«Золотая ветвь: Исследование магии и религии (Том IX: Варрава)»

Christianity, Latin, its tolerance of rustic paganism, 346

Christmas, custom of young men and women beating each other at, 270;

an old midwinter festival of the sun-god, 328

—— Day, Mexican festival on, 287;

Old (Twelfth Night), 321

—— Eve, witches active on, 160

Chukmas, the tug-of-war among the, 174

Church bells a protection against witchcraft, 157, 158

Churn-dashers ridden by witches, 160

Chwolsohn, D., on the worship of Haman, 366 n. 1

Ciallos, intercalary month of Gallic calendar, 343

Cilicia, Tarsus in, 388, 389, 391

Cingalese, the tug-of-war among the, 181;

devil-dancers, 38

Cinteotl or Centeotl, Mexican goddess of maize, 286 n. 1, 290

Circumcision Day, 334

Clangour of metal used to dispel demons, 233

Clanking chains as a protection against witches, 163

Clark, J. V. H., 209

Clarke, E. D., quoted, 20 sq.

Clashing of metal instruments a protection against witchcraft, 158;

used to dispel demons, 233

Clavigero, historian of Mexico, 286 n. 1

Clippings of nails in popular cures, 57, 58

Clowns in processions, 244 sq.

Cochinchina, mode of disposing of ghosts in, 62

Cock, disease transferred to a white, 187;

white, as scapegoat, 210 n. 4

Cocks as scapegoats, 191 sq.

Coligny calendar of Gaul, 342 sqq.

Columella on caprification, 258

[pg 431]

Comana, sacred harlots at, 370 n. 1;

worship of Ma at, 421 n. 1

Comitium, dances of the Salii in the, 232

Communion by means of stones, 21 sq.

Concubines of a king taken by his successor, 368

Condé in Normandy, 183

Confession of sins, 31, 36, 127

Conflicts, annual, at the New Year, old intention of, 184

Congrégation de Notre Dame at Paris, 337

Consumption, cure for, 51

Cook, A. B., 246 n. 2

Cook, Captain James, 80

Cootchie, a demon, 110

Cora Indians of Mexico, their dance at sowing, 238;

their dramatic dances, 381

Coran, the, 62

Corea, 11, 27;

traps for demons in, 61 sq.;

belief in demons in, 99 sq.;

spirit of disease expelled in, 119;

annual expulsion of demons in, 147;

the tug-of-war in, 177 sq.

Coreans, their annual ceremonies for the riddance of evils, 202 sq.

Corn festivals of the Cora Indians, 381

—— -ears, wreath of, as badge of priestly office, 232

—— -sieve beaten at ceremony, 145

Cornel-tree in popular remedy, 55

Cornouaille in Brittany, 323

“Corpse-praying priest,” 45

Corpses devoured by members of Secret Societies, 377

Cos, custom of Greek peasants in, 266

Cosmogonies, primitive, perhaps influenced by human sacrifices, 409 sqq.

Cosquin, E., on the book of Esther, 367 n. 3

Coughs transferred to animals, 51, 52

Couppé, Mgr., quoted, 82

Crabs change their skin, 303

Crackers ignited to expel demons, 117, 146 sq.

Creation of the world, legends of, influenced by human sacrifices, 409 sqq.

Creator beheaded, 410;

sacrifices himself daily to create the world afresh, 411

Creeping through an arch as a cure, 55

Cretan festival of Hermes, 350

Crimes, sticks or stones piled on the scene of, 13 sqq.

Criminals sacrificed, 354, 396 sq., 408

Croatia, Good Friday custom in, 268

Croesus on the pyre, 391

Cronia, a Greek festival resembling the Saturnalia, 351;

at Olympia, 352 sq.

Cronion, a Greek month, 351 n. 2

Cronus and the Cronia, 351 sq.;

and the Golden Age, 353;

and human sacrifice, 353 sq., 397

Cross-roads, 6, 7, 10, 24;

offerings at, 140;

ceremonies at, 144, 159, 161, 196;

witches at, 162

Crosses painted with tar as charms against ghosts and vampyres, 153 n. 1;

chalked on doors as protection against witchcraft, 160, 162 sq.;

white, made by the King of the Bean, 314

Crow as scapegoat, 193

Crucifixion of Christ, 412 sqq.

Cumont, Franz, 309, 393 n. 1

Cuzco, its scenery, 128 sq.

Cybele and Attis, 386

Cyrus and Croesus, 391

Dahomey, Porto Novo in, 205

Dalton, E. T., quoted, 92 sq.

