«Растения Мичигана: Простые определители местных семенных растений штата»

30b. Corolla purplish Giant Hyssop, Agastache scrophulariaefolius.

31a. Corolla distinctly irregular, the lower lip longer than the upper — 32.

31b. Corolla almost regular, the lobes nearly uniform in size — 35.

32a. Stem-leaves sessile or very nearly so (flowers blue) — 33.

32b. Stem-leaves long-petioled — 34.

33a. Leaves linear-oblong, acute at both ends (3-8 dm. high; summer) Hyssop, Hyssopus officinalis.

33b. Leaves oblong to ovate, rounded at the ends (2-4 dm. high; late spring) Bugle, Ajuga reptans.

34a. Leaves ovate to oblong, acute; flowers pink, white, or pale purple (6-15 dm. high; summer) Catnip, Nepeta cataria.

34b. Leaves nearly circular or kidney-shape; flowers blue (creeping; flowers in spring and summer) Ground Ivy, Nepeta hederacea.

35a. Flowers in terminal spikes, or the lower axillary (3-8 dm. high; flowers pink-purple or white, summer) (Mint) — 36.

35b. Flowers all in axillary whorls (flowers pink-purple or white, summer) (Mint) — 38.

35c. Flowers in terminal capitate corymbed clusters (4-8 dm. high; flowers white or dotted with purple, summer) (Mountain Mint) — 41.

36a. Leaves sessile or with very short petiole Spearmint, Mentha spicata.

36b. Leaves with manifest petioles — 37.

37a. Principal leaves less than half as broad as long Peppermint, Mentha piperita.

37b. Principal leaves more than half as broad as long Bergamot Mint, Mentha citrata.

38a. Stem glabrous; leaves ovate to obovate (4-8 dm. high) Downy Mint, Mentha gentilis.

38b. Stem pubescent, at least on the angles (1-6 dm. high) — 39.

39a. Principal leaves distinctly petioled and somewhat rounded at base Wild Mint, Mentha arvensis.

39b. Leaves tapering to the base — 40.

40a. Leaves and stem pubescent Wild Mint, Mentha arvensis var. canadensis.

40b. Leaves glabrous; stem pubescent on the angles only Wild Mint, Mentha arvensis var. glabrata.

41a. Leaves linear; calyx-teeth awl-shape Mountain Mint, Pycnanthemum flexuosum.

41b. Leaves narrowly lanceolate; calyx-teeth triangular-ovate Mountain Mint, Pycnanthemum virginianum.

42a. Stems decumbent to diffuse; leaves cordate to nearly circular (stems 2-5 dm. long or high; flowers in spring and summer) (Dead Nettle) — 43.

42b. Stem erect; leaves palmately cleft; calyx-teeth spiny (6-15 dm. tall; flowers pink, in summer) Motherwort, Leonurus cardiaca.

42c. Stems erect or ascending; leaves ovate-lanceolate to linear (summer) — 45.

43a. Upper leaves closely sessile (flowers red-purple) Dead Nettle, Lamium amplexicaule.

43b. Leaves all petioled — 44.

44a. Flowers red or purple Dead Nettle, Lamium maculatum.

44b. Flowers white Dead Nettle, Lamium album.

45a. Flowers 2-2.5 cm. long, in loose terminal spikes (5-10 dm. tall; flowers rose-color) False Dragon Head, Physostegia virginiana.

45b. Flowers 1-2 cm. long, in axillary and terminal spiked whorls — 46.

46a. Calyx-teeth spiny pointed (flowers pink or pale-purple) (Hemp Nettle) — 47.

46b. Calyx-teeth acute to awl-shape, but not spiny (3-10 dm. high; flowers pale-purple) (Hedge Nettle) — 48.

47a. Leaves ovate (3-8 dm. high) Hemp Nettle, Galeopsis tetrahit.

47b. Leaves linear to lanceolate (1-4 dm. high) Hemp Nettle, Galeopsis ladanum.

48a. Leaves glabrous — 49.

48b. Leaves distinctly pubescent — 50.

49a. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrate Hedge Nettle, Stachys tenuifolia.

49b. Leaves linear-oblong, entire or nearly so Hedge Nettle, Stachys hyssopifolia.

50a. Stem pubescent on the angles alone; leaves petioled Hedge Nettle, Stachys tenuifolia var. aspera.

50b. Stem pubescent on both sides and angles; leaves nearly sessile — 51.

51a. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, more than 1 cm. wide Hedge Nettle, Stachys palustris.

51b. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 1 cm. wide or less Hedge Nettle, Stachys arenicola.

ВЕРБЕНОВЫЕ (VERBENACEAE)

Травянистые растения с простыми супротивными листьями и слегка неправильными цветками в колосьях или головках; лепестков 5, сросшихся, несущих 4 тычинки в трубке венчика; завязь 1, 2-гнездная или 4-гнездная, с 1 столбиком.

1a. Plants prostrate or spreading — 2.

1b. Plants erect (flowers in summer) (Vervain) — 3.

2a. Leaves serrate; flowers in short dense spikes (flowers pale-blue, summer) Fog Fruit, Lippia lanceolata.

2b. Leaves pinnatifid; flowers in loose bracted spikes (flowers light-purple, summer) Vervain, Verbena bracteosa.

3a. Spikes dense, continuous (flowers purple or blue, varying to white) — 4.

3b. Spikes slender, interrupted, the flowers scattered (corolla white or pale-blue) — 6.

4a. Leaves lanceolate, manifestly petioled (1-2 m. high) Vervain, Verbena hastata.

4b. Leaves sessile, not lanceolate (5-8 dm. high) — 5.

5a. Leaves narrowly oblanceolate, tapering at the entire base Vervain, Verbena angustifolia.

5b. Leaves oblong to obovate, not tapering at the base Vervain, Verbena stricta.

6a. Leaves incised, tapering to a sessile base (5-10 dm. high) Vervain, Verbena, officinalis.

6b. Leaves serrate, petioled (1-2 m. high) Vervain, Verbena urticaefolia.

ПАСЛЕНОВЫЕ (SOLANACEAE)

Травянистые растения или кустарники с очередными листьями и правильными или слегка неправильными цветками; чашелистиков 5, сросшихся; венчик из 5 сросшихся лепестков, с прикрепленными 5 тычинками; завязь 1, 2–5-гнездная (обычно 2-гнездная), с тонким столбиком.

1a. Corolla rotate; anthers close together (flowers in summer) — 2.

1b. Corolla not rotate; anthers separate — 5.

2a. Stem and leaves prickly (3-8 dm. high) — 3.

2b. Stem and leaves not prickly — 4.

3a. Flowers white or bluish Horse Nettle, Solanum carolinense.

3b. Flowers yellow Buffalo Bur, Solanum rostratum.

4a. Climbing vine; leaves frequently lobed (flowers blue) Bittersweet, Solanum dulcamara.

4b. Not climbing; leaves toothed (flowers white) Nightshade, Solanum nigrum.

5a. Climbing or trailing shrub, with purplish, white, or greenish flowers about 1 cm. wide (frequently thorny; flowers in summer) Matrimony Vine, Lycium halimifolium.

5b. Herbaceous plants, not climbing — 6.

6a. Flowers white, red, or blue, 2.5 cm. or more wide (summer) — 7.

6b. Flowers yellow, yellowish-white, or greenish-yellow (summer) — 12.

7a. Corolla-tube 10 cm. long or more (5-12 dm. high) — 8.

7b. Corolla-tube 5 cm. long or less — 10.

8a. Stem finely pubescent; leaves entire or nearly so Thorn-apple, Datura metel.

8b. Stem glabrous; leaves coarsely toothed (Jimson Weed) — 9.

9a. Stem green; corolla white Jimson Weed, Datura stramonium.

9b. Stem purple; corolla light-blue or purple Jimson Weed, Datura tatula.

10a. Corolla pale-blue (5-10 dm. high) Apple of Peru, Nicandra physalodes.

10b. Corolla, red or violet (2-4 dm. high) Petunia, Petunia violacea.

10c. Corolla white — 11.

11a. Corolla all white (2-4 dm. high) Petunia, Petunia axillaris.

11b. Corolla with yellow center White Ground Cherry, Physalis grandiflora.

