«Северные американцы древности. Происхождение, миграции и тип цивилизации»

[624] Landa, Relation, pp. 204–316, and the work by Perez, entitled Cronologia Antigua de Yucatan, with Brasseur’s translation into French in the above work, pp. 366–429. Also see English translation in Stephens’ Yucatan, vol. i, pp. 434–59. See also Orozco y Berra, Geografia, pp. 104–8, and an able discussion in Bancroft’s Native Races, vol. ii, pp. 755–67.

[625] Landa’s Relacion, p. 204. Bancroft’s Native Races, vol. ii, p. 756.

[626] Bancroft’s Native Races, vol. ii, p. 757.

[627] See Perez’s Appendix to Stephens’ Yucatan, vol. i, pp. 458–59, and in Landa’s Relacion, Appendix, pp. 370–382, and Brasseur in the same. Especially Rosny, Essai sur le Dech. de L’Écrit. Hiérat. de L’Amér. Cent., pp. 15–24.

[628] Landa, Relacion, p. 234. Perez in Landa, pp. 394 et seq., and in Stephens’ Yucatan, vol. i, p. 439; also see Bancroft, vol. ii, pp. 759 et seq.

[629] Perez in Landa, Relacion, pp. 366–8; also cited by Bancroft, vol. ii, p. 759.

[630] Stephens’ Yucatan, vol. ii, pp. 318–19. Stephens was unable to assign any use to the pillars referred to. He counted upwards of 380. Dr. Le Plongeon accords with our view.

[631] Stephens’ Yucatan, vol. i, pp. 441 et seq.

[632] See Landa, Relacion, pp. 313, 400–412; Stephens, Yucatan, Perez, vol. i, pp. 441–447, MS. cited in vol. ii, pp. 465–469; Bancroft, Native Races, vol. ii, pp. 762–765; M. Delaporte, Le Calendrier Yucatèque, MS. cited by Rosny, Essai sur le déchiffrement de L’Écriture Hiératique, p. 25.

[633] Perez in Stephens’ Yucatan, vol. i, p. 447.

[634] Sahagun, Hist. Gen., tom. i, lib. ii, pp. 49–76; lib. iv, pp. 282–310, gives a partial though very satisfactory account. Leon y Gama, Dos Piedras, is critical and learned, but often incorrect. Humboldt, Vues, furnishes an elaborate account, which is very valuable though complicated. Veytia’s explanation is the result of thorough research, Hist. Ant. Mej., tom. i. Gallatin is extremely clear and reliable in Amer. Ethno. Soc. Transactions, vol. i. McCulloch’s Researches in Amer., pp. 201–25. Bancroft’s Native Races, vol. ii, pp. 502–22, furnishes us an account, clear and full, as are all of his discussions. Several cuts enhance the value of the chapter. We especially refer the reader to his rich bibliography of the subject, appended in notes. A number of additional authors are before us: Ixtlilxochitl, Müller, Herrera, Clavigero, Brasseur de Bourbourg, Boturini, Prichard, but last and best is the ingenious and masterly Vortrag über den Mexicanischen Calender stein gehalten von Prof. Ph. Valentini, am 30 April, 1878 (in Republican Hall, New York), vor dem Deutsch ges. wissenschaftlichen Verein, 32 pp. 8vo, recently translated and published by Stephen Salisbury, Jr.

[635] Bancroft’s Native Races, vol. ii, p. 508.

[636] Mr. Bancroft also follows the opinion that the above date is the correct one.—Native Races, vol. ii, p. 515.

[637] Bancroft’s Native Races, vol. ii, p. 512.

[638] Prof. Valentini, Vortrag, p. 16.

[639] Native Races, vol. ii, p. 513.

[640] Mr. Bancroft incorrectly states that thirteen days were intercalated at the end of each tlalpilli (13 years). It is plain that if 365 days constitute a year, the lost time would not amount to thirteen days before fifty-two years.

[641] Prof. Valentini quotes the terms given above, and Mr. Bancroft states that the same process of computation was pursued in both divisions.

[642] See The Nation for Aug. 8, 1878, p. 84, and for Sept. 19, 1878. Also Mr. Salisbury’s translation of Valentini’s Vortrag, Worcester, 1879.

[643] Prof. Valentini cites Codex Vaticanus, pl. 91, Codex Boturini, pl. 10, Codex Tellerianus, pl. 6 and 8. The Professor in making the comparison, remarks: “Auf beiden senkt sich ein Schaft in ein rundes Loch, von welchem aus sich etwas volutenähnliches hervorwindet. Wir gewahren auf den gemalten Bildern, dass jede der Voluten in 2 Hälften getheilt ist, die eine grau die andere roth gemalt. Dieselbe Abtheilung finden wir auch auf der Sculptur. Was dieses Symbol bedeute, wird uns aus der Beobachtung klar, dass wir es in den gemalten Jahrestafeln immer nur dann wiederkehrend finden, sobald 52 Jahre verflossen sind. Wir sehen es immer gerade an das Symbol dieses 52ten Jahres angehängt, an einer Stelle, in Cod. Tell. IV, Pl. 8. 1. Kingsb. Coll., vol. i, es erscheint auch mit einem erklärenden Texte. Er lautet: ‘Dieses ist das Zeichen für die Zusammenbindung der 52 Jahre.’”—Vortrag, pp. 23, 24.

[644] Prof. Valentini, Vortrag, pp. 24, 25, cites Codex Selden, pl. 10, Codex Laud, pl. 8, and Codex Veletri, fol. 34.

[645] Prof. Valentini cites a Codex from the Squier collection, where the symbol occurs accompanied with the word Molpiynxihuitl, which translated means “the binding of the years.” He also cites Codex Boturini, pl. 10, Kingsborough Collection.—Vortrag, pp. 25, 26.

[646] Dr. Le Plongeon in Yucatan, by Stephen Salisbury, Jr., p. 88. Worcester, 1877.

[647] Monarq. Ind., tom. i, pp. 254 et seq.

[648] Humboldt, Vues, pp. 148 et seq. (Ed. 1810.)

[649] Vues, p. 152. On page 150 he furnishes tables of comparison which show unmistakably the analogy between the Mexican Calendar and that of the people of Eastern Asia.

[650] Cabrera, Teatro in Rio’s Description, pp. 103–5.

[651] Delafield’s American Antiquities, pp. 52–3.

[652] Mexican Antiquities, vol. vi, pp. 174, 182.