Dance at cairns, 29;

the buffalo dance to ensure a supply of buffaloes, 171;

to cause the grass to grow, 238

Dancers personate spirits, 375

Dances of the witches, 162;

of the Salii, 232;

to promote the growth of the crops, 232 sqq., 347;

at sowing, 234 sqq.;

taught by animals, 237;

for rain, 236 sq., 238;

solemn Mexican, 280, 284, 286, 287, 288, 289;

of Castilian peasants in May, 280;

of salt-makers in Mexico, 284;

to make hemp grow tall, 315;

as dramatic performances of myths, 375 sqq.;

bestowed on men by spirits, 375;

in imitation of animals, 376, 377, 381, 382

Dances, masked, to promote fertility, 236;

of savages, 374 sqq.;

to ensure good crops, 382

Dancing to obtain the favour of the gods, 236

Dandaki, King, 41

“Dark” moon and “light” moon, 140, 141 n. 1

Darwin, Sir Francis, 153 n. 1

Dasius, martyrdom of St., 308 sqq.

Dassera festival in Nepaul, 226 n. 1

Date palm, artificial fertilization of the, 272 sq.

Davies, T. Witton, 360 n. 2

Dead, disembodied souls of the, dreaded, 77;

worship of the, 97;

ghosts of the, periodically expelled, 123 sq.;

souls of the, received by their relations once a year, 150 sqq.

——, spirits of the, in the Philippine Islands, 82;

in Timor, 85

Death, the funeral of, 205;

the ceremony of carrying out, 227 sq., 230, 252;

savage tales of the origin of, 302 sqq.

Debang monastery at Lhasa, 218

[pg 432]

December, annual expulsion of demons in, 145;

custom of the heathen of Harran in, 263 sq.;

the Saturnalia held in, 306, 307, 345

Decle, L., 11 n. 1

De Goeje, M. J., 24 n. 1

Deified men, sacrifices of, 409

Delaware Indians, their remedies for sins, 263

Demonophobia in India, 91

Demon-worship, 94, 96.

See also Propitiation

Demons bunged up, 61 sq.;

omnipresence of, 72 sqq.;

propitiation of, 93, 94, 96, 100;

religious purification intended to ward off, 104;

cause sickness, failure of crops, etc., 109 sqq.;

of cholera, 116, 117, 123;

men disguised as, 170 sq., 172, 173;

decoyed by a pig, 200, 201;

conjured into images, 171, 172, 173, 203, 204, 205;

put to flight by clangour of metal, 233;

banned by masks, 246;

exorcised by bells, 246 sq., 251.

See also Devil and Devils

De Mortival, Roger, 338

Derceto, the fish goddess of Ascalon, 370 n. 1

De Ricci, S., 343 n.

Deslawen, village of Bohemia, 161

Devil driven away by paper kites, 4

Devil-driving in Chitral, 137

Devil's Neck, the, 16, 30

Devils personated by men, 235.

See Demons

Devonshire, cure for cough in, 51

Dharmi or Dharmesh, the Supreme God of the Oraons, 92 sq.

Dice used in divination, 220;

played at festivals, 350

Dieri tribe of Central Australia, their expulsion of a demon, 110

Dinkas, their use of cows as scapegoats, 193

Dio Chrysostom on the Sacaea, 368;

his account of the treatment of the mock king of the Sacaea, 414

Dionysiac festival of the opening of the wine jars, 351 sq.

Dionysus and the drama, 384

Disease transferred to other people, 6 sq.;

transferred to tree, 7;

caused by ghosts, 85;

annual expulsion of, 139;

sent away in little ships, 185 sqq.

Dittmar, C. von, quoted, 100 sq.

Divination on Twelfth Night, 316

Divine animals as scapegoats, 216 sq., 226 sq.

—— men as scapegoats, 217 sqq., 226 sq.

Dog, sickness transferred to, 33;

as scapegoat, 51, 208 sq.;

sacrifice of white, 127

Dog-demon of epilepsy, 69 n.

Doreh in Dutch New Guinea, the tug-of-war at, 178

Doubs, Montagne de, 316

Douglas, Alexander, victim of witchcraft, 39

Doutté, E., 22 n. 2

Doves of Astarte, the sacred, 370 n. 1

Dracaena terminalis, its leaves used to beat the sick, 265

Dramas, sacred, as magical rites, 373 sqq.

Dravidian tribes of N. India, their cure for epilepsy, 259 sq.

