«Растения Мичигана: Простые определители местных семенных растений штата»

РАСТЕНИЯ МИЧИГАНА

ПРОСТЫЕ ОПРЕДЕЛИТЕЛЬНЫЕ КЛЮЧИ ДЛЯ ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ АВТОХТОННЫХ СЕМЕННЫХ РАСТЕНИЙ ШТАТА

Генри Аллан Глисон, д-р философии, доцент ботаники и директор Ботанического сада и дендрария в Мичиганском университете

1918

Copyright, 1918

GEORGE WAHR

Опубликовано Джорджем Уором, Энн-Арбор. Отпечатано в типографии The Ann Arbor Press

ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ

Эта книга не предназначена для ботаника-эксперта. Ему следует обратиться к одному из обычных мануалов, в которых даются полные описания каждого вида растений.

Она также не предназначена для праздных любопытцев. Лишь те, кто проявляет к растению достаточно интереса, чтобы наблюдать за ним, смогут найти его название с помощью этой книги.

Кроме того, это не учебник. В ней не делается попыток передать ботанические сведения, она лишь предлагает возможность узнать названия растений.

Ее задача будет полностью выполнена, если благодаря ее использованию студенты, отдыхающие и любители растений в целом смогут распознавать по названиям окружающие их растения.

КАК ПОЛЬЗОВАТЬСЯ КНИГОЙ

Растение распознают по наличию структурных особенностей, свойственных только ему и не встречающихся ни у какого другого вида растений. В книге вроде этой такие признаки приводятся по одному или по нескольку за раз и противопоставляются признакам, которыми обладают другие виды растений. Такое изложение называется определительным ключом, и при его правильном использовании можно узнать название любого рассматриваемого в нем растения. Этот процесс называется определением.

Ключи строятся по-разному, хотя принцип их работы одинаков. В этой книге пользователь начнет со строк 1a и 1b на странице с озаглавленным текстом «Определительный ключ к группам». Каждая из этих строк содержит некоторой описательный материал, но к определяемому растению может относиться только одна из них. Например, если определяемое растение — дуб, строка 1a подойдет идеально, и эта же строка подойдет к любому другому виду дерева или к любому кустарнику. Но если растение — фиалка, лютик или любое другое травянистое растение, совпадает строка 1b, а строка 1a не подойдет. В конце каждой строки содержится отсылка, к которой следует обратиться далее. Если растение является деревом или кустарником, соответственно обращаются к Группе 1 на странице ix и начинают сначала с первого приведенного номера. Если растение представляет собой травянистое растение, следуют по отсылке к строке 2, расположенной чуть ниже, и снова сравнивают растения со строками 2a и 2b.

Под каждым номером приводится по меньшей мере две строки описания, обозначенные буквами a и b, а под несколькими номерами появляются дополнительные строки, обозначенные c, d и т. д. В каждом случае пользователь ключа выбирает из различных строк под одним и тем же номером ту конкретную строку, которая согласует со структурой растения, и следует по отсылке, приведенной в конце этой строки. В конце концов в конце строки вместо номера обнаруживается название семейства растений, к которому принадлежит данное конкретное растение, после чего переходят на страницу, где рассматривается это семейство. Под каждым семейством приводится аналогичный ключ, которому следует следовать точно таким же образом, пока наконец вместо номера не будут найдены русскоязычное название и научное название имеющегося растения. На этом процесс определения завершается, и студент находит название растения.

В некоторых случаях в ключе делается отсылка к определенной части ключа по семействам. Тогда обращаются непосредственно к этому конкретному номеру в ключе по семействам и продолжают определение обычным способом.

В качестве конкретного примера использования ключа предположим, что в руках имеется ветка белого дуба и ее название неизвестно. Чтобы определить ее название, ее прослеживают по следующим шагам в ключе. В ключе к группам она совпадает со строкой 1a, которая отсылает к Группе 1 «Древесные растения». Внутри этой группы она совпадает по строению со строкой 1a, отсылающей к 2; со строкой 2b, отсылающей к 21; со строкой 21b, отсылающей к 22; с 22b, отсылающей к 29; с 29b, отсылающей к 32; с 32c, отсылающей к 47; с 47b, отсылающей к 48; с 48b, отсылающей к 51; с 51b, отсылающей к номеру 1b в Буковом семействе. Обращаясь к надлежащему номеру в этом семействе, растение отсылают к строке 3; оно совпадает со строкой 3c, отсылающей к 10; с 10a, отсылающей к 11; и с 11b, которая дает название растения: Белый дуб, Quercus alba.

В качестве второго примера предположим, что имеется обычное растение с цветками желтого цвета, цветущее на газонах и обочинах дорог весной. В ключе к группам оно совпадает с 1b, отсылающим к 2; с 2b, отсылающим к 3; а его сетчато-нервные листья помещают его в 3b, отсылающий к Группе 4 «Двудольные». Внутри этой группы его прикорневые листья помещают его в 1b, отсылающий к 2; его простые листья — в 2b, отсылающий к 18; отсутствие стеблевых листьев помещает его в 18b, отсылающий к 23; его одиночные цветки на каждом цветоносе помещают его в 23b, отсылающий к 24; его цветки желтого цвета согласуют с 24a, отсылающим к 25; а его млечный сок отсылает растение к номеру 16 в Семядольном семействе [так в тексте]. В ключе к этому семейству его лопастные листья согласуют с 16b, отсылающим далее к 17; его крупные цветки — с 17b, давая русскоязычное название «Одуванчик» и отсылая далее к 18 для определения того, какой именно вид одуванчика представляет собой растение.

В определенной точке ключа для каждого растения будет обнаруживаться утверждение в скобках. Это общая информация, касающаяся высоты растения, цвета цветков или сезона цветения. Следует помнить, что высота растений подвержена большим вариациям; что большинство растений имеют белоцветковые разновидности; и что месяц цветения во многом зависит от широты и климата. Поэтому эту общую информацию не следует использовать в качестве средства различения видов.

Названия растений. Каждое растение носит научное название. Оно состоит из двух частей и обычно имеет латинское или греческое происхождение. В некоторых случаях эти названия берутся непосредственно из латинского языка, как, например, Quercus — дуб или Acer — клен. В других случаях название может указывать на какую-то характерную особенность растения, например Polygonum — многоузловая, для спорыша, или Ammophila — песколюбивая, для песколюбки.

Для почти каждого вида растений также приводится англоязычное название. В нескольких случаях устоявшееся англоязычное название отсутствует и не было дано. Во многих случаях одно и то же англоязычное название относится к нескольким видам растений и повторяется для каждого из них. Когда это так, обычное название приводится в ключе в скобках до того, как достигается научное название. Таким образом, если человека удовлетворяет знание лишь того, что его растение является одуванчиком, он узнает об этом в строке 17b ключа к Сложноцветному семейству, но чтобы обнаружить, какой именно вид одуванчика у него имеется, он должен проследовать по ключу и использовать научное название.

Поэтому в этой книге нет необходимости изучать или использовать научные названия. Менее придирчивые могут довольствоваться англоязычным названием, а остальные могут использовать научные названия по своему усмотрению.

Возможные ошибки. При использовании этой книги следует проявлять осторожность, чтобы сравнить все строки под каждым номером с растением и использовать здравый смысл при выборе правильной. Хотя ошибочное наблюдение или плохой здравый смысл могут привести к ошибке, оплошность обычно обусловлена небрежностью при неправильном следовании отсылке в конце выбранной строки. Если доходят до номера, в котором ни одна из строк описания не согласует с растением, весьма вероятно, что была допущена ошибка на более раннем этапе определения, и тогда следует начать заново.

Намерением автора было сделать ключ как можно более устойчивым к ошибкам суждения. Например, аризему трехлистую можно искать как под Группой 3, так и под Группой 4; дерезу можно определить либо как кустарник, либо как травянистое растение, и можно обнаружить многочисленные другие подобные примеры.

Необходимые ботанические сведения. Предполагается, что лица, пользующиеся книгой, будут знакомы с частями цветка и с более распространенными описательными терминами, применяемыми к листьям. Необычных терминов по возможности избегали, но те, которые все же встречаются, а также более простые объясняются в глоссарии.

