«Северные американцы древности. Происхождение, миграции и тип цивилизации»

not related to a flood, 235, 237;

origin according to Duran, 236, 368–70.

Christ myth in Yucatan, 231, 464.

Christy collection, Mosaic knife from, 412.

Chinese colonization of America, 148.

Chronology, accepted faulty, 199, 200;

Duke of Argyll on, 200.

майя, 435–45;

согласованный с нашим, 443–45.

Cibola, seven cities of, 288.

Земляные сооружения Цинциннати, 44–6;

табличка, 44–6.

Circumcision, 463.

Cists, stone, 60.

Civilization, American contrasted with that of ancient Britons, 520.

Clallam and Lummi languages, Aztec element in, 490.

Кларк, Роберт, о Цинциннатской табличке, 44–6.

on Morgan’s Pueblo theory, 55, n. 2.

Классификация черепов, 160–3.

of mound-works by Squier and Davis, and Foster, 81.

of mound relics by Rau, 82, n. 1.

Clavigero, views on origin of Americans, 140, n. 1.

on first colonists of America, 204.

Cliff-dwellers, 293;

their traditional history, 302.

Cliff-dwellings of the Mancos Cañon, 298–99, 319.

McElmo Cañon, 302.

Хоувипи, 305–7.

San Juan, 307, 308, 319.

and Rock Shelters on San Juan, 309.

house of Chelly Cañon, 315.

in Montezuma Cañon, 316.

Cloth from mounds, 37, 43.

Coast level, elevation and depression of, 405.

Coffins, stone, 60.

Columbus, 22;

stern-post of ship seen by, 506.

Colonists, first in Mexico, 242.

Color, variety in human races, 197, 198;

Darwin on origin of, 199.

Color of ancient Americans, 189;

Pritchard on, 189, n. 2.

Colorado River, ruins in Grand Cañon of, 285.

Исследования майора Пауэлла, 285–87.

Colorado Chiquito, antiquities of, 287.

Columbia River languages, 492.

Conant, A. J., explorations by, 76, 77;

on ancient canals, 98, 100.

Conflict of science and dogmatism, 131.

Confusion of tongues, 238.

Connett mound, 56.

Завоевание Шибальбы, 222–5.

Copan, 221;

руины, 356–59;

скульптура, 404–5.

Copper in mounds, 85;

древние рудники, 89–94;

theory of Mexican supply, 93, 493.

relics from Wisconsin, 99.

язык кора и его отношение к ацтекскому, 486–7.

Cosmogonic egg, 416, 419, 465.

Coronado’s journey to New Mexico, 281, n. 1.

Cox, Prof., discoveries cited, 75.

Cox-cox, Mexican Noah, 262, n. 1.

Cox-cox, Bancroft’s observations on, 263, 454.

Crania Americana, измерения, классифицированные, 161–3.

Краниологические измерения, 159–60.

Черепа из курганов, свидетельство, 105–6.

River Rogue, 167;

measurements by Gillman, 168.

Давенпорт, измерения Фаркуарсона, 169–70;

from Ohio, 170;

from Kentucky, 171;

from Tennessee, 171;

comparison, 174;

compression of common, 178, 184;

among Chinooks, 182;

among other American tribes, 183.

Cranium, low type, discovered by Conant, 174.

Cremation probable, 85.

Cristone of McElmo Cañon, 301.

Cross, subterranean temple of, 363.

Tablet of, 390.

Cruciform works at Trenton, Wis., 35.

Круглый крест в Паленке, 416–17.

Cukulcan culture hero, 230–31, 272, 394, 457.

Culhuacan, 226.

Culhuas (Nahuas) sometimes applied to Mayas, 209.

Curtiss, Ed., explorations by, 65.

D.

Даблон, отец, об использовании меди аборигенами, 92–3.

Dakota mounds, 31, n. 2.

Dall, W. H., on migration by Behring’s Straits, 512, n. 1.

Dana, J. D., review of Dr. Koch’s discoveries, 120.

Darwin on old world origin of Americans, 194.

Давенпортская академия, исследования под ее руководством, 37–40.

Davenport Tablet, 38, 40.

Черепа из давенпортского кургана, 169–70.

курительная трубка в виде слона, Приложение B.

Дни у майя, 436–38.

Deguignes, 148.

Мексиканские мифы о потопе, 262–3, примечания.

Tezpi, 263, n.;

Analogies, 460.

Развитие американской расы (см. Эволюция).

Диксон, д-р, исследование «Оврага мамонта», 113–14.

Diseases of Mound-builders, 184.

Dogmatism and science, 131.

Dolechocephalic crania classified, 161.

“Dolphin Rise,” the, 501.

Domenech, Abbé, note on works, 139, n. 4.

Dowler, Dr., skeleton discovered by, 123;

estimate of antiquity, 123.

Drake, account of works at Cincinnati by, 44.

Drift (modified), fossil from, 121.

Dwellings of Mound-builders, 67.

E.

Earth, globular form discovered, 133.

Echevarria y Veitia on the origin of the Americans, 138.

Eckstein, Baron de, on the Caras, 507.

Eden, Mexican analogies with, 460.

Edificios de Quemada, 379.

Education of Aztec children, 432.

Курганы-эффигии в Висконсине, 33–36;

of Ohio, 34;

of Georgia, 35.

Egypt and Teotihuacan compared, 383.

Egyptian influence on American civilization, 147.

Egyptian painting, 197.

Egyptian Tau at Palenque, 416.

El Castillo, pyramid, 366.

Курган в виде слона, 35–6.

“Trunk,” 385, 395;

pipe, 530.

El Moro, ruins on, 290.

Elyria cave, Whittlesey on, 26.

Engleman, Dr. J. G., 43.

Enoch, H. R., discovery by, 44.

Epsom Creek, antiquities of, 315;

elevated tower on, 316.

Eric the Red, 153.

Ericson, 32.

Eskimo, the first occupants of America, 512.

Estufa (Pueblo sanctuary), 292;

entrance peculiar, 322.

Etowah valley mounds, 72.

Europe, antiquity of man in, 24, n. 1.

Evolution, origin of the Americans by, 191;

views of Hellwald on, 191;

regarded improbable by Hæckel and Darwin, 195.

F.

Fanaticism of early writers on America, 133.

Farquharson, Dr., reports by, 38.

Farrar, Dr. W., on American language, 470.

Feathered Serpent (Quetzalcoatl, Gucumatz Cukulcan), 272, 394, 457.

Festival of the Mexican Cycle, 456.

Flood myths of the Mexicans, 262, n. 1, 499;

пуэбло, 335–6.

Floors of burnt clay, 66.

Florida, ancient home of Mayas, 517.

Челюстная кость из Флориды, мнения Агассиса и Пурталеса, 112–13.

Fontaine, Mr., on Tennessee valley mounds, 71.

Forchhammer on Indian languages, 496.

Forest growth on mounds, 104.

Форшей, проф. К. Г., о южных курганах, 77–79.

Fort Ancient, 51;

Judges Dunlevy and Force on, 51, 52.

Fortifications (ancient) in New York, on the Lakes, and in Butler Co., Ohio, 50;

in Miami valley, 51, 75.

Foster’s Pre-historic Races, importance of, 100, n. 2.

Foster, Dr. J. W., on Cahokia mound, 42;

classification of mound-works by, 81;

on Indian traditions, 102;

о возрасте «новоорлеанского скелета», 124.

Fossil from drift, Jersey Co., Ill., 121;

Foster’s observations on, 121.

Fremont, Montezuma legend by, 334.

Frio, Cape, distance from Africa, 506.

Fuentes, description of Copan by, 356.

Funeral ceremony, 39, 40.

Фусан, 148–51;

views of Neuman on, 149;

Bretschneider, 150;

Klaproth, 150;

D’Eichthal, 151.

G.

Гама, Леон и, о мексиканском Календарном камне, 450–55.

Гарсия о происхождении американцев, 136–7.

Gardner, J. Starke, on Dolphin and Challenger ridges, 503.

Gass, Rev. J., discoveries of, 37, 40.

Джемелли Каррери, карта миграции, 261–3.

Geometrical knowledge of Mound-builders, 49.

Geographical names, analogies in, 497.

Gest, Mr. E., 46.

Giants, race of, 232;

destruction of, 235.

Gila river, Casa Grande of, 279.

accounts of, 279;

ground plan of, 281.

view of, 283.