12a. Corolla 30 mm. wide or more, somewhat irregular; stamens declined to one side (3-6 dm. high) Henbane, Hyoscyamus niger.

12b. Corolla smaller, strictly regular — 13.

13a. Flowers in terminal panicles; corolla tubular, with slightly spreading lobes (5-10 dm. high) Wild Tobacco, Nicotiana rustica.

13b. Flowers solitary in the axils; corolla short, widely spreading (3-8 dm. high) (Ground Cherry) — 14.

14a. Annuals with branching slender roots — 15.

14b. Perennials with thickened roots and rootstocks — 16.

15a. Plants pubescent Ground Cherry, Physalis pubescens.

15b. Plants smooth, or with a few scattered hairs Ground Cherry, Physalis ixocarpa.

16a. Stem viscid-pubescent Ground Cherry, Physalis heterophylla.

16b. Stem glabrous or slightly pubescent, not viscid — 17.

17a. Leaves and stem distinctly pubescent Ground Cherry, Physalis virginiana.

17b. Leaves and stem almost glabrous Ground Cherry, Physalis subglabrata.

НОРИЧКОВЫЕ (SCROPHULARIACEAE)

Травянистые растения с супротивными или очередными листьями и обычно неправильными цветками; венчик из сросшихся лепестков, несущий прикрепленные 2 или 4 (или редко 5) тычинки; лепестков фактически 5, но иногда по видимости только 2 или 4; иногда присутствует стерильная пятая тычинка; завязь верхняя, 2-гнездная.

1a. Anther-bearing stamens 5 (6-15 dm. high; flowers in summer) (Mullein) — 2.

1b. Anther-bearing stamens 4; a sterile fifth stamen may or may not be present — 3.

1c. Anther-bearing stamens 2 — 37.

2a. Leaves densely white-woolly; flowers yellow, in dense spikes Mullein, Verbascum thapsus.

2b. Leaves smooth or nearly so; flowers yellow or white, in loose racemes Moth Mullein, Verbascum blattaria.

3a. Flowers (not the bracts) greenish-yellow, yellow, or orange — 4.

3b. Flowers blue, purple, brown, red, pink, or white, never yellow — 16.

4a. Flowers in dense terminal leafy-bracted spikes — 5.

4b. Flowers in loose racemes or axillary — 9.

5a. Corolla 7 mm. long or less, or none — 6.

5b. Corolla 12 mm. long or more — 7.

6a. Leaves alternate (3-6 dm. high; early summer) Synthyris, Synthyris bullii.

6b. Leaves opposite (1-2 dm. high; summer) Eyebright, Euphrasia arctica.

7a. Stem-leaves entire (2-6 dm. high; summer) Painted Cup, Castilleja pallida var. septentrionalis.

7b. Stem-leaves palmately lobed, bracteal leaves scarlet (3-6 dm. high; early summer) Painted Cup, Castilleja coccinea.

7c. Stem-leaves pinnately lobed or incised (Lousewort) — 8.

8a. Flowers in spring (2-4 dm. high) Lousewort, Pedicularis canadensis.

8b. Flowers in late summer (3-8 dm. high) Lousewort, Pedicularis lanceolata.

9a. Upper lip of the corolla very different in size and shape from the lower lip — 10.

9b. Upper lip of the corolla resembling the lower lip in shape, and not very different in size (5-12 dm. high; summer) (False Foxglove) — 13.

10a. Leaves alternate (2-5 dm. high; summer) Butter-and-eggs, Linaria vulgaris.

10b. Leaves opposite — 11.

11a. Stem erect; leaves narrowed at the base — 30b.

11b. Stem creeping or spreading (summer) — 12.

12a. Leaves pinnately veined, ovate Musk Flower, Mimulus moschatus.

12b. Leaves palmately veined, circular or nearly so Yellow Monkey Flower, Mimulus glabratus var. jamesii.

13a. Stem glabrous — 14.

13b. Stem pubescent — 15.

14a. Principal stem-leaves pinnatifid False Foxglove, Gerardia virginica.

14b. Principal stem-leaves entire False Foxglove, Gerardia laevigata.

15a. Corolla hairy on the outside False Foxglove, Gerardia pedicularia.

15b. Corolla smooth on the outside False Foxglove, Gerardia flava.

16a. Leaves all basal; flowers on leafless stalks (1 dm. high or less; flowers pink or white, summer) Mudwort, Limosella aquatica var. tenuifolia.

16b. Leaves opposite (those subtending the flowers may be alternate) — 20.

16c. Leaves alternate or irregularly scattered — 17.

17a. Leaves entire — 18.

17b. Leaves pinnately lobed or incised — 8a.

17c. Leaves palmately veined and lobed; stem trailing (flowers blue, summer) Kenilworth Ivy, Linaria cymbalaria.

18a. Corolla-tube less than 1 cm. long, spurred — 19.

18b. Corolla more than 2 cm. long, not spurred (3-8 dm. high; flowers red-purple, summer) Snapdragon, Antirrhinum majus.

19a. Stem and foliage pubescent (1-3 dm. high; flowers blue, summer) Small Snapdragon, Linaria minor.

19b. Stem and foliage glabrous (2-6 dm. high; flowers blue, summer) Toad-flax, Linaria canadensis.

20a. Leaves with 1 or 2 lobes near the base (3-5 dm. high; flowers purple, summer) Gerardia, Gerardia auriculata.

20b. Leaves linear (2-6 dm. high; flowers rose-purple, summer and autumn) (Gerardia) — 21.

20c. Leaves lanceolate or broader, not lobed — 26.

21a. Pedicels equaling or but little longer than the calyx, and conspicuously shorter than the subtending leaf — 22.

21b. Pedicels much longer than the calyx, and generally equaling or exceeding the subtending leaf — 24.

22a. Plants of moist ground, bogs, and shores — 23.

22b. Plants of dry uplands Gerardia, Gerardia aspera.

23a. Corolla about 25 mm. long Gerardia, Gerardia purpurea.

23b. Corolla less than 20 mm. long Gerardia, Gerardia paupercula.

24a. Stem rough on the angles — 25.

24b. Stem glabrous Gerardia, Gerardia tenuifolia.

25a. Leaves 2-5 mm. wide Gerardia, Gerardia tenuifolia var. macrophylla.

25b. Leaves thread-like, 1 mm. wide or less Gerardia, Gerardia skinneriana.

26a. Corolla 16 mm. long, or shorter — 27.

26b. Corolla 20 mm. long, or longer — 32.

27a. Corolla dull-purple, brown, or greenish; one sterile stamen present (1-2.5 m. high; flowers in summer) (Figwort) — 28.

27b. Corolla blue or white (1-4 dm. high) — 29.

28a. Sterile stamen purple Figwort, Scrophularia marilandica.

28b. Sterile stamen yellow Figwort, Scrophularia leporella.

29a. Flowers nearly or quite sessile (summer) — 30.

29b. Flowers on pedicels 10 mm. long or more (spring) — 31.

30a. Foliage-leaves prominently toothed — 6b.

30b. Foliage-leaves entire, or with 1 or 2 small teeth at the base Cow Wheat, Melampyrum lineare.

31a. Corolla more than 10 mm. long, blue and white Blue-eyed Mary, Collinsia verna.

31b. Corolla 5-8 mm. long, blue and white Collinsia, Collinsia parviflora.

32a. Flowers solitary in the axils of the upper foliage-leaves (4-8 dm. high; flowers blue, in summer) (Monkey Flower) — 33.

32b. Flowers in dense terminal or subterminal spikes (3-9 dm. high; summer) — 34.

32c. Flowers in loose terminal panicles (flowers white or pale-violet) (Beard-tongue) — 35.

33a. Leaves clasping at the base Monkey Flower, Mimulus ringens.

33b. Leaves petioled, not clasping Monkey Flower, Mimulus alatus.

34a. Stem and foliage glabrous (flowers white) Turtlehead, Chelone glabra.

34b. Stem and foliage pubescent (flowers purple) Blue Hearts, Buchnera americana.

35a. Stem finely pubescent (3-6 dm. high; flowers pale-violet, late spring) Beard-tongue, Pentstemon hirsutus.

35b. Stem glabrous below the inflorescence (6-12 dm. high) — 36.