В целом в ключах использовались лишь те признаки, которые можно наблюдать без лупы и без препарирования цветка.

В нескольких группах растений делается отсылка к более полным описаниям, которые можно найти в мануалах. Стандартными мануалами по Мичигану являются Новый ботанический мануал Грея, 7-е издание (American Book Company, $2.50) и Бриттон и Браун, «Иллюстрированная флора северных штатов и Канады» (Chas. Scribner's Sons, $13.50). С этими книгами можно ознакомиться в большинстве школьных или публичных библиотек.

Все размеры выражены в метрической системе. Для удобства можно отметить, что 25 миллиметров (мм) примерно равны одному дюйму; 1 сантиметр (см) — двум пятым дюйма; 1 дециметр (дм) — 4 дюймам; а 1 метр (м) немного превышает 3 фута.

ОПРЕДЕЛИТЕЛЬНЫЙ КЛЮЧ К ГРУППАМ

1a. Trees, shrubs, or woody climbers, with stems which last from year to year Group 1, WOODY PLANTS, p. ix

1b. Herbaceous plants, with stems which live above ground only a single season — 2.

2a. Plants with unusual habits or structures, including leafless, colorless, submerged, floating, parasitic, or hollow-leaved plants Group 2, UNUSUAL PLANTS, p. xxiii.

2b. Ordinary terrestrial or swamp plants, without unusual structural peculiarities — 3.

3a. Leaves parallel-veined (or net-veined in a few species); parts of the flower usually in threes or sixes, never in fives; wood-fibers scattered through the stem; seed with one cotyledon. All plants with definitely parallel-veined leaves may be identified through this division, unless the parts of the flower are distinctly in fives. Group 3, MONOCOTYLEDONES, p. xxvii.

3b. Leaves net-veined (or parallel-veined in a few species); parts of the flower usually in fours or fives; wood-fibers arranged in a circle in the stem; seeds with two cotyledons. All plants with definitely net-veined leaves may be identified through this division. Group 4, DICOTYLEDONES, p. xxx.

Примечание: во избежание возможных шансов ошибки многие растения были рассмотрены под обеими указанными выше группами. Следующие подсказки также могут быть полезны при различении Групп 3 и 4:

Все травянистые растения с глубокопальчатыми [так в тексте], рассеченными или сложными листьями можно искать под Двудольными.

Все травянистые растения с пятью тычинками в каждом цветке или с семью и более тычинками и одной завязью в каждом цветке можно искать под Двудольными.

ГРУППА 1, ДРЕВЕСНЫЕ РАСТЕНИЯ

1a. Trees, with erect stem and central trunk, attaining a height of 6 m. (20 ft.) or more — 2.

1b. Shrubs or woody vines, without true tree habit, or attaining heights of less than 6 m. (20 ft.) — 52.

2a. Key for use in earliest spring, for trees which have flowers but no leaves — 3.

2b. Key for use with trees bearing leaves — 21.

3a. Flowers in catkins, without brightly colored or petal-like parts — 4.

3b. Flowers not in catkins, either with or without petals — 14.

4a. Leaf-scars and lateral buds 2-ranked, i. e., in two longitudinal rows with the third leaf above the first — 5.

4b. Leaf-scars and buds in three or more longitudinal rows — 9.

5a. From 1 to 3 bud-scales visible on each leaf-bud 2b, in FAGACEAE, p. 22.

5b. From 4 to 7 bud-scales visible on each leaf-bud — 6.

5c. From 8 to 20 bud-scales visible on each leaf-bud; buds long and slender; bark of the trunk smooth — 8.

6a. Bundle-scars 5 or more 2b, in URTICACEAE, p. 23.

6b. Bundle-scars 3 — 7.

7a. Twigs bearing numerous dwarf branches thickly covered with crowded leaf-scars (Birch) BETULACEAE, p. 21.

7b. Twigs without dwarf branches (Ironwood) 9a, in BETULACEAE, p. 22.

8a. Trunk cylindrical or nearly so 2a, in FAGACEAE, p. 22.

8b. Trunk prominently fluted with longitudinal ridges 1b, in BETULACEAE, p. 21.

9a. Bundle-scars 3 in each leaf-scar — 10.

9b. Bundle scars more than 3 in each leaf-scar — 12.

10a. Pith divided into separate cavities by transverse partitions 1a, in JUGLANDACEAE, p. 21.

10b. Pith not partitioned — 11.

11a. Buds small, with only one external bud-scale 1b, in SALICACEAE, p. 19.

11b. Buds with more than one outer bud-scale 1a, in SALICACEAE, p. 19.

12a. Buds clustered near the tips of the twigs 1b, in FAGACEAE, p. 22.

12b. Buds not clustered at the tips of the twigs — 13.

13a. Buds with about 3 visible bud-scales 2b, in FAGACEAE, p. 22.

13b. Terminal bud large, with 4 or more visible bud-scales 1b, in JUGLANDACEAE, p. 21.

14a. Flowers conspicuous, brightly colored, at least 8 mm. wide. with both calyx and corolla — 15.

14b. Flowers inconspicuous, seldom brightly colored, and then less than 8 mm. wide — 17.

15a. Flowers irregular, pink or red 3a, in LEGUMINOSAE, p. 58.

15b. Flowers regular, white — 16.

16a. Ovary one, superior, in the center of the flower 32b, in ROSACEAE, p. 54.

16b. Ovary inferior, appearing as a swelling below the calyx at the summit of the pedicel 42b, in ROSACEAE, p. 55.

17a. Leaf-scars and buds opposite — 18.

17b. Leaf-scars and buds alternate — 19.

18a. Bundle-scar one in each leaf-scar 1b, in OLEACAE, p. 88.

18b. Bundle-scars 3 or more in each leaf-scar ACERACEAE, p. 70.

19a. Bundle-scar 1 in each leaf-scar 1b, in LAURACEAE, p. 41.

19b. Bundle-scars 3 in each leaf-scar — 20.

19c. Bundle-scars 5 in each leaf-scar 7a, in LEGUMINOSAE, p. 58.

20a. Branches thorny 5a, in LEGUMINOSAE, p. 58.

20b. Branches not thorny 3a, in URTICACEAE, p. 24.

— 21—

21a. Leaves narrow, needle-like or scale-like; trees mostly evergreen PINACEAE, p. 1.

21b. Leaves broader, flat, never needle-like or scale-like, falling in winter — 22.

22a. Leaves compound — 23.

22b. Leaves simple — 29.

23a. Leaves opposite — 24.

23b. Leaves alternate — 26.

24a. Leaves palmately compound with 5-7 leaflets SAPINDACEAE, p. 70.

24b. Leaves pinnately compound — 25.

25a. Leaflets 3-5 1a, in ACERACEAE, p. 70.

25b. Leaflets 7-11 1b, in OLEACEAE, p. 88.

26a. Stem or branches thorny 4a, in LEGUMINOSAE, p. 58.

26b. Stem or branches not thorny — 27.

27a. Leaflets entire 7a, in LEGUMINOSAE, p. 58.

27b. Leaflets entire except for a few large glandular teeth near their base SIMARUBACEAE, p. 65.

27c. Leaflets serrate their entire length — 28.

28a. Upper leaflets less than 25 mm. wide 4b, in ROSACEAE, p. 51.

28b. Upper leaflets more than 25 mm. wide JUGLANDACEAE, p. 21.

29a. Leaves opposite — 30.

29b. Leaves alternate — 32.

30a. Leaves entire CORNACEAE, p. 83.

30b. Leaves toothed or lobed, not entire — 31.

31a. Leaves lobed 1b, in ACERACEAE, p. 70.

31b. Leaves merely toothed 27b, in CAPRIFOLIACEAE, p. 111.

32a. Leaves entire — 33.

32b. Leaves toothed — 36.

32c. Leaves lobed — 47.

33a. Leaves heart-shape 3a, in LEGUMINOSAE, p. 58.

33b. Leaves not heart-shape — 34.

34a. Twigs and foliage spicy-aromatic 1b, in LAURACEAE, p. 41.

34b. Twigs and foliage not aromatic — 35.

35a. Pith 5-angled; fruit an acorn 3a, in FAGACEAE, p. 22.