Dreams, festival of, among the Iroquois, 127

Dreikönigstag, Twelfth Day, 329

“Driving out the Witches,” 162

Drowo, gods, 74

Drums beaten to expel demons, 111, 113, 116, 120, 126, 146, 204

Dubrowitschi, a Russian village, 173

Duck as scapegoat, 50

Dudilaa, a spirit who lives in the sun, 186

Dumannos, a month of the Gallic calendar, 343

Duran, Diego, Spanish historian of Mexico, 295 n. 1, 297, 300 n. 1

Durostorum in Moesia, celebration of the Saturnalia at, 309

Dussaud, René, 22 n. 2

Dusuns of Borneo, their annual expulsion of evils, 200 sq.

Dyak priestesses, 5;

transference of evil, 5;

mode of neutralizing bad omens, 39

Dyaks, their “lying heaps,” 14;

their Head Feast, 383

Dying god as scapegoat, 227

Eabani, Babylonian hero, 398 sq.

Ears, blood drawn from, as penance, 292

Earth, the Mistress of the, 85

—— -god, 28;

the Egyptian, 341

Earthman, the, 61

East, the Wise Men of the, 330 sq.

—— Indian Islands, 2

—— Indies, the tug-of-war in the, 177

Easter an old vernal festival of the vegetation-god, 328

—— eggs, 269

—— Eve in Albania, expulsion of Kore on, 157

—— Monday, “Easter Smacks” on, 268

“—— Smacks” in Germany and Austria, 268 sq.

—— Sunday, ceremony on the Eve of, 207 sq.

—— Tuesday, “Easter Smacks” on, 268

[pg 433]

Eastertide, expulsion of evils at, in Calabria, 157

Eck, R. van, quoted, 86

Edward VI., his Lord of Misrule, 332, 334

Effigies, disease transferred to, 7;

demons conjured into, 204, 205;

substituted for human victims, 408

Effigy of baby used to fertilize women, 245, 249

Eggs, red Easter, 269

Egypt, mode of laying ghosts in, 63;

modern, belief in the jinn in, 104;

Isis and Osiris in, 386

Egyptians, the ancient, their belief in spirits, 103 sq.;

their use of bulls as scapegoats, 216 sq.;

the five supplementary days of their year, 340 sq.

Eifel, the King of the Bean in the, 313

Eight days, feast and license of, before expulsion of demons, 131

Ekoi, the, of West Africa, 28

Elamite deities in opposition to Babylonian deities, 366;

inscriptions, 367

Elamites, the hereditary foes of the Babylonians, 366

Elaphebolion, an Athenian month, 351

Elaphius, an Elean month, 352

Elder brother, the sin of marrying before an, 3

Elgon, Mount, 246

Elis, law of, 352 n. 2

Ellis, W., quoted, 80

Embodied evils, expulsion of, 170 sqq.

Emetics as remedies for sins, 263

Endle, S., quoted, 93

England, cure of warts in, 48;

the King of the Bean in, 313;

the Boy Bishop in, 337 sq.

Enigmas, ceremonial use of, 121 n. 3.

See Riddles

Entlebuch in Switzerland, expulsion of Posterli at, 214

Epidaurus, Aesculapius at, 47

Epidemics attributed to demons, 111 sqq.;

kept off by means of a plough, 172 sq.;

sent away in toy chariots, 193 sq.

Epilepsy, cure for, 2, 331;

Highland treatment of, 68 n. 2;

Roman cure for, 68;

Hindoo cure for, 69 n.;

cured by beating, 260.

See also Falling Sickness

Epiphany, annual expulsion of the powers of evil at, 165 sqq.;

the King of the Bean on, 313 sqq.

See also Twelfth Night

Eponyms, annual, as scapegoats, 39 sqq.

Equinox, the vernal, festival of Cronus at, 352;

Persian marriages at the, 406 n. 3

Equos, a Gallic month, 343 n.

Erech, Babylonian city, Ishtar at, 398, 399

Erz-gebirge, the Saxon, 271

Esagila, temple at Babylon, 356

Esquimaux of Labrador, their fear of demons, 79 sq.;

of Point Barrow, their expulsion of Luña, 124 sq.;

of Baffin Land, their expulsion of Sedna, 125 sq.;

the Central, the tug-of-war among the, 174;

of Bering Strait, their masquerades, 379 sq.

Esther, fast of, 397 sq.;

the story of, acted as a comedy at Purim, 364

——, the book of, its date and purpose, 360;

its Persian colouring, 362, 401;

duplication of the personages in, 400 sq.;

the personages unmasked, 405 sqq.

—— and Mordecai equivalent to Ishtar and Marduk, 405;

the duplicates of Vashti and Haman, 406

—— and Vashti, temporary queens, 401

Esthonian mode of transferring bad luck to trees, 54;

expulsion of the devil, 173

Eton College, Boy Bishop at, 338

Euhemerism, 385

Euripides, 19

Europe, transference of evil in, 47 sqq.;

annual expulsion of demons and witches in, 155 sqq.;

annual expulsion of evils in, 207 sqq.;

masquerades in modern, 251 sq.