[653] Mexican Antiquities, vol. vi, p. 163.

[654] Mexican Antiquities, vol. viii, p. 19.

[655] “It is impossible on reading what Mexican mythology records of the war in heaven, and of the fall of Zoutemoque and the other rebellious spirits; of the creation of light by the word Touacatecutli, and of the division of the waters; of the sin of Yztlacohuhqui, and his blindness and nakedness; of the temptation of Suchiquecal and her disobedience in gathering roses from a tree, and the consequent misery and disgrace of herself and all her posterity—not to recognize scriptural analogies. But the Mexican tradition of the deluge is that which bears the most unequivocal marks of having been derived from a Hebrew source. This tradition records that a few persons escaped in the Ahuehuete, or ark of fir, when the earth was swallowed up by the deluge, the chief of whom was named Patecatle or Cipaquetona; that he invented the art of making wine; that Xelua, one of his descendants, at least one of those who escaped with him in the ark, was present at the building of a high tower, which the succeeding generation constructed with a view of escaping from the deluge should it again occur; that Tonacatecutli, incensed at their presumption, destroyed the tower with lightning, confounded their language and dispersed them; and that Xelua led a colony to the New World.”—Mex. Antiq., tom. vi, p. 401.

[656] Ixtlilxochitl’s Relaciones in Mex. Ant., vol. ix, and this work, chap. vi.

[657] See Bancroft’s Native Races, vol. iii, pp. 66, 68.

[658] Mex. Antiq., vol. viii, p. 27.

[659] Mex. Antiq., vol. vi, p. 246.

[660] Mex. Antiq., vol. vi, p. 253.

[661] Mex. Antiq., vol. vi, p. 361.

[662] Mex. Antiq., vol. viii, p. 67.

[663] Ibid., vol. viii, p. 137.

[664] Ibid., vol. viii, p. 382.

[665] Ibid., vol. viii, p. 238; washing of hands after meals, see p. 53, Appendix.

[666] Ibid., vol. vi, p. 414; vol. viii, p. 18.

[667] The following is Kingsborough’s account of the Mexican baptism: “The midwife took the infant in her arms naked, and carried it into the court of the mother’s house, in which court were strewed reeds or rushes, which they call Tule, upon which was placed a small vessel of water, in which the said midwife bathed the said infant; and after she had bathed it, three boys being seated near the said rushes, eating roasted maize mixed with boiled beans, which kind of food they named Yxcue, which provision or paste they set before the said boys, in order that they might eat it. After the said bathing or washing, the said midwife desired the said boys to pronounce the name aloud, bestowing a new name on the infant which had been thus bathed; and the name which they gave it was that which the midwife wished.”—Mex. Antiq., vol. vi, p. 45.

[668] Mex. Antiq., vol. vi, p. 248.

[669] Ibid., vol. viii, p. 69.

[670] Ibid., vol. vi, pp. 163 et seq.

[671] Ibid., vol. vi, p. 167.

[672] Ibid., vol. viii, p. 248.

[673] Mex. Antiq., vol. vi, p. 125; Codex Telleriano-Remensis, pl. xix; Mex. Antiq., vol. vii, pp. 240–1, and Duran, MS., part ii, cap. 20; see further, Mex. Antiq., vol. vi, pp. 135–218.

[674] Mex. Antiq., vol. vi, pp. 121–2. He cites several authors to prove this sweeping statement, and is not content with finding it among the Indians, but is provoked by his zeal to discover the practice of the same rite among the Hottentots. See Ibid., vol. vi, pp. 272, 333–5; vol. viii, pp. 143, 391, 20. On page 393, vol vi, he makes this remarkable statement: “From an examination of some of the Mexican paintings, it would appear that circumcision among the Indians was not confined to the human species.” Also vol. viii, p. 155: “The head of the Totonac high-priest, was anointed by the blood of circumcised children.”

[675] Mex. Antiq., vol. vi, p. 273; vol. viii, pp. 157, 236, 160.

[676] Ibid., vol. vi, p. 504.

[677] Ibid., vol. vi, p. 361.

[678] Ibid., vol. vi, p. 257.

[679] Ibid., vol. vi, p. 222.

[680] Ibid., vol. vi, p. 142.

[681] Ibid., vol. viii, p. 258.

[682] Ibid., vol. vi, pp. 301, 312; vol. viii, pp. 23–58.

[683] Ibid., vol. viii, p. 27.

[684] Ibid., vol. viii, p. 32.

[685] Ibid., vol. viii, pp. 26–7.

[686] Ibid., vol. vi, p. 190.

[687] Ibid., vol. vi, pp. 207–8.

[688] Ibid., vol. vi, p. 261.

[689] Mex. Antiq., vol. vi, pp. 207–8. He thinks the gospel must have been preached at an early day in Yucatan, and in proof cites from the sixth chapter of the Fourth Book of Cogolludo’s History the following: “A certain ecclesiastic wrote to a priest commissioned by Las Casas, that he met a principle-lord, who, on being questioned respecting the ancient religion which they professed, told him that they knew and believed in the God who was in Heaven, and that this God was the Father, Son and Holy Ghost, and that the Father was named Yzona, who had created man; and that the Son was called Bacab, who was born of a virgin of the name of Chiribirias, and that the mother of Chiribirias was named Yxchel; and that the Holy Ghost was named Echvah. Of Bacab, the Son, they said he was put to death and scourged and crowned with thorns and placed with his arms extended upon a beam of wood, to which they did not suppose that he had been nailed, but that he was tied, where he died and remained dead during three days, and on the third day came to life and ascended into heaven, where he is with his Father; and that immediately afterwards Echvah, who is the Holy Ghost, came and filled the earth with whatsoever it stood in need of.”

[690] Mr. Bancroft in his fifth vol., pp. 84–89, has collated a great number of Lord Kingsborough’s analogies. Our limited space forbids further treatment.

[691] Bancroft, Native Races, vol. v, p. 41; Humboldt’s Vues, tom. i, p. 236.

[692] Bancroft, Native Races, vol. v, p. 41; Humboldt, Vues, p. 256; Tschudi, Peruvian Antiq., p. 211.

[693] Vues, p. 230 (ed. 1810).

[694] Viollet-le-Duc in Charnay’s Ruins, pp. 41–2. Paris, 1863.

[695] Vues, p. 148 (ed. 1810).

