serious exposure of, through inadequate force, 62, 66;
"extricates himself by rapid movements, 62-64;
preparations to defend entrance to New York, 65-68;
inferiority of force to d'Estaing, 66;
следует за французским флотом в залив Наррагансетт, 70, и своим присутствием там побуждает д'Эстена отказаться от осады Ньюпорта и выйти в море, 73;
manoeuvres of, with inferior force, 73-75;
fleet of, scattered by gale, 75;
returns to New York, 76, and again follows French Fleet to Boston, 77;
admirable qualities of, as illustrated in this campaign, 78;
futile contemporary criticism of, 79;
relinquishes command, and returns to England, 1778, 81;
not employed again, until change of Ministry, 1782, 81, 227;
appointed to command Channel Fleet, 1782, and primary operations there, 227-229;
successful evasion of very superior Franco-Spanish Fleet, 229;
skilful conduct of relief of Gibraltar by, 1782, 229-231;
engagement with Allied Fleet, 232;
special qualities of, again illustrated, 232;
French eulogy of, 232, and of force under his command, 233.
Howe, Sir William (brother of Earl), British General, failure of to support Burgoyne, 1777, 28, 51, 52;
evacuates Boston, 1776, and retires to Halifax, 29, 30;
extent of regions under his command-in-chief, 30;
appointed peace commissioner, jointly with Lord Howe, 39;
goes from Halifax to New York, 39;
fruitless peace negotiations, 39;
reduction of New York by, 42-45;
subsequent operations of, to Battle of Trenton, 45-49;
constitutional sluggishness of, 45, 47;
occupies Narragansett Bay, 48;
injudicious extension of front of operations, 48;
small results after New York, 49;
rewarded with the Order of the Bath, 49;
takes the greater part of his force to Chesapeake Bay, 52;
effect of this upon Burgoyne's operations, 52, 53, 55;
occupies Philadelphia, 53;
this success worse than fruitless, 56;
relieved in command by Clinton, and returns to England, 56, 63.
Hudson River, a link in the chain of water communications from Canada to New York, 7, 30, 45;
mentioned, 28, 41, 44, 45, 46, 49, 50, 51, 53;
alternative name, North River, 41;
Washington retreats across, into New Jersey, 45;
British advance up valley of, 1777, 55.
Hughes, Sir Edward, British Admiral, commander-in-chief in East Indies, 1779, 235;
enterprise of, 235;
engagements with French Fleet under Suffren, 240, 242, 244, 247, 253;
loses Trincomalee, 247, and compelled thereby to leave Coromandel coast for Bombay, 251;
reinforced by Bickerton, 251;
contrasted with Suffren, as a general officer, 254.
Hughes, Sir Richard, succeeds to West India command at peace of 1783, 226;
subsequent controversy with Nelson, 226.
Hyder, Ali, Sultan of Mysore, at war with British, 1779, 235;
French Admiral d'Orves refuses coöperation with, 235;
Suffren acts with, 240, 242;
captures Cuddalore, 1782, 244;
death of, 1782, 252;
succeeded by Tippoo Saib, 252.
Inflexible, British cruiser built by Sir Charles Douglas on Lake Champlain, 1776, 16;
in herself sufficient to control the lake, 17.
Jamaica, British West India Island, 38, 110, 149, 153, 159, 176, 177, 185, 224, 226;
conquest of, intended by France and Spain, 1782, 206;
attempt leads to defeat of de Grasse by Rodney, 208, 209;
Rodney repairs to, after his victory, 225.
Japan, significance of contrast of population of, to square mile, with that of the United States, 5.
Johnstone, George, British Commodore, commands squadron despatched to take Cape of Good Hope from Dutch, 236;
attacked by Suffren in Porto Praya Bay, 237;
arrives at Cape too late, Suffren having strengthened it, 238;
returns to England, 238;
professional capacity of, 239;
attacks made by, upon professional conduct of Howe and Keppel, 239. (See also p. 80.)
Jones, John Paul, American naval captain, serves as a volunteer in French Fleet, 1782, 212.