Gillman, Henry, explorations of, 29.

о черепах с реки Роуг, 167–8.

on crania from Chamber’s Island, 169.

Goazacoalco (various spellings) river and province, 251.

Каса-дель-Гобернадор, 347–50.

Грамматика языка майя, 477–9.

ацтекский язык, 481–85.

Grave Creek mound, 87.

Gravier on Northmen, 153.

Gray, Asa, on American and European flora, 501;

on Asiatic flora, 513.

Письменность, см. Иероглифы.

Great Serpent, mound-work, 34, 70.

Grecques at Mitla, 363.

Greek analogies of religion, 466.

Greek colonization of America, 146;

advocates of, 146.

Greek gods in Yucatan, 467.

Green County, Missouri, mound, 74.

Greenland, subsidence of coast, 504.

«Закон Гримма», 471–488.

Grote, Prof. A. R., observations on Eskimo, 128, 512.

Гватемальцы, мифы о происхождении и потопе, 228–9.

Gucumatz, Quiché, deity, 213, 222, 226, 227.

search for maize by, 241, 272.

Gulf Stream, 505.

H.

Хакавиц, гора и божество, 215–16.

Hæckel, on origin of Americans, 195.

Hair of ancient Americans, 186.

Hair-cloth from mounds, 43.

Hanno’s naval expeditions, 145.

Hands, prints of ancient cliff-dwellers, 312.

Haywood, mummies described by, 187.

Деформация черепа, история, 178–80;

практиковавшаяся в Америке, 180–84;

Prof. Wilson on, 180;

among the Chinooks, 182;

among Mound-builders, 183.

Headlee, Dr., cited, 75, n.

Hearths (ancient) in Ohio valley, 122.

Helena, Missouri, sun-dried bricks at, 75.

Hellwald, F. von, and copper in Mexico, 93.

Herrera on origin of Americans, 137.

Heroic period of American history, 515.

Hieroglyphics, from the mounds, 419.

of cliff-dwellers, 420;

у майя, 420–28;

ключ Ланды к ней, 223–25.

Мексиканская, 429–34.

Hill, S. W., on ancient copper mines, 91.

Hindoo and Mexican analogies, 465.

Hiram and Solomon’s fleet, 154.

Hitchcock, Prof. Ed., on age of Mississippi delta, 128.

Хивиты, предки вотанитов, 208–9, прим.

Hoei-Shin, report on Fusang, 148.

Holmes, W. H., explorations of, 297, 305, 317.

on Rio de la Plata, 318;

mound-works reported, 318;

discoveries on San Juan, 319.

в каньоне Манкос, 320–24.

Hooker, Sir Joseph, 43.

Hopetown works, 49.

Hosea, S. M., on sacrificial mounds, 74, n. 2.

Houses of Mound-builders, 67.

Hovenweep, ruined city of, 304;

niche stairway of, 306;

cliff-house of, 307.

Хоуланд, Г. Р., открытия в «американском низменном районе», 43–4.

Huastecs, Maya nation, 234.

Hueman (Huematzin), Toltec astrologer and leader, 245, 253.

Hue hue Tlapalan, ancient Nahua home, 238, 240, 248;

date of migration from, 240, 241, 244, 245, n., 458;

location of, 244, 518.

in Mississippi Valley, 253;

not in North-west, 253.

Уэуэтан в Чьяпасе, 206.

Huemac, Toltec king, 268.

Hueyxalan, Toltec station, 245.

Humboldt, William von, on Aztec language, 486.

Humphries and Abbott’s estimate of age of Mississippi delta, 124.

Hunahpu, Quiché, hero, 222;

подвиги, 222–3.

Hunab Ku (only god), 231.

Hunbatz, 223.

Хун-Каме, 222–24.

Hunchouen, 228.

Хунхунахпу, вождь киче, 222–3.

Hurakan, Quiché, deity, 212, 222, 226.

I.

Iaia, tradition of, 499, n.

Igh, one of the first colonists of Chiapas, 204.

Imox, one of the first colonists of Chiapas, 204.

Inca-bone, 173.

India and Mexico, religious analogies of, 465.

Indiana mounds, 57, n. 2.

Indigenous Americans, 155.

views of writers on, 156.

Infant burial in Tennessee, 60, 66.

Ингерсолл, мистер, предание о скальных жителях, записанное им, 302–4.

Intercalary days, 445, 455.

Межледниковая раса, 512–516.

relics from Waynesville, Ohio, 126;

Президент Ортон о ней, 126–7.

Межледниковый человек в Нью-Джерси, 127–8.

Ики-Балам, божество киче, 214–15.

Irish colonists of America, 152.

Израиль, потерянные колена в Америке, 135–6;

views of Duran on, 135;

Thorowgood, 136;

L’Estrange, 136;

Garcia, 137;

Pineda, 138;

Echevarria y Veitia and Kingsborough, 143.

Isle Royal, copper mines on, 91;

Генри Гиллман, 91, прим. 1;

Фостер о них, 92–3;

Использование меди аборигенами, 92–3.

Issaquena County, Mississippi, mounds, 70;

Anderson’s Calendar Stone from, 70.

Ixtlilxochetl’s Relaciones, 240, 250.

J.

Jackson, W. H., discoveries by in the McElmo and Mancos cañons, 294.

в Хоувипи, 305–7.

Janos river, antiquities of, 278.

Japanese and American affinities, 496.

colonization of America, 148.

Jaredites, colonists of America, 144.

Челюстная кость из Флориды, мнения Агассиса и графа Пурталеса, 112–13.

Jewish theory of colonization, 143.

Jewish and Mexican historical analogies, 461.

Jones, George, on Phœnician colonization of America, 146;

estimate of his work, 146, n. 2.

Джонс, проф. Джозеф, исследование курганов в Теннесси, 171–3;

cranial measurements by, 172.

K.

Kabah, peculiarity of architecture at, 352.

Kamucu, Quiché national song, 217.

Kennebec valley mound, 28.

Kennon, Col., on Aleutian islands, 509.

Kentucky mound crania, 171.

Kinich-Kakmó, queen of Chichen-Itza, 400.

Надуманные аналогии Кингсборо, 460–65.

Kitchens of the Mound-builders, 76.

Кухонные кучи, см. Раковистые кучи.

Knapp, S. O., discovery of ancient copper mines by, 89.

Кох, д-р, открытия, 116–121;

Дж. Д. Дана о них, 120–21;

Koch, valuable services of, 121, n. 2.

Kuro-suvo, or Japan current, 509.

L.

Labná, architecture of, 353.

Медные рудники озера Верхнее, 90–92.

Lamnites, colonists of America, 144.

Алфавит Ланды, 423–25.

Дни и месяцы майя, 436–7.

Languages (American), multiplicity of, 190, 469;

неустойчивость, 493–4, прим. 1.

survival of the fittest, 470.

the Maya-Quiché, 472;

classification of, 472;

stability of the Maya, 473.

the oldest American, 473;

Orozco y Berra on, 473, 493;

Maya-Quiché characteristics, 474;

Dr. Le Plongeon on, 474.

ацтекский, 479–90;

краткое изложение грамматики, 481–85;

сродство с азиатскими, 495–96;

bearing on migrations, 486.

Лапхем, д-р, обследование земляных сооружений в Висконсине, 34–5.

Lascarbot on origin of Americans, 137.

Las Casas, on origin of Guatemalians, 228.

on flood myth, 228;

on creation myth, 228, n.;

on Christ myth, 231.

Latham on Morton’s theories, 165, n.

Lautverschiebung, 471, 488.

Leather relic from mound, 56.

Le Conte, Prof., on changes of coast level, 504.

Legendary period of American history, level, 515.

Leidy, Prof. Joseph, on stone implements, 24.

L’Estrange on origin of Americans, 136.

Leroux, M., discoveries of, 284.

Ле Плонжон, д-р, исследования на Юкатане, 396–403;

о языке майя, 474–77;

on analogies between Yucatan and Canary Islands, 500.

Liberty, Ohio, works at, 48.

Lief, Norse discoverer of America, 153.

Lord’s prayer in Maya, 479.

in Aztec, 485.

Курганы Луизианы, 77–79.

Prof. C. G. Forshey on, 77;

pyramidal mounds, 78.

Low type crania from mounds, 174.

Lund, Dr., explorations by, 116.

Lyell, Sir Charles, on remains at Santos River, Brazil, 113;

наблюдения над костью из Натчеза, 113–14;

on age of Mississippi delta, 123;

on New Orleans skeleton, 123.