[696] Mœurs des Sauvages, pp. 108–455.

[697] Brasseur in Introduction to Landa’s Relacion, pp. lxx–i.

[698] Landa’s Relacion, Introduc., pp. lxxi et seq.

[699] Brasseur de Bourbourg in Landa, pp. lxvi–ix.

[700] We have not thought it necessary to treat the mythology or religious systems of the Mayas and Nahuas in any formal manner, but only incidentally to call attention to some salient features, cropping out in connection with the subject in hand. The religions of the ancient Americans have been so often and so admirably treated, that anything relating to them in this connection would be superfluous. See especially Bancroft’s Native Races, vol. iii; Müller’s Geschichte der Amerikanischen Urreligionen; Squier’s Serpent Symbol in America; Brinton’s Myths of the New World, and Ibid., Religious Sentiments in the New World.

[701] Families of Speech, pp. 134–6. London, 1873. 12mo.

[702] Spanish, in Kingsborough’s Mex. Antiq., vol. viii, pp. 110–15.

[703] English translation in Prescott’s Mexico, vol. iii, and Bancroft’s Native Races, vol. ii, pp. 494–97.

[704] Families of Speech, pp. 125–26.

[705] The same author refers to the classification of languages adopted by Prof. Steinthal in his Charakteristik der hauptsächlichsten Typen des Sprachbaues. Languages are divided into cultivated and uncultivated, and each again are subdivided into isolating and inflectional. The American languages are classed as uncultivated and inflectional by incorporation.—(Families of Speech, p. 127.)

[706] See Bancroft’s Native Races, vol. iii, pp. 559, 670–2. See on the latter page especially a vocabulary of resemblances.

[707] We refer the reader who is interested in the aboriginal languages of the North-west to the Contributions to North American Ethnology, published by the Department of the Interior, under the direction of Major J. W. Powell, Washington, 1877. 3 vols. 4to.

[708] Garcia y Cubas, The Republic of Mexico in 1876. A political and ethnographical division of the population, etc., translated by Geo. F. Henderson, p. 66. Mexico, 1876. Most of the above names are cited by Mr. Bancroft, Native Races, vol. iii, p. 760; by Orozco y Berra, Geografía, pp. 18–25 et passim, and by Pimentel, Lenguas Indígenas de Mex., vol. ii, p. 5 et seq.

[709] Leng. Indig. de Mex., vol. ii, p. 3.

[710] Geografía de las Lenguas de Mex., pp. 129.

[711] See Bancroft’s Native Races, vol. iii, p. 760, and the literary apparatus appended.

[712] Orozco y Berra, Geografía, pp. 22, 128.

[713] Communication of Dr. Le Plongeon to the Hon. John W. Foster, minister of the United States at Mexico, dated Island of Cozumel, May 1, 1877, in Salisbury’s Dr. Le Plongeon in Yucatan, p. 83.

[714] Dr. Le Plongeon, communication to Stephen Salisbury, Jr., Esq., dated Island of Cozumel, June 15, 1877. He remarks: “Notwithstanding a few guttural sounds, the Maya is soft, pliant, rich in diction and expression, even every shade of thought may be expressed.” “Strange to say the language remained unaltered. Even to-day, in many places in Yucatan the descendants of the Spanish conquerors have forgotten the native tongue of their sires, and only speak Maya, the idiom of the vanquished.”—Communication above cited in Salisbury’s Le Plongeon in Yucatan, pp. 95 et seq.

[715] The following is Señor Melgar’s comparative list with the Spanish translated into English.

Hebrew. English. Chiapenec.

Ben, Son, Been.

Bath, Daughter, Batz.

Abbá, Father, Abagh.

Chimah, Star in Zodiac? the creator of rain, Chimax.

Maloc, King, Molo.

Abah, Name applied to Adam, Abagh.

Chanan, Afflicted, Chanam.

Elab, God, Elab.

Tischiri, September, Tsiquin.

Chi, More, Chic.

Chabic, Rich, Chabin.

Enos, Son of Seth, Enot.

Votan, To give, Votan.

Lambotus, River of Arica, Lambat.

Он добавляет: «Todas estas coincidencias hacer suponer que en épocas muy remotas existeron communicaciones entre el viejo y el nuevo mundo» («Все эти совпадения заставляют предположить, что в весьма отдаленные эпохи между Старым и Новым Светом существовали связи»). Затем он ссылается на «Антиплатона» (так в тексте, речь идет об «Анти». — Прим. пер.), то есть на Платонову Атлантиду. — Мельгар в «Boletin de la Sociedad Mexicana de Geografia», iii, Época, стр. 108.

[716] Brasseur’s letter to M. Rafn in Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 6th series, vol. xvi, p. 263. He thinks the Scandinavians may have reached those remote parts at an early day. On pp. 281–9 he gives a list of words chosen from the Quiché, Cakchiquel and Zutohil, showing analogies with languages of Northern Europe, especially with the Scandinavian. Also see the same author in the Nouv. Ann. des Voy., 6th series, vol. iii, 1855, pp. 156–7. The Abbé in a letter to the New York Tribune, November 21st, 1855, in referring to the early inhabitants of Vera Paz, says: “They came from the east—not from the south-east, but from the north-east. I speak only of the tribes of Quiché-Cakchiquel and Zutohil. They came from the north-east, certainly passed through the United States, and as they say themselves, they crossed the sea in darkness, mist, cold and snow. I suppose they must have come from Denmark and Norway. They came in small numbers, and lost their white blood by their mixture with the Indians whom they found—whether in the United States or in these regions, certainly there must have been a Tula in our northern European countries. But what is more convincing of this migration or passage, I find the same result by a comparison of the languages. I cannot speak of the structure of them, but by what I have observed is that the fundamental forms and words of the languages of these regions (except the Mexican) are intimately connected with the Maya or Tzendal, and that all the words that are neither Mexican nor Maya belong to our languages of Northern Europe, viz.: English, Saxon, Danish, Norwegian, Swedish, Flemish and German, some even appear to belong to the French or Persian.”