35b. Pith not 5-angled; fruit a berry 1a, in CORNACEAE, p. 83.

36a. Leaves oblique at base, i. e., one side of the leaf larger than the other — 37.

36b. Leaves symmetrical, not oblique at base — 38.

37a. Leaves heart-shape, about as broad as long TILIACEAE, p. 72.

37b. Leaves oval or ovate, much longer than wide 1a, in URTICACEAE, p. 23.

38a. Stems thorny 41b, in ROSACEAE, p. 54.

38b. Stems not thorny — 39.

39a. Leaves finely toothed, with 3-many teeth per centimeter of margin — 40.

39b. Leaves coarsely toothed, with 1-2 teeth per centimeter of margin — 46.

40a. Petioles laterally compressed 2a, in SALICACEAE, p. 19.

40b. Petioles not compressed — 41.

41a. Leaves, or many of them, crowded on short spur-like branches — 42.

41b. Leaves scattered, not on short spur-like branches — 43.

42a. Bark of the trunks separating in thin papery or leathery sheets BETULACEAE, p. 21.

42b. Bark of the trunk not papery or leathery 24b, in ROSACEAE, p. 53.

43a. Lateral leaf-veins straight and parallel, and terminating in the teeth BETULACEAE, p. 21.

43b. Lateral veins more or less curved, and not ending in the teeth — 44.

44a. Leaves palmately veined, about as broad as long; juice somewhat milky 2b, in URTICACEAE, p. 23.

44b. Leaves pinnately veined; juice not milky — 45.

45a. Willows, with slender leaves and brittle twigs 8a, in SALICACEAE, p. 19.

45b. Trees with lanceolate, ovate, or oblong leaves and tough twigs 30, in ROSACEAE, p. 54.

45c. Cottonwoods, with broad, heart-shape or rounded leaves 1a, in SALICACEAE, p. 19.

46a. Petioles laterally compressed 2a, in SALICACEAE, p. 19.

46b. Petioles not compressed; lateral veins straight and parallel, running directly to the teeth FAGACEAE, p. 22.

47a. Stem thorny 41b, in ROSACEAE, p. 54.

47b. Stem not thorny — 48.

48a. Leaves palmately veined — 49.

48b. Leaves pinnately veined — 51.

49a. Lobes of the leaf entire 1b, in LAURACEAE, p. 41.

49b. Lobes of the leaf serrate — 50.

50a.Juice somewhat milky; lateral buds visible 2b, in URTICACEAE, p. 23.

50b.Juice not milky; lateral buds covered by the base of the petiole PLATANACEAE, p. 51.

51a. Leaves with 4 large entire lobes; stem marked with a ring at each node MAGNOLIACEAE, p. 40.

51b. Leaves with many lobes; stem not ringed 1b, in FAGACEAE, p. 22.

— 52—

52a.For specimens bearing leaves only — 53.

52b. For specimens bearing flowers only — 140.

52c.For specimens with both leaves and flowers — 155.

53a. Leaves narrow, needle-like or scale-like, mostly evergreen — 54.

53b. Leaves broader, flat or rolled, but not needle-like or scale-like — 56.

54a. Foliage densely gray-pubescent; low bushy shrubs with yellow flowers 2a, in CISTACEAE, p. 74.

54b.Foliage green — 55.

55a. Leaves opposite or whorled PINACEAE, p. 1.

55b. Leaves scattered on the stem TAXACEAE, p. 2.

56a.Twining or climbing vines — 57.

56b. Not climbing or twining — 66.

57a. Thorny vines — 58.

57b. Not thorny — 60.

58a.Climbing by tendrils at the base of the leaves 4b, in LILIACEAE, p. 11.

58b.Tendrils none — 59.

59a. Leaves simple 5a, in SOLANACEAE, p. 100.

59b. Leaves compound 8a, in ROSACEAE, p. 52.

60a.Leaves compound — 61.

60b.Leaves simple — 63.

61a. Leaves with 5 leaflets 1a, in VITACEAE, p. 71.

61b. Leaves with 3 leaflets — 62.

62a. Plant climbing by tendril-like leaf-stalks 1a, in RANUNCULACEAE, p. 35.

62b. Plant climbing by hold-fast roots 5b, in ANACARDIACEAE, p. 69.

63a. Leaves opposite 5a, in CAPRIFOLIACEAE, p. 110.

63b. Leaves alternate — 64.

64a. Plants climbing by tendrils 1b, in VITACEAE, p. 71.

64b. Twining plants — 65.

65a. Leaves ovate-oblong, attached by the base 1a, in CELASTRACEAE, p. 69.

65b. Leaves almost round, peltate near the edge MENISPERMACEAE p. 40.

66a. Leaves opposite — 67.

66b. Leaves alternate — 84.

67a. Leaves compound — 68.

67b. Leaves simple — 69.

68a. Leaflets 3 STAPHYLEACEAE, p. 69.

68b. Leaflets 7 or more 1a, in CAPRIFOLIACEAE, p. 109.

69a. Leaves palmately veined, or at least with a pair of prominent lateral veins from the base — 70.

69b. Leaves pinnately veined — 72.

70a. Leaves not lobed 1b, in RHAMNACEAE, p. 71.

70b. Leaves more or less lobed — 71.

71a. Leaves with stipules 22a, in CAPRIFOLIACEAE, p. 111.

71b. Leaves without stipules 2a, in ACERACEAE, p. 70.

72a. Leaves serrate — 73.

72b. Leaves entire — 77.

73a. Stem thorny 1b, in RHAMNACEAE, p. 71.

73b. Stem not thorny — 74.

74a. Bark of the ripe twigs green 1b, in CELASTRACEAE, p. 69.

74b. Bark of the ripe twigs brown, reddish, or gray — 75.

75a. Twigs with a prominent hairy ridge extending downward from the middle of the line connecting the petiole bases 13a, in CAPRIFOLIACEAE, p. 110.

75b. Twigs without any pubescent ridge — 76.

76a. Erect shrubs; leaves obviously toothed 11b, in CAPRIFOLIACEAE, p. 110.

76b. Spreading shrubs; most of the leaves entire, and only here and there some with serrate margins 18b, in CAPRIFOLIACEAE, p. 110.

77a. Leaves silvery beneath with a dense coating of scales ELAEAGNACEAE, p. 77.

77b. Leaves green beneath, or somewhat hairy and light-colored — 78.

78a. Aquatic plant with lanceolate leaves, and stems bending over and into the water 1a, in LYTHRACEAE, p. 77.

78b. Not truly aquatic, although frequently in wet places — 79.

79a. Leaves evergreen, as shown by their presence on the older stems 18a, in ERICACEAE, p. 85.

79b. Leaves deciduous each year — 80.

80a. Leaves dotted with translucent dots, easily seen when the leaf is held to the light 1a, in HYPERICACEAE, p. 73.

80b. Leaves not dotted with translucent dots — 81.

81a. Lateral veins curved forward and running almost parallel to the leaf-margin CORNACEAE, p. 83.

81b. Lateral veins spreading, and not paralleling the leaf-margin — 82.

82a. Leaves with stipules 1a, in RUBIACEAE, p. 108.

82b. Leaves with a prominent ridge connecting them at the base — 83.

82c. Leaves with neither stipules nor connecting ridges 1a, in OLEACEAE, p. 88.

83a. Bundle-scar one in each leaf-scar 18b, in CAPRIFOLIACEAE, p. 110.

83b. Bundle-scars three in each leaf-scar (Honeysuckle) 12, in CAPRIFOLIACEAE, p. 110.

84a. Leaves compound — 85.

84b. Leaves simple — 95.

85a. Stems prickly or thorny — 86.

85b. Stems without prickles or thorns — 88.

86a. Leaves twice-pinnate 1a, in ARALIACEAE, p. 80.

86b. Leaves evenly pinnate 5b, in LEGUMINOSAE, p. 58.

86c. Leaves odd-pinnate or trifoliate — 87.

87a. Leaflets entire 1a, 1a, in RUTACEAE, p. 65.

87b. Leaflets serrate 3b, 3b, in ROSACEAE, p. 51.