M.

McElmo Cañon, cliff-dwellings of, 300, 302.

square tower in, 301;

triple-walled tower of, 224.

McGuire on antiquity of Red man, 27, n.

McKinley, William, mounds described by, 73.

Madisonville explorations, 523.

Mahucutah, Quiché progenitor, 214.

Maize, discovery of, 241.

Man, antiquity of in South America, 109–10, 129;

four creations of, 214.

Влияние человека на природу, 110–11;

measure of antiquity, 110;

Martius on, 111, n.;

Dr. Brinton on, 111;

Dr. Meigs on Santos River remains, 113.

Man of recent origin in America, 130;

Lubbock’s remarks on, 130;

Foster on, 130, n.

Manchester stone fort, 59.

Mancos Cañon, cliff-houses of, 294, 295, 298, 299;

watch-tower of, 296–97, 300;

пещерные крепости, 320–24.

Manuscripts of Mayas, 421.

Troano MS, 422.

of Mexicans, 429;

Кодекс Мендосы, 431–33.

Карты миграции ацтеков, 261–63.

Marietta mounds, 54.

Марш, проф. О. С., исследование, 87–9.

Мастодонт, обнаруженный д-ром Кохом, 116–18.

Майя, традиционное происхождение, гл. v;

earliest home, 210;

venerable civilization, 519;

архитектура, 340–55;

скульптура, 384–403;

compared to Egyptian, 415;

календарь, 435–45;

катун, или цикл, 439–40;

Ahau Katun, 442;

intercalary days, 445;

система, согласованная с нашей хронологией, 443–45;

наблюдения Ланды, Переса, Бронкрофта и Делапорта, 443–45.

Maya-Quiché languages classified, 472;

stability of, 473;

древность, 474–5.

Грамматика языка майя, 477–79;

Maya, Lord’s prayer in, 479.

Maya and Hebrew compared, 475.

compared to Scandinavian languages, 476.

compared to the Basque, 476;

to West African languages, 477.

письменность майя, см. Иероглифы.

Mazatepec, Toltec station, 246.

Mecitl (or Mixi), Aztec leader, 259.

Meigs on mean of Indian cranium, 167.

Melgar on two idols near Mexico, 416;

on Maya language, 475.

Меномани, «белые индейцы», 189.

Мексиканское крещение, 462–3;

crania, 175.

Calendar, divisions of time, 446;

the Cycle, 446;

festival of, 456;

months, 447;

New Year, 447.

Calendar Stone, 450;

its interpreters, 450;

dates furnished by, 458;

Lunar reckoning, 455.

Мексиканский язык, см. Ацтекский язык.

Mexico, pyramid of, 374;

скульптура из него, 408–11;

vases from, 410;

сосуды в Национальном музее Соединенных Штатов, 413–415.

Miami Valley, aboriginal cemetery in, 523.

Miamisburgh mound, 52.

Mica, use of by Mound-builders, 98.

Michigan mounds, 29.

Migration, the first to America, 512.

conditions favorable in North-west, 513.

Беккер о нем, 513–14.

of the Quichés, 215.

тольтеков, 244–251.

ацтеков, 259–63;

of Tarascos, 261.

Migration map of Boturini, 433.

of Gemelli Carreri, 261–63, 483.

Gemelli interpreted by Ramirez, 262.

Minas Geraes, caves of, 116.

дельта Миссисипи, возраст, 122–24;

estimate by Lyell, 122;

by Dr. Dowler, 123;

by Dr. Hitchcock, 123;

by Humphries and Abbott, 123.

Mississippi mounds, 69–70, 71.

Mitchell, Dr. A., explorations cited, 73.

Митла, древности, 361–62.

Mizteco-Zapotec languages, 479.

Миштеки, мексиканское племя, 234.

Mongol colonization of America, 151.

Monjas, Casa de, 350.

Montezuma Cañon, cliff-dwellings of, 316.

Montezuma, culture-hero, 333;

legend of his birth, 334;

legend concerning by Papagoes chief, 334;

Montezuma II., Mexican emperor, 453;

languages of his empire, 480.

Месяцы у майя, 437–39.

Monosyllabism, 495.

Moqui towns, Becker on origin, 332;

name, 332;

Описание лейтенанта Айвза, 326–30;

pottery, 327;

interior of dwellings, 328.

Moqui language, Aztec traces in, 489.

Mooshahueh, Moqui town, 328.

Morgan, L. H., Pueblo theory of, 55;

Robert Clarke on, 53, n.

Mormon colonisation of America, 144;

Bancroft on, 144.

Мортон, д-р, классификация американских рас, 157–59;

table of cranial measurements by, 158, n. 1;

views untenable, 159–165, 516;

измерения из Crania Americana, классифицированные, 161–63.

Moody, J., on Rockford Tablet, 44.

Moss, Captain, 302.

Мозаики в Митле, 362–3.

Mosaic knife, 412.

Mosaic deluge, Mexican analogies with, 460.

Mound-builders, geographical distribution of works, 27;

Mica mines of, 28;

медные рудники, 92–94.

отсутствие прений или традиций, 102–3;

Mound-builders and Indians distinct, 65.

language of, 492;

diseases of, 184.

Mound-works at St. Clair river, 30;

in British Columbia, 30;

in Oregon, 31;

Bonhomme’s island, 31;

Missouri valley, 31, 33;

on Butte prairies, 31, n. 1;

in Dakota, 31, n. 2;

in Wisconsin, 33;

at Davenport, 37;

heart of country, 40;

St. Louis and American bottom, 41;

in Ohio, 48;

в Ньюарке, 53–55;

in Wabash valley, 57, n. 2;

в Теннесси, 58–68;

in North and South Carolina, 67;

in Mississippi, 67;

in Alabama, 71;

in Georgia, 72, 73;

в Миссури, 74–77;

в Луизиане, 77–79;

in Texas, 78;

antiquity of, 101;

оставление, 101–5, 458–9;

age of vegetation on, 104;

of Mancos Cañon, 294;

in Vera Paz, 359;

in Tehuantepec, 360;

in Vera Cruz, 364.

Состояние черепов из курганов как показатель древности, 105–6;

typical mound skull, 166.

Скульптуры из курганов, 187–9.

Mugeres Isla, statue from, 403.

Müller, Max, 471.

Mummies from Peru, 186.

from Tennessee, 187.

Mural paintings at Chichen-Itza, 401.

N.

Начан, «город змей», 205.

Архитектура науа, 359–83.

скульптура, 406–15.

Календарь науа, 445–459.

writers on, 445, n. 3.

analogies with calendars of Asia and Egypt, 459.

Язык науа, см. Ацтекский язык.

ancient and modern, 480, 481, 486, 493–4, n. 1.

elements of in language of North-west, 491.

the probable language of Mound-builders, 492.

spoken in Florida, 493;

analogies to, 494.

Nahua nations, origin of, 232.

predecessors of in Mexico, 232.

chronology of according to Codex Chimalpopoca and Popol Vuh, 241, 250.

their arrival at Panuco, 242.

extent of territory in Mexico, 248.

migrations of, 244, 251, 517.

southern origin considered, 252.

Науатлака, семь племен науа, 256–9.

Нахера об отоми и китайцах, 494–5.

Nashville, Tenn., mounds near, 62, 65, 67.

Natchez pelvic bone, discovered by Dr. Dickson, 113.

Наблюдения Лайелла, 113–14.

Foster’s observations on, 114, n. 4.

Negroid type, ancient, 197.

Nemontemi, Aztec intercalary days, 455.

Neolithic age in America, 23.

Nephites, colonists of America, 144.

Ньюарк, Огайо, сооружения, 53–55.

Нью-Джерси, следы межледникового человека, 127–8.

Нью-Мадрид, Миссури, большой курган близ, 75–76.

New Orleans, ancient skeleton discovered at, 123.

New York, ancient forts of, 28.

Nezahualcoyoth, King of Tezcuco, poems of, 470.

Niche stairway, 315.

Nootkas, Aztec traces among, 486.

Norse discovery of America, 153.

Северо-Запад, древность человека в нем, 128–9.

Nott and Gliddon on the origin of nations, 159.

O.

Оахака, древности, 360–64.

languages of, 479.

Observations on places of sanctuary, 80.

Obsidian in mounds, 85.

Occupancy of Mississippi valley by Mound-builders, 106.