[717] Dr. Farrar, referring to the Basque, says: “What is certain about it is, that its structure is polysynthetic, like the language of America. Like them, and them only, it habitually forms its compounds by the elimination of certain radicals in the simple words; so that, e. g., ilhun, twilight, is contracted from hill, dead, and egun, day; and belhaun, the knee, from belhar, front, and oin, leg. It was this fact that made Larramendi give to his treatise on Basque grammar the title of ‘The Impossible Overcome.’ The most daring of all the hypotheses which have been suggested points to the conceivable existence of some great Atlantis; to the possibility of the ‘Basque area being the remains of a vast system, of which Madeira and the Azores are fragments belonging to the Miocene period.’ Be this as it may, the fact is indisputable and is eminently noteworthy that, while the affinities of the Basque roots have never been conclusively elucidated, there has never been any doubt that this isolated language, preserving its identity in a western corner of Europe between two mighty kingdoms, resembles in its grammatical structure the aboriginal languages of the vast opposite continent, and those alone.”—Families of Speech, pp. 132–3. Also see Alfred Maury in Nott and Gliddon’s Indigenous Races of the Earth, p. 48.

[718] See Maury in Nott and Gliddon’s Indig. Races, pp. 81–84.

[719] Salisbury’s Le Plongeon in Yucatan, p. 96.

[720] See on the Maya, Ruz, Gram. Yucateca; Pimentel, Quadro Leng. Indig., tom. ii, pp. 5 et seq., whose grammar we have followed above. Also vol. ii, pp. 119, 221; vol. i, p. 229, for idioms; Gallatin in Am. Ethnol. Soc. Transact., vol. i, pp. 252 et seq.; Vater, Mithridates. tom. iii, pt. iii, pp. 4–24; Brasseur de Bourbourg, Grammaire in Landa’s Relacion, pp. 459 et seq., also Maya and French Vocabulary; Bancroft, Native Races, vol. iii, pp. 759–82, quotes prayer as above. Further see literature cited in Ludewig’s Literature of American Aboriginal Languages, ed. of Trübner. London, 1858, pp. 102–3.

[721] Full accounts of the grammatical structure of the languages of this family may be found in Pimentel’s Quadro, tom. i, pp. 35–78, 321–60; Orozco y Berra’s Geografía, pp. 25 et seq.; Bancroft’s Native Races, vol. iii, pp. 748–58.

[722] Ixtlilxochitl, Hist. Chic. in Kingsborough’s Mex. Antiq., vol. ix, p. 217, and cited by Bancroft, Native Races, vol. iii, p. 724.

[723] Native Races, vol. iii, pp. 724–5; Pimentel, Quadro Leng. Indig. de Mex., tom. i, pp. 154–8, and our discussion in this work, chapter vi. p. 255.

[724] Native Races, vol. iii, pp. 726–7. The same author refers to the Natural History of Dr. Hernandez, written in the Aztec, as proof of its copiousness. “Twelve hundred different species of Mexican plants, two hundred or more species of birds, and a large number of quadrupeds, reptiles, insects and metals, each of which is given its proper name in the Mexican language.” (Quoted by Pimentel, Quadro., vol. i, p. 168.)

[725] See Prescott’s Conq. of Mex., vol. i, p. 174 (ed. of 1875). “Tezcuco,” says Boturini, “where the noblemen sent their sons to acquire the most polished dialect of the Nahuatlac language, and to study poetry, moral philosophy, the heathen theology, astronomy, medicine and history.” (Idea, p. 142, cited by Prescott.)

[726] Geografía de las Lenguas, p. 9.

[727] Pimentel, Quadro, Lenguas Indig., p. 165, also copied by Bancroft, Native Races, vol. iii, p. 731. From Pimentel we draw our extract of Aztec Grammar.

[728] Quadro, Leng. Indig., tom. i, p. 183.

[729] It will be observed in some portions of this abstract, I have used almost the same words as are employed by Mr. Bancroft. This is owing to the fact that both he and I have translated certain passages literally from Señor Pimentel, from whose work I have drawn this account throughout. See Quadro, Lenguas Indig. de Mex., tom. i, pp. 164–216; Gallatin in Amer. Ethnol. Soc. Trans., vol. i, pp. 214–246; Vater, Mithridates, vol. iii, pt. iii, pp. 85–106, and Bancroft’s Native Races, vol. iii, pp. 721–37.

[730] Native Races, vol. iii, p. 726.

[731] Mithridates, tom. iii, pt. iii, pp. 75 et seq.

[732] Bancroft, Native Races, vol. iii, pp. 663–70, our authority for the facts stated on p. 486. See his sketch of the theory and the reaction under Buschmann.

[733] Die Lautveränderung Aztekischer Wörter in der Sonorischen Sprachen. Berlin, 1855, 4to, and Die Spuren der Aztekischen Sprachen. Berlin, 1850, 4to.

[734] Bancroft, Native Races, vol. iii, p. 669.

[735] Bancroft, Native Races, vol. iii, pp. 667–8; William von Humboldt in Buschmann, Spuren der Aztek. Spr. pp. 48–50; Orozco y Berra, Geografia, p. 39.

[736] Buschmann, Spuren der Aztek. Spr., p. 172; Orozco y Berra, Geografia, pp. 321–5; Bancroft, Native Races, vol. iii, p. 714.

[737] Geografia, pp. 58, 147–8.

[738] “As regards this Aztec element, I do not mean to say that these languages are related to the Aztec language in the same sense that other languages are spoken of as being related to each other, for this might lead those who are searching for the former habitation or fatherland of the Aztecs, to suppose that it has been found. This element consists simply in a number of words identical or reasonably approximate to the like Aztec words, and in the similarity, perhaps, of a few grammatical rules. How this Aztec word-material crept into the languages of the Shoshones, whether by inter-communication, or Aztec colonization, we do not know. Nor do I wish to be understood as attempting to sustain the popular theory of an Aztec migration from the North; on the contrary, the evidences of language are all on the other side.”—Bancroft’s Native Races, vol. iii, pp. 660–1.

[739] Buschmann, Spuren der Aztek. Spr., p. 290; Bancroft, Native Races, vol. iii, pp. 673–4.

[740] Spuren der Aztek. Spr., pp. 349–51, 391, 648–52 et seq.; Bancroft, Native Races, vol. iii, pp. 661–79, comparative table compiled from Buschmann, Turner, Molina, Ortega, and others, on p. 678.

[741] Buschmann, Spuren der Aztek. Spr., p. 629, and Bancroft, Native Races, vol. iii, pp. 630–1.