European folk-custom of “carrying out Death,” 227 sq.

Eve and Adam, 259 n. 3

Evening Star, the goddess of the, 369 n. 1

Evessen, in Brunswick, 60

Evil, the transference of, 1 sqq.;

transferred to other people, 5 sqq.;

transferred to sticks and stones, 8 sqq.;

transferred to animals, 31 sqq.;

transferred to men, 38 sqq.;

transference of, in Europe, 47 sqq.

—— spirits, banishment of, 86.

See Demons

Evil-Merodach, Babylonian king, 367 n. 2

Evils transferred to trees, 54 sqq.;

nailed into trees, walls, etc., 59 sqq.;

occasional expulsion of, 109 sqq., 185 sqq.;

periodic expulsion of, 123 sqq., 198 sqq.;

expulsion of embodied, 170 sqq.;

expulsion of, in a material vehicle, 185 sqq.

See also Expulsion

Ewe, white-footed, as scapegoat, 192 sq.

Ewe-speaking negroes of the Slave Coast, 74

Excommunication of human scapegoat, 254

Execution by stoning, 24 n. 2

Exeter, the Boy Bishop at, 337

Exorcising spirits at sowing the seed, 235

[pg 434]

Exorcism of devils in Morocco, 63;

annual, of the evil spirit in Japan, 143 sq.;

Nicobarese ceremony of, 262

Exorcists, 2 sq., 33

Expiation for sin, 39

Expulsion of evils, 109 sqq.;

the direct or immediate and the indirect or mediate, 109, 224;

occasional, 109 sqq., 185 sqq.;

periodic, 123 sqq., 198 sqq.;

of embodied evils, 170 sqq.;

of evils in a material vehicle, 185 sqq.;

annual, of demons and witches in Europe, 155 sqq.;

of Trows in Shetland, 168 sq.;

of hunger at Chaeronea, 252;

of winter, ceremony of the, 404 sq.

Faditras among the Malagasy, 33 sq.

Faiths of the world, the great, their little influence on common men, 89

Falling sickness, cure for, 52, 330.

See also Epilepsy

Fans, the, of West Africa, 30 n. 2

“Fast of Esther” before Purim, 397 sq.

Fatigue transferred to stones or sticks, 8 sqq.;

let out with blood, 12

Fawckner, Captain James, quoted, 131 sq.

Fear as a source of religion, 93

Feast, the Great, in Morocco, 180, 182, 265

—— of Lanterns in Japan, 151 sq.

February and March, the season of the spring sowing in Italy, 346

Ferghana in Turkestan, 184

Ferrers, George, a Lord of Misrule, 332

Fertility of the ground, magical ceremony to promote the, 177

Fertilization, artificial, of fig-trees, 257 sqq., 272 sq.;

of the date palm, 272

Fertilizing virtue attributed to certain sticks, 264

“Festival of dreams” among the Iroquois, 127

—— of the Flaying of Men, Mexican, 296 sqq.

—— of Fools in France, 334 sqq.;

in Germany, Bohemia, and England, 336 n. 1

—— of the Innocents, 336 sqq.

Festivals, the great Christian, timed by the Church to coincide with old pagan festivals, 328

Fête des Fous in France, 334 sqq.

—— des Rois, Twelfth Day, 329

Fever, remedy for, 38;

Roman cure for, 47;

popular cures for, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 56, 58, 59, 63;

driven away by firing guns, etc., 121

Fielding, H., quoted, 349 sq.

Fiends burnt in fire, 320

Fig, the wild, human scapegoats beaten with branches of, 255

Fig-tree, sacred, 61

—— -trees artificially fertilized, 257 sqq., 272 sq.;

personated by human victims, 257

Fights, annual, at the New Year, old intention of, 184

Figs, black and white, worn by human scapegoats, 253, 257, 272

Fiji, 15;

annual ceremony at appearance of sea-slug in, 141 sq.

Fir used to beat people with at Christmas, 270, 271

—— -trees in popular cure, 56

Fire, Mexican god of, 300;

human sacrifices to, 300 sqq.;

to burn witches, 319

—— new, at New Year, 209;

Chinese festival of the, 359

—— sacred, of King of Uganda, 195;

kindled by friction, 391 n. 4

—— -spirit, annual expulsion of the, 141

Fires extinguished during ceremony, 172;

ceremonial, on Eve of Twelfth Day, 316 sqq.;

to burn fiends, 320.