Кемпенфельт, Ричард, британский адмирал, захватывает в Бискайском заливе большую часть французского конвоя, шедшего в Ве-Индию, 1781, 195, 196;
commands a division in Channel Fleet under Howe, 1782, 227, 228;
lost in sinking of the Royal George, 229.
Keppel, Augustus, British Admiral, refuses to serve against Americans, 81;
commander-in-chief of Channel Fleet, 1778, 61, 82;
encounter with French Brest Fleet, 83-91;
comments on the conduct of, 92, 97;
controversy with Palliser, third in command under, 95;
returns to port with fleet, 96;
court martial upon, 93;
and cited from, 87, 88, 95;
resigns command, 97;
becomes first Lord of the Admiralty, 97, 225;
quoted, 107 (note).
La Motte Picquet, French Commodore, 115;
action with a British division off Martinique, 1779, 128;
encounter with squadron under Cornwallis, 1780, 153-155;
captures great part of a British convoy returning from West Indies, 1781, 188;
quoted, 229 (note).
Leeward Islands Station, extent of, 99;
under command of Barrington when war begins, 1778, 99;
Byron succeeds to command, 1779, 105;
held temporarily by Hyde Parker, 1779, 113;
Rodney takes command, 1780, 121, 128;
Hood in temporary charge of, 1782, 177, 185, 196-205;
Rodney relieved by Pigot, 225.
Ле-Сент, небольшие острова в Ве-Индии, между Доминикой и Гваделупой, место сражения Родни с де Грассом, 209, 211, 213.
Маннерс, лорд Роберт, британский морской капитан (погиб в сражении 12 апреля 1782 года), цитируются его похвалы в адрес Худа, 202, 205.
Martinique, French West India Island, 99, 104, 128, 130, 140, 141, 142, 144, 147, 149, 153, 167, 206, 207;
principal French depot in West Indies, 100;
action off, between de Grasse and Hood, 162-167.
Mathews, Thomas, British Admiral, Influence in British Navy of court martial upon, in 1744, 93, 139.
Minorca, Mediterranean Island in British possession, Byng's action off, 1756, 93, 94;
recovery of, a primary object with Spain, 120;
supplied by Rodney, 1780, 125, 126;
by Darby, 1781, 187;
attack upon by France and Spain, 1781, 188;
capitulates, 1782, 189.
Mobile, Farragut's attack in entering, cited in illustration, 66 (note).
Доктрина Монро в последнем анализе представляет собой формулировку намерения предотвратить перенос на американские континенты войн, возникающих в других местах, 4;
recognition of same danger in unchecked Asiatic immigration, 4;
necessity of adequate force in order to maintain, 29.
Монтгомери, Ричард, американский генерал, направленный Конгрессом для проведения вторжения в Канаду, 9; погиб при штурме Квебека, 10.
Moultrie, Fort, Description of, 33.
Moultrie, William, American officer, commands Fort Moultrie when attacked by British squadron, 32-36.
Narragansett Bay, occupation of by British, 1777, 47;
value of, 47, 56;
Rodney's opinion of, 48, 115;
description of, 69;
military and naval situation in, 1778, 72, 73;
abandonment of, by British, 1779, because of improper dispersion of their army, 113, 114, 115;
occupied by French squadron and troops, 1780, 149, 150, 155-157;
Rodney neglects to attack, 150;
French division in, watched by British from Gardiner's Bay, 151, 170;
but starts, 1781, for Chesapeake Bay, 170;
returns to, unsuccessful, 173;
sails again from, 177, and joins main fleet in the Chesapeake, 184.