36a. Corolla-tube gradually enlarged from base to tip (flowers pale-violet, in early summer) Beard-tongue, Pentstemon laevigatus.

36b. Corolla-tube abruptly enlarged just beyond the calyx (flowers white, early summer) Beard-tongue, Pentstemon laevigatus var. digitalis.

37a. Corolla distinctly irregular, 2-lipped (1-4 dm. high; flowers yellowish or white, summer) — 38.

37b. Corolla regular or nearly so and 2-lobed, or none — 6a.

37c. Corolla regular or nearly so, 4-lobed — 40.

38a. Leaves narrowed at the base, with mid-vein Hedge Hyssop, Gratiola virginiana.

38b. Leaves rounded or somewhat clasping at the base, with 3-5 principal veins (False Pimpernel) — 39.

39a. Peduncles longer than the subtending leaves False Pimpernel, Ilysanthes anagallidea.

39b. Peduncles shorter than the subtending leaves False Pimpernel, Ilysanthes dubia.

40a. Leaves whorled (8-20 dm. high; flowers white or pale-blue, in spikes, summer) Culver's Root, Veronica virginica.

40b. Leaves alternate or opposite (Speedwell) — 41.

41a. Flowers in racemes, which arise from the axils of the opposite leaves (flowers pale-blue to nearly white, late spring and summer) — 42.

41b. Flowers solitary in the axils of leaf-like bracts, or in terminal bracted racemes (1-4 dm. high; spring and summer) — 46.

42a. Stem and foliage glabrous; swamp plants 2-7 dm. high — 43.

42b. Stem and foliage pubescent; plants of dry ground, 1-3 dm. high — 45.

43a. Leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate Marsh Speedwell, Veronica scutellata.

43b. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate — 44.

44a. Stem-leaves sessile and somewhat clasping Water Speedwell, Veronica anagallis-aquatica.

44b. Stem-leaves on short petioles Brooklime, Veronica americana.

45a. Leaves narrowed at base into a petiole Speedwell, Veronica officinalis.

45b. Leaves rounded or heart-shape at the base Speedwell, Veronica chamaedrys.

46a. Bracteal leaves entire; stem glabrous or minutely pubescent — 47.

46b. All leaves serrate; foliage pubescent (flowers blue) — 48.

47a. Flowers white, about 2 mm. wide Speedwell, Veronica peregrina.

47b. Flowers pale-blue with darker stripes, 3-4 mm. wide Speedwell, Veronica serpyllifolia.

48a. Flowers nearly sessile, about 2 mm. wide Speedwell, Veronica arvensis.

48b. Flowers on slender pedicels, 5-8 mm. wide Speedwell, Veronica tournefortii.

ПУЗЫРЧАТКОВЫЕ (LENTIBULARIACEAE)

Небольшие травянистые растения, растущие на скалах, в иле или в воде; чашечка и венчик оба двугубые; тычинок 2, прикрепленных к венчику; завязь 1-гнездная.

1a. Corolla purple — 2.

1b. Corolla yellow (flowers in summer) (Bladderwort) — 4.

2a. Leaves oval to elliptical, entire (about 1 dm. high, on rocks; flowers in summer) Butterwort, Pinguicula vulgaris.

2b. Leaves dissected or none, submerged (flowers in summer) (Bladderwort) — 3.

3a. Flower-stalk with a single bract near the middle Bladderwort, Utricularia resupinata.

3b. Flower-stalk without bracts, except at the base of the pedicels Bladderwort, Utricularia purpurea.

4a. Stem and numerous dissected leaves floating in water Bladderwort, Utricularia vulgaris var. americana.

4b. Stem and minute leaves creeping on the bottom of ponds or in mud, while the flowers are borne on erect stalks, easily detached from the delicate stems — 5.

5a. Upper lip of corolla conspicuous, as long or nearly as long as the lower lip; lower lip with a prominent raised palate — 6.

5b. Upper lip of corolla half as long as the lower lip, or less — 7.

6a. Spur of corolla very short and blunt Bladderwort, Utricularia gibba.

6b. Spur of corolla very long and slender Bladderwort, Utricularia cornuta.

7a. Spur of corolla very short and blunt, or almost none Bladderwort, Utricularia minor.

7b. Spur of corolla long and slender Bladderwort, Utricularia intermedia.

ЗАРАЗИХОВЫЕ (OROBANCHACEAE)

Паразитические растения без зеленой окраски и с чешуйками вместо листьев; венчик двугубый, из сросшихся лепестков; тычинок 4, прикрепленных к венчику.

1a. Flowers in a widely branching panicle, numerous; growing under beech trees (1-5 dm. high; flowers white and purple, late summer) Beech Drops, Epifagus virginiana.

1b. Flowers sessile in a dense bracted spike (1-2 dm. high; flowers pale-yellow, early summer) Squaw-root, Conopholis americana.

1c. Flowers 1-15, each on a long erect naked peduncle (1-2 dm. high; flowers yellowish or pale-violet, spring and summer) (Cancer-root) — 2.

2a. Stem erect and scaly, 5-10 cm. high Cancer-root, Orobanche fasciculata.

2b. Stem very short, almost below the surface of the ground, with long erect peduncles Cancer-root, Orobanche uniflora.

АКАНТОВЫЕ (ACANTHACEAE)

Травянистые растения с супротивными простыми листьями; венчик из сросшихся лепестков, двугубый или почти правильный; тычинок 2 или 4, прикрепленных к венчику; завязь 2-гнездная.

1a. Corolla about 10 mm. long; flowers in dense heads (4-10 dm. high; flowers blue or white, summer) Water Willow, Dianthera americana.

1b. Corolla about 30 mm. long; flowers axillary (3-8 dm. high; flowers blue, in summer) (Ruellia) — 2.

2a. Foliage glabrous or slightly pubescent Ruellia, Ruellia strepens.

2b. Foliage densely hirsute Ruellia, Ruellia ciliosa.

ФРИМОВЫЕ (PHRYMACEAE)

Травянистое растение с супротивными листьями и неправильными цветками в длинных тонких колосьях; лепестки сросшиеся, венчик двугубый; тычинок 4, прикрепленных к венчику; завязь 1-гнездная.

One species only, 5-10 dm. high; flowers purple, in summer Lopseed, Phryma leptostachya.

ПОДОРОЖНИКОВЫЕ (PLANTAGINACEAE)

Травянистые растения с прикорневыми листьями и мелкими белыми цветками в колосьях; чашелистиков 4; лепестков 4, сросшихся; тычинок 4; завязь 2-гнездная.

1a. Leaves linear (1-4 dm. high; summer) — 2.

1b. Leaves broader, lanceolate to broadly ovate or cordate (summer) — 3.

2a. Spikes mixed with bracts several times longer than the flowers Buckhorn, Plantago aristata.

2b. Bracts about as long as the flowers Plantain, Plantago purshii.

3a. Leaves cordate, pinnately veined; plant of wet ground and marshes (4-8 dm. tall) Plantain, Plantago cordata.

3b. Leaves with 3 to many longitudinal ribs or veins — 4.

4a. Leaves densely pubescent with grayish hairs — 5.

4b. Leaves smooth or slightly pubescent — 6.

5a. Flower-stalks 3-6 dm. high Plantain, Plantago media.

5b. Flower-stalks less than 3 dm. high Plantain, Plantago virginica.

6a. Flower-stalks 3-6 dm. high; spikes not over 10 cm. long English Plantain, Plantago lanceolata.

6b. Scapes 1-4 dm. high; spikes long and slender, usually equaling or longer than the peduncle; dooryard plantains — 7.

7a. Leaves green at the base Plantain, Plantago major.

7b. Leaves reddish at the base Plantain, Plantago rugelii.

МАРЕНОВЫЕ (RUBIACEAE)

Травянистые растения или кустарники с супротивными или мутовчатыми листьями и правильными цветками; чашелистиков 4, либо они миниатюрные или почти отсутствуют; лепестков 4, сросшихся; тычинок 4; завязь нижняя.

1a. Shrub (1-3 m. tall; flowers white, in spherical heads, summer) Button Bush, Cephalanthus occidentalis.

1b. Herbaceous — 2.