Ocean currents, 505.

Ococingo, ancient city in Chiapas, 211.

site of, 226.

Ohio Archæological Society report, 82, n. 1.

Черепа из курганов Огайо, 170–1.

Ohio mound-works, 47.

estimated number of, 48.

Ojo del Pescado, ruins at, 289.

Oldtown art, 64.

Олдтаун, Теннесси, курганы, 61–3.

Olmecs, First Nahuas, 232–4, 518.

destroy the giants, 235.

build Chohila, 235, 248, 264.

Opata-Tarahumar-Pima family of languages, 488.

Ophir, 145.

Oraybe, Moqui town, 330.

Ordoñez, history of, 207.

Oregon, traces of Aztec in, 490.

Origin of the Americans, Autochthonic, 192 et seq.

Origin of Americans reviewed, 516.

Origin of Ancient Americans, 134, 153.

views of Duran, 135;

L’Estrange, 136;

Thorowgood, 136;

Гарсия, 136–7;

Herrera, 137;

Torquemada, 137;

Pineda, 138;

Echevarria y Veitia, 138;

Ulloa, 139;

Domenech, 139;

Clavigero, 139.

Bancroft’s summary of views cited, 139;

мнения современных авторов, 201–2, примечания;

of old world origin, 202.

Origin of the Nahuas, according to Sahagun, 242.

Origin tradition of Mayas, 204.

киче, 211–12.

Президент Эдвард Ортон о межледниковых реликвиях в Огайо, 126–7.

Язык отоми в сравнении с китайским, 494–5.

Oztotlan, home of Aztecs, 248.

P.

Pacific Continent, 508.

Page, J. R., explorations by, 67.

Painted desert, 332.

Painting practised by Mound-builders, 65.

Palæolithic age in America, 23.

Palenque art compared with Egyptian, 418.

Palenque, centre of the earliest American civilization, 204, 208–9.

Palenque, situation, 340;

antiquities, 340;

palace, 342;

architectural features of, 343;

Tau at, 343;

roofs, 344;

арка, 345–6;

tower, 345;

скульптура, 384–92;

statue, 391.

Panuco (Panco, Panutla or Panoaia, Pantlan) Mexican port, 242.

Papantla, pyramid of, 367.

Patton, Dr., on Indiana mounds, 57, n. 2.

Pecos, New Mexico Pueblo, 331.

Pentateuch, true chronology of, 199.

Peresianus Codex, 427.

Peruvian crania, 175.

Petit Anse Island, remains from, 115.

Foster’s observations on, 115.

Hilgard and Fontaine’s report on, 115.

Physiognomy of ancient Americans, 186.

Финикийская колонизация Америки, 145–6.

Джордж Джонс о ней, 145–6.

Пиктографическое письмо ацтеков, 428–33;

образец из Кодекса Мендосы, 431–2.

Pimentel on Chichimec language, 255.

Pimentel’s classification of Maya languages, 472;

краткое изложение грамматики ацтеков из него, 482–83.

Pineda on origin of Americans, 138.

Plastered room in mound, 75

Platycnemism, 183;

Gillman’s discoveries of, 185, n. 2.

Plato’s Atlantis, tradition of, 142.

Polynesia, ancient empire of, 508.

Baldwin on, 508.

Polysynthesis, a law of American language, 471.

Река Помм-де-Тер, открытия д-ра Коха, 118–19.

Pontonchan, 234.

Popol Vuh (national book of the Quichés), 212, n. 2.

second division of, 221.

Pottery from the cliff-houses, 327.

Пауэлл, майор Дж. В., исследования, 285–287.

Pratt, W. H., explorations by, 42, n. 2.

Доколумбова колонизация, взгляды на нее, 141–154.

Архитектурный прогресс в курганных сооружениях, 79–80.

Prophecy, analogies of, 464.

Ptolemy cited, 497.

Pueblo civilization, extent of, 283.

архитектура, гл. vii.

transition in style, 284.

Пуэбло Нью-Мексико, 330–1.

in ruins, 331.

Pueblo Pintado, 291.

Pueblos, the, and Aztecs, 331,

and mound-builders, 332;

architecture and remains compared, 333;

мифы о сотворении мира, потопе и Вавилонской башне, 335–6.

Puente Nacional, pyramid at, 365.

Putnam, F. W., explorations by, 57, 65, 67.

explorations in Tennessee, 173.

Pyramid, the American, 341.

structure according to Bancroft, 341.

of Tehuantepec, 360.

of Puento Nacional, 365.

of Centla, 366.

of El Castillo, 366.

of Tusipan, 367.

of Papantla, 367.

of Cholula, 368.

Сочиколько, 370–73.

of Mexico, 374.

Теотиуакан, 375–9.

Q.

Кемада, Лос-Эдифисиос, 379–81.

Архитектура киче, 355–9.

Quiché-Cakchiquel languages, 476.

Quinames (Quinametin), 282;

first inhabitants of Mexico, 245;

their destruction, 233.

Quiché poetry, 515.

Quichés reputed to be Carthaginians, 226.

Quichés, Maya nation, 211;

предание о происхождении, 211–12;

creation myth, 213;

creations of men, 214;

migrations, 215;

deities of, turned to stone, 216;

heroic age of, 220.

Quetzalcoatl, culture hero, 219, 237;

предания, 267–71;

from Hue hue Tlapalan, 267;

priest and God of Toltecs, 268;

habits, 268;

author of letters and Mexican calendar, 268;

his enemy, 269;

departure from Tulla, 270;

reign at Cholula, 270;

departure to the East, 271;

expectation of his return, 271;

origin of legends concerning him, 272, 394, 457;

nationality, 464;

positive morality, 515;

discovery of maize, 242.

Quiyahuitztlan, Anahuac, Toltec station, 245.

R.

“Raised Beeches,” discovered by Alexander Agassiz, 504.

Ramirez, on Aztec migration map, 263.

Rau, Charles, on Mexican copper mining, 94, n. 2.

on aboriginal trade, 98.

Red Man, antiquity of, 22;

traditions, 22.

Read, M. C., on Grave Creek Tablet cited, 87, n.

Религиозные аналогии, 459–68.

Religion of the Quichés, 212.

a war of, 226.

Remains at Santos River, Brazil, Lyell and Meigs on antiquity of, 113.

Reviellagigedo, viceroy to Mexico, 453.

Report of Ohio Archæological Society, 82, n. 1.

Retzius, on Morton’s measurements, 165.

on Mexican crania, 175, n.

River Rouge mound, 29.

черепа из них, 167–8.

River Terraces, mound-works on, 103.

Mr. Baldwin’s views, 103.

Foster’s view, 104. n. 1.

Rock shelters in San Juan Cañon, 309.

in Montezuma Cañon, 316.

«Рокфордская табличка», 44.

Room plastered in mound, 75.

Росни, М. Леон де, эссе, 425–26.

key to hieratic writings of Mayas, 427.

Ross County (Ohio) works, 48.

Roque, Father, observations on Aztec, 486.

Расселл, Г. П., исследования, 87–89.

S.

Культ сабинян, 40–85.

Sacrifices, human, 273, 452–53.

Жертвенные курганы, 83–6;

stratified according to Squier and Davis, 84;

stratification denied by Prof. Andrews, 83.

Sacrifices, probably human, 39.

Рассказ Саагуна о первых науа, 240–6.

Salado Rio, antiquities of, 283.

Salinas River, 283.

Sadelmair, discoveries of, 283.

Солсбери, Стивен, цитируемый труд, 396–401.

Salish family of languages, Aztec element in, 492.

Sanctuary, places of, 80.

Sandals of Chaac-Mol, 398.

San Juan Cañon, cliff-dwellings of, 307.

Пещера Эхо, 310–11.

Долина Сан-Мигель, древности, 275–7.

Savage Art, unity in style of, 196.

Scandinavian and Mexican analogies, 466.

discovery of America, 22, 153;

Prof. Rafn on, 153.

Schools of Tezcuco, 481.

Sculpture, from mounds, 382;

в Паленке, 384–92;

Ушмаль, 393–95;

Чичен-Ица, 398–403;

Copan, 405;

Monte Alban, 406;

at Tusapan, 407;

Xochicalco, 408;

в Мехико, 409–10.

Скульптуры из курганов, 187–9.

Seltzertown pyramidal mound, 72.

Теория раздельного сотворения, взгляды Мортона и Агассиса, 157–59;

groundless, 191.