88a. Leaflets 3 — 89.

88b. Leaflets 5 to many — 91.

89a. Tall shrubs; leaflets entire or minutely toothed 1b, in RUTACEAE, p. 65.

89b. Shrubs 2 m. high or less; leaves conspicuously toothed — 90.

90a. Stipules present 17b, in ROSACEAE, p. 53.

90b. Stipules none 1b, in ANACARDIACEAE, p. 68.

91a. Leaflets 6-25 mm. long — 92.

91b. Leaflets 30 mm. long, or more — 93.

92a. Leaflets mostly 5, rarely 3 or 7 7a, in ROSACEAE, p. 52.

92b. Leaflets mostly 9-19, 15 mm. long or more 26a, in LEGUMINOSAE, p. 60.

92c. Leaflets mostly 25-45, less than 15 mm. long 8a, in LEGUMINOSAE, p. 58.

93a. Leaflets entire 3a, in ANACARDIACEAE, p. 68.

93b. Leaflets entire, except for 1-4 large glandular teeth near their base SIMARUBACEAE, p. 65.

93c. Leaflets toothed throughout — 94.

94a. Juice milky 1a, in ANACARDIACEAE, p. 68.

94b. Juice not milky 3a, in ROSACEAE, p. 51.

95a. Leaves minute, scale-like, appressed 2a, in CISTACEAE, p. 74.

95b. Leaves 3-10 mm. long, spreading, completely rolled into a tube EMPETRACEAE, p. 68.

95c. Leaves normal in shape, green in color — 96.

96a. Leaves evergreen, as shown by their presence on the older parts of the stem 4b, in ERICACEAE, p. 84.

96b. Leaves deciduous — 97.

97a. Stems or branches thorny — 98.

97b. Stems or branches without thorns or thorny leaves — 103.

98a. Leaves conspicuously palmately veined — 99.

98b. Leaves pinnately veined, or sometimes with smaller lateral veins arising from the end of the petiole — 100.

99a. Leaves 5 cm. wide or less 1a, in SAXIFRAGACEAE, p. 49.

99b. Leaves 15 cm. wide or more 1a, in ARALIACEAE, p. 80.

100a. Leaves entire 5a, in SOLANACEAE, p. 100.

100b. Leaves toothed or somewhat lobed — 101.

101a. Leaves with bristly margins; some of the thorns three-pointed 2a, in BERBERIDACEAE, p. 40.

101b. Leaves not bristly on the margin; thorns not branched — 102.

102a. Only lateral thorns present 41b, in ROSACEAE, p. 54.

102b. Only terminal thorns present 2a, in RHAMNACEAE, p. 71.

103a. Leaves palmately veined, or with one or more pairs of lateral veins from the base of the leaf — 104.

103b. Leaves pinnately veined — 111.

104a. Leaves entire — 105.

104b. Leaves toothed — 106.

104c. Leaves palmately lobed — 108.

105a. Foliage fragrant when crushed; leaves ovate 1b, in LAURACEAE, p. 41.

105b. Foliage not aromatic; leaves heart-shape 3b, in LEGUMINOSAE, p. 58.

106a. Lateral veins straight and parallel, running to the teeth of the leaf 3a, in BETULACEAE, p. 22.

106b. Lateral veins curved or branched, and not running straight to the teeth — 107.

107a. Tall shrubs with somewhat milky juice and broadly ovate leaves 2b, in URTICACEAE, p. 23.

107b. Low shrubs less than 1 m. high with watery juice 1b, in RHAMNACEAE, p. 71.

108a. Leaves with 2 or 3 entire lobes, spicy-fragrant when crushed 1b, in LAURACEAE, p. 41.

108b. Leaves with milky juice 2b, in URTICACEAE, p. 23.

108c. Leaves neither spicy-fragrant nor with milky juice — 109.

109a. Stem covered with brown bristles 29, in ROSACEAE, p. 54.

109b. Stem not bristly — 110.

110a. Sides of the petiole strongly decurrent on the stem; bundle-scars crowded or nearly in contact in the leaf-scars 28b, in ROSACEAE, p. 53.

110b. Sides of petiole little decurrent or not at all; bundle-scars distinctly separate 2b, in SAXIFRAGACEAE, p. 49.

111a. Leaves aromatically fragrant when crushed — 112.

111b. Leaves not aromatically fragrant when crushed — 113.

112a. Leaves broadly obovate, entire; a common woodland shrub 1a, in LAURACEAE, p. 41.

112b. Leaves linear-lanceolate or oblanceolate, conspicuously toothed or entire MYRICACEAE, p. 20.

113a. Leaves entire — 114.

113b. Leaves toothed or lobed — 121.

114a. Base of the petiole covering the axillary buds; twigs marked with rings THYMELAEACEAE, p. 77.

114b. Base of petiole not covering the bud, and twigs not marked with rings — 115.

115a. Pith with prominent partitions; tall shrubs with fetid bark; leaves obovate, 10 cm. long or larger ANONACEAE, p. 40.

115b. Pith not partitioned; leaves smaller — 116.

116a. Leaves waxy or resinous underneath 24b, in ERICACEAE, p. 86.

116b. Leaves not waxy or resinous — 117.

117a. Lateral veins curved forward and almost parallel to the margin of the leaf 2a, in CORNACEAE, p. 83.

117b. Lateral veins spreading — 118.

118a. Leaves lanceolate or linear, much longer than wide — 119.

118b. Leaves ovate or elliptical — 120.

119a. Stem weak, spreading or trailing 5a, in SOLANACEAE, p. 100.

119b. Stems, or some of them, erect 3b, in LEGUMINOSAE, p. 58.

120a. Leaves with purple petioles, which are at least one-fourth as long as the leaf-blade 1a, in AQUIFOLIACEAE, p. 69.

120b. Leaves with short petioles or sessile 24c, in ERICACEAE, p. 86.

121a. Lateral veins straight and parallel, mostly ending in the teeth of the leaf — 122.

121b. Lateral veins not straight and parallel — 129.

122a. Leaves 2-ranked, i. e., in two longitudinal rows, with the third leaf directly above the first — 123.

122b. Leaves not 2-ranked — 127.

123a. Leaves unsymmetrical, oblique at the base, i. e., with one side of the leaf larger than the other HAMAMELIDACEAE, p. 51.

123b. Leaves symmetrical or nearly so at the base — 124.

124a. Lateral leaf-veins ending in the leaf-teeth — 125.

124b. Lateral veins not ending in the teeth 42b, in ROSACEAE, p. 55.

125a. Bark smooth and fluted on the large stems 1b, in BETULACEAE, p. 21.

125b. Bark rough or warty or glandular — 126.

126a. Leaves 4 cm. long or less 3a, in BETULACEAE, p. 22.

126b. Leaves 5 cm. long or more 9b, in BETULACEAE, p. 22.

127a. Pith 3-angled 6a, in BETULACEAE, p. 22.

127b. Pith 5-angled 13b, in FAGACEAE, p. 23.

127c. Pith cylindrical — 128.

128a. Leaves finely serrate 42b, in ROSACEAE, p. 55.

128b. Leaves coarsely or doubly serrate 41a, in ROSACEAE, p. 54.

129a. Leaves coarsely or doubly serrate — 130.

129b. Leaves simply serrate — 131.

130a. Leaves 2-ranked, i. e., in two longitudinal rows, with the third leaf directly over the first 9b, in BETULACEAE, p. 22.

130b. Leaves not 2-ranked 41a, in ROSACEAE, p. 54.

131a. Leaves with glands on the petiole or at the base of the leaf-blade — 132.

131b. Leaves with small dark glands on the upper side of the mid-vein 42a, in ROSACEAE, p. 54.

131c. Leaves without glands — 133.

132a. Willows; with usually slender leaves, frequently conspicuous broad stipules, and lateral buds protected by a single external bud-scale 13, in SALICACEAE, p. 20.

132b. Plums and cherries; with leaves lanceolate or broader, and stipules minute and falling early in the season; lateral buds with more than one bud-scale 30, in ROSACEAE, p. 54.

133a. With stipules or with stipular scars indicating where stipules have been detached — 134.

133b. Without stipules or stipular scars — 138.