2a. Leaves opposite — 3.

2b. Leaves whorled; flowers white, green, or purple (Bedstraw) — 6.

2c. Leaves whorled; flowers yellow Bedstraw, Galium verum.

3a. Leaves about as long as wide (trailing; flowers paired, white, in spring) Partridge Berry, Mitchella repens.

3b. Leaves at least twice as long as wide — 4.

4a. Corolla salver-form, about 1 cm. wide; peduncles 1-flowered (about 1 dm. high; flowers blue or white, in spring) Bluets, Houstonia coerulea.

4b. Corolla funnel-form, about 5 mm. wide; flowers in clusters (1-2 dm. high; flowers white or pale-purple, summer) (Houstonia) — 5.

5a. Basal leaves strongly ciliate Houstonia, Houstonia ciliolata.

5b. Basal leaves smooth Houstonia, Houstonia longifolia.

6a. Leaves in whorls of 4-7.

6b. Leaves in whorls of 6-8 — 16.

7a. Ovary and fruit hispid with hooked bristles (3-7 dm. high; summer) — 8.

7b. Ovary and fruit not bristly (early summer) — 11.

8a. Leaves with 1 principal vein (flowers dull purple) Bedstraw, Galium pilosum.

8b. Leaves with 3 principal veins — 9.

9a. Flowers bright-white Bedstraw, Galium boreale.

9b. Flowers greenish, yellowish, or purplish — 10.

10a. Leaves acuminate Bedstraw, Galium lanceolatum.

10b. Leaves acute or obtuse Bedstraw, Galium circaezans.

11a. Corolla-lobes 3 (2-6 dm. high; flowers white or greenish) — 12.

11b. Corolla-lobes 4 — 13.

12a. Flowers in clusters of 2 or 3 Bedstraw, Galium claytoni.

12b. Flowers solitary in the axils, on long hair-like pedicels Bedstraw, Galium trifidum.

13a. Corolla brownish or purple (3-6 dm. high) Bedstraw, Galium latifolium.

13b. Corolla white (1-4 dm. high) — 14.

14a. Flowers rather numerous in small cymes Bedstraw, Galium palustre.

14b. Flowers in clusters of 2 or 3, or solitary — 15.

15a. Principal leaves spreading or ascending Bedstraw, Galium tinctorium.

15b. Principal leaves recurved or reflexed Bedstraw, Galium labradoricum.

16a. Ovary and fruit bristly or hispid — 17.

16b. Ovary and fruit not bristly (summer) — 18.

17a. Leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear, mostly 6-8 in a whorl (stem 5-15 dm. long; flowers white; spring and summer) Bedstraw, Galium aparine.

17b. Leaves narrowly oval or elliptical, mostly in whorls of 6; flowers in clusters of 3 (1-5 dm. high; flowers greenish, summer) Bedstraw, Galium triflorum.

18a. Leaves cuspidate or mucronate at the apex (flowers white) — 19.

18b. Leaves obtuse at the apex (flowers white or greenish; 2-6 dm. high) — 20.

19a. Flowers very numerous in terminal panicles (stem 3-8 dm. long) Bedstraw, Galium mollugo.

19b. Flowers in axillary clusters (1-3 dm. high) Bedstraw, Galium tricorne.

19c. Flowers few, in small loose terminal cymes — 20.

20a. Stem smooth or nearly so (2-4 dm. high) Bedstraw, Galium concinnum.

20b. Stem hispid with reflexed bristles (5-15 dm. long) Bedstraw, Galium asprellum.

ЖИМОЛОСТНЫЕ (CAPRIFOLIACEAE)

Кустарники или травянистые растения с супротивными листьями; венчик правильный или неправильный, лепестков 4 или 5, сросшихся; тычинок 4 или 5; завязь нижняя, 1–5-гнездная.

1a. Leaves compound (shrubs 1-4 m. high; flowers white, in large clusters in early summer) (Elder) — 2.

1b. Leaves simple — 3.

2a. Pith of the twigs white; inflorescence flattened or convex Elder, Sambucus canadensis.

2b. Pith of the twigs brown; inflorescence pyramidal Elder, Sambucus racemosa.

3a. Plant trailing; flowers nodding, in pairs (1 dm. high; flowers pink, summer) Twin Flower, Linnaea borealis var. americana.

3b. Erect herbs (6-12 dm. high; flowers dull-red, axillary, early summer) (Feverwort) — 4.

3c. Shrubs, small trees, or woody vines — 5.

4a. Leaf-bases broadly connate and 2-5 cm. wide Feverwort, Triosteum perfoliatum.

4b. Leaf-bases narrowly connate, not over 1 cm. wide Feverwort, Triosteum aurantiacum.

5a. Climbing vines (spring and early summer) (Honeysuckle) — 6.

5b. Erect or spreading shrubs or small trees — 11.

6a. Flowers in 2-flowered axillary clusters (flowers white or pink) Honeysuckle, Lonicera japonica.

6b. Flowers in terminal clusters — 7.

7a. Leaves distinctly pubescent beneath (flowers yellow) — 8.

7b. Leaves glabrous beneath, or very minutely puberulent — 9.

8a. Leaves pubescent above Honeysuckle, Lonicera hirsuta.

8b. Leaves glabrous above Honeysuckle, Lonicera glaucescens.

9a. Corolla purple on the outside, glabrous within Honeysuckle, Lonicera caprifolium.

9b. Corolla yellow on the outside (or slightly tinged with purple), pubescent within — 10.

10a. Corolla-tube 6-8 mm. long Honeysuckle, Lonicera dioica.

10b. Corolla-tube 11-14 mm. long Honeysuckle, Lonicera sullivantii.

11a. Corolla tubular at base; style long and slender — 12.

11b. Corolla rotate or somewhat bell-shape, style very short (flowers white, late spring or early summer) — 22.

12a. Flowers yellow or yellowish (spring and early summer) — 13.

12b. Flowers white, pink, or red — 18.

13a. Leaves serrate (5-10 dm. tall) Bush Honeysuckle, Diervilla lonicera.

13b. Leaves entire; flowers in pairs (Honeysuckle) — 14.

14a. Each pair of flowers subtended by 2 broad leaf-like bracts (1-3 m. high) Honeysuckle, Lonicera involucrata.

14b. Bracts at the base of each pair of flowers linear or narrowly lanceolate — 15.

15a. Native species of woods and bogs — 16.

15b. Introduced species, growing mostly near dwellings; leaves very pubescent beneath Honeysuckle, Lonicera xylosteum.

16a. Peduncles 15 mm. long or more (1-4 m. high) — 17.

16b. Peduncles about 5 mm. long (1 m. high, or less) Honeysuckle, Lonicera coerulea var. villosa.

17a. Leaves ciliate Honeysuckle, Lonicera canadensis.

17b. Leaves not ciliate Honeysuckle, Lonicera oblongifolia.

18a. Corolla irregular, over 1 cm. long (1-4 m. high; spring) Honeysuckle, Lonicera tatarica.

18b. Corolla regular, less than 1 cm. long (5-15 dm. high; flowers white or pink, in axillary clusters, early summer) — 19.

19a. Flowers in axillary spikes Wolfberry, Symphoricarpos occidentalis.

19b. Flowers almost sessile in the axils — 20.

20a. Flowers numerous in each axil Indian Currant, Symphoricarpos orbiculatus.

20b. Flowers 1 or 2 in each axil (Snowberry) — 21.

21a. Leaves green beneath Snowberry, Symphoricarpos racemosus.

21b. Leaves whitened beneath Snowberry, Symphoricarpos racemosus var. pauciflorus.

22a. Leaves palmately lobed — 23.

22b. Leaves not lobed — 25.

23a. Outermost flowers of the cluster enlarged and imperfect (1-4 m. high) Cranberry Tree, Viburnum opulus var. americanum.

23b. All flowers of the cluster alike — 24.

24a. Flower-clusters 4-10 cm. broad (1-2 m. high) Arrow Wood, Viburnum acerifolium.

24b. Flower-clusters 2-3 cm. broad Squashberry, Viburnum pauciflorum.

25a. Outer flowers of the cluster enlarged and imperfect (1-3 m. high) Hobble-bush, Viburnum alnifolium.