See also Bonfires

Five days' duration of mock king's reign, 407 n. 1

—— days' reign of mock king at the Sacaea, 355, 357;

of Semiramis, 369

Flax, giddiness transferred to, 53;

bells rung to make flax grow, 247 sq.

Flaying of Men, Mexican festival of the, 296 sqq.

Flemish cure for ague, 56

Flight from the demons of disease, 122 sq.

Flint, holed, a protection against witches, 162

Flood, the great, 399 n. 1

Flowers, the goddess of, 278

Flying Spirits, the, at Lhasa, 197 sq.

Food set out for ghosts, 154

Fools in processions of maskers, 243

——, festival of, in France, 334 sqq.;

in Germany, Bohemia, and England, 336 n. 1

Football, suggested origin of, 184

Fords, offerings and prayers at, 27 sq.

Formosa, 33

Forty days, man treated as a god during, 281;

man personating god during, 297

—— nights of mourning for Persephone, 348

Foucart, G., quoted, 341 n. 1

Fountains Abbey, 338

Fowler, W. Warde, 67 n. 2, 229 n. 1

Fowls as scapegoats, 31, 33, 36, 52 sq.

France, cure of warts in, 48;

cure for toothache in, 59;

the King of the [pg 435] Bean in, 313 sqq.;

Festival of Fools in, 334 sqq.

Franche-Comté, the King of the Bean in, 313;

bonfires on the Eve of Twelfth Night in, 316;

the Three Kings of Twelfth Day in, 330;

Lent in, 348 n. 1

Frankenwald Mountains, 160

Frankfort, the feast of Purim at, 394

Fratres Arvales, 232

“French and English” or the “Tug-of-war” as a religious or magical rite, 174 sqq.

French cure for fever, 55

Fresh and green, beating people, 270 sq.

Frogs, malady transferred to, 50, 53

Fruit-trees, fire applied to, on Eve of Twelfth Night, 317

Fruitful tree, use of stick cut from a, 264

Fumigation with juniper and rue as a precaution against witches, 158

Funeral, relations whipped at a, 260 sq.

—— of Death, 205

—— ceremony in Uganda, 45 n. 2;

of a Buddhist monk, 175

Furrow drawn round village as protection against epidemic, 172

Gallas, their mode of expelling fever, 121;

annual period of license among the, 226 n. 1;

their story of the origin of death, 304

Gallows-hill, witches at, 162

Gambling allowed during three days of the year, 150

Games of ball played to produce rain or dry weather, 179 sq.

Garcilasso de la Vega, 130 n. 1

Garos of Assam, their annual use of a scapegoat, 208 sq.

Gatto, in Benin, 131

Gaul, the Celts of, their calendar, 342 sqq.

Gazelle Peninsula in New Britain, 82, 303

Ge-lug-pa, a Lamaist sect, 94

Geraestius, a Greek month, 350

Gerard, E., quoted, 106 sq.

Germany, cure for toothache in, 59;

the King of the Bean in, 313

Ghansyam Deo, a deity of the Gonds, 217

Ghats, the Eastern, use of scapegoats in the, 191

Ghosts of suicides feared, 17 sq.;

impregnation of women by, 18;

shut up in wood, 60 sq.;

modes of laying, 63;

diseases caused by, 85;

of the dead periodically expelled, 123 sq.;

Roman festival of, in May, 154 sq.;

driven off by blows, 260 sqq.

Giddiness, cure for, 53

Gilgamesh, the epic of, 371, 398 sq.;

his name formerly read as Izdubar, 372 n. 1;

a Babylonian hero, beloved by the goddess Ishtar, 371 sq., 398 sq.

Gilgamus, a Babylonian king, 372 n. 1

Gilgenburg in Masuren, 269

Gilyaks of the Amoor, their belief in demons, 101 sq.

Glamorganshire, cure for warts in, 53

Glen Mor, in Islay, 62

Gloucester, the Boy Bishop at, 337

Gloucestershire, Eve of Twelfth Day in, 318, 321

Goat's Marsh at Rome, 258

Goats, evil transferred to, 31, 32;

as scapegoats, 190, 191, 192

Gobi, the desert of, 13

God, killing the, 1;

the black and the white, 92;

dying, as scapegoat, 227;

the killing of the, in Mexico, 275 sqq.;

resurrection of the, 400

Gods and goddesses represented by living men and women, 385 sq.

——, Mexican, burn themselves to create the sun, 410;

Mother of the, 289;

woman annually sacrificed in the character of the Mother of the, 289 sq.