134a. With three bundle-scars in each leaf-scar — 135.

134b. With one bundle-scar in each leaf-scar — 136.

135a. Willows; usually with slender leaves and twigs and frequently with large conspicuous stipules; lateral buds covered by a single external bud-scale 13, in SALICACEAE, p. 20.

135b. Juneberries; with oblong or ovate leaves and small stipules which fall early; lateral buds with more than one external scale 42b, in ROSACEAE, p. 55.

136a. Leaves mostly entire, only a few here and there with low teeth 1a, in AQUIFOLIACEAE, p. 69.

136b. Leaves sharply toothed — 137.

137a. Axillary buds superposed, i. e., with a second one just above the first 1b, in AQUIFOLIACEAE, p. 69.

137b. Axillary buds not superposed 2b, in RHAMNACEAE, p. 71.

138a. Leaves with purple petioles, which are at least one-fourth as long as the blade 1a, in AQUIFOLIACEAE, p. 69.

138b. Leaves short-petioled or sessile — 139.

139a. Stems erect and straight, unbranched or with very few branches 27, in ROSACEAE, p. 53.

139b. Stems more or less crooked and freely branched, making a spreading shrub 25, in ERICACEAE, p. 86.

— 140—

140a. Flowers appearing in autumn, after the leaves have fallen HAMAMELIDACEAE, p. 51.

140b. Flowers appearing in spring, before the leaves have opened — 141.

141a. Flowers in catkins, without brightly colored or petal-like parts — 142.

141b. Flowers not in catkins, either with or without brightly colored or petal-like parts — 149.

142a. Leaves 2-ranked, as shown by the arrangement of buds and leaf-scars in two longitudinal rows, so that the third bud is directly over the first — 143.

142b. Leaves and leaf-scars not 2-ranked — 146.

143a. Bundle-scars three in each leaf-scar — 144.

143b. Bundle-scars several in each leaf-scar 2b, in URTICACEAE, p. 23.

144a. Leaf-buds with only 1-3 visible bud-scales 10, in BETULACEAE, p. 22.

144b. Leaf-buds with more than 3 visible scales — 145.

145a. Bark of the branches smooth and dark gray, the larger stems fluted with projecting longitudinal ridges 1b, in BETULACEAE, p. 21.

145b. Branches without projecting ridges 4, in BETULACEAE, p. 22.

146a. Pith 3-angled 8, in BETULACEAE, p. 22.

146b. Pith 5-angled 13b, in FAGACEAE, p. 23.

146c. Pith cylindrical — 147.

147a. Visible outer bud-scales 2 or more — 148.

147b. Buds with a single visible outer scale 13, in SALICACEAE, p. 20.

148a. Bundle-scars 3 in each leaf-scar MYRICACEAE, p. 20.

148b. Bundle-scars more than 3 in each leaf-scar 2b, in URTICACEAE, p. 23.

149a. Flowers dark red-purple, about 3 cm. wide ANONACEAE, p. 40.

149b. Flowers bright pink, irregular, about 1 cm. wide 3a, in LEGUMINOSAE, p. 58.

149c. Flowers white, with 5 conspicuous petals — 150.

149d. Flowers greenish or yellowish, small, inconspicuous — 152.

150a. Ovary 1, superior, i. e., in the center of the flower and not attached to surrounding parts 36, in ROSACEAE, p. 54.

150b. Ovary inferior, appearing as a swelling below the calyx at the apex of the pedicel — 151.

151a. Flowers in racemes or solitary 42b, in ROSACEAE, p. 55.

151b. Flowers in flattened or rounded branching clusters 42a, in ROSACEAE, p. 55.

152a. Stems thorny 1a, in RUTACEAE, p. 65.

152b. Stems not thorny — 153.

153a. Bark pleasantly aromatic when crushed; perianth with 6 parts — 154.

153b. Bark not pleasantly aromatic; perianth with 4 short lobes THYMELAEACEAE, p. 77.

154a. Flowers in sessile lateral clusters 1a, in LAURACEAE, p. 41.

154b. Flowers in peduncled terminal clusters 1b, in LAURACEAE, p. 41.

— 155—

155a. Leaves narrow, needle-like or scale-like, mostly evergreen — 54.

155b. Leaves broader, flat or rolled, but not needle-like or scale-like — 156.

156a. Twining or climbing vines — 56.

156b. Not twining or climbing — 157.

157a. Leaves opposite — 158.

157b. Leaves alternate — 165.

158a. Leaves compound — 68.

158b. Leaves simple — 159.

159a. Leaves broad, palmately lobed — 160.

159b. Leaves not palmately lobed — 161.

160a. Flowers greenish-yellow, in racemes or panicles 2a, in ACERACEAE, p. 70.

160b. Flowers white, in rounded or flattened clusters 22a, in CAPRIFOLIACEAE, p. 111.

161a. Flowers in close clusters, subtended by four large white petal-like bracts 4b, in CORNACEAE, p. 83.

161b. Flowers small, white, in dense spherical heads 1a, in RUBIACEAE, p. 108.

161c. Flowers not in dense heads, and not subtended by petal-like bracts — 162.

162a. Petals separate from each other — 163.

162b. Petals united with each other — 164.

163a. Flowers dark purple-red 1b, in CELASTRACEAE. p. 69.

163b. Flowers bright yellow 1a, in HYPERICACEAE, p. 73.

163c. Flowers pink-purple; aquatic shrubs 1a, in LYTHRACEAE, p. 77.

163d. Flowers white 5, in CORNACEAE, p. 83.

163e. Flowers minute, greenish; twigs usually thorny 1b, in RHAMNACEAE, p. 71.

163f. Flowers small, yellowish; leaves silvery beneath ELAEAGNACEAE, p. 77.

164a. Stamens 2 1a, in OLEACEAE, p. 88.

164b. Stamens 4 or 5 11, in CAPRIFOLIACEAE, p. 110.

164c. Stamens 10 18a, in ERICACEAE, p. 85.

165a. Leaves once-compound — 166.

165b. Leaves simple — 172.

165c. Leaves twice- or thrice-compound 4a, in ARALIACEAE, p. 80.

166a. Flowers small, greenish or greenish-yellow — 167.

166b. Flowers conspicuous, white, or brightly colored — 170.

167a. Stems thorny 1a, in RUTACEAE, p. 65.

167b. Stems not thorny — 168.

168a. Leaflets 3, entire or minutely toothed 1b, in RUTACEAE, p. 65.

168b. Leaflets 3, conspicuously toothed 1b, in ANACARDIACEAE, p. 68.

168c. Leaflets more than 3 — 169.

169a. Leaflets entire except for 1-4 large glandular teeth near their base SIMARUBACEAE, p. 65.

169b. Leaflets entire, or toothed for their entire length ANACARDIACEAE, p. 68.

170a. Flowers with a single bright-blue petal 8a, in LEGUMINOSAE, p. 58.

170b. Flowers with several petals — 171.

171a. Flowers regular 3, in ROSACEAE, p. 51.

171b. Flowers irregular, the upper petal the largest 4, in LEGUMINOSAE, p. 58.

172a. Leaves minute, scale-like, appressed 2a, in CISTACEAE, p. 74.

172b. Leaves 3-10 mm. long, spreading, completely rolled into a tube EMPETRACEAE, p. 68.

172c. Leaves normal in shape, green in color — 173.

173a. Leaves evergreen, as shown by their presence on the older parts of the stem 4b, in ERICACEAE, p. 84.

173b. Leaves deciduous — 174.

174a. Flowers in catkins, without petal-like parts — 142.

174b. Flowers not in catkins, either with or without petal-like parts — 175.

175a. Flowers small, inconspicuous, yellowish or greenish in color — 176.

175b. Flowers white or colored, with conspicuous petals — 180.

176a. Leaves broad and palmately lobed; stem thorny 1a, in ARALIACEAE, p. 80.

176b. Leaves entire, toothed, or with 2-3 entire lobes; stem not thorny — 177.

177a. Flowers in small axillary clusters; foliage not spicy-aromatic — 178.

177b. Flowers in clusters terminating last year's twigs; foliage spicy-aromatic 1b, in LAURACEAE, p. 41.

