Commerce Law, 112-113;

an example of class legislation, 191.

Isolation,

loss to an individual or a nation from, far more than the gain, 263-264;

comparative nature of, of United States, 310-311;

religious sanctity given to tradition of, of United States, 313.

Italy,

national feeling in, after Napoleonic epoch, 225.

J

Jackson, Andrew,

the Democracy of, 52;

quarrelsome spirit of, contrasted with Lincoln's magnanimity, 96.

См. Демократия, джексоновская.

Jefferson, Thomas,

doctrines of, versus those of Hamilton, 28-29;

as leader of the democracy the opponent of Hamilton, 42;

foreign policy of, 42, 53, 290, 292;

view of democracy as extreme individualism, 43;

stress laid by, on equality, 43-44;

sacrifice of liberty for equality by, 44-45;

fundamental difference between Hamilton and, 45-46;

conduct of, on assumption of power, 46-47;

Democracy of Jackson contrasted with Republicanism of, 52;

mutual appreciation of Western pioneer Democrats and, 52-53;

traces of work of, found in failure of Whigs against Jacksonian Democrats, 71;

wherein Lincoln differed from, 95;

necessity of transformation of doctrines of, before they can be nationalized, 153, 214;

theory and practice of, contrasted with Roosevelt's theory and practice, 170;

an example of triumphant intellectual dishonesty, 419.

Jerome, William Travers,

as a reformer, 143-144, 155, 184;

personality of, 160;

special class of reform advocated by, 160-161;

lack of success in other than municipal political field, 161-162.

Jesus,

intention of, in preaching non-resistance, 282.

Judges,

election of state, 119;

life tenure of office of Federal, 200;

as creatures of a political machine, 318.

Justice,

state reform of criminal, 344-345.

L

Labor problem, the, 385-398.

Labor unions, 126 ff., 385 ff.;

danger from aggressive and unscrupulous unionism, 128-129;

revolutionary purpose of, in demanding class discrimination, 129-130;

parallelism between big corporations and, 130, 386;

divergence from corporations, 131;

legal recognition of, demanded, and discrimination in their favor by the state, 386-387;

economic and social amelioration of laboring class by, 387;

объединение рабочих в них, необходимость при нынешних условиях, а не состоящий в профсоюзе человек — вид промышленного изгоя, 387-389;

conditions to which unions should conform, 390-391;

the correct policy towards, 390;

предпочтение должно быть отдано им со стороны штатных и муниципальных правительств, но дискриминация должна проводиться между «плохими» и «хорошими» профсоюзами, 394;

effect of proposed constructive organization of, on non-union laborers, 395;

on farm laborers, 396.

Latin-American states,

coöperation of, in establishment of a stable international system, 300-303;

necessity first for improvement in domestic condition of, 302-303.

Law,

big corporations and the, 115-116.

Lawyers,

function of, in American political system, 131 ff.;

tendency of, to specialize, 134-135;

those who now figure in political life, 135-136;

corporation lawyers, 136;

position occupied by, in relation to modern economic and political problem, 137.

Legislative organization,

failure of American, 319-320;

causes, 321-324;

suggested remedy, 327-331;

quality of membership of, should be improved, 328-329;

preparation of measures for consideration by, 330-331.

"Letters of an American Farmer," 8-9, 10.

Liberty,

Hamilton's theory concerning, as contrasted with Jeffersonian Democrats', 44-45;

bearing of worship of so-called, on behavior of factions at time of slavery crisis, 79;

responsibility of a democracy for personal, 193 ff.;

economic, of the individual, 201-206;

subordinated and made helpful to the principle of human brotherhood, 207-208.

Liberty and union,

Hamilton's idea of, 44-45;

преобладающий взгляд на них во время «эры доброго согласия», 51.

Life insurance companies,

attempted regulation of, by various state governments, 355.