25b. All flowers of the cluster alike — 26.

26a. Leaves finely serrate; the veins not prominent — 27.

26b. Leaves coarsely serrate, all or most of the teeth terminating in a prominent vein — 29.

27a. Peduncle of the flower-cluster, below its branches, at least 2 cm. long (1-3 m. high) Withe-rod, Viburnum cassinoides.

27b. Peduncle of the cluster 1 cm. long, or even shorter (3-8 m. high) — 28.

28a. Leaves distinctly acuminate Sheep-berry, Viburnum lentago.

28b. Leaves obtuse or barely acute Black Haw, Viburnum prunifolium.

29a. Leaves densely pubescent beneath (6-15 dm. high) Arrow-wood, Viburnum pubescens.

29b. Leaves glabrous beneath, or with tufts of hairs in the forks of the veins (1-4 m. high) Arrow-wood, Viburnum dentatum.

ВАЛЕРИАНОВЫЕ (VALERIANACEAE)

Травянистые растения с супротивными листьями и мелкими почти или совсем правильными цветками; лепестков 5, сросшихся; тычинок 3; чашелистики миниатюрные или отсутствуют; завязь нижняя.

1a. Stem-leaves pinnately cleft (3-10 dm. high; flowers white or pinkish, summer) — 2.

1b. Stem-leaves entire or dentate (2-6 dm. high; flowers white, summer) (Corn Salad) — 3.

2a. Leaf-segments parallel-veined Valerian, Valeriana edulis.

2b. Leaf-segments net-veined Swamp Valerian, Valeriana uliginosa.

3a. Upper stem-leaves entire Corn Salad, Valerianella chenopodifolia.

3b. Upper stem-leaves dentate Corn Salad, Valerianella radiata.

ВОРСЯНКОВЫЕ (DIPSACACEAE)

Травянистые растения с супротивными листьями и мелкими бледно-голубыми цветками, собранными в плотные головки; чашечка миниатюрная; лепестков 4, сросшихся; тычинок 4, прикрепленных к венчику; завязь нижняя.

One species in Michigan, 1-2 m. high, with prickly leaves and stem, blooming in summer Teasel, Dipsacus sylvestris.

ТЫКВЕННЫЕ (CUCURBITACEAE)

Травянистые растения, цепляющиеся с помощью усиков, с очередными пальчато-лопастными листьями и однополыми цветками; тычиночные цветки в эффектных соцветиях, с 5–6 лепестками и 3 тычинками; пестичные цветки мелкие.

1a. Leaves 5-angled or shallowy 5-lobed (flowers white, summer) Bur Cucumber, Sicyos angulatus.

1b. Leaves 5-lobed to about the middle (commonly cultivated and frequently wild; flowers white, summer) Wild Cucumber, Echinocystis lobata.

КОЛОКОЛЬЧИКОВЫЕ (CAMPANULACEAE)

Травянистые растения с очередными простыми листьями и млечным соком; чашелистиков 5; лепестков 5, сросшихся; тычинок 5, прикрепленных у самого основания венчика; завязь нижняя.

1a. Stem-leaves circular or nearly so, cordate-clasping at base (2-6 dm. high; flowers blue, axillary, in summer) Venus' Looking-Glass, Specularia perfoliata.

1b. Stem-leaves linear or nearly so, not over 1 cm. wide (summer) — 2.

1c. Stem-leaves ovate to lanceolate, 2 cm. wide or more (flowers blue, in a terminal spike or raceme, summer) (Bellflower) — 4.

2a. Stem and leaves glabrous (or rarely pubescent) (1-6 dm. high; flowers blue) Harebell, Campanula rotundifolia.

2b. Stem and leaves rough with reflexed bristles (marsh plants, with weak slender stems 3-10 dm. long; flowers white or pale-blue) (Marsh Bellflower) — 3.

3a. Corolla 5-8 mm. long Marsh Bellflower, Campanula aparinoides.

3b. Corolla 10-12 mm. long Marsh Bellflower, Campanula uliginosa.

4a. Corolla rotate; flowers in spikes (6-15 dm. high) Bellflower, Campanula americana.

4b. Corolla bell-shape; flowers in one-sided racemes (4-10 dm. high) Bellflower, Campanula rapunculoides.

ЛОБЕЛИЕВЫЕ (LOBELIACEAE)

Травянистые растения с очередными простыми листьями и млечным соком; цветки неправильные; лепестков 5, сросшихся; венчик рассечен по верхней стороне; тычинок 5, сросшихся пыльниками в кольцо или трубку, окружающую столбик; завязь 2-гнездная, нижняя. Цветут летом и осенью.

1a. Leaves all basal, tubular; flowers on leafless stalks (aquatic, 1-4 dm. high; flowers blue) Water Lobelia, Lobelia dortmanna.

1b. Leaves normal, on the stem — 2.

2a. Flowers more than 2 cm. long (5-10 dm. high) — 3.

2b. Flowers about 1 cm. long, or shorter (flowers light blue) — 4.

3a. Flowers scarlet Cardinal Flower, Lobelia cardinalis.

3b. Flowers blue Great Lobelia, Lobelia siphilitica.

4a. Flowers in loose racemes, pedicelled — 5.

4b. Flowers in slender terminal spike-like racemes, nearly sessile (4-10 dm. high, usually unbranched) Lobelia, Lobelia spicata.

5a. Foliage pubescent (3-8 dm. high) Indian Tobacco, Lobelia inflata.

5b. Foliage glabrous (1-4 dm. high) Lobelia, Lobelia kalmii.

СЛОЖНОЦВЕТНЫЕ (COMPOSITAE)

Травянистые растения с различными типами листвы, но с цветками характерного строения, напоминающими подсолнечник, чертополох или одуванчик. Каждый видимый цветок представляет собой головку из многочисленных мелких цветков, прикрепленных бок о бок к расширенному концу стебля, снизу подпертых и частично окруженных рядами прицветников, называемых оберткой, которая напоминает чашечку.

Чашечка отдельного цветка миниатюрна или фактически отсутствует и обычно видоизменена для содействия распространению семян. Она появляется у основания венчика, на верхушке нижней завязи и известна как хохолок (паппус). Строение хохолка лучше всего наблюдать у зрелого плода.

Венчик отдельных цветков состоит из 5 (или редко 4) сросшихся лепестков. У некоторых цветков лепестки срослись, образуя трубчатый или колокольчатый венчик. У других они срослись, образуя плоский или язычковый венчик. Тычинки прикреплены к венчику и срослись своими пыльниками в трубку, которая окружает столбик и над которой выступает 2-лопастное рыльце.

Видимый цветок сложноцветного, состоящий из нескольких или множества отдельных цветков, называется головкой. Она может состоять исключительно из трубчатых цветков, как у чертополоха или посконника; или исключительно из язычковых цветков, как у одуванчика; либо из обоих видов вместе, как у астры или подсолнечника. В последнем случае трубчатые цветки неизменно занимают центр головки, называемый диском, а более крупные язычковые цветки располагаются по краю, где их выступающие венчики, называемые язычками, могут быть очень заметными. Такие головки называются лучистыми.

У некоторых сложноцветных (см. п. 1а ниже) цветки имеют миниатюрные венчики без окрашенных частей.

При определении сложноцветного растения определите сначала, состоят ли головки из трубчатых цветков, из язычковых цветков или из обоих видов вместе; и во-вторых, обратите внимание на характер хохолка, используя предпочтительно зрелые головки или по меньшей мере самые старые из доступных цветочных головок. Никаких дальнейших трудностей не возникнет.

1a. Flowers without petal-like or brightly colored parts; staminate and pistillate flowers in separate heads (or rarely in the same heads); coarse weeds with inconspicuous flowers (summer and autumn) — 2.

1b. Flowers with some petal-like parts, usually brightly colored or white — 10.

2a. Leaves toothed or lobed — 3.

2b. Leaves deeply pinnatifid or dissected (4-15 dm. high; flowers in erect spikes) (Ragweed) — 7.

3a. Fruit or pistillate flowers thickly covered with sharp hooked spines (3-10 dm. high) (Cocklebur) — 4.

3b. Fruit not spiny — 8.

4a. With spines on the stem at the base of the leaves Cocklebur, Xanthium spinosum.