178a. Petals none; sepals present 2b, in RHAMNACEAE, p. 71.

178b. Petals present but small — 179.

179a. A stamen in front of each petal 2a, in RHAMNACEAE, p. 71.

179b. A stamen between each two petals AQUIFOLIACEAE, p. 69.

180a. Petals united with each other; stamens 8-10 24, in ERICACEAE, p. 86.

180b. Petals separate from each other — 181.

181a. Petals 4 — 182.

181b. Petals 5 — 183.

181c. Petal-like sepals 6; real petals none; foliage spicy-aromatic 1b, in LAURACEAE, p. 41.

181d. Petals 6; sepals also present — 187.

182a. Flowers in late spring or early summer 2a, in CORNACEAE, p. 83.

182b. Flowers in autumn HAMAMELIDACEAE, p. 51.

183a. Corolla irregular, the upper petal largest 3b, in LEGUMINOSAE, p. 58.

183b. Corolla regular, all petals alike in size and shape — 184.

184a. Stamens 5 — 185.

184b. Stamens 10 or more 24, in ROSACEAE, p. 53.

185a. Flowers in loose racemes or axillary clusters 2, in SAXIFRAGACEAE, p. 49.

185b. Flowers in branching clusters — 186.

186a. Leaves palmately lobed; stem thorny 1a, in ARALIACEAE, p. 80.

186b. Leaves not lobed; stem not thorny 1b, in RHAMNACEAE, p. 71.

187a. Flowers dark red-purple ANONACEAE, p. 40.

187b. Flowers yellow 2a, in BERBERIDACEAE, p. 40.

ГРУППА 2, НЕОБЫЧНЫЕ РАСТЕНИЯ

1a. Small brown leafless plants, growing as parasites on the tamarack or black spruce LORANTHACEAE, p. 25.

1b. Aquatic plants, with all or most of the leaves submerged, or leafless — 2.

1c. Aquatic plants, with the leaves or the whole plant floating on or near the surface — 20.

1d. Terrestrial or marsh plants, without floating or submerged leaves — 29.

2a. Submerged aquatics, without leaves — 3.

2b. Submerged aquatics, with the leaves linear or dissected — 4.

3a. Flowers showy, yellow or purple LENTIBULARIACEAE, p. 105.

3b. Flowers small and inconspicuous, sessile, purplish or greenish 3a, in HALORAGIDACEAE, p. 79.

4a. Leaves linear or lanceolate, not lobed or dissected — 5.

4b. Leaves more or less lobed or dissected — 13.

5a. Leaves all basal — 6.

5b. Stem-leaves present — 7.

6a. Flowers blue, 1 cm. long or more; leaves cylindrical, blunt, hollow, partitioned lengthwise 1a, in LOBELIACEAE, p. 113.

6b. Flowers yellow; leaves minute LENTIBULARIACEAE, p. 105.

6c. Flowers white, in clusters; leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, not hollow 1b, in ALISMACEAE, p. 3.

6d. Flowers greenish, solitary at the end of elongated peduncles; leaves very long and ribbon-like, flat or trough-shape 1a, in HYDROCHARITACEAE, p. 3.

6e. Flowers minute, whitish or lead-color, in heads ERIOCAULACEAE, p. 9.

7a. Leaves alternate — 8.

7b. Leaves opposite — 10.

7c. Leaves whorled — 12.

8a. Leaves with thin sheathing stipules 1b, in NAJADACEAE, p. 2.

8b. Leaves without stipules — 9.

9a. Flowers greenish, in a head SPARGANIACEAE, p. 2.

9b. Flowers pale yellow 1b, in PONTEDERIACEAE, p. 10.

10a. Leaves serrate 2b, in NAJADACEAE, p. 2.

10b. Leaves entire — 11.

11a. Leaves 2 cm. long or less CALLITRICHACEAE, p. 68.

11b. Leaves thread-like, 2-8 cm. long 2a, in NAJADACEAE, p. 2.

11c. Leaves linear to elliptical, more than 2 cm. long 1b, in NAJADACEAE, p. 2.

12a. Leaves in whorls of 3, abruptly widened at the base 2b, in NAJADACEAE, p. 2.

12b. Leaves in whorls of 3, widest near the middle 1b, in HYDROCHARITACEAE, p. 3.

12c. Stems straight and erect, at leaves the flowers emerged; leaves in whorls of 4 or more 2a, in HALORAGIDACEAE, p. 79.

13a. Leaves with numerous small bladders attached, each bladder 1-3 mm. long LENTIBULARIACEAE, p. 105.

13b. Leaves without bladders — 14.

14a. Leaves alternate — 15.

14b. Leaves opposite or whorled — 18.

15a. Delicate and rare plants growing attached to stones in running water PODOSTEMACEAE, p. 48.

15b. Plants 2 dm. high or more, with roots in mud or sand — 16.

16a. Leaves once-pinnate — 17.

16b. Leaves 2-3 times pinnate 15b, in UMBELLIFERAE, p. 81.

16c. Leaves palmately dissected 1b, in RANUNCULACEAE, p. 35.

17a. Taste peppery or mustardy 34, in CRUCIFERAE, p. 45.

17b. Taste not peppery or mustardy 1a, in HALORAGIDACEAE, p. 79.

18a. Leaves pinnately compound 3b, in HALORAGIDACEAE, p. 79.

18b. Leaves palmately compound — 19.

19a. Leaves opposite or in whorls of four 119a, in COMPOSITAE, p. 123.

19b. Leaves in whorls of 5-12 CERATOPHYLLACEAE, p. 34.

20a. Plants small, flattened, rounded or ovate, without distinction of stem and leaf; the whole plant floating on or near the surface LEMNACEAE, p. 9.

20b. Plant attached to the soil, with differentiated stem and leaves — 21.

21a. Leaves on long slender stalks, which bear also a cluster of slender tubers near the leaf-base; leaves heart-shape 1b, in GENTIANACEAE, p. 88.

21b. Leaf-stalks without a cluster of tubers — 22.

22a. Leaves all basal — 23.

22b. Stem-leaves present — 24.

23a. Leaves parallel-veined 1b, in ALISMACEAE, p. 3.

23b. Leaves net-veined 1b, in NYMPHAEACEAE, p. 35.

24a. Leaves opposite or whorled — 25.

24b. Leaves alternate — 26.

25a. Leaves less than 2 cm. long CALLITRICHACEAE, p. 68.

25b. Leaves more than 2 cm. long 1b, in NAJADACEAE, p. 2.

26a. Leaves attached by the center to the stalk 2b, in NYMPHAEACEAE, p. 35.

26b. Leaves attached by the margin — 27.

27a. Leaves parallel-veined — 28.

27b. Leaves net-veined, with a single mid-vein; lanceolate or elliptical in outline 29b, in POLYGONACEAE, p. 28.

28a. Leaves not over 2 dm. long 1b, in NAJADACEAE, p. 2.

28b. Leaves very long and grass-like 14a, in GRAMINEAE, p. 5.

29a. Brown, yellow, or white plants, without green color — 30.

29b. Plants with normal green color, at least in some parts — 33.

30a. Stemless and leafless plants, consisting of flowers only and partly underground 4a, in ARACEAE, p. 8.

30b. Stems climbing on other plants 1b, in CONVOLVULACEAE, p. 91.

30c. Stem and flower-stalks erect, not climbing — 31.

31a. Corolla regular; stamens 6-12 1a, in ERICACEAE, p. 84.

31b. Corolla irregular — 32.

32a. Sepals and petals each 3; flowers in simple racemes 5a, in ORCHIDACEAE, p. 16.

32b. Sepals 5; corolla of united petals OROBANCHACEAE, p. 106.

33a. Stem thick and fleshy, leafless, thorny CACTACEAE, p. 77.

33b. Stem not thorny — 34.

34a. Leaves none — 35.

34b. Leaves reduced to small scales — 40.

34c. Leaves thick and fleshy — 44.

34d. Leaves hollow — 45.

34e. Leaves small, all basal, bearing large glandular hairs on the upper surface DROSERACEAE, p. 48.

35a. Stem none, the flowers appearing at or partially beneath the surface of the soil 4a, in ARACEAE, p. 8.