Погребальные курганы, 86–88.

“Serpents,” kingdom of, 222.

Serpent Temple, 394;

symbol, 419, 272;

Serpent-work, Adams county, Ohio, 34.

“Seven Caves,” 215, 219, 248, 264–66.

Shaler, Prof., on Dr. Abbott’s discoveries, 128.

Shell-heaps on Atlantic sea-board, 28, 106–7.

пресноводные моллюски, 107–9;

in Florida, 107.

проф. Уайман, 106–8;

Dr. Brinton on, 107;

on Pacific coast, 109;

examination by Paul Schumacher, 109.

Shoshone-Comanche languages, 489;

Aztec elements in, 492.

Signal Systems of the Mound-builders, 52.

on Great Miami River, 52.

Squier and Davis on, 53.

Skrellings, 22.

Sorcery practised upon Xibalban kings, 225.

Spain’s state of learning in 17th century, 133, n. 2.

Squier and Davis, estimate of number of mound-works in Ohio, 48;

classification of mound-works by, 81.

Squier on Newark works, 53.

Станции тольтекской миграции, 244–46;

of Aztec migration, according to Veytia, Tezozomoc and Clavigero, 260;

names interpreted by Humboldt, 261, n. 3.

Statuettes in National Museum, 415.

St. Clair River mounds, 30.

Стивенс и Катервуд, исследования, гл. viii, passim.

Steinthal, Prof., classification of languages by, 471, n. 4.

Stevenson, M. F., description of mounds by, 72.

St. Francis Valley mounds, 74.

St. Louis, mound-works at, 40, 73.

Stone Age in New Jersey, 26;

Dr. Abbott on, 26.

Stone coffins, burial in, 60.

Stone graves in Tennessee, 60;

in Indiana, 57.

Stone implements from Bridger basin, Wyoming, 24, n. 1.

Stone tubes used by Mound-builders, 96.

St. Patrick in America, 152.

Стуковые рельефы в Паленке, 384–88.

Sun-dried brick, 75;

wall of at Seltzertown, 72;

in Phillips County, Missouri, 75.

Sun, tablet of, 392.

symbol of, 395.

Sun worship, 40, 85.

Swallow, Prof., explorations by, 75.

Syphilis among Mound-builders, 184.

T.

Tabasco, ancient civilization of, 203.

Tablet of cross, 390;

of sun, 392;

at Chichen-Itza, 398.

Tablet, Rockford, 44; Cincinnati, 44.

Таблички в Паленке, 384–90.

Table Mountain, cranium from, 125.

Tamoanchan, city of Tobasco, 241, 243.

Tarahumara, language of North Mexico, 487.

Tarascos, migrations of, 261.

«Курган Тейлора», 87–89.

Теуантепек, древности, 350–60;

language of, 479.

Tegua, Moqui pueblo, 326.

Temple base near Nashville, 62.

Temple of Mexico, 374.

Tennessee mound-works, 58;

исследования проф. Джонса, 58–65;

проф. Патнема, 65–67.

Черепа из курганов Теннесси, 171–4.

Tennessee Valley mounds, 71;

Mr. Fountain on, 71.

Teo-Culhuacan, 250–60, 265, 266.

Теотиуакан, пирамиды, 375–79;

compared with Egypt, 375, 382, 383.

Teotihuacan, sacred city of, 234, 343, 266.

Tepanecs, Nahua tribe, 256.

Tepetla, Toltec station, 246.

Tepehuana, language of North Mexico, 487.

Terra-Cotta, figure from Isla Mugeres, 403.

Terminos, Laguna de, 234.

Texas mounds, 78.

Тескатлипока, кровожадный бог науа, 269–70;

sorcery of, 269.

Tezcuco, schools of, 481.

Tezpi, flood myth, 263, n.

Tezquil nation, 208.

Theban calendar compared to the Aztec, 459.

Томас, д-р, о курганах дакота, 31–2.

Gen. H. W. on same, 32;

low type skull cited, 128, n. 5, 167.

Томсон, сэр Ч. Уайвилл, об атлантическом подводном хребте, 502–3.

Thompson, Dr. J. P., on Usher’s chronology, 201.

Thorowgood on origin of ancient Americans, 136.

Thorwald, Ericson, 22.

Tibiæ, flattened, 30.

Time, Absolute and Relative, 200.

Tlacamitzin, Toltec chief, 244.

Tlachicatzin, city in Hue hue Tlapalan, 245.

Tlahuicas, Nahua tribe, 256.

Tlaloc, Aztec rain-god, 457.

Tlapalans, four, 252;

Взгляды Бронкрофта и Брассера, 251–2.

Tlapallan de Cortes, 251;

location of examined, 251.

Tlapallanconco, Toltec station, 245.

Tlascatecs, Nahua tribe, republic of, 257.

Tohil (Quiché deity), 215.

Tollan, Toltec capital, 218, 246.

Toltec migration, 244, 251;

миграция по Беккеру, 248–50;

according to Ixtlilxochitl, 244–46, 250;

account examined, 246.

Toltec flood myth, 238.

Toltecs, origin according to Ixtlilxochitl, 239.

southern origin considered, 252;

outlines of history, 254;

annals, Bancroft’s resumé of, 255.

Tomlinson’s report on Grave Creek mound, 87.

Tongues, confusion of, 238.

Totonacs, Mexican nation, 234.

Totzapan, 246.

Башня в каньоне Манкос, 297–300;

McElmo, 324;

at Chichen, Mayapan and Tuloom, 355.

Toxpan, Toltec station, 245.

Trade-winds, 508;

agents in the discovery of America, 506.

Tradition (Indian) valueless, 102.

Dr. Foster on, 102.

строителей курганов науа, Беккер о них, 102–3, прим.

Традиция и история, их рамки и задачи, 109–10.

Tradition of uncertain value, 204.

Trinity myth in Yucatan, 231.

Troano MS, 422.

Tula (Tulha or Tulan), 211.

sculptured column from, 413.

Тулан, 215–16;

четыре Тулана, 217–18.

Tulancingo (Tollancingo), Mexican city, 246.

Tulan-Zuiva, 215, 264–66, 248.

Tumuli of Vera Paz, 359;

Tehuantepec, 360.

Vera Cruz, 364.

Tusapan, antiquities of, 367.

Typical mound skull, 166.

Tzendal, language of Chiapas, dialect of the Maya, 206.

Tzendel, a Maya dialect, the oldest American language, 473.

U.

Uraeus, Egyptian symbol, 467.

Ural-Altaic languages compared to Indian tongues, 496.

Usher, Bishop, chronology of faulty, 199.

Usumacinta Valley, the seat of most ancient American civilization, 208.

Языки юта, 489–90.

Utatlan, Quiché city, 227;

antiquities of, 358.

Utes, the enemies of the cliff-dwellers, 303.

Ушмаль, архитектурные остатки, 347–52.

арки и крыши, 349–50.

sculpture, 393;

Façades at, 394.

Le Plongeon’s observations on, 457.

V.

Валентини, д-р Филипп, толкование мексиканского Календарного камня, 453–59;

on analogies in geographical names, 497.

Vancouver’s Island, Aztec termination used, 490;

elements in, 491.

Vases from Casas Grandes, 278;

burial from Mexico, 410;

after Waldeck, 410;

из Национального музея, 414–15.

Фатер, об ацтекском языке, 480–90.

Vega, Bishop Nuñez de la, 200.

Vegetation, age of on mounds, 104;

relation between American and Asiatic, 513.

Vera Paz, mounds of, 359.

Verda Rio, antiquities of, 284.

Verrezano, 22.

Vespucius, 22.

Voc, mythical personage, 222.

Votan (culture hero), tradition of cited, 133–9, 145, 204.

документ, написанный им, 206–10.

Vucub-Cakix, Xilbalban monarch, 222.

Vucab-Came, 224.

Vukub-Hunapu, Quiché chief, 222.

W.

Wabash Valley, mounds in, 57, n. 2.

Watch-tower of the Mancos, 300.

Waterbury Mine, 91.

Waynesville, Ohio, inter-glacial relics from, 126.

Welsh discovery of America, 154.

Whipple, Lieut., explorations by, 284.

«Земля белого человека», 152.

Whittlesey, Col., on Shelter Caves, 26.

on ancient copper mines, 91, 94.