[742] “The Chinook language is spoken by all the nations from the mouth of the Columbia to the Falls. It is hard and difficult to pronounce for strangers, being full of gutturals like the Gaelic. The combinations thl or tl are as frequent in the Chinook as in the Mexican.”—Franchère, Narrative of a Voy. to N. W. Coast of N. Am., p. 262. Swan, speaking of the Chinook, says: “The peculiar clucking sound is produced by pressing the tongue against the roof of the mouth, and pronouncing the word ending with tl as if it were the letter k at the end of the tl; but it is impossible in any form or method of spelling that I know of, to convey the proper guttural clucking sound. Sometimes they will, as if for amusement, end all their words in tl; and the effect is ludicrous to hear three or four talking at the same time with this singular sound, like so many sitting-hens.”—North West Coast, p. 315.

[743] Buschmann, Spuren der Aztek. Spr., pp. 628–9; Bancroft, Native Races, vol. iii, p. 619.

[744] Gibbs’ Alphabetical Vocab. of Clallam and Lummi Lang., p. 6; Gallatin, in Trans. Am. Eth. Soc., vol. i, p. 54.

[745] Buschmann, Die Völker und Sprachen Neu-Mexico’s, p. 370, calls attention to the great resemblance of

Aztec. Nutka.

tepuztli =

copper =

chipuz

tetl =

stone =

tenetschök

и добавляет, что «Эскиатес» (Esquiates) — название общества — является чисто мексиканским. Мы прилагаем результат его исследований:

«Von ähnlicher Art, gleich den Spanisch gemodelten Gestalten Mexicanischer Wörter, sind viele Nutka-Wörter der Spanischen Sammlung: nur mit dem Unterschiede, dass sie auf keinen vorhandenen mexicanischen Wörtern beruhen (da zufällig diese Buchstaben-combinationem in der Azt. Sprache nicht vorkommen, aber ihren Wesen nach recht gut vorkommen könnten). Solche Wörter sind: iztocoti = Muschel (dazu Eigenname iztocoti No. 923); majati = jagd (caza), mamati = Hof, muztati = Regenbogen: cucustlati = Nasenloch, natlaycazte = Rippen; otniquit = Jungfrau; mamatle = Schiff; oumatle = Leib; aguequetle = Hunger; capitzitle = Dieb; tahechitle = larga: temextixitle = Kuss; cuachitle = reisen; cuchitle = pincher; meyali = Schmerz. Es giebt noch eine höhere Gattung von Nutka-Wörtern (der Span. Reise), welche (besonders durch die Aechtheit ihrer Endung von der vorigen verschieden) ganz und gar wie mexicanische Wörter aussehen, und (so weit sie substantiva sind) mexicanische sein würden, wenn es der Sprache beliebt hätte diese bestimmten Lautgestalten zu bilden: inapatl = Rücken; tlexatl = Matte; tzahuacatl = 9; chamiehtl = Iris; naguatzitl = Zwerg; naschitl = Tag; jacamitl = viereckig; huatzacchitl = Husten; nectzitl = trinken; pugxitl = heben; cocotl = Seeotter; amanutl = espinilla; apactzutl = Bart; ictlatzutl = Mund; iniyutl = Kehle; jayutl = Fluth; tlatlacastzeme = Blätter (wie ein Mex. Plural in me); coyactzac = Fuchsbalg. Noch mehr Wörter finden sich, wenn man für die Mex. Sprache unnatürliche und zu harte Consonanten—Verbindungen übersieht. Diese letzte höhere Gattung vorzüglich, doch auch die erstere meint Alexander von Humboldt in der obigen Stelle (S. 363). So gawinnt die Nutka-Sprache durch eine reiche Zahl von Wörtern und durch grosse Züge ihres Lautwesens, einzig von allen anderen fremden, die ich habe aufdecken können, in einem bedeutenden Theile eine täuschende Aehnlichkeit mit der Aztekischen oder Mexicanischen; und so wird die ihr schon früher gewidmete Aufmerksamkeit vollständig gerechtfertigt. Ihrer Mexicanischen Erscheinrung fehlt aber, wie ich von meiner Seite hier ausspreche jede Wirklichkeit.» — Ibid., S. 371.

[746] Compte-Rendu Seconde Ses. Cong. Internat, des Américanistes, Luxembourg, vol. i, pp. 51–2.

[747] Bancroft’s Native Races, vol. iii, p. 727. Acosta, Hist. Nat. Ind., p. 600. Sahagun, Hist. Gen., tom. iii, lib. ix, cap. 9.

[748] “To show how languages spring up and grow, Vancouver, when visiting the coast in 1792, found in various places along the shores of Oregon, Washington and Vancouver’s Island, nations that now and then understood words and sentences of the Nootka and other tongues, some of which had been adopted into their own language. When Lewis and Clarke, in 1806, reached the coast, the jargon [Chinook] seems to have already assumed a fixed shape, as may be seen from the sentences quoted by the explorers.”—Bancroft’s Native Races, vol. iii, p. 632.

[749] I append a partial list from Señor Najera’s Disertacion sobre la lengua Othomi, Mexico, 1845, fol., pp. 87–8. I have rendered the Spanish list into English.

Chinese.

Othomi.

English.

Chinese.

Othomi.

English.

Cho. To. The, that. Pa. Da. To give.

Y. N-y. A wound. Tsun. Nsu. Honor.

Ten. Gu, Mu. Head. Hu. Hmu. Sir, Lord.

Siao. Sui. Night. Na. Na. That.

Tien. Tsi. Tooth. Hu. He. Cold.

Ye. Yo. Shining. Ye. He. And.

Ky. Hy (ji). Happiness. Hos. Hia. Word.

Ku. Du. Death. Nugo. Nga. I.

Po. Yo. No. Ni. Nuy. Thou.

Na. Ta. Man. Hao. Nho. The good.

Nin. Nsu. Female. Ta. Da. The great.

Tseu. Tsi, Ti. Son. Li. Ti. Gain.

Tso. Tsa. To perfect. Ho. To. Who.

uan. Khuani. True. Pa. Pa. To leave.

Siao. Sa. To mock. Mu, Mo. Me. Mother.

[750] Warden, in Antiquités Mexicaines, tom. ii, div. ii, pp. 125 et seq. The same author has furnished many linguistic analogies, though without following any scientific classification. Ampère, Promenade en Amérique, vol. ii, p. 301, furnishes a list of Chinese and Otomi resemblances.