35b. Stem present — 36.

36a. Stem freely branched 2a, in LILIACEAE, p. 10.

36b. Stem unbranched, except possibly in the flower-clusters — 37.

37a. Flowers greenish or brownish, without obvious colored petals — 38.

37b. Flowers with conspicuous white or colored petals — 39.

38a. Each flower with 6 small chaffy petals 4, in JUNCACEAE, p. 10.

38b. Petals none; each flower in the axil of a single chaffy bract 2a, in CYPERACEAE, p. 7.

39a. Flowers regular 34a, in LILIACEAE, p. 11.

39b. Flowers irregular 10a, in ORCHIDACEAE, p. 16.

40a. Stem erect, unbranched or with one or two branches only — 41.

40b. Stem freely branched — 42.

41a. Plants of moist soil, with opposite scales; corolla regular, with 4 petal-like lobes 1a, in GENTIANACEAE, p. 88.

41b. Swamp plants, with a few alternate scales; corolla irregular LENTIBULARIACEAE, p. 105.

42a. Leaves numerous and close, concealing the stem 2a, in CISTACEAE, p. 74

42b. Leaves spreading, not concealing the stem — 43.

43a. Leaf-scales in small clusters; flowers greenish, with 6 petals 2a, in LILIACEAE, p. 10.

43b. Leaf-scales distinctly opposite; petals 5, yellow 7a, in HYPERICACEAE, p. 74.

44a. Sepals 2 3, in PORTULACACEAE, p. 34.

44b. Sepals 4 or 5 CRASSULACEAE, p. 48.

45a. Leaves pitcher-shape, open at the top SARRACENIACEAE, p. 48.

45b. Leaves tubular, closed at the end 37b, in LILIACEAE, p. 13.

ГРУППА 3, ОДНОДОЛЬНЫЕ

1a. Twining plants, with flowers in panicles or racemes DIOSCOREACEAE, p. 14.

1b. Plants with milky juice 13a, in COMPOSITAE, p. 115.

1c. Plants not twining (some climb by tendrils) and not with milky juice. — 2.

2a. Flowers in close spikes or heads, surrounded or subtended by a green or colored bract, the whole resembling a single flower; petals minute or wanting; leaves broad, not grass-like, linear, or sword-shape ARACEAE, p. 8.

2b. Plants with narrow, linear, grass-like, or sword-shape leaves (a few species of Carex have broader, lanceolate to ovate leaves); flowers greenish, yellowish, or brownish, never brightly colored, and frequently dry or chaffy in texture; perianth small or wanting; individual flowers inconspicuous in size, but sometimes grouped into conspicuous clusters — 3.

2c. Plants with leaves of various widths, but the flowers petaloid, i. e., with a white or colored, more or less conspicuous perianth, and never chaffy in texture. In a few cases the flowers are greenish, but the size and conspicuousness of the perianth identifies them in this class — 9.

3a. Flowers in the axils of dry, membranous or chaffy scales, which are regularly arranged into spikes or spikelets of uniform size and structure, which are variously grouped or clustered; fruit an achene; grasses and sedges, with joined stems and sheathing leaves, or leafless and the stems not jointed — 4.

3b. Flowers not subtended individually by dry, membranous, or chaffy scales, and otherwise not agreeing with 3a — 5.

4a. Leaf-sheaths split on the side opposite the leaf; leaves usually 2-ranked, i. e., in 2 longitudinal rows with the third leaf above the first; stems rounded or flat, never triangular, usually hollow GRAMINEAE, p. 4.

4b. Leaf-sheaths closed into a continuous tube; leaves usually 3-ranked; stems frequently triangular, usually solid CYPERACEAE, p. 7.

5a. Flowers in dense spikes — 6.

5b. Flowers in heads, racemes, or panicles — 7.

6a. Spike terminal, with pistillate flowers at the base and staminate ones at the apex TYPHACEAE, p. 2.

6b. Spike short, apparently lateral, near the apex of the stem 3a, in ARACEAE, p. 8.

7a. Flowers in globose heads which are arranged in spikes, the lowest heads pistillate, the upper staminate; ovary 1-celled SPARGANIACEAE, p. 2.

7b. Flowers in globose woolly heads terminating leafless unbranched stalks ERIOCAULACEAE, p. 9.

7c. Flowers in a spike-like raceme; ovaries 3-6, separate or nearly so JUNCAGINACEAE, p. 3.

7d. Flowers in heads or panicles, all perfect, not woolly, with one ovary — 8.

8a. Leaves less than 1 cm. wide, or none; divisions of the perianth 6 JUNCACEAE, p. 10.

8b. Leaves 2 cm. wide or more; petals 5 2a, in UMBELLIFERAE, p. 80.

9a. Flowers regular, with all the petals of approximately the same size and shape — 10.

9b. Flowers irregular, with the petals of each flower not of the same size or shape — 22.

10a. Ovaries 3 or more, separate or barely united with each other at the base — 11.

10b. Ovary one in each flower — 12.

11a. Ovaries 3-6 in number; flowers in spikes or racemes; leaves linear JUNCAGINACEAE, p. 3.

11b. Ovaries more than 6 ALISMACEAE, p. 3.

12a. Flowers or flower-clusters lateral, axillary or apparently so — 13.

12b. Flowers or flower-clusters terminal or on leafless stalks — 14.

13a. Leaves minute and scale-like; flowers greenish-yellow 2a, in LILIACEAE, p. 10.

13b. Leaves linear, grass-like 3b, in IRIDACEAE, p. 13.

13c. Leaves lanceolate or broader, not grass-like or scale-like 2b, in LILIACEAE, p. 10.

14a. Divisions of the perianth 5-12 cm. long — 15.

14b. Divisions of the perianth less than 5 cm. long — 16.

15a. Flowers blue, or blue marked with yellow 1a, in IRIDACEAE, p. 15.

15b. Flowers not blue 12a, in LILIACEAE, p. 11.

16a. Flowers solitary — 17.

16b. Flowers 2 or more, in some kind of a cluster — 18.

17a. Leaves 2, broadly heart-shape, basal, on long stalks 1b, in ARISTOLOCHIACEAE, p. 25.

17b. Leaves not heart-shape 20, 20, in LILIACEAE, p. 12.

18a. Divisions of the perianth (4 to 6) all essentially alike — 19.

18b. Perianth differentiated into sepals and 2 or 3 colored petals — 21.

19a. Flowers in umbels — 20.

19b. Flowers in dense round heads; petals 5 2a, in UMBELLIFERAE, p. 80.

19c. Flowers in spikes, racemes, or panicles 38, in LILIACEAE, p. 13.

20a. Ovary inferior, appearing below the perianth as a swelling at the apex of the stalk; flowers bright yellow; leaves linear AMARYLLIDACEAE, p. 14.

20b. Ovary inferior; flowers blue or white, terminating a flattened winged leafless flower-stalk 3a, in IRIDACEAE, p. 15.

20c. Ovary superior, i. e., in the center of the flower and separate from the perianth 31, in LILIACEAE, p. 13.

21a. Flowers in dense heads, yellow, 1 cm. wide or smaller XYRIDACEAE, p. 9.

21b. Flowers in umbels, blue or white, 2 cm. wide or larger COMMELINACEAE, p. 9.

22a. Flowers blue; ovary superior (defined under 20c); stamens distinct from the other parts of the flower — 23.

22b. Ovary inferior (defined under 20a); floral structure complex; stamens attached to other parts of the flower and not resembling ordinary stamens in form or structure ORCHIDACEAE, p. 15.

23a. Leaves triangular-heart-shape at base; marsh plants 1a, in PONTEDERIACEAE, p. 10.

23b. Leaves not heart-shape at base COMMELINACEAE, p. 9.

ГРУППА 4, ДВУДОЛЬНЫЕ

1a. Foliage leaves all or principally basal; flower-stalk either completely leafless, or bearing a single pair of opposite leaves only. Bracts and scale-leaves are not considered foliage leaves — 2.

1b. Stem-leaves present on the stem, either one or more in number, and not limited to a single opposite pair — 3.

2a. Leaves compound — 7.

2b. Leaves simple — 18.