Флот и флоты, замечание Вашингтона о том, что им принадлежал «решающий голос» в Войне за независимость США, 4, 147;
проявленный в два решающих момента: Арнольдом на озере Шамплейн в 1776 году и де Грассом у Йорктауна в 1781 году, 4, 7, 9, 168, 176, 178, 179, 184;
decisive influence also in American War of Secession, 4;
present and future dependence upon, of Monroe Doctrine and of question of Asiatic Immigration, 4, 5;
военное объяснение этого «решающего голоса», 5;
Pacific question essentially one of, 5;
military reasons for general dominant effect of, in War of Independence, 6, 114;
British, saves Canada for Great Britain, 12;
специфическое влияние на конечный результат общей войны, оказанное американским флотом на озере Шамплейн в 1776 году, 12, 13, 14, 25;
несоответствие британского флота предъявляемым к нему требованиям, 29, 30, 59, 62, 79, 82, 99, 116, 117, 120, 127, 148, 189, 193, 226;
British, in operations at New York, 1776, 40, 44, 47;
in Burgoyne's advance, 1777, 51;
misuse of British, to divide the land forces, 51, 52, 114, 115, 152;
subsidiary operations of British, 56, in the Carolinas, 151, in Virginia, 170;
под командованием Хау, несмотря на свою недостаточность, спасает армию под командованием Клинтона, 63, 64, а также Нью-Йорк, 64–68, и впоследствии залив Наррагансетт с армейским подразделением в Ньюпорте, 72, 77;
tone of French, as indicated by Government instructions, and action of officers, 83, 89, 91, 92, 166, 235;
effect of seasonal conditions upon operations of, in Europe and in America, 98, 100, 113, 115, 147, 149, 159;
in East Indies, 251;
inefficiency of Spanish, 116, 125, 147, 189, 231, 232.
Nelson, mentioned or quoted, 38, 39, 109, 126, 132, 140, 155, 160, 202, 225, 226, 243.
New Jersey, Washington crosses from New York into, 45;
operations in, 1776, 46-49;
impracticable to British, in 1777, and consequent effect upon Howe's course, 51, 52, 56;
retreat of British from Philadelphia through, 1778, 63, 64.
Newport, Rhode Island, taken possession of by British, 47;
importance of, 48;
siege of, by Americans and French, 70, 73, 77;
abandoned by British, 115;
occupied by French, 150, 155, 170, 173, 174, 179. See Narragansett Bay.
New York, water communications between St. Lawrence and, 7, 8;
British occupy harbor of, 1776, 38;
operations around, 1776, 39-46;
harbor, approaches, and fortifications about, 40-42;
Washington abandons, 45, 46;
British occupy, 45;
British forces in, unable to coöperate with those in Philadelphia, 56, 63;
Lord Howe's preparations to defend, 64-67;
d'Estaing's failure to attack, 67, 68;
Rodney goes from West Indies to, 150, 152, 159.
Order, of Battle, 93 (and note), 137-140, 191;
comparison between Keppel's, off Ushant, and Byron's, off Grenada, 112;
Graves', off Cape Henry, 179-183, criticized by Hood, 181, 182;
Hood's at anchor off St. Kitts, 202, 203.
Palliser, Sir Hugh, British Admiral, third in command at Battle of Ushant, 84, 87, 90, 91, 93-96;
court of inquiry upon, 95-97.
Parker, Sir Hyde, (1) British Admiral, left in temporary command at New York by Howe, 1778, 80 (and note);
in like position in Leeward Islands by Byron, 1779-1780, 113, 128;
biographical summary of, 113;
quoted, 129, 130;
nickname of, 130;
implied censure of, by Rodney, in battle of April 17, 1780, 136;
returns to England, 136;
commands at Battle of the Dogger Bank, 189-193;
his reply to George III, 193;
ordered to East Indian command, and lost at sea, 194.
Паркер, Хайд (2-й), британский морской капитан (впоследствии адмирал сэр Хайд), в операциях вокруг Нью-Йорка, 1776, 39, 44, 46;
in expedition against Savannah, 1778, 113, 114;
biographical summary of, 113 (note). (In 1801, commander-in-chief over Nelson, at Copenhagen, 39, 80, note).
Parker, Sir Peter, British Admiral, commands naval force in expedition against Charleston, 1776, 31;
attack of, upon Fort Moultrie, 33-38;
gives promotion to Nelson, Collingwood, and Saumarez, 38;
at operations around New York, 38, 43, 45, and at Narragansett Bay, 48;
commands Jamaica Station, 149, 153, 155, 159, 176, 177, 185;
superseded at Jamaica by Graves, 1781, 185.