—— shut up in wood, 61;

of the Maoris, 81;

of the Pelew Islanders, 81 sq.;

personated by priests, 287;

represented in masquerades, 377

Goitre, popular cure for, 54

Gold Coast of West Africa, expulsion of demons on the, 120, 131 sqq.

Golden Age, the, 353, 386;

the reign of Saturn, 306, 344

Golden bells worn by human representatives of gods in Mexico, 278, 280, 284

Gomes, E. H., on the head-feast of the Sea Dyaks, 384 n. 1

Gonds of India, human scapegoats among the, 217 sq.

Gongs beaten to expel demons, 113, 117, 147

Good Friday, 214;

expulsion of witches in Silesia on, 157;

cattle beaten on, 266;

custom of beating each other with rods on, 268

Goudie, Mr. Gilbert, 169 n. 2

Gour-deziou, “Supplementary Days,” in Brittany, 324

Gout, popular cures for, 56 sq.

Graetz, H., 395 n. 1

Gran Chaco, Indians of the, 122, 262

Grass to grow, dances to cause the, 238;

bells rung to cause the, 247

Grasshoppers, sacrifice of, 35

“Grass-ringers,” 247

Graubünden (the Grisons), 239

Graves, heaps of sticks or stones on, 15 sqq.

[pg 436]

Great Bassam in Guinea, exorcism of evil spirit at, 120

—— Feast, the, in Morocco, 180, 182, 265

“—— Purification,” Japanese ceremony, 213 n. 1

Greece, ancient, custom of stone-throwing in, 24 sq.;

human scapegoats in, 252 sqq.;

Saturnalia in, 350 sqq.

Greek use of swallows as scapegoats, 35;

of laurel in purification, 262

Greek women, their mourning for Persephone, 349

Greeks, the ancient, their cure for love, 3

—— of Asia Minor, their use of human scapegoats, 255

Green boughs, custom of beating young people with, at Christmas, 270

Grisons, masquerades in the, 239

Groot, J. J. M. de, quoted, 99

Grove, the Arician, 305

Grub in the Grisons, masquerade at, 239

Grubb, W. Barbrooke, quoted, 78 sq.

Grünberg in Silesia, 163

Guardian spirits of animals, 98

Guatemala, 10;

Indians of, 26

Guaycurus, Indian nation, their ceremony at appearance of the Pleiades, 262

Gudea, king of Southern Babylonia, 356

Guessing dreams, 127

Guiana, British, the Arawaks of, 302

——, French, the Roocooyen Indians of, 181, 263;

their fear of demons, 78 sq.

Guinea, annual expulsion of the devil in, 131

——, French, 235

—— negroes, 31

Guns fired to expel demons, 116 sq., 119, 120, 121, 125, 132, 133, 137, 147, 148, 149, 150, 203, 204, 221 n. 1;

against witches, 160, 161, 164

Gypsies, annual ceremony performed by the, 207 sq.

Hagen, B., quoted, 87 sq.

Hair of patient inserted in oak, 57 sq.

Hak-Ka, the, a native race in the province of Canton, 144

Halberstadt in Thüringen, annual ceremony at, 214

Hall in the Tyrol, 248

Halmahera, the Alfoors of, 112;

ceremonies at a funeral in, 260 sq.

Haman, effigies of, burnt at Purim, 392 sqq.

—— and Mordecai, 364 sqq.;

as temporary kings, 400 sq.

—— and Vashti the duplicates of Mordecai and Vashti, 406

Haman, a god worshipped by the heathen of Harran, 366 n. 1

Hâmân-Sûr, a name for Purim, 393

Hammedatha, father of Haman, 373 n. 1

Hammer, sick people struck with a, 259 n. 4

Hands of deity, ceremony of grasping the, 356

Hantoes, spirits, 87

Hare as scapegoat, 50 sq.

Harlots, sacred, 370, 371, 372;

at Comana, 421 n. 1

Harpooning a spirit, 126

Harran, the heathen of, their custom in December, 263 sq.;

their marriage festival of all the gods, 273 n. 1;

worship a god Haman, 366 n. 1

Harrison, Miss J. E., 153 n. 1

Harthoorn, S. E., quoted, 86 sq.