Lincoln, Abraham,

first appearance of, in debates with Douglas, 85-86;

service of, in seeing straighter and thinking harder than did his contemporaries, 87;

makes the Western Democracy understand for the first time that American nationality is a living principle, 88;

peculiar service rendered by and wherein his greatness lay, 88-89;

the personal worth of, 89;

early career and surroundings of, 89-90;

wherein he differed from the average Western Democrat, 90-91;

training and development of his intellect, 91-92;

further consideration of his character, 94 ff.;

contrasted with Jefferson, 95;

with Garrison, 95, 427;

with Jackson, 96;

necessity for emphasis of the difference between, and his contemporary fellow-countrymen, 98-99;

national intellectual and moral stature of, 427.

Low, Seth, as a reformer, 143.

Lynching,

cause of, 318;

method of stopping, 344.

M

Machinery,

place of, in American economic development, 108.

Machines, political, 117 ff.;

created to satisfy a real need, 124-125;

power of, felt in the courts, 318;

corruption and incompetence of state legislative organizations traceable to, 321;

complete reform of local administrative systems necessary for breaking power of, 334;

civil service reform has not retarded progress of, 335.

McClellan, George B.,

as a reformer, 143.

Madison, James,

conduct of second war with England by, 53-54.

Manufacturing,

Hamilton's policy in encouraging, 39.

Merit system in offices, 143;

disappointing results of establishment of, 334-337.

Mexico,

coöperation, of, in establishment of stable international system, 303.

Middle Ages,

city states of the, 215;

origins of the national state found in, 217 ff.

Middle class,

rise of, in Great Britain, 234-235, 239.

Militarism and nationality, 254 ff.

Millionaire,

the "tainted," a result of extreme individualism, 149.

"Money Power,"

Jacksonian Democracy's attitude toward, 59.

Monopolies,

suggested measures against, in municipalities, 374.

Monroe Doctrine, the, 290 ff.;

accepted as the corollary of policy contained in Washington's Farewell Address, 291;

the American retort to the Holy Alliance, 291-292;

American democratic idea converted into a dangerously aggressive principle by, 293-294;

results to United States of attempting to enforce, 296-297;

implies an incompatibility between American and European institutions which does not exist, 297;

continued adherence to, will involve United States in fruitless wars, 299-300;

necessity of forestalling inevitable future objections to, 307.

Morgan, J. Pierpont, 202.

Mugwumps, 141.

Muirhead, James, quoted, 18-19.

Municipal corporations, relations of state governments to, 347-348.

Municipal reform, 143.

См. Города.

Münsterberg, Hugo, quoted, 3.

N

Napoleon, 224, 225, 259.

National Bank, the, 39, 57-58, 68.

Nationality,

slavery and American, 72 ff.;

proposed doing away with, by international socialism, a mistake, 210-211;

origins of the modern system, 215 ff.;

development of principle of, in European states, 215-221;

efficiency resulting from, but also abuses, 221-222;

creed of French Revolutionists inimical to spirit of, 222-223;

increased force of principle, resulting from abuses of French under Napoleon, 225;

bearing of Treaty of Vienna and political system of the Holy Alliance on, 225-226;

true meaning of, first understood after revolutionary epoch of 1848, 226-230;

no universal and perfect machinery for securing, experience shows, 229-230;

relation between principles of, and principles of democracy, 230;

principle of, and of democracy, in England, 230 ff.;

democracy and, in France, 239 ff.;

relation between democracy and, in Germany, 246 ff.;

schism created in German, by the Social Democrats, 251;

militarism and, 254 ff.;

colonial expansion is proper to principle of, 259;

international relations a condition of, 263-264;

important position of tradition in principle of, 265-266;

principles of, and of democracy, in America, 267 ff.;

and centralization, 272-279.

Nationalization,

meaning of process of, 274.

Non-interference,

policy of, 312-313.

Non-resistance,

doctrine of, not meant for this world, 282.

Non-union laborers, 387-389;

effect on, of proposed constructive organization of labor, 395.

O

Old age pensions in England, 239.

Opportunity,

necessity of enjoyment of, by individuals, 203.

Order,

maintenance of, as a state function, 344-345.

Oregon,

the initiative in, 328.

Ore lands,

lease of, to United States Steel Corporation, 114.