3a. Stem-leaves all or chiefly opposite or whorled (the bracts of the flower clusters may be alternate) — 4.

3b. Stem-leaves all or chiefly alternate — 5.

4a. Flowers small and inconspicuous, the perianth none or greenish or chaffy, and never petal-like in appearance — 50.

4b. Flowers with a white or colored petal-like perianth — 66.

5a. Flowers small and inconspicuous, without any white or colored petal-like perianth — 118.

5b. Flowers large or small, but with a white or colored petal-like perianth — 6.

6a. Flowers small, not exceeding 3 mm. in length or breadth — 144.

6b. Flowers larger, more than 3 mm. in length or breadth — 166.

— 7—

7a. Leaves twice to three times compound or dissected — 8.

7b. Leaves once-compound — 11.

8a. Flowers in racemes 2b, in FUMARIACEAE, p. 41.

8b. Flowers in umbels — 9.

9a. Flowers about 3 mm. wide, white or greenish-white — 10.

9b. Flowers 10-20 mm. wide, conspicuous 45b, in RANUNCULACEAE, p. 39.

10a. Leaflets 5-15 cm. long 5b, in ARALIACEAE, p. 80.

10b. Leaflets not over 2 cm. long 16a, in UMBELLIFERAE, p. 81.

11a. Leaflets 2 3a, in BERBERIDACEAE, p. 40.

11b. Leaflets three or more — 12.

12a. Leaflets entire or very finely toothed — 13.

12b. Leaflets coarsely toothed or lobed — 15.

13a. Flowers irregular, in dense head-like umbels 37a, in LEGUMINOSAE, p. 61.

13b. Flowers consisting of a greenish or purplish bract wholly or partly enclosing a fleshy spike 2, in ARACEAE, p. 8.

13c. Flowers regular, solitary or in loose clusters — 14.

14a. Leaflets reverse heart-shape, not over 2 cm. long OXALIDACEAE, p. 64.

14b. Leaflets 4-10 cm. long 1c, in GENTIANACEAE, p. 88.

15a. Flowers with colored or white petals and green or colored sepals — 16.

15b. Flowers with one kind of perianth only (calyx), with broad and petal-like parts 32, in RANUNCULACEAE, p. 38.

15c. Flowers with white petal-like sepals and small inconspicuous petals 38b, in RANUNCULACEAE, p. 39.

16a. Petals and sepals each 4 31, in CRUCIFERAE, p. 44.

16b. Petals and sepals each 5 or more — 17.

17a. Leaves with stipules ROSACEAE, p. 51.

17b. Leaves without stipules 23b, in RANUNCULACEAE, p. 37.

— 18—

18a. Stem-leaves a single opposite pair (basal leaves may also be present) — 19.

18b. Stem-leaves none — 23.

19a. Leaves entire — 20.

19b. Leaves toothed or lobed — 21.

20a. Flowers solitary; leaves broadly kidney-shape ARISTOLOCHIACEAE, p. 25.

20b. Flowers in racemes; leaves linear or lanceolate PORTULACACEAE, p. 34.

21a. Flowers in racemes; petals deeply toothed 23b, in SAXIFRAGACEAE, p. 51.

21b. Flowers solitary or few in a cluster; petals entire or nearly so — 22.

22a. Petals 5 GERANIACEAE, p. 64.

22b. Petals 6 or more 2b, in BERBERIDACEAE, p.40.

23a. Flowers or flower-clusters sessile, at or partly beneath the surface of the ground 4a, in ARACEAE, p. 8.

23b. Flowers or flower-heads solitary at the ends of the flower-stalks — 24.

23b. Flowers or flower-heads numerous or several on each flower-stalk — 38.

24a. Flowers yellow — 25.

24b. Flowers not yellow — 29.

25a. Juice milky 16, in COMPOSITAE, p. 115.

25b. Juice not milky — 26.

26a. Aquatic or mud plants, with large entire leaves 1-4 dm. wide NYMPHAEACEAE, p. 35.

26b. Land plants, with smaller or lobed leaves — 27.

27a. Flower-stalk scaly 110, in COMPOSITAE, p. 122.

27b. Flower-stalk bare or with 1 to 2 minute bracts — 28.

28a. Flowers regular 10, in RANUNCULACEAE, p. 36.

28b. Flowers irregular, with a spur 3a, in VIOLACEAE, p. 75.

29a. Flowers obviously irregular, with a spur — 30.

29b. Flowers regular or nearly so, without a spur — 31.

30a. Leaves sessile or nearly so; stamens 2 LENTIBULARIACEAE, p. 105.

30b. Leaves petioled; stamens 5 VIOLACEAE, p. 75.

31a. Flowers 3 mm. wide or smaller; leaves thread-like 16a, in SCROPHULARIACEAE, p. 103.

31b. Flowers 6 mm. wide or larger — 32.

32a. Ovary 1 — 33.

32b. Ovaries numerous — 37.

33a. Leaves lobed or cleft — 34.

33b. Leaves entire or toothed — 35.

34a. Leaves deeply 2-cleft; stamens 8 3a, in BERBERIDACEAE, p. 40.

34b. Leaf 1, palmately lobed; stamens numerous 1a, in PAPAVERACEAE, p. 41.

35a. Flowers dull red ARISTOLOCHIACEAE, p. 25.

35b. Flowers white or pinkish — 36.

36a. Leaves entire; stamens with good anthers 5 13, in SAXIFRAGACEAE, p. 50.

36b. Leaves minutely toothed; stamens 8-10 14a, in ERICACEAE, p. 85.

37a. Leaves lobed or divided RANUNCULACEAE, p. 35.

37b. Leaves crenate or toothed 64a, in ROSACEAE, p. 56.

— 38—

38a. Flowers of the composite type, with several or many small flowerets closely aggregated into a dense head surrounded by a calyx-like involucre of small bracts 10, in COMPOSITAE. p. 114.

38b. Flowers separate; variously clustered, but never crowded into involucred heads — 39.

39a. Flowers in dense close spikes — 40.

39b. Flowers in open loose clusters — 42.

40a. Flower-stalk leafless below the spike PLANTAGINACEAE, p. 107.

40b. Flower-stalk with several bracts — 41.

41a. Leaves entire 9c, in ORCHIDACEAE, p. 16.

41b. Leaves toothed 6a, in SCROPHULARIACEAE, p. 102.

42a. Flowers in umbels — 43.

42b. Flowers in racemes, panicles, flat-topped clusters, or merely 1 or 2 — 45.

43a. Leaves almost round, peltate, palmately veined 3a, in UMBELLIFERAE, p. 80.

43b. Leaves at least twice as long as broad, with a single mid-vein — 44.

44a. Stamens 5 PRIMULACEAE, p. 87.

44b. Stamens 10 15, in ERICACEAE, p. 85.

45a. Leaves cylindrical, hollow, obtuse. 1a, in LOBELIACEAE, p. 113.

45b. Leaves beset on the upper side with long glandular hairs; bog plant with flowers in racemes DROSERACEAE, p. 48.

45c. Leaves flat, pubescent or smooth, but not with long glandular hairs — 46.

46a. Sepals and petals each 4 53, in CRUCIFERAE, p. 46.

46b. Sepals and petals each 5 — 47.

46c. Sepals 6; petals none; flowers minute, green; leaves frequently lobed at the base 4, in POLYGONACEAE, p. 25.

47a. Petals united with each other in an irregular corolla LENTIBULARIACEAE, p. 105.

47b. Petals separate from each other — 48.

48a. Stamens 10; style 1 ERICACEAE, p. 84.

48b. Stamens 5 or 10; styles 2 SAXIFRAGACEAE, p. 49.

48c. Stamens and pistils each very numerous — 49.

49a. Flowers white 64a, in ROSACEAE, p. 56.

49b. Flowers yellow 13a, in RANUNCULACEAE, p. 36.

— 50—

50a. Leaves compound or deeply lobed — 51.

50b. Leaves entire or toothed — 54.

51a. Flowers in axillary racemes, spikes, or panicles URTICACEAE, p. 23.

51b. Flowers terminal, or in terminal clusters — 52.

52a. Flowers in umbels; leaves palmately compound ARALIACEAE, p. 80.