Wilson, Dr. Daniel, cranial measurements tabulated, 164;

observations by, on Morton’s theory, 165, n. 2;

examinations of Peruvian crania by, 176;

о деформации черепа, 180–2;

on Cincinnati Tablet, 47.

Wisconsin mound-works, 33;

effigy and animal mounds of, 33.

Worship of sun, 40.

Письменность, системы, см. Иероглифы.

Уайман, Джеффрис, о раковистых кучах Флориды, 155–8.

X.

Xalisco, Toltec station, 245.

Xan, Quiché messenger, 224.

Шбаланке, герой киче, 222–3.

Xelhua, builder of Cholula, 236.

Шибальба, царство вотанитов, предание о падении, 220–26;

date of, 227;

fall of, a theme for poetry, 515;

hatred of, 221.

Xicalancas, 234;

origin of, 234.

Xicalanco, Mexican city, 234.

Шмукане, 222–3.

Сочиколько, пирамида, 370–3.

Xochimilcos, Nahua tribe, 256.

Xpiyacoc, 222.

Xquiq, Xibalban princess, 223.

Y.

Yamkally language, traces of Aztec in, 490.

Yaqui, Mexican tribe, 219.

Yazoo Valley mounds, 71.

Yellowstone, mounds of, 31.

Yond Mountain, 73.

Юкатан, происхождение населения, 229–30;

Greek gods in, 467.

Yztachnexucha, 246.

Z.

Zacotlan, Toltec station, 246.

Замна, культурный герой майя, 229–30.

Zapotecs, Mexican nation, 234;

древности, 360–64.

Zárate, on the Aztec, 486.

Zayi, Casa Grande of, 353.

Zipacua, Xibalban warrior, 222.

Ziuhcohuatl, Toltec station, 246.

Zumárraga, destruction of Aztec MS. by, 429.

Зуни, описание, 288–89;

Valley, Pueblos of, 288.

Zutugil, language, 476.

THE END.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Las Casas: Historia de Indias, lib. I, cap. 40, tom. I, MS. Irving: Columbus, vol. I, p. 158 (N. Y., 1851 ed.). Navarrete: Coleccion de los viajes, tom. I, p. 176. Grynaeus: Novus Orbis, p. 66, Basil, 1555, fol. Herrera: Historia General, Dec. I, lib. I, cap’s ii et vi, Madrid, 1730.

[2] Rafn: Antiquitates Americanæ, p. 45, note. Rafn: Op. cit., pp. xxx–xxxiii.

[3] Rafn: Historia Thorfinni Karlsefnii (in Ant. Am.), pp. 149, 181; also, De Costa: Pre-Columbian Discovery of America, pp. xxxii, xxxiii, 21, 41, 57, 58, 69, 70, 73, 74, 110; Gravier: Découverte de l’Amérique par les Normands au Xe Siècle, p. 83. Paris, 1874, 4to.

[4] Prof. Jos. Leidy, in Hayden’s 6th Ann. Report of the U. S. Geological Survey of the Territories (1872), pp. 652–3, describes the stone implements found in the Bridger basin in southern Wyoming. He remarks, “The question arises, who made the stone implements and when, and why should they occur in such great numbers in the particular localities indicated. My friend, Dr. J. Van A. Carter, residing at Fort Bridger, and well acquainted with the language, history, manners, and customs of the neighboring tribes of Indians, informs me that they know nothing about them. He reports that the Shoshones look upon them as the gift of God to their ancestors. They were no doubt made long ago, some probably at a comparatively late date, that is to say, just prior to communication of the Indians with the whites, but others probably date centuries back.”

[5] It would be foreign to the object of this work to enter upon a discussion of the antiquity of man in Europe. Were we to follow the example of several writers on the antiquities of America, we might present a resumé of the splendid achievements of science in determining the approximate age of man, as an inhabitant of different portions of the old world, but such condensed accounts at best are unsatisfactory and often detrimental to science because of their very slenderness. The evidences of man’s antiquity being far more remote than the generally accepted historic period, antedating its beginning by several thousand years, no doubt exist. The discoveries in the Liége caverns, in the caves of Languedoc and in the cave of Engihoul in Belgium; in the Neanderthal and Engis caves; at Abbeville and Amians; the valley of the Somme; the basin of the Seine; of the Thames; and of the lake dwellers of Switzerland, as well as the shell-heaps of Denmark, point to an antiquity which half a century ago it would have been heresy to have dreamed of. We have but to refer to the admirable work of Sir Charles Lyell: The Antiquity of Man (Phil., 1863), and to the well-known works of Lubbock, Tylor, Vogt, and others. A good treatment of the subject in brief will be found in Foster: Pre-Historic Races of the U. S. (1873), and a pointed and popular reference to it in Bryant’s History of the U. S., vol. I. N. Y., 1876.

[6] Evidences of the Antiquity of Man in the U. S., by Col. Charles Whittlesey. A memoir of 20 pp. Perhaps the chief importance of the above-cited cave discoveries is derived from the eminence of the antiquarian who cites them, rather than in their real value to science. In the case of the Elyria cave—examined by Dr. E. W. Hubbard, Prof. J. Brainerd, and the author of the memoir—“the grindstone grit,” resting on shale, formed a grotto of considerable size. Four feet of the floor of the cave, consisting of charcoal, ashes and bones of the wolf, bear, deer, rabbit, squirrels, fishes, snakes and birds (“all of which existed in this region when it became known to the whites”), was removed and three human skeletons discovered. The author states that the three had been crushed by a large slab of the overhanging sandstone falling on them, but fails to state how much of the overlying material consisted of this sandstone slab. He remarks: “Judging from the appearance of the bones, and the depth of the accumulations over them, two thousand years may have elapsed since the human skeletons were laid on the floor of this cave.” The Louisville cave discovery is no more satisfactory than the above. It is scarcely necessary to remark that all the evidences are of a comparatively recent interment, and much less than two thousand years would have been sufficient to produce the conditions described. See also discoveries at High Rock Spring, Saratoga, N. Y., cited by Col. Whittlesey, p. 10, and more fully treated by Dr. McGuire in the “Proceedings of the Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist.,” vol. xii, p. 398, May, 1839, in which the latter claims to find traces of the Red man 5470 years ago. It is not probable that Dr. McGuire’s traces are those of the Indians, nor is it certain that they were left by human beings at all, since the pine tree (found at a considerable depth and worn as he supposes by the feet of Indians) was as liable to have been worn by the feet of animals as of men. See also Dr. Abbott, The Stone Age in New Jersey, Smithsonian Report, 1874, p. 246 et seq. See this work, pp. 127–8.

[7] Squier and Davis: Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley, Washington, 1848, 4to, 1st vol. of Smithsonian Contributions; Dr. J. A. Lapham: Antiquities of Wisconsin, Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, 1855. More recently—The Upper Mississippi, by George Gale, Chicago, 1868; The Mississippi Valley, by Dr. J. W. Foster, Chicago, 1869, 8vo, and his Pre-Historic Races of the U. S., Chicago, 1873, 8vo. We might add a list of names scarcely less eminent, of authors who have written upon special fields and examined particular works. A reliable bibliography of literature on the Mound-builders is a desideratum which we trust some enterprising Americanist may soon supply.

[8] Described by Dr. Wm. Blanding in a letter to Dr. Morton, of Philadelphia. Foster: Pre-Historic Races of the U. S., p. 148, and Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley, p. 105. Foster: p. 151.

[9] Squier: Antiquities of Western New York, vol. ii, Smithsonian Contributions, 1851. See an interesting account of the Antiquities of Orleans County, New York, by F. H. Cushing, in Smithsonian Report for 1874, p. 375.

[10] Antiquity of Man in U. S., p. 12; also, Ancient Earth Forts of the Cuyahoga Valley, Ohio, by Col. Charles Whittlesey, Cleveland, O., 1871, pp. 40 and plates.

[11] Pre-Historic Races of the U. S., p. 145.

[12] Smithsonian Report for 1873, p. 364 et seq., from which we draw the above. The Proceedings of the American Ass. for the Adv. of Science for 1875.

[13] See Mr. Gillman’s in Sixth Annual Report of the Trustees of the Peabody Museum of Archæology and Ethnology, p. 12 et seq., Cambridge, 1873, and Am. Jour. of Arts and Sciences, 3d ser., vol. vii, pp. 1–9, Jan., 1874.