4b. Without any spines on the stem — 5.

5a. Body of the bur smooth or slightly hairy Cocklebur, Xanthium canadense.

5b. Body of the bur and the spines densely pubescent — 6.

6a. Body of the bur more than twice as long as thick; a common weed Cocklebur, Xanthium commune.

6b. Body of the bur less than twice as long as thick Cocklebur, Xanthium echinatum.

7a. Leaves twice-pinnatifid Ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia.

7b. Leaves once-pinnatifid Ragweed, Ambrosia psilostachya.

8a. Leaves deeply 3-lobed (1-5 m. high) Giant Ragweed, Ambrosia trifida.

8b. Leaves serrate or obscurely lobed — 9.

9a. Stem simple or sparingly branched; pistillate heads in the axils of the upper leaves (1-3 m. high) Giant Ragweed, Ambrosia trifida var. integrifolia.

9b. Stem much branched; heads all alike, in panicles Marsh Elder, Iva xanthifolia.

10a. Flowers all strap-shape; juicy milky. (The central flowers must be examined carefully, since they are frequently much smaller than the marginal ones) — 11.

10b. Flowers all tubular, with regular. 4-5-lobed corollas — 45.

10c. Flowers both tubular and strap-shape; heads radiate (in a few species the rays are small and may be overlooked by mistake) — 108.

11a. Flowers blue (summer and autumn) — 12.

11b. Flowers orange, yellow, white, or purplish — 15.

12a. Heads 2.5 cm. wide, or larger — 13.

12b. Heads 1.5 cm. wide, or smaller — 14.

13a. Leaves linear; bracts longer than the flowers, heads 5-10 cm. wide (6-15 dm. high) Salsify, Tragopogon porrifolius.

13b. Leaves broader, mostly serrate; bracts shorter than the flowers; heads 2.5-4 cm. wide Chicory, Cichorium intybus.

14a. Heads in a narrow crowded cluster (5-15 dm. high) — 30b.

14b. Heads in a spreading open panicle (Wild Lettuce) — 22.

15a. Heads solitary at the summit of leafless stalks — 16.

15b. Heads several, on leafy, naked, or scaly stalks — 19.

16a. Basal leaves strictly entire; heads about 2.5 cm. wide (summer and autumn) — 35a.

16b. Basal leaves toothed, lobed, or pinnatifid (spring and summer) — 17.

17a. Heads 8-14 mm. wide (1-4 dm. high) Dwarf Dandelion, Krigia virginica.

17b. Heads 25-50 mm. wide (1-6 dm. high) (Dandelion) — 18.

18a. Outer involucral bracts reflexed Dandelion, Taraxacum officinale.

18b. Outer involucral bracts erect or spreading Dandelion, Taraxacum erythrospermum.

19a. Pappus none; heads about 1 cm. wide (4-10 dm. high; summer) Nipplewort, Lapsana communis.

19b. Pappus of an inner row of bristles and an outer row of short scales; heads about 3 cm. wide (3-8 dm. high; early summer) Cynthia, Krigia amplexicaulis.

19c. Pappus of feathery bristles (summer) — 20.

19d. Pappus of simple bristles — 25.

20a. Flower-stalk scaly, without foliage leaves (2-6 dm. high) Fall Dandelion, Leontodon autumnalis.

20b. Stem leafy (3-10 dm. high) — 21.

21a. Leaves entire, linear-lanceolate Meadow Salsify, Tragopogon pratensis.

21b. Leaves serrate, oblong-lanceolate Picris, Picris hieracioides.

22a. Pappus tawny in color (1-3 m. high) — 23.

22b. Pappus white — 24.

23a. Leaves pinnatifid Wild Lettuce, Lactuca spicata.

23b. Leaves undivided, dentate Wild Lettuce, Lactuca spicata var. integrifolia.

24a. Upper leaves entire; heads about 1.5 cm. wide (5-10 dm. high) Wild Lettuce, Lactuca pulchella.

24b. Upper leaves dentate or lobed; heads about 1 cm. wide (1-3 m. high) Wild Lettuce, Lactuca floridana.

25a. Achene tipped with a slender beak, bearing the pappus at its summit (summer) (Wild Lettuce) — 26.

25b. Achene without a beak — 29.

26a. Leaves hirsute or hispid on the mid-veins beneath — 27.

26b. Leaves glabrous — 28.

27a. Leaves pubescent on both sides (1-2 m. high) Wild Lettuce, Lactuca hirsuta.

27b. Leaves glabrous, except on the mid-vein (5-15 dm. high) Wild Lettuce, Lactuca scariola var. integrata.

28a. Leaves entire or sparsely toothed (1-2 m. high) Wild Lettuce, Lactuca sagittifolia.

28b. Leaves chiefly sinuate-pinnatifid (1-3 m. high) Wild Lettuce, Lactuca canadensis.

29a. Flowers white, cream-color, or purplish (summer and autumn) (Rattlesnake Root) — 30.

29b. Flowers bright-yellow or orange — 33.

30a. Heads nodding (6-20 dm. high) — 31.

30b. Heads pointing in various directions, in spike-like panicles; involucres pubescent (5-15 dm. high) Rattlesnake Root, Prenanthes racemosus.

31a. Heads with 5-7 flowers in each Rattlesnake Root, Prenanthes altissima.

31b. Heads with 8-12 flowers — 32.

31c. Heads with 20 or more flowers Rattlesnake Root, Prenanthes crepidinea.

32a. Pappus dark reddish-brown Rattlesnake Root, Prenanthes alba.

32b. Pappus pale-brown or nearly white Rattlesnake Root, Prenanthes trifoliata.

33a. Pappus tawny or brown in color (summer and autumn) (Hawkweed) — 34.

33b. Pappus white — 42.

34a. Heads 2.5 cm. in diameter, or larger — 35.

34b. Heads 1-2 cm. in diameter (4-10 dm. high) — 37.

35a. Leaves all basal (1-4 dm. high) Hawkweed, Hieracium pilosella.

35b. Stem-leaves present (4-15 dm. high) — 36.

36a. Leaves rounded at the sessile base Hawkweed, Hieracium canadense.

36b. Leaves narrowed toward the base Hawkweed, Hieracium umbellatum.

37a. A rosette of basal leaves conspicuous at flowering time — 38.

37b. No rosette of basal leaves at time of flowering — 41.

38a. Leaves glabrous on the upper side — 39.

38b. Leaves hairy on the upper side — 40.

39a. Stem glabrous, leafless or with one or two leaves Hawkweed, Hieracium venosum.

39b. Stem with several leaves, hairy below Hawkweed, Hieracium marianum.

40a. Leaves with short scattered hairs above Hawkweed, Hieracium gronovii.

40b. Leaves and stem densely covered with very long hairs Hawkweed, Hieracium longipilum.

41a. Leaves glabrous Hawkweed, Hieracium paniculatum.

41b. Leaves very hairy Hawkweed, Hieracium scabrum.

42a. Bracts of the involucre smooth (5-20 dm. tall; summer and autumn) (Sow Thistle) — 43.

42b. Bracts of the involucre hairy — 44.

43a. The clasping leaf-bases acute Sow Thistle, Sonchus oleraceus.

43b. The clasping leaf-bases rounded Sow Thistle, Sonchus asper.

44a. Heads 2.5-5 cm. broad; involucre 2 cm. long (4-10 dm. high) Sow Thistle, Sonchus arvensis.

44b. Heads 1-2 cm. broad; involucre 6-10 mm. long (3-6 dm. high; summer) Hawksbeard, Crepis tectorum.

45a. Leaves or involucre or both spiny (thistles, burdock, etc.) — 46.

45b. Neither leaves nor involucre spiny — 60.

46a. Leaves 1-4 dm. broad, not spiny (flowers purple or white; summer) (Burdock) — 47.

46b. Leaves narrower, not spiny — 48.

47a. Diameter of involucre at flowering time 3-5 cm. (1-3 m. high) Burdock, Arctium lappa.

47b. Diameter of involucre at flowering time 1.5-3 cm. (5-15 dm. high) Burdock, Arctium minus.

48a. Each head 1-flowered; heads aggregated in a globular head-like cluster (1-2 m. high; flowers blue or white, summer) Globe Thistle, Echinops sphaerocephalus.