[751] Orozco y Berra, Geografía, p. 17. Pimentel, Leng. Indig. de Mex., tom. i, p. 118. Bancroft, vol. iii, p. 737. Vater, Mithridates, tom. iii, pt. iii, p. 113. Malte-Brun (V. S.), in Congrès des Américanistes, Luxembourg, Seconds Ses., tom. ii, pp. 16–18.

[752] “In 1857, a gentleman named Henley, a good Chinese scholar, who acted as an interpreter of this state for some time, published a list of words in the Chinese and Indian languages to show that they were of the same origin. From this we make an extract supporting our remarks:

Indian.

Chinese.

English.

Indian.

Chinese.

English.

Nang-a, Nang, Man. A-pa, A-pa, Father.

Yi-soo, Soa, Hand. A-ma, A-ma, Mother.

Keoka, Keok, Foot. Ko-le, A-ko, Brother.

Aek-a-soo, Soo, Beard. Ko-chae, To-chae, Thanks.

Yuet-a, Yuet, Moon. Nagam, Yam, Drunk.

Yeeta, Yat, Sun. Koolae, Ku-kay, Her.

Utyta, Hoto, Much. Koo-chue, Chue-koo, Hog.

Lee-lum, Ee-lung, Deafness. Chookoo, Kow-chi, Dog.”

Ho-ya-pa, Ho-ah, Good.

У нас нет под рукой средств для проверки следующего утверждения того же автора: «Китайцы, которые стали столь многочисленны в Калифорнии после открытия золота, поразительно похожи на индейцев и, как известно, способны беседовать с ними на их соответствующих языках до такой степени, которая не может быть результатом простой случайности выражения». — Кронейз, «Природное богатство Калифорнии» (Cronaise, The Natural Wealth of California), стр. 31. Вероятно, ошибка.

[753] “Unhesitatingly as I make this assertion—an assertion for which I have numerous tabulated vocabularies as proof—I am by no means prepared to say that one-tenth part of the necessary work has been done for the parts in question; indeed, it is my impression that it is easier to connect America with the Kuirle Isles and Japan, etc., than it is to make Japan and the Kuirle Isles, etc., Asiatic.”—Latham, Man and His Migrations, pp. 195–6. Barton, New Views, is certain that the languages of America originated in Asia; see pp. lxxxviii–xcii. On p. 28 of Appendix he furnishes a comparative list of Japanese and Indian words.

[754] Vergleichung der Amerikanischen Sprachen mit den Ural-Altaïschen hinsichtlich ihrer Grammatik. (Congrès des Américanistes, Luxembourg, 1877, tom. ii, p. 56 et seq.) Also see E. L. O. Roehrig “On the Language of the Dakota or Sioux Indians,” Smithsonian Report, 1872.

[755] Prof. Valentini’s communication to the author.

[756] Brasseur, in Landa’s Relacion, p. xxi, and Popol Vuh, chap. iii. Brasseur, in Quatre Lettres, p. 24, speaking of the Codex Chimalpopoca, says: “Oui, Monsieur, si ce livre est en apparence l’histoire des Toltèques et ensuite des rois des Colhuacan et de Mexico, il présente, en réalité, le récit du cataclysme qui bouleversa le monde, il y a quelques six on sept mille ans, et constitua le continents dans leur état actuel,” pp. 40–41. He expresses his belief that the Cod. Chim. has a double meaning, and that many names and symbols possessed by the natives refer to the cataclysm which occurred six or seven thousand years ago. “C’est le récit de ces bouleversements, c’est l’histoire du cataclysme, dont tous les peuples ont gardé la mémoire, que racontent tous mes documents.”

[757] The following are the legends, according to Brasseur de Bourbourg: “According to the tradition of the Sacred Book (Popol Vuh), water and fire contributed to the universal ruin, at the time of the last cataclysm which preceded the fourth creation. ‘Then,’ says the author, ‘the waters were agitated by the will of the Heart of Heaven, and a great inundation came upon the heads of these creatures. * * * They were engulfed, and a resinous thickness descended from heaven. * * * The face of the earth was obscured and a heavy darkening rain commenced, rain by day and rain by night. * * * There was heard a great noise above their heads as if produced by fire. Then were men seen running, pushing each other, filled with despair; they wished to climb upon their houses, and the houses tumbling down fell to the ground; they wished to climb upon the trees, and the trees shook them off; they wished to enter into the grottoes, and the grottoes closed themselves before them.’ In the Codex Chimalpopoca, the author, speaking of the destruction which took place by fire, says: ‘The third sun is called Quia-Tonatiuh, sun of rain, because there fell a rain of fire; all which existed burned, and there fell a rain of gravel.’ They also narrate that whilst the sandstone which we now see scattered about, and the tetzontli (amygdaloide poreuse) boiled with great tumult, there also rose the rocks of vermillion color. Now this was in the year Ce Tecpactl, One Flint, it was the day Nahui-Quiahuitl, Fourth Rain. Now, in this day, in which men were lost and destroyed in a rain of fire, they were transformed into goslings; the sun itself was on fire, and everything, together with the houses, was consumed.” Brasseur recounts a Haytian legend concerning the origin of the sea and isles: “There was, they say, a powerful man called Iaia, who, having murdered his only son, wished to bury him; but not knowing where to put him, enclosed him in a calabash, which he placed afterwards at the foot of a high mountain, situated a little distance from the place where he lived; on account of his affection for his son he often went to the spot. One day, having opened it (the calabash), there came out whales and other very large fishes, of which Iaia, full of fear, having returned home, told his neighbors what had happened, saying that this calabash was filled with water and innumerable fishes. This news being spread abroad, four twin brothers, desiring to obtain fish, went to the place where the calabash was. Just as they had taken it in their hand to open it, Iaia came, and they seeing him, threw the calabash on the ground, in their fear of him. This (the calabash) having burst, on account of the great weight which was enclosed in it, the waters gushed forth, and the interminable plain, which stretched farther than the eye could reach, was flooded and covered with water. The mountains alone, because of their great height, were not submerged in this great inundation. So they believed that these mountains were the islands and the other divisions of the earth which we see in the world.”—Brasseur de Bourbourg, in Landa’s Relacion, pp. xxi–iv.