Pellew, Edward, (afterwards Admiral Lord Exmouth), British midshipman, at Lake Champlain, 1776, 22;
in Burgoyne's advance to Saratoga, 1777, 51.
Philadelphia, occupation of, by British, 52-55;
brief tenure of, 55;
inutility of, to British, 56;
evacuation of, by British, and hazardous retreat from, to New York, 63, 64.
Quebec, attack upon by Americans, under Montgomery, 1775, 9, 10;
blockade of, by Arnold, 1776, 10, 11;
relieved by British navy, 10-12;
utility of, to British preparations to control Lake Champlain, 15-17, 26.
Raids, by British navy, 56, 114.
Rhode Island, 47, 48, 69, 70, 72, 77, 78, 79, 115, 150, 155. See Narragansett Bay.
Ридизель, барон, командующий немецкими войсками в Канаде, 1776; свидетельство последнего о последствиях задержки, вызванной флотилией Арнольда на озере Шамплейн, 13, 25;
quoted, 21, 23.
Rochambeau, French general, commanding forces in America, requests coöperation of de Grasse against Cornwallis, 168.
Rodney, Sir George (afterwards Lord), British Admiral, appointed to command Leeward Islands Station, 1779, 115, 121;
sails to relieve Gibraltar, 122;
on the way, destroys two Spanish squadrons, 122-125;
relieves the place, and sails for West Indies, 125, 126;
actions with de Guichen, April and May, 1780, 130-135, 142-144;
censures officers of the fleet, 135-139, 145; further proceedings in West Indies, 1780, 146-150;
takes fleet to New York, 150, and turns to West Indies, 159;
capture of Dutch islands, 1781, 160;
proceedings of, at St. Eustatius, 161, 162;
sends Hood off Martinique to intercept de Grasse, 162;
successes of de Grasse against, 167, 168;
sends Hood to New York with fleet, 176, 177, and returns to England on leave, 177;
returns to West Indies, 1782, and rejoins Hood, 205;
pursuit of French armament against Jamaica, 207-212;
victory of, in battle of April 12, 213-220;
failure of, to improve his success, 220-225;
superseded by Pigot, and returns finally to England, 225.
Rowley, Joshua, British Admiral, brilliant conduct of, in Byron's action, 106, 107, 109;
implicitly censured by Rodney, 136.
Sandy Hook, at entrance to New York Harbor, 52, 63, 64, 65, 66, 76, 113, 150, 177, 184, 185;
Lord Howe's preparations at, for defence of New York, 1778, 65, 66.
Santa Lucia, French West India Island, capture of, by British, 1778, 100-102;
d'Estaing's ineffectual attempt to retake, 103, 104;
military value of, 104, 207;
de Guichen seeks to retake, 142;
mentioned, 105, 106, 128, 141, 144, 148, 165, 167, 168, 206.
Saratoga, surrender of Burgoyne at, why decisive, 3, 6;
capitulation there, determined by Arnold's defence of Lake Champlain, 3, 7, 13, 14, 25;
Burgoyne's surrender at, 28, 50-53.
Saumarez, James (afterwards Lord de), British naval officer, midshipman at attack upon Fort Moultrie, 1776, 35, 38;
lieutenant at the battle of the Dogger Bank, 1781, 192 (note);
captain in West Indies, 1782, 196;
biographical summary of, 196 (note);
in Rodney's victory, 1782, 218, 221.
Savannah, capture of, by British, 1778, 113;
пагубное влияние начатых таким образом операций на британские позиции в Америке, 114, 115, 151–153, 175–178, 184;
failure of d'Estaing's attempt to retake, 115, 151.
Schuyler, Philip, American General, commanding Northern Department, 1776; quoted, 12.
Seasons, effect of, upon naval operations, 98, 113, 115, 145, 149, 159, 251.
Spain, induced to enter the war, 1779, 3, 116;
cruise of fleet of, in conjunction with French, 1779, 116-121;
divergence of views between France and, 120, 121, 147, 158, 186;
two squadrons of, dispersed or destroyed by Rodney, 122-126;
inefficiency of navy of, 125, 126, 147, 158, 187-189;
fruitless cruise of fleet of, in conjunction with French, 1781, 188, 189;
projected conquest of Jamaica, 206.