Hartland, E. S., 22 n. 2, 69 n. 1

Harvest, annual expulsion of demons at or after, 137 sq., 225

Hasselt, J. L. van, quoted, 83

Hastings, Warren, 203

Haupt, P., 406 n. 2

Hawk, omens from, 384 n. 1

Hawthorn a charm against ghosts, 153 n. 1

Headache, cure for, 2, 52, 58, 63, 64

Head-feast of the Sea Dyaks, 383, 384 n. 1

Headman sacred, 177 n. 3

Heaps of stones, sticks, or leaves, to which every passer-by adds, 9 sqq.;

on the scene of crimes, 13 sqq.;

on graves, 15 sqq.;

“lying heaps,” 14

Hearn, Lafcadio, 144

Hearts of human victims offered to the sun, 279, 298

Hebrews, their custom as to leprosy, 35

Hebron, 21

Hecatombaeon, an Athenian month, 351

Hecquard, H., 120

Heitsi-eibib, Hottentot god or hero, 16

Hemp, augury as to the height of the, 315;

dances to make hemp grow tall, 315

Hercules, cake with twelve knobs offered to, 351 n. 3;

identified with Sandan, 388;

his death on a pyre, 391

—— and Omphale, 389

Hereford, the Boy Bishop at, 337

Herefordshire, the sin-eater in, 43;

Eve of Twelfth Day in, 318 sqq.

Hermes, wayside images of, 24;

Cretan festival of, 350

—— and Argus, 24

Herodotus on the worship of Ishtar (Astarte), 372

Hide beaten with rods, 231

Hierapolis, festival of the Pyre at, 392

Highlands of Scotland, 20;

the Twelve Days in the, 324

Hildesheim, bell-ringing at, on Ascension Day, 247 sq.

Himalayan districts of N. W. India, 29

[pg 437]

Hindoo Koosh, expulsion of demons in the, 225

—— tribes, their annual expulsion of demons after harvest, 137

Hindoos, transference of evil among the, 38;

their fear of demons, 91 sq.

Hirt, H., 325 n. 3

Hobby-horse to carry away spirit of smallpox, 119

Hochofen, village of Bohemia, 161

Hockey played as a ceremony, 174

Holed flint a protection against witches, 162

Holy Innocents' Day, 336, 337, 338;

young people beat each other on, 270, 271

Homoeopathic or imitative magic, 177

Homogeneity of civilization in prehistoric times in Southern Europe and Western Asia, 409

Honorius and Theodosius, decree of, 392

Hood Bay in New Guinea, 84

Horns blown to expel demons, 111, 117, 204, 214;

to ban witches, 160, 161, 165, 166;

at Penzance on eve of May Day, 163 sq.;

by maskers, 243, 244

—— of straw worn to keep off demons, 118;

of goat a protection against witches, 162

Horse sacrificed to Mars, 230;

beloved by Ishtar, 371, 407 n. 2;

beloved by Semiramis, 407 n. 2

—— -shoes a protection against witches, 162

Horus, the birth of, 341

Hos of N. E. India, their annual expulsion of demons at harvest, 136 sq.

—— of Togoland, their annual expulsion of evils, 134 sqq., 206 sq.

Hosskirch in Swabia, 323

Hottentots, the, 16, 29

Hoyerswerda in Silesia, 163

Huddler or Huttler in the Tyrol, 248

Hudel-running in the Tyrol, 248

Huichol Indians of Mexico, 10, 347 n. 3

Huitzilopochtli, great Mexican god, 280, 300;

young man sacrificed in the character of, 280 sq.;

temple of, 287, 290, 297;

hall of, 294

Huixtocihuatl, Mexican goddess of Salt, 283;

woman annually sacrificed in the character of, 283 sq.

Human god and goddess, their enforced union, 386 sq.

—— representatives of gods sacrificed in Mexico, 275 sqq.

—— sacrifice, successive mitigations of, 396 sq., 408

—— sacrifices, their influence on cosmogonical theories, 409 sqq.

—— scapegoats, 38 sqq., 194 sqq., 210 sqq.;

in ancient Rome, 229 sqq.;

in classical antiquity, 229 sqq.;

in ancient Greece, 252 sqq.;

reason for beating the, 256 sq.;

victims, men clad in the skins of, 265 sq.

Hunger, expulsion of, at Chaeronea, 252

Hurons, their way of expelling sickness, 121

Husbandman, the Roman, his prayers to Mars, 229

Huss, John, 336 n. 1

Huttler or Huddler in the Tyrol, 248

Huzuls, the, of the Carpathians, 32 sq., 35

Hyginus on the death of Semiramis, 407 n. 2

Hysteria cured by beating, 260

Identification of girl with Maize Goddess, 295

Idols, nails knocked into, 69 sq.

Igbodu, a sacred grove, 212

Igliwa, a Berber tribe, 178

Ilamatecutli, Mexican goddess, 287;

woman sacrificed in the character of, 287 sq.