[758] “With regard to the primitive dolichocephalæ of America, I entertain an hypothesis still more bold, perhaps, namely, that they are nearly related to the Guanches in the Canary Islands and to the Atlantic populations of Africa, the Moors, Tauricks, Copts, etc., which Latham comprises under the name of Egyptian-Atlantidæ. * * * We find, then, one and the same form of skull in the Canary Islands, in front of the African coast, and in the Carib-Islands, on the opposite coast which faces Africa. * * * The color of the skin on both sides of the Atlantic is represented in these populations as being of a reddish-brown. * * * These facts involuntarily recall the tradition which Plato tells us in his Timæus was communicated to Solan by an Egyptian priest respecting the ancient Atlantis. * * * This tradition deserves attention in connection with facts which seem to point in the same direction.”—Retzius, in Smithsonian Report for 1859, p. 266.

[759] Salisbury, Dr. Le Plongeon in Yucatan, pp. 57–61.

[760] Unger, Die Versunkene Insel Atlantis, cited by Lyell, Antiquity of Man, p. 440.

[761] Published in Winterthal, 1854–58, 3 bde. Also by the name author, see Urwelt der Schweiz, Zurich, 1865, and Ergänzungsblätter, bd. ii (Hildburgh), 1867. See Meyer’s Konversations-Lexicon, 3. Aufl., bd. viii, p. 693; bd. ii, p. 125, where the above are cited. Dr. Otto Ule, Die Erde, bd. i, p. 27, concurs with the above; work published in Leipzig, 1874, 2 vols. large 8vo.

[762] See Lyell, Antiquity of Man, p. 440, and Oliver, Lecture at the Royal Institution, March 7, 1862, cited by Lyell.

[763] Sir C. Wyville Thomson, The Atlantic (voyage of the Challenger), vol. i, pp. 190, 208, 213; vol. ii, 23, 232. New York, 1878. Also see Scientific American for July 28th, 1877.

[764] Depths of the Sea, by Dr. Carpenter, F.R.S., J. G. Jeffreys, F.R.S., and Dr. Wyville Thomson, F.R.S., London, 1873.

[765] The Atlantic, Exploring Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, vol. ii, pp. 248–9.

[766] The Atlantic, vol. ii, p. 23.

[767] Scientific American, July 28, 1877.

[768] The Atlantic, vol. ii, p. 254.

[769] Ibid., vol. ii, p. 288.

[770] Popular Science Review, July 1878, cited by Scientific American of August 24, 1878, vol. xxxix, p. 114.

[771] Le Conte, Elements of Geology, New York, 1878, p. 131.

[772] Le Conte, Geology, p. 129.

[773] Ibid., pp. 127–32. Dr. Otto Ule, Die Erde, bd. i, ss. 496–502.

[774] See Plato’s Critias and Timæas. Also Aristotle, De Mundo, cap. iii, and Prince Henry the Navigator, chap, vii, by Major, Lond., 1868.

[775] See Reclus, The Ocean, pp. 70–82. New York, ed. 1878.

[776] Irving’s Columbus, vol. i, chap, iii; vol. ii, p. 308. Reclus, Ocean, pp. 223, 229.

[777] Irving’s Columbus, vol. ii, p. 279. Lafiteau, Conquestes des Portugais, lib. ii, cited by Irving.

[778] See Martius, Beitrage, etc., p. 180, for the origin-tradition of the Tupis or Brazilians, where it is narrated that two brothers with their families landed at a remote period on Cape Frio. The brothers Tupi and Guarani gave their names to the two great South American families.

[779] Brasseur in Landa’s Relacion, pp. lii–lxv; Eckstein, Les Cares or Cariens de l’Antiquité, 2d part, vi, dans la Revue Archéologique, XVe année; Brugsch, Die Geogr. der Nachbarlaender Egyptens, pp. 84–88, cited by Brasseur. “En ces vieux jours du monde, dit encore M. d’Eckstein, où Ibères et Libyens, Lahabim et Phoutim s’enlacaient plus ou moins à travers l’Europe occidentale, et poussaient jusqu’au sein de l’Irlande et de la Grande Bretagne, les monuments de Mizraïm semblent révéler des rapports maritimes de ces Libyens et probablement de ces Ibères avec les Cares et avec les autres races anté-pélasgiques des côtes de la Grèce et de l’Italie, ainsi que des iles de l’Archipel.”—Brasseur de Bourbourg in Landa’s Relacion, pp. lvii–lviii.

[780] Manual of Geology, second ed., p. 583.

[781] Le Conte, Elements of Geology, pp. 145–149.

[782] Baldwin’s Ancient America, Appendix C, pp. 288–293.

[783] Man and His Migrations, pp. 129–30.

[784] Kennon in Leland’s Fusang, p. 68.

[785] “From the result of the most accurate scientific observation, it is evident that the voyage from China to America can be made without being out of sight of land more than a few hours at a time. To a landsman, unfamiliar with long voyages, the mere idea of being ‘alone on the wide, wide sea’ with nothing but water visible, even for an hour, conveys a strange sense of desolation, of daring and adventure. But in truth it is regarded as a mere trifle, not only by regular seafaring men, but even by the rudest races in all parts of the world; and I have no doubt that from the remotest ages, and on all shores, fishermen in open boats, canoes, or even coracles, guided simply by the stars and currents, have not hesitated to go far out of sight of land. At the present day, natives of the South Pacific islands undertake, without a compass, and successfully, long voyages which astonish even a regular Jack-tar, who is not often astonished at anything.”—Kennon in Leland’s Fusang, pp. 71–2.

[786] See Bancroft, Native Races, vol. v, pp. 51–54, where the paper of the Japanese Consul, Mr. Brooks, read before the Californian Academy of Sciences in March, 1875, is cited, detailing forty-one instances in which Japanese junks were cast upon our coast since 1782. Mr. Brooks states that he has a record of over one hundred similar disasters. Whymper, in his Alaska (N. Y. 1869), p. 250, refers to other Japanese wrecks, and especially to one which, after drifting ten months, reached the Sandwich Islands. The Hawaiians, on seeing the crew, said, “It is plain now, we came from Asia.” See also M. de Roquefeuil, Journal d’un Voyage autour du Monde, pendant les annes, 1816–1819; Smith’s Human Species, p. 238.

[787] Physical Geography, p. 41, cited by Lyell, Antiquity of Man, p. 367.

[788] Antiquity of Man, p. 367.

[789] “There is as much reason to believe that America was peopled from Asia, as that the primitive races of Europe and Africa should derive their origin from an Eastern source.”—Macfie, Vancouver Island and British Columbia. London, 1865.