St. Eustatius, Dutch West India Island, capture of, by British, 1781, 160-162;
a great trade centre in the war, prior to capture, 160.
St. Kitts, British West India Island, attacked by French, 1782, 196;
naval operations of Hood and de Grasse about, 196-205;
capitulates to French, owing to lack of British land force, 205.
St. Lawrence, River, the centre of French power in Canada, 7;
прочность позиции как военного рубежа, 7, 8; как военно-морской линии коммуникаций, закрытой льдом, 10, 11, но в другие сезоны находящейся под контролем, 11, 12;
relations, to the decisive naval campaign on Lake Champlain, 1776, 15-17, 25-26.
Ticonderoga, strong post at head of Lake Champlain, 8, 9, 13, 18, 20, 27, 28, 46, 50;
saved from capture in 1775, and 1776, by Arnold's naval action on Lake Champlain, 9, 13, 25;
taken by British, 1777, but reoccupied by Americans after Burgoyne's surrender, 28.
Румпель. См. «Руль».
Tippoo Saib, Sultan of Mysore, in India, succeeds his father, Hyder Ali, 1782, and continues his policy, 252.
Tobago, British West India Island, taken by French, 167, 168.
Trenton, battle of, 48.
Trincomalee, harbor in Ceylon, a Dutch possession in 1780, captured by British, 1782, 240;
importance, and imperfect defences, of, 240, 242, 244, 251, 252, 255;
taken by French, 1782, 247;
naval battle off, between Hughes and Suffren, 247-251.
Ushant, battle of, 83-93.
Valcour, Island in Lake Champlain, 15, 17, 18, 20, 21, 23, 24;
selected by Arnold as the position in which to await British advance, 1776, 15;
description of, 19, 20;
battle of, 20-23;
American retreat from, 23-25.
Вашингтон, Джордж, главнокомандующий американскими армиями, его высказывание о том, что флоты имели «решающий голос» в Войне за независимость, 4, 151.
arrangements of, for defence of New York City, 1776, 41-43;
withdraws the exposed division on Brooklyn Heights, 43, 44;
successive retirements of, to Harlem River, to New Jersey, and across Delaware River, 44-46;
wins battle of Trenton, 1776, and recovers great part of New Jersey, 48, 49;
comment of, on Howe's sailing from New York, 1777, 52;
disputes, unsuccessfully, Howe's advance on Philadelphia, 53, 55;
skilful strategic position of, in New Jersey hills, 56;
comment of, upon effects of d'Estaing's long passage out, 1778, 63;
hot pursuit by, of Clinton in retreat from Philadelphia to New York, 64;
disappointment of, at failure of French naval assistance, 1780, 150, 152;
comment of, on Arnold's treason, 152;
with Rochambeau, asks coöperation of de Grasse, 1781, 168;
movement of, against Cornwallis at Yorktown, 178, 184;
surrender of Cornwallis to, 185;
mentioned incidentally, 67, 72.
Washington, Fort, commanding Hudson River, 1776, 44, 46;
Washington orders evacuation of, 45;
stormed by British, and garrison taken, 46.
West Indies, dependence of, upon American continent, 60;
seasonal conditions in, affecting naval operations, 98, 115, 149, 159;
commercial importance of, 98;
naval battles in, 103, 106-112, 129, 130-135, 142-144, 153, 163-167, 198-205, 207-220.
White, Thomas, British naval author serving during War of American Independence, quoted, 108, 183 (note), 204.
Yorktown, series of events which brought Cornwallis to, 152, 153, 169, 170, 174, 175;
naval actions affecting control of waters around, 170-173, 179-184;
Cornwallis shut up in, 176;
French navy in force before, 184;
French and American armies arrive before, 184;
surrender of Cornwallis at, 185.
Zoutman, Johan A., Dutch Admiral, commands the squadron at the battle of the Dogger Bank, 189-193.
North Atlantic Ocean. General Map to illustrate Operations in the War of American Independence
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