P

Pan-Americanism, 313-314.

Parker, Alton B., 163.

Paternalism, German, 250.

Patriotism,

national, 2;

Американское, противопоставленное таковому других наций 2-3.

Peace,

democracy and, 308 ff.

Pensions,

old age, in England, 239;

military, in United States, 274.

Philippines,

questions concerning American acquisition of, 308-309.

Poland,

partition of, 222.

Police force,

state, 344-345.

Political specialist.

См. «Босс».

Politics,

separation of the business man from, 117;

specialized organization of, 118-121.

Popular sovereignty,

Stephen A. Douglas's theory of, 84-86;

criticism of democracy defined as, 176-178;

principle of, as represented by French Revolutionaries, 223-224;

principle of national sovereignty not to be confused with, 265-266;

the essential condition of democracy, 269-270;

definition of the phrase, 279 ff.;

эквивалентно для американцев фразе «национальный суверенитет», 280;

misconceptions of, notably Douglas's error, 281.

Porto Rico,

relations between United States and, 308.

Poverty,

as a social danger in a democratic state, 205.

Prisons,

improvement of, as a function of the state, 345.

Profits of corporations,

disposal of question of excessive, 370.

Property,

preservation of institution of private, 209.

Protection,

Whig policy of, and its defeat, 68;

Bismarck's policy of, 250.

Public ownership, 366-367;

municipal, 372-375;

the portion of railroad property properly subject to, 376-377;

another plan of, regarding railroads, 377-378.

Public Service Commissions of New York State, 360-361;

principal objection to, 368.

Public service corporations holding municipal franchises,

should be subject to cities only, 349;

municipal policy toward, 372-373.

Pure Food Bill,

class discrimination in, 191.

R

Railroads,

conditions of growth of American, 109;

the granting of rebates by, 110-111;

public ownership of, advocated by W.J. Bryan, 158;

state ownership of, in Prussia, 250;

constructive organization of, in United States, 351 ff.;

domination of, in politics of states, 352-353;

undesirability of state supervision of, and danger to roads themselves, 353-354;

ignorant and unwise legislation by states concerning, 354-355;

substitution of control of central government for state control, 356-357;

политика, которой должно следовать центральное правительство по отношению к ним, 357 и сл.;

law should be passed providing for agreements between roads, and mergers, 364-305;

freedom should be left to, to make rates and schedules, and develop their traffic, 365-366;

public ownership of, 366;

regulation of, by Federal commissions a doubtful step, 360-363, 368;

process of combination among, and results, 375-376;

ценность монополии, которой они обладают, может быть обеспечена для сообщества федеральным правительством путем взятия под контроль терминалов, полосы отвода, путей и станций, 376-377;

the alternative plan, of government appropriation of roads, and its working out, 377-378.

См. Корпорации.

Real estate tax, 385.

Rebates, 109, 110-113, 357.

Recall,

principle of the, 332-333;

employment of the, in suggested administrative system, 338, 340.

Referendum,

movement in favor of, in state governments, 320;

pros and cons of the, 327-328.

Reform,

course of the movement, 141-142;

variety in kinds of, 142-143;

variety found in exponents of, 143-144;

function of, according to the reformers, 144-145;

disappointment of hopes for, and reasons, 145-147;

лучшее понимание значения этого и функции реформаторов, необходимое для успешного исправления злоупотреблений, 147;

causes of need for, 148-150;

wrong conceptions of, and intellectual awakening essential for, 150;

true methods for accomplishing, 152-154;

state institutional, 315 ff.;

policy of drift should not be allowed in, 315-316;

state administrative, 333 ff.;

impossibility of accomplishing, by Australian ballot, direct primary system, and similar devices, 341-343;

direct practical value of a movement for, may be surpassed by its indirect educational value, 408.

Reich, Emil, quoted, 1.

Religious wars,

bearing of, on national development of European states, 219.

Republicanism,

represented by Jefferson, 28-29, 30, 31;

identified with political disorder and social instability by Federalists, 32-33;

opposition of, to Federalism as represented by Hamilton, 42-46;

alliance of Federalists and party of, 46-47;

effects of combination, 50-51;

Jefferson's Republicanism contrasted with Jackson's Democracy, 52;

views held by supporters of, on slavery question, 78.