48b. Each head many-flowered — 49.

49a. Principal involucral bracts with stout spreading spines 2-4 cm. long (5-15 dm. high; flowers purple, summer) Milk Thistle, Silybum marianum.

49b. Principal involucral bracts with slender spines or none — 50.

50a. Pappus feathery; receptacle bristly (summer and autumn) (Thistle) — 51.

50b. Pappus not feathery (flowers purple, summer) — 59.

51a. Heads subtended by a circle of large leafy bracts (5-15 dm. high; flowers pale-yellow) Thistle, Cisium spinoissimum.

51b. Heads not subtended by several leafy bracts — 52.

52a. Leaves conspicuously white-woolly on both sides (4-10 dm. high) — 53.

52b. Leaves conspicuously white-woolly or brown-woolly below, not above (flowers purple or pink) — 54.

52c. Leaves green on both sides (flowers pink or purple, rarely white) — 56.

53a. Leaves deeply pinnately parted with linear divisions; flowers almost white Thistle, Cirsium pitcheri.

53b. Leaves irregularly pinnatifid; flowers purple-pink Thistle, Cirsium undulatum.

54a. Stem-leaves entire or shallowly lobed (1-3 m. high) Thistle, Cirsium altissimum.

54b. Stem-leaves obviously pinnatifid (1-2 m. high) — 55.

55a. Leaves decurrent on the stem Thistle, Cirsium lanceolatum.

55b. Leaves not decurrent Thistle, Cirsium discolor.

56a. Outer and middle involucral bracts appressed, pointless or with weak short prickles — 57.

56b. Outer and middle bracts erect, not appressed, acuminate into a long slender more or less prickly tip (4-10 dm. high) — 58.

57a. Heads numerous 2-2.5 cm. broad, in close clusters (5-12 dm. high) Canada Thistle, Cirsium arvense.

57b. Heads few or solitary, 3-5 cm. broad (1-2 m. high) Thistle, Cirsium muticum.

58a. Principal bracts with a conspicuous viscid stripe down the middle; heads 6-19 cm. broad, solitary or few Thistle, Cirsium hillii.

58b. Principal bracts not viscid Thistle, Cirsium pumilum.

59a. Receptacle not bristly; heads 3-5 cm. wide (1-3 m. high; flowers pale-purple, summer) Cotton Thistle, Onopordum acanthium.

59b. Receptacle bristly; heads 2-2.5 cm. wide (5-12 dm. high; flowers purple to white, late summer) Thistle, Carduus crispus.

60a. Leaves basal; stem-leaves none or reduced to scales (2-8 dm. high; flowers whitish, in spring) — 61.

60b. Stem-leaves present; basal leaves present or absent — 62.

61a. Leaves toothed or lobed; flower-stalk not scaly Adenocaulon, Adenocaulon bicolor.

61b. Leaves deeply cleft; flower-stalk scaly — 197a.

62a. Leaves compound or dissected (flowers in summer and autumn) — 63.

62b. Leaves merely lobed, never truly compound or dissected — 72.

62c. Leaves entire or serrate — 78.

63a. Some of the involucral bracts leaf-like, longer than the heads (3-20 dm. high; flowers yellow or greenish, summer and autumn) (Beggar Ticks) — 126.

63b. Bracts short and not leaf-like — 64.

64a. Heads 7-20 mm. wide, in a flat-topped or convex cluster (3-10 dm. high; flowers yellow, summer) (Tansy) — 65.

64b. Heads smaller, in spikes, racemes, or panicles (flowers yellow or greenish, late summer and autumn) (Wormwood) — 66.

65a. Heads 7-10 mm. wide, numerous in a dense cluster Tansy, Tanacetum vulgare.

65b. Heads 10-20 mm. wide, few, 2-10 in a loose open cluster Tansy, Tanacetum huronense.

66a. Heads 2-3 mm. broad (4-15 dm. high) — 67.

66b. Heads 4-6 mm. broad (3-10 dm. high) — 69.

67a. Leaf-lobes narrowly linear, strictly entire Wormwood, Artemisia caudata.

67b. Leaf-lobes serrate — 68.

68a. Heads in a loose spreading panicle Wormwood, Artemisia annua.

68b. Heads in axillary clusters, producing a leafy spike-like panicle Wormwood, Artemisia biennis.

69a. Leaf-lobes narrowly linear — 70.

69b. Leaf-lobes oblong to obovate, not linear — 71.

70a. Shrubby; involucre pubescent Southernwood, Artemisia abrotanum.

70b. Herbaceous; involucre glabrous or rarely pubescent Wormwood, Artemisia canadensis.

71a. Leaves finely gray-pubescent on both sides Wormwood, Artemisia absinthium.

71b. Leaves smooth or nearly so above, densely white-woolly beneath Mugwort, Artemisia vulgaris.

72a. Heads 2-4 cm. broad, purple, blue, or rarely white (3-6 dm. high; summer) — 92.

72b. Heads 1 cm. wide or less — 73.

73a. Leaves densely white-woolly beneath (flowers yellowish, late summer) — 74.

73b. Leaves smooth or hairy, never white-woolly — 75.

74a. Heads 6-8 mm. wide (4-8 dm. high) Wormwood, Artemisia stelleriana.

74b. Heads 3-4 mm. wide (5-10 dm. high) Wormwood, Artemisia ludoviciana.

75a. Principal bracts of the involucre 5, with frequently a few much smaller ones — 76.

75b. Principal bracts of the involucre numerous — 77.

76a. Heads few in small terminal clusters; foliage somewhat viscid-pubescent (6-15 dm. high; flowers yellow, summer) — 114a.

76b. Heads very numerous in flat-topped clusters; foliage never viscid-pubescent (1-2 m. high; flowers white, late summer) — 105c.

77a. Leaves broadly halberd-shape, 3-lobed (1-2 m. high; flowers white, late summer) — 105b.

77b. Leaves lobed only at the base (5-10 dm. high; flowers yellow, summer) — 93a.

77c. Leaves pinnatifid (2-8 dm. high; flowers yellow) — 172.

78a. Bracts of the involucre dry and chaffy, at least at the tip; plants always pubescent and usually white-woolly — 79.

78b. Bracts of the involucre green or colored, but never dry and chaffy — 90.

79a. Pappus none; heads 3-4 mm. wide, in ample panicled spikes (flowers yellowish, late summer) — 74b.

79b. Pappus a minute ring or crown; leaves crenate (5-10 dm. high; flowers yellow, summer) — 93a.

79c. Pappus of hairs; heads in flat-topped clusters or slender spikes — 80.

80a. Heads sessile or subsessile in small flat-topped clusters; flowering in spring or early summer; principal leaves basal (1-4 dm. high; flowers white or purplish) (Everlasting) — 81.

80b. Heads in terminal spikes (2-6 dm. high; flowers purplish, summer) Cudweed, Gnaphalium purpureum.

80c. Heads in small or large flat-topped clusters, flowering in summer or autumn; principal leaves on the stem — 88.

81a. Stolons from the basal rosette of leaves leafy throughout and ascending at the tip — 82.

81b. Stolons prostrate throughout, leafy only at the tip — 87.

82a. Basal leaves 2-5 cm. long, 1-nerved — 83.

82b. Basal leaves 5-12 cm. long, 3-nerved — 84.

83a. Basal leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, smooth above Everlasting, Antennaria canadensis.

83b. Basal leaves obovate, pubescent above Everlasting, Antennaria neodioica.

84a. Basal leaves smooth above Everlasting, Antennaria parlinii.

84b. Basal leaves dull green and pubescent above — 85.

85a. Heads 6-8 mm. high Everlasting, Antennaria plantaginifolia.

85b. Heads 8-11 mm. high — 86.

86a. Leaf-blade ovate or obovate Everlasting, Antennaria fallax.

86b. Leaf-blade spatulate, with rounded tip Everlasting, Antennaria occidentalis.

87a. Styles crimson Everlasting, Antennaria neglecta.

87b. Styles pale yellow Everlasting, Antennaria petaloidea.

88a. Erect; involucral bracts pearly white (4-9 dm. high) Pearly Everlasting, Anaphalis margaritacea.