[790] “The weather is, it is true, cold at Behring’s Straits, even in summer, but not one-fourth as cold as at Matsumai, Japan, in winter.”—Col. Kennon in Leland’s Fusang, p. 74.

[791] Frederick von Hellwald in Smithsonian Report, 1866, p. 345. “Open skin canoes, capable of containing twenty or more persons with their effects, and hoisting several masts and sails, are now frequently observed among the seacoast Tehuktchis, and the inhabitants of northern Alaska.”—Whymper, Alaska, p. 246–7.

[792] He continues his statement that the Gulf Stream of the Pacific is the warming agent, and adds the argument that “the present inhabitants of the countries contiguous to Behring’s Straits on the two sides, in manners, customs, and physical appearance are almost identical.”—Smithsonian Report, 1866, p. 345.

[793] Gallatin, p. 156. Bancroft, in assuming the certainty of a migration by Behring’s Straits, says “it seems absurd to argue the question from any point,” vol. v, p. 54. Venegas, Noticia de la California, Madrid, 1757, vol. i, p. 71, and London ed., 1759, p. 61, says the Californians at that date had clear traditions of having come from the north. Fontaine, How the World was Peopled, (N. Y. 1872), pp. 147–9, thinks that the march of Genghis with 1,400,000 Tartars caused the flight of his enemies in large numbers across the Aleutian archipelago and Behring’s Straits. Warden, Recherches, pp. 118–36, makes an argument for a migration through Behring’s Straits from Tartary and China.

[794] Gallatin, in Amer. Ethnol. Soc. Trans., vol. i, p. 158, says: “That America was first peopled by Asiatic tribes is highly probable; but after the lapse of several thousand years, the memory of that ancient migration was lost.” He inquires as to what we knew of Gaul or Britain before the Roman invasion. Mr. W. H. Dall, in his thoughtful Memoir on the Origin of the Innuit, says: “I see no reason for disputing the hypothesis that America was peopled from Asia originally, and that there were successive waves of emigration. The northern route was clearly by way of Behring Strait; at least, it was not to the south of that, and especially it was not by way of the Aleutian Islands.”—In Contributions to North American Ethnology, vol. i, p. 95. Washington, 1877. 4to.

[795] Aug. R. Grote, The Peopling of America, in American Naturalist, April 1877.

[796] Croll, Climate and Time, New York, 1875, 12mo. Prof. McFarland in Am. Jour. of Sci. and Arts, June 1876, p. 456. Newcomb on Croll’s Theory in same journal for April 1876, p. 263.

[797] Whymper, Alaska, pp. 246, 247, discusses the volcanic nature of the Aleutian Islands, mentioning the fact that “There are records of very severe shocks of earthquake felt by the Russian traders and nations dwelling on them.”

[798] Sir Charles Lyell, Antiquity of Man, pp. 273 et seq., has shown that Great Britain was separated from the continent by subsidence and glacial action, thus producing the English Channel which, we have already seen, corresponds singularly with Behring’s Straits in width and depth, and formerly, no doubt, both corresponded more nearly in climatic conditions. It is not unreasonable to suppose that both passages were produced by the same agencies.

[799] Presidential Address to the Am. Association for Adv. of Sci., 1872, and published in his Darwiniana, pp. 203 et seq.

[800] John H. Becker, The Migration of the Nahuas, Congrès des Américanistes, Luxembourg, ses., tom. i. p. 349. Altogether the most enlightened treatment of the subject yet published.

[801] Becker in Ibid., pp. 348–9. The same author cites from the Trans. of Am. Geog. Soc., 1874, the following interesting statement made by Gen. Milnor: “Nowhere else on the continent can similar great valleys such as the Missouri and Columbia be found, meeting advantageously at a common point on the main dividing backbone which separates the continental waters flowing east and west to the two oceans. The heads of these main valleys are here only from three to four thousand feet above the sea, while the great treeless plains—further south—are elevated more than six thousand feet.”

[802] The expedition which the German government and the Berlin Geographical Society is about to send to the North Pacific under the intelligent direction of my friend Dr. Van der Horck, will no doubt contribute largely to our information concerning the ethnographical relationship of America to Asia.

[803] Second Report on the Implements found in the Glacial Drift of New Jersey, by C. C. Abbott in Eleventh Annual Report of Peabody Museum, pp. 225–57. Cambridge, 1878.

[804] Mr. Becker remarks: “Why should the Aztec priesthood and nobility, a class bred and educated in the understanding of traditional lore and an elaborate system of picture-writing, be considered as a set of metaphysical lunatics who did not know or did not mean what they said.”—Migration of the Nahuas in Cong. des Américanistes, Luxembourg, 1877, tom. i, p. 342.

[805] Vide Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, Vol. I, No. 3, October, 1878.

[806] Vide Archæological Explorations in Tennessee, by F. W. Putnam. Eleventh Annual Report of the Peabody Museum of American Archæology and Ethnology, Cambridge, Mass., 1878.

[807] Letter to the author, dated Davenport, Iowa, May 24, 1879.

[808] Bulletin of U. S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, vol. ii., No. i., p. 6.

[809] Contributions to North American Ethnology, vol. iv.—U. S. Geographical and Geological Survey of the Rocky Mountain Region, J. W. Powell in charge. Washington, 1881: especially chap. ix.

[810] In addition to the work by Mr. Morgan above cited, the student of Mound-builder and Pueblo archæology should not fail to consult vol. vii. of the Report upon U. S. Geographical Surveys west of the one hundredth meridian, in charge of Lieutenant Wheeler, Washington, 1879. The volume bears the above date, but did not appear until near the close of 1881. The editing of this valuable work was committed to the discriminating care of Professor F. W. Putnam, who was assisted by an able corps of specialists, among others Dr. C. C. Abbott and Albert S. Gatschet. The Second Part is devoted to papers on the Pueblos. The magnificent fund of materials here presented, accompanied by full-page heliotypes of ruins and implements, vastly enlarges our knowledge of that interesting people. Still another work, of more than ordinary importance to ethnological and archæological students, is Dr. Charles Rau’s Observations on Cup-shaped and other Lapidarian Sculptures in the Old World and in America, Contributions to Ethnology, vol. v. Washington, 1881. Last, but not least, is Professor Otis T. Mason’s Account of recent Progress in Anthropology, in Smithsonian Report for 1880.

Transcriber’s Notes:

Пустые страницы были удалены.

Очевидные опечатки были исправлены молчаливо.

Широкие таблицы были разделены.