Republican party,

causes leading to organization of the modern, 83;

its claims to being the first genuinely national party, 83-84;

rescue of, by Roosevelt, 171.

Revolutions,

question of, 210.

Rockefeller, John D., 111-112, 114, 115.

Roman Empire, the, 216.

Roosevelt, Theodore, 86, 136, 155;

as a reformer, 142, 167;

nationalization of reform by, 168-170;

policy of, compared with Hamiltonian creed, 169;

theory and practice of, contrasted with Jefferson's, 170;

the rescue of the Republican party by, 171;

vulnerability of, on the point of equal rights, 172;

has really been building better than he knew or will admit, 173-174;

criticism of, as a national reformer, 174-175.

Roosevelt-Taft programme, of recognition of corporations,

tempered by regulation, 358-359;

how best to carry out, 359-360.

Root, Elihu, 135;

international system indicated by, 301.

Russia,

faith of Russians in, 2;

international situation of, at present, 253, 256-257, 258;

weakness of, exposed, 311.

S

Saloon licenses, 385.

Santayana, George, quoted, 454.

Scientists,

methods of, a perfect type of authoritative technical methods, 434.

Sherman Anti-Trust Law,

a bar to proper treatment of corporate aggrandizement, 274;

as an expensive attempt to save the life of the small competitor who cannot hold his own, should be repealed, 359.

Slaveholders,

an impartial estimate of, 81-82.

Slavery,

effect of introduction of factor of, on Democrats and Whigs, 72;

sanctioned by the Constitution, and results, 72-73;

attitude of the two political parties toward, 73-74;

shirking of the question, and compromises, 74;

выявляет несоответствие союза между джексоновской демократией и американской национальностью, как она воплощена в Конституционном союзе, 75;

Webster's attitude on the question, 75-77;

American people separated into five parties by, 77;

attitude of Constitutional Unionists toward, 78;

beliefs of Abolitionists, Southern Democrats, Northern Democrats, and Republicans, 78-79;

body of public opinion looking to de-nationalizing slavery, which was organized into the Republican party, 83-84.

Smythe, William, 151.

Social Democrats,

party of, in Germany, 251.

Socialism,

weakness of, 210;

idea of an international, a mistake, 210-211.

Socialists,

doctrine preached by extreme, in France, 243.

Social problem,

democracy and the, 138-140.

South America,

bearing of Monroe Doctrine on, and possible complications resulting from, 294-296.

Spain,

religious wars of, 219;

national feeling in, increased by abuses of Napoleon, 225.

Specialization,

contempt for, in Middle West of pioneer days, 63-65;

necessity for, resulting from industrial development, 102-103;

of the American business man, 105 ff., 117;

of the politician, 117 ff.;

labor unions a decisive instance of, 126 ff.;

among lawyers, 134-135;

regarded as a revolt from the national democratic tradition, 138-139;

perils of, to American social organization, 139;

part to be played in individual emancipation by, 427-441.

Spoils system,

causes of introduction of, 57, 59-60;

effect of, opposite of that intended, 60-61;

civil service reform and the, 143.

"Square deal," Roosevelt's, 20, 151, 172.

Standard of living,

a constantly higher, for wage-earners, 206;

labor unions an effective machinery for raising, 387.

Standard Oil Company,

attempted regulation of, by various states, 355.

Standards,

in scientific work and in liberal or practical arts, 434-435;

acquirement of authentic, 435-436;

of technical excellence, 436-437;

only way of improving popular, for men of higher standards, 443-444.

State,

development of the national, 215 ff.;

increasing political efficiency of, shown to be proportioned to responsible exercise of powers, 217-220.