[14] Foster’s Pre-Historic Races, p. 151. “There is a large mound, three hundred feet high and three hundred yards in diameter at the base, at the southern end of the prairie, about twenty-five miles from Olympia; and scattered over the prairie for a distance of fifteen miles are many smaller mounds, not more than four feet high and twenty or thirty in diameter. * * * A few days ago one of the engineers of the Northern Pacific Railroad opened one of them and found the remains of pottery; and a more thorough examination of others revealed other curious relics, evidently the work of human hands; in fact, in every mound that has yet been opened there is some relic of a long-forgotten race discovered.” In quoting the above, Dr. Foster remarks that the great mound was no doubt a natural eminence artificially rounded off.

[15] Narrative of the U. S. Exploring Expedition during the Years 1838–42. Phila., 1844. Tom. IV, p. 334. “We soon reached the Butte prairies (on Columbia River) which were extensive, and covered with tumuli or small mounds, at regular distances asunder. As far as I could learn there is no tradition among the natives relative to them. They are conical mounds thirty feet in diameter, about six to seven feet high above the level, and many thousands in number. Being anxious to ascertain if they contained any relics, I subsequently visited these prairies, and opened three of the mounds, but found nothing in them but a pavement of round stones.”

[16] Baldwin (Ancient America, pp. 31–2) remarks: “Lewis and Clark reported seeing them on the Missouri River a thousand miles above its junction with the Mississippi River; but this report has not been satisfactorily verified.”

[17] See Mr. A. Barrandt in Smithsonian Report, 1870, for an account of discoveries on Clark’s Creek in Dakota; on the Bighorn River; on the Yellowstone; on the Morean and the banks of the Great Cheyenne. See Foster’s Pre-Historic Races, pp. 153–4. The proof is conclusive that the head-waters of the Missouri was one of their ancient seats. The same gentleman (Mr. Barrandt) describes a remarkable mound in Lincoln County, Dakota, situated eighty-five miles north-west of Sioux City, on the west fork of the Little Sioux of Dakota or Turkey Creek. The mound is known as the “Hay Stack.” Its dimensions are 327 feet in length at the base on the north-west side, and 290 on the south-east side, and 120 feet wide. It slopes at an angle of about 50°, is from thirty-four to forty feet in height, the north-east end being the higher. To the summit, which is from twenty-eight to thirty-three feet wide, there is a well-beaten path. The remarkable feature of the mound is the fact that part of the north-east side is walled up with soft sandstone and limestone, brought a distance of at least three miles from an ancient quarry. The remainder of the surface is pronounced to be of calcined clay. The mound contained a large interior circular chamber, in which the bones of animals, thirty-six pieces of pottery, and a mass of charcoal and ashes were found.—Smithsonian Report for 1872, pp. 413 et seq.

[18] Since this is a contested point, both as to the presence of the works of the Mound-builders in the North-west and as to their great antiquity, I subjoin a portion of a report on these mounds made by Gen. H. W. Thomas, U. S. A., to Dr. Thomas of the Surveying Expedition, in the Sixth Annual Report of the U. S. Geological Survey under Dr. Hayden in 1872, pp. 656–7:

«„Льюис и Кларк сообщили, что видели индейские курганы в 1000 миль выше слияния Миссисипи и Миссури, но это сообщение не подтверждено“. Так говорит г-н Джон Д. Болдуин, магистр искусств, в своем труде под названием „Древняя Америка“.»

«Я настоящим предлагаю внести свою лепту в подтверждение утверждения Льюиса и Кларка».

«Немногие люди, которых долг или дикое стремление время от времени приводили в этот по большей части необитаемый край безлесных прерий, все знали о существовании тысяч искусственных курганов. Что находилось внутри них, они не ведали, и, насколько мне известно, лишь два или три из них когда-либо вскрывались. 16 августа 1872 года я вскрыл один курган на высоких плоскогорьях, простирающихся по обе стороны небольшой речушки под названием Джеймс. Это место находится примерно на 47° северной широты и 98° 38´ западной долготы от Гринвича. Оно расположено в трех милях от линии Северной Тихоокеанской железной дороги. Курган имеет круглую форму, 30⁸⁄₁₀ фута в меньшем диаметре, 35³⁄₁₀ фута в большем диаметре и пять футов в высоту. Я прокопал четыре траншеи шириной в три фута от внешнего края до их встречи в центре, образовав по завершении крест. Затем я раскопал весь курган от центра наружу, пока там больше ничего не осталось находить. В качестве результатов у меня оказалось несколько двухбушельных мешков с костями, восемь черепов, множество обломков черепов, слишком мелких, чтобы представлять ценность (там должно было быть похоронено по меньшей мере двадцать пять тел), грубо обтесанный камень высотой десять дюймов и диаметром пять с половиной дюймов, по форме весьма напоминавший коническую раковину, с выемкой глубиной в пол-дюйма вокруг центра. (Очевидно, он привязывался ремнями к прочной рукояти и использовался для растирания их маиса.) Часть ожерелья из ракушек, два кремневых орудия, две головы бобра, кости каких-то неизвестных животных и большое количество двустворчатых моллюсков, очень похожих на морского моллюска (Mya oblongata) нашего атлантического побережья, но более толстых, причем их внутренняя поверхность была гораздо более перламутровой».

«Курганы и их содержимое, судя по всему, весьма древние. Во всех случаях они располагаются на самой высокой точке в своей непосредственной окрестности и идеально дренированы. Климат здесь чрезвычайно сухой; настолько сухой, что река Джеймс полностью пересыхает примерно в 500 футах выше предполагаемого железнодорожного моста через нее. Несмотря на это, многие кости при соприкосновении с воздухом рассыпались в белый порошок, подобно костям, найденным в Геркулануме и Помпеях, и извлечь хотя бы одну из них в сколько-нибудь сохранном виде было абсолютно невозможно. Вокруг и поверх этих тел были уложены камни и палки, несомненно для того, чтобы защитить останки от койота и лисицы. Дерево между большим и указательным пальцами стиралось в мелкий желтовато-бурый порошок. Любые следы раскопок вокруг кургана для добычи земли, которой он был насыпан, оказались полностью уничтожены. Вертикальное положение черепов также указывало на то, что тела были погребены в сидячем положении. Однако кости ног лежали ниже и горизонтально».

«Количество курганов указывает на более плотное население, чем когда-либо известное здесь или чем природные ресурсы этого края способны прокормить охотой в настоящее время. В то же время множество разбросанных повсюду высохших озер может указывать на то, что в какую-то отдаленную эпоху страна была лучше нынешней и могла поддерживать более многочисленное население».

[19] “Antiquities of Wisconsin,” Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, vol. vii, 1855.

[20] Squier and Davis: Ancient Monuments, pp. 97–99. Recent and possibly more exact surveys of the Alligator give the figures as somewhat less than the above. Isaac Smucker, a very reliable antiquarian of Licking Co., Ohio, in an address before the Ohio State Archæological Convention, held at Mansfield in September, 1875, corrects the figures in the following statement: “The Alligator mound is upon the summit of a hill or spur, which is nearly 200 feet high, six miles west of Newark, and near the village of Granville. The outlines of the Alligator (or Crocodile) are clearly defined. His entire length is 205 feet. The breadth of the body at the widest part, twenty feet, and the length of the body between the fore-legs and hind-legs is fifty feet. The legs are each about twenty feet long. The head, fore-shoulders and rump have an elevation varying from three to six feet, while the remainder of the body averages a foot or two less.”

[21] Lapham’s Antiquities of Wisconsin, pp. 18, 20, 36, 37, 39, 52, 54, 55, 56, 57, 62, 69.

[22] W. H. Canfield’s Sketches of Sauk County, Wisconsin; Foster’s Pre-Historic Races, p. 101. On the copper remains of the Mound-builders, see Pre-Historic Wisconsin, by Prof. James D. Butler, LL.D., annual address before the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Feb. 18, 1876. Wisconsin Hist. Col., vol. vii. Privately printed.

[23] Smithsonian Report for 1872, figured and described on p. 416 by Jared Warner of Patch Grove, Wis. (Oct. 1872). A further description of mounds in the same locality, by Moses Strong, M. E., will be found in Smithsonian Report for 1876, p. 424.