88b. Erect; involucral bracts dull white or pale brown, somewhat pubescent (4-8 dm. high) (Cudweed) — 89.

88c. Diffusely branched; heads in dense clusters; bracts brown (1-2 dm. high) Cudweed, Gnaphalium uliginosum.

89a. Leaves decurrent on the stem Cudweed, Gnaphalium decurrens.

89b. Leaves not decurrent on the stem Cudweed, Gnaphalium polycephalum.

90a. Twining vine (flowers white, summer) Hemp Weed, Mikania scandens.

90b. Not twining or climbing — 91.

91a. Involucral bracts deeply fringed at the tip (flowers purple, blue, or rarely white, summer; 3-6 dm. high) — 92.

91b. Involucral bracts entire or nearly so — 93.

92a. Upper leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate Corn Flower, Centaurea cyanus.

92b. Upper leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate Knapweed, Centaurea nigra.

93a. Pappus none or a short ring or crown (5-10 dm. high; flowers yellow, summer) Costmary, Chrysanthemum balsamita var. tanacetoides.

93b. Pappus of 2-4 stiff awns (2-15 dm. high; flowers yellow, late summer) (Bur Marigold) — 130.

93c. Pappus of hairs or bristles — 94.

94a. Leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, entire; heads never in a large flat-topped cluster — 95.

94b. Leaves not linear — 99.

95a. Heads showy, purple, in a long spike or raceme (late summer) (Blazing Star) — 96.

95b. Heads not showy, in a loose panicle or raceme — 240b.

96a. Involucral bracts rounded at the tip, appressed (5-15 dm. high) — 97.

96b. Involucral bracts pointed (3-6 dm. high) — 98.

97a. Heads 8-12-flowered Blazing Star, Liatris spicata.

97b. Heads with 25 flowers or more Blazing Star, Liatris scariosa.

98a. Involucral bracts long-acuminate, spreading Blazing Star, Liatris squarrosa.

98b. Involucral bracts mucronate, appressed Blazing Star, Liatris cylindracea.

99a. Flowers yellow (2-8 dm. high) — 172b.

99b. Flowers bright-red or purple, in flat-topped clusters (8-20 dm. high; late summer) (Ironweed) — 100.

99c. Flowers blue (3-8 dm. high; late summer) Mist Flower, Eupatorium coelestinum.

99d. Flowers flesh-color, pink, cream-color, or white (flowers in summer) — 103.

100a. Leaves glabrous beneath or minutely pubescent; heads 15-30-flowered — 101.

100b. Leaves tomentose beneath; heads 30-50-flowered — 102.

101a. Inflorescence densely crowded; usually 1 m. or less high Ironweed, Vernonia fasciculate.

101b. Inflorescence loose and open, 15-30 cm. wide; 1-2 m. high Ironweed, Vernonia altissima.

102a. Pappus tawny in color Ironweed, Vernonia missurica.

102b. Pappus purple Ironweed, Vernonia illinoensis.

103a. Leaves alternate — 104.

103b. Leaves opposite — 106.

103c. Leaves whorled (1-3 m. high; flowers pink or purple, late summer) (Joe-Pye Weed) — 107.

104a. Heads 5-flowered (5-20 dm. high; flowers white or pinkish, late summer) (Indian Plantain) — 105.

104b. Heads 10 25-flowered (5-10 dm. high; flowers white, late summer) False Boneset, Kuhnia eupatorioides.

104c. Heads with more than 50 flowers (3-20 dm. high; flowers white, summer) Fireweed, Erechtites hieracifolia.

105a. Leaves entire, with many veins from base to apex Indian Plantain, Cacalia tuberosa.

105b. Leaves sharply serrate Indian Plantain, Cacalia suaveolens.

105c. Leaves broadly triangular or kidney-shape, sinuate or entire Indian Plantain, Cacalia atriplicifolia.

106a. Leaves united at the base (5-15 dm. high) Boneset, Eupatorium perfoliatum.

106b. Leaves sessile but not united at the base (5-15 dm. high) Upland Boneset, Eupatorium sessilifolium.

106c. Leaves petioled (4-12 dm. high) White Snakeroot, Eupatorium urticaefolium.

107a. Inflorescence ovoid or pyramidal Joe-Pye Weed, Eupatorium purpureum.

107b. Inflorescence depressed or flattened Joe-Pye Weed, Eupatorium purpureum var. maculatum.

108a. Rays yellow or brown — 109.

108b. Rays white to blue or red, never yellow or brown — 197.

109a. Principal leaves basal, the stem merely with bract-like scales — 110.

109b. Principal leaves on the stem, opposite or whorled — 111.

109c. Principal leaves on the stem, alternate, or with smaller ones clustered in their axils — 132.

110a. Flower-stalk 1-5 dm. high, 1-flowered (spring) Coltsfoot, Tussilago farfara.

110b. Flower-stalk 1-3 m. high, several-flowered (summer) Prairie Dock, Silphium terebinthinaceum.

111a. Ray-flowers pistillate (the 2-lobed style protrudes from their base) — 112.

111b. Ray-flowers with neither stamens nor pistil — 118.

112a. Principal leaves lobed (summer) (Leafcup) — 113.

112b. Principal leaves toothed or entire, not lobed — 115.

113a. Rays 10 or more (1-2 m. high) Leafcup, Polymnia uvedalia.

113b. Rays 5 (5-15 dm. high) — 114.

114a. Rays shorter than the involucre or none Leafcup, Polymnia canadensis.

114b. Rays about 1 cm. long Leafcup, Polymnia canadensis var. radiata.

115a. Stem 6 dm. high or less; pappus of slender hairs (spring) Arnica, Arnica cordifolia.

115b. Stem usually 8-20 dm. high; pappus of short scales or none (summer) — 116.

116a. Leaves united at base into a cup surrounding the stem Cup Plant, Silphium perfoliatum.

116b. Leaves closely sessile with a rounded base Rosin Weed, Silphium integrifolium.

116c. Leaves tapering to a short petiole; principal leaves whorled Rosin Weed, Silphium trifoliatum.

116d. Leaves abruptly rounded at the sessile base, all opposite (Ox-eye) — 117.

117a. Leaves smooth Ox-eye, Heliopsis helianthoides.

117b. Leaves rough Ox-eye, Heliopsis scabra.

118a. Principal stem-leaves lobed or divided — 119.

118b. Principal stem-leaves entire or serrate — 127.

119a. Submerged aquatic; leaf-segments filiform Water Marigold, Bidens beckii.

119b. Terrestrial plants; leaves merely 3-lobed (3-8 dm. high; late spring and summer) (Tickseed) — 120.

119c. Terrestrial plants; leaves compound or dissected (summer and autumn) — 121.

120a. Leaf-lobes linear-oblong, all about equal Tickseed, Coreopsis palmata.

120b. Lateral leaf-lobes very much smaller than the terminal Tickseed, Coreopsis lanceolata.

121a. Leaf-segments entire (Tickseed) — 122.

121b. Leaf-segments serrate (5-15 dm. high) (Tickseed Sunflower) — 124.

122a. Leaf-segments numerous, linear or nearly so (4-10 dm. high) — 123.

122b. Leaf-segments 3-5, lanceolate (1-3 m. high) Tickseed, Coreopsis tripteris.

123a. Rays yellow throughout Tickseed, Coreopsis verticillata.

123b. Rays brown, at least at the base Tickseed, Coreopsis tinctoria.

124a. Achenes wedge-shape, the inner ones less than 2 mm. wide — 125.

124b. Achenes obovate, the inner ones more than 2 mm. wide Tickseed Sunflower, Bidens aristosa.

125a. Leaf-lobes lanceolate Tickseed Sunflower, Bidens trichosperma.

125b. Leaf-lobes linear Tickseed Sunflower, Bidens trichosperma var. tenuiloba.

126a. Outer leaf-like bracts 10-16; achenes brown Beggar Ticks, Bidens vulgata.

126b. Outer leaf-like bracts 5-8; achenes black Beggar Ticks, Bidens frondosa.

126c. Outer leaf-like bracts about 4 Beggar Ticks, Bidens discoidea.

127a. Bracts of the involucre all essentially alike in form and texture (flowers in summer and autumn) (Sunflower) — 179.