State governments,

reorganization of, in democratic spirit, after Revolutionary War, 31;

lack of success of American, 317;

failure of criminal and civil courts, 318;

chaotic condition of tax systems and educational systems, 318-319;

incompetent and frequently dishonest financial and economic legislation, 319;

fault lies partly in existing standards of morality, but in part also is result of unwise organization, 319;

demand for reorganization of, 319-320;

movement in favor of initiative and referendum in, 320, 327-328;

wrong diagnosis of causes of legislative corruption and incompetence, 320-321;

reasons for failure of, 321 ff.;

disadvantages of system of checks and balances in, 323-324;

failure of, to be imputed chiefly to lack of a centralized responsible organization, 324;

improvement in legislatures necessary, 326-329;

plan suggested for improvement of, 328-331;

administrative reform in, 333 ff.;

maintenance of order by, 344;

reorganization of criminal laws by, 344-345;

improvement of prisons and insane asylums by, 345;

possible activities of, in relation to labor, educational questions, etc., 346;

method of attaining their maximum usefulness, 347;

relation of, to cities, 347-349;

вопросы, такие как регулирование торговли, контроль корпораций, распределение богатства и предотвращение бедности, вне сферы деятельности этого, 350;

domination of railroads in, 352-353;

interference of, with railroad, insurance, and other corporations, 353-355.

Steffens, Lincoln, 163.

Sterilization of criminals, 345.

Strikes, 127-128, 392.

Suffrage,

advantages and disadvantages of a limited, 198-199.

Supreme Court,

power of the, 132-133;

success of, in the American political system, 134;

question of life tenure of office of judges of, 200.

T

Taft, President, 135.

Tammany Hall, 125, 151.

Tariff,

an example of class legislation, 191;

Federal authorities responsible for, 274;

first duty of United States to revise, 305.

Tariff reform, 142-143.

Taxation,

remedying excessive profits of corporations by, 370;

as a weapon of municipalities against monopolies, 374;

use of power of, to equalize distribution of wealth and raise money for governmental expenses, 381;

of inheritances, 382-385;

of incomes, 384-385;

real estate and saloon, 385.

Tax systems,

state, chaotic condition of, 318.

Technical schools,

growth of, 429-430.

Tobacco manufacture,

regulation of, by government, 379.

Tolstoy,

pernicious results of triumph of democracy of, 282;

led into error by brotherly feelings, 453.

Trade schools, 391.

Tradition,

force of accumulated national, in forming a people into a state, 227, 259;

the national, of England, Germany, France, and America, 267-270;

necessity of emancipation of nations from, 279.

Trust funds,

evils of, 383-384.

Trusts.

См. Корпорации.

U

Un-Americanism,

the reforming spirit wrongly called, 49.

Unification, of Germany by Bismarck, 247-249;

wars which helped toward, were justifiable, 256.

Unionism, labor.

См. Профсоюзы.

United States Steel Corporation,

lease of ore lands by, 114.

V

Vienna, Treaty of, 225.

Virtue,

the principle of democracy, 454.

Voting,

for state representatives, 329;

American systems of, 341-343.

W

Wage-earners,

increasing standard of living for, 206;

weakness of socialistic programme for, 210-211.

См. Профсоюзы.

War of 1812 and its lessons, 53-55.

Wars,

justifiability of, 255-256;

вероятность большего, до установления стабильной европейской

situation, 257.

Washington,

foreign policy contained in Farewell Address of, 290.

Wealth,

necessity of opportunity for acquiring, 203;

improvement in the distribution of, 209-210;

distribution of, in France, 244-245;

equalization of distribution of, by graduated inheritance tax, 381-385.

Webster, Daniel, 52, 427;

reason for failure of ideas of, 69-70;

representative of behavior of public opinion as regarded slavery question during the Middle Period, 75-77.

Wells, H.G., quoted, 4.

Whigs,

standards represented by, against Jacksonian or Western Democracy, 65-67;

wherein they improved on the Federalists, 67;

policy of internal improvements, 66;

its failure, 67-68;

failure regarding re-chartering of National Bank,68;

and regarding policy of protection, 68;

complete failure in fight against Federal executive, 68-69;

reason for failures, 69-70;

attitude of, toward slavery, 73-74.

Workingmen,

party composed of, in Germany, 251.