[24] Antiquities of Wisconsin, pp. 42–5: “The main features of these remains is the enclosure or ridge of earth (not brick, as has been erroneously stated), extending around three sides of an irregular parallelogram; the west branch of Rock River forming the fourth side on the east. The space thus enclosed is seventeen acres and two-thirds. The corners are not rectangular, and the embankment or ridge is not straight. The earth of which the ridge is made was evidently taken from the nearest ground, where there are numerous excavations of very irregular form and depth; precisely such as may be seen along our modern railroad and canal embankments. These excavations are not to be confounded with the hiding-places (caches) of the Indians, being larger and more irregular in outline. Much of the material of the embankment was doubtless taken from the surface without penetrating a sufficient depth to leave a trace at the present time. If we allow for difference of exposure of earth thrown up into a ridge and that lying on the original flat surface, we can perceive no difference between the soil composing the ridge and that found along its sides. Both consist of a light yellowish sandy loam. The ridge forming the enclosure is 631 feet long at the north end, 1419 feet long on the west side, and 700 feet on the south side; making a total length of wall 2750 feet. The ridge or wall is about twenty-two feet wide, and from one foot to five in height.” * * * After describing one of the mounds of this enclosure, he remarks: “The analogy between these elevations and the ‘temple mounds’ of Ohio and the Southern States, will at once strike the reader who has seen the plans and descriptions. They have the same square or regular form, sloping or graded ascent, the terraced or step-like structure, and the same position in the interior of the enclosure. This kind of formation is known to increase in numbers and importance as we proceed to the south and south-west, until they are represented by the great structures of the same general character on the plains of Mexico.”

[25] D. Gunn in Smithsonian Report for 1867.

[26] Dr. Farquharson in Proceedings of Am. Ass. for the Adv. of Science, vol. xxiv, p. 305.

[27] Through the courtesy of Dr. R. J. Farquharson I am enabled to append the original report made by Mr. Gass to the Davenport Academy, Jan. 26, 1877. It is as follows:

«Мы вскрыли поверхность на северо-восточном склоне кургана примерно в десяти или двенадцати футах от сделанного в 1874 году проема с западной стороны. Земля промерзла на глубину около трех с половиной футов. В пяти-шести дюймах от поверхности мы наткнулись на слой ракушек толщиной в один-два дюйма, который спускался по направлению к юго-востоку, достигая глубины в два фута или чуть более под поверхностью и простираясь на расстояние в десять-двенадцать футов. Между поверхностью и этим первым слоем ракушек в грунте было обнаружено множество мелких рассеянных фрагментов человеческих костей. Под этим ракушечным слоем залегал пласт земли толщиной от двенадцати до пятнадцати дюймов, покоившийся на втором слое ракушек толщиной от трех до четырех футов (очевидно, дюймов). Оба ракушечных слоя наклонялись вниз практически параллельно друг другу».

«Ниже второго слоя ракушек земля представляла собой нечто вроде легкого плодородного слоя, более темного по цвету, чем лежащая выше почва, и густо перемешанного с фрагментами человеческих костей. Эти обстоятельства привлекли мое внимание и заставили меня с этого момента действовать с наибольшей осторожностью. На глубине около пятнадцати дюймов под самой нижней частью обнаженного в этой раскопке ракушечного слоя — причем ракушечный пласт в этой точке имел толщину пять-шесть дюймов — были найдены исписанные сланцевые пластины. Этот сланец идентичен тому, что обычно залегает поверх пластов угля в этой местности, и часто встречается выходящим на поверхность по склонам холмов или в виде отдельных плит в руслах ручьев. Обе пластины лежали вплотную друг к другу на твердом, нетронутом глинистом дне кургана».

«Гравированная сторона меньшей таблички была обращена вверх; точно так же была повернута и та сторона большей таблички, на которой были представлены небесные тела, иероглифы и т. д. Поскольку большая пластина была частично разделена естественной плотной структурой (слоистостью), ее верхний слой, к сожалению, раскололся надвое от легкого удара лопатой. Обе пластины были плотно окружены одинарным рядом выветрившихся известняков. Эти камни имеют неправильную форму, но почти одинаковый размер: их размеры составляют около трех на три и семь или восемь дюймов, а диаметр круга — около двух футов».

«В непосредственной близости было найдено множество фрагментов человеческих костей, причем один из них представлял собой часть черепа, пропитанную карбонатом меди. Была обнаружена небольшая медная вещица, а также множество обломков сланца и кусок кости с следами искусственной обработки».

Также см. „Proceedings of the Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences“ («Материалы Давенпортской академии естественных наук»), статья „Account of the Discovery of Inscribed Tablets“ («Отчет об открытии исписанных табличек»), преп. Дж. Гасс, с „A Description“ («Описанием») д-ра Р. Дж. Фаркуарсона. Давенпорт, Айова, июль 1877 г. Иллюстрации и виды.

[28] Pre-Historic Paces of the U. S., p. 107. See especially 12th Annual Report Peabody Museum.

[29] In a paper, A Deposit of Agricultural Flint Implements Found in Southern Illinois, Smithsonian Report, 1868, Dr. Chas. Rau treats the subject of Aboriginal Agriculture at considerable length. In the Smithsonian Report for 1873, p. 413 et seq., Dr. A. Patton describes the exploration of several remarkable mounds in Lawrence Co., Illinois. In the Smithsonian Report for 1874, p. 351, Taylor McWhorter describes a number of mounds in Mercer Co., Illinois. He estimates the number in the county at one thousand, mostly on the Mississippi River bank. The Antiquities of Whiteside County, Ill., by W. H. Pratt, of Davenport, Iowa, printed in the same Report, p. 354 et seq., is a most valuable contribution to our knowledge of the mounds. The first mound examined yielded eight skulls, two of which were preserved. The third mound opened yielded the skeletons of four adults and several articles of interest, such as pieces of mica, a lump of galena and a dove-colored arrow-head. From the fifth mound opened, a remarkably well-preserved skeleton was recovered. Dr. Farquharson, of the Davenport Academy of Sciences, has contributed one of the most valuable tables of mound-cranial measurements ever published.

[30] The best and most exhaustive treatment of the above is by Mr. Robert Clarke: The Pre-Historic Remains which were Found on the Site of Cincinnati, Ohio, with a Vindication of the Cincinnati Tablet. Cincinnati, 1876. 8vo, 34 pp. It is to be regretted that this valuable discussion of the genuineness of one of the most important Mound-builder relics is only “privately circulated.” Mr. Clarke has fully accomplished the design for which he wrote.

[31] Dr. Daniel Drake’s Picture of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, 1815. Squier and Davis in Ancient Monuments. Gen. Harrison: Ohio Hist. and Phil. Society Trans., vol. i, and others.

[32] Dr. Daniel Wilson’s Pre-Historic Man, 3d ed., 1876, vol. i, pp. 274–5. The following description is given in Squier and Davis’s Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley: “The material is fine-grained, compact sandstone of a light-brown color. It measures five inches in length, three in breadth at the ends, and two and six-tenths at the middle, and is about half an inch in thickness. The sculptured face varies very slightly from a perfect plane. The figures are cut in low relief (the lines being not more than one-twentieth of an inch in depth), and occupy a rectangular space four inches and two-tenths long by two and one-tenth wide. The sides of the stone, it will be observed, are slightly concave. Right lines are drawn across the face near the ends, at right angles, and exterior to these are notches, twenty-five at one end and twenty-four at the other. The back of the stone has three deep longitudinal grooves, and several depressions, evidently caused by rubbing—probably produced by sharpening the instrument used in the sculpture.” [Mr. Gest, however, does not regard these as tool marks, but thinks they are of peculiar significance.] “Without discussing the singular resemblance which the relic bears to the Egyptian Cartouch, it will be sufficient to direct attention to the reduplication of the figures, those upon one side corresponding with those upon the other, and the two central ones being also alike. It will be observed that there are but three scrolls or figures—four of one and two of each of the others. Probably no serious discussion of the question whether or not these figures are hieroglyphical is needed. They more resemble the stalk and flowers of a plant than anything else in nature. What significance, if any, may attach to the peculiar markings or graduations at the end, it is not undertaken to say. The sum of the products of the longer and shorter lines (24 × 7 + 25 × 8) is 368, three more than the number of days in the year; from which circumstance the suggestion has been advanced that the tablet had an astronomical origin, and constituted some sort of a calendar.” We may here add that Col. Chas. Whittlesey published at Cleveland, Ohio, in Historical and Archæological Tract No. 9 (Feb. 1872) of the Western Reserve Historical Society, a statement that the “Cincinnati Tablet” was a fraud. But we are informed that he is since convinced of its genuineness.