Ill Luck embodied in an ascetic, 41;

the casting away of, 144

Im Thurn, Sir Everard F., quoted, 78

Images, demons conjured into, 171, 172, 173, 203

Immestar in Syria, 394

Immortality, how men lost the boon of, 302 sqq.

Impregnation of women by ghosts, 18

Inanimate objects, transference of evil to, 1 sqq.

Inao, sacred whittled sticks, 261

Inauguration of a king in ancient India, 263

Incas of Peru, their annual expulsion of evils, 128 sqq.

Incense used against witches, 158, 159

India, fear of demons in, 89 sqq.;

epidemics sent away in toy chariots in, 193 sq.;

Dravidian tribes of Northern, 259;

inauguration of a king in ancient, 263;

the Twelve Days in ancient, 324 sq.;

origin of the drama in, 384 sq.

——, the Central Provinces of, 7;

expulsion of disease in the, 190

——, the North-Western Provinces of, 61;

the tug-of-war in, 181

Indian Archipelago, expulsion of diseases in the, 199

—— tribes of N. W. America, their masked dances, 375 sqq.

Indians, mutual scourgings of South American, 262

Indo-China, worship of spirits in, 97 sq.

Indra, creation of the great god, 410

Infant, children whipt at death of an, 261 sq.

[pg 438]

Infants, burial of, 45

Infertility, evil spirits of, 250

Influenza expelled by scapegoat, 191, 193

Initiation by spirits, 375

Innocents, Bishop of, in France, 334;

Festival of the, 336 sqq.

Innocents' Day, 336, 337, 338;

young people beat each other on, 270, 271

Inspired men in China, 117

Intercalary month, 342 sqq.

—— period of five days, 407 n. 1

—— periods, customs and superstitions attaching to, 328 sq.;

deemed unlucky, 339 sqq.

Intercalation, rudimentary, to equate lunar and solar years, 325 sqq.

Interregnum on intercalary days, 328 sq.

Inversion of social ranks at the Saturnalia and kindred festivals, 308, 350, 407

Ireland, Twelfth Night in, 321 sq.

Iroquois, their “festival of dreams,” 127;

their use of scapegoats, 209 sq., 233

Iser Mountains in Silesia, 163

Iserlohn in Westphalia, 266

Ishtar, a great Babylonian goddess, 365;

associated with Sirius, 359 n. 1;

at Erech, 398;

her visit to Anu, 399 n. 1;

goddess of fertility in animals, 406 n. 1

See also Astarte

—— and Gilgamesh, 371 sq., 398 sq.

—— and Semiramis, 369 sqq.

—— and Tammuz, 399, 406

Isis, the birth of, 341

—— and Osiris, 386

Italian cure for fever, 55;

season of sowing in spring, 346

Italy, cure of warts in, 48

Izdubar. See Gilgamesh

Jackson, Professor Henry, 35 n. 3

Jacobsen, J. Adrian, on the Secret Societies of N. W. America, 377 sqq.

Jalno, temporary ruler at Lhasa, 218, 220, 221, 222

James, M. R., 395 notes 2 and 3

Jamieson, J., on Trows, 168 n. 1, 169 n. 2

Japan, cure for toothache in, 71;

expulsion of demons in, 118 sq., 143 sq.;

Feast of Lanterns in, 151 sq.;

annual expulsion of evil in, 212 sq.

Jastrow, M., on the epic of Gilgamesh, 399 n. 1

Jataka, the, 41

Jaundice, cure for, 52

Java, belief in demons in, 86 sq.;

the Tenggerese of, 184

Jay, blue, as scapegoat, 51

Jealousy, cure for, 33

Jensen, P., 362 n. 1;

his theory of Haman and Vashti as Elamite deities, 366 sq.;

on Anaitis, 369 n. 1;

on the fast of Esther, 398 sq.

Jepur in India, use of scapegoat at, 191

Jerusalem, the weeping for Tammuz at, 400

Jewish calendar, New Year's Day of the, 359

—— converts, form of abjuration used by, 393

—— Day of Atonement, 210

—— festival of Purim, 360 sqq.

—— use of scapegoats, 210

Jews accused of ritual murders, 394 sqq.;

the great deliverance of the, at Purim, 398

Jinn, belief in the, 104;

infesting camels, 260

Jochelson, W., quoted, 101

Johns, Rev. C. H. W., 357 n. 2, 367 notes 2 and 3

Joustra, M., quoted, 88

Juhar, the Bhotiyas of, 209

July, the Nonae Caprotinae in, 258

June, Mexican human sacrifice in, 283

Jungle Mother, the, 27

Juniper burned to keep out ghosts, 154 n.;

used to beat people with, 271

—— berries, fumigation with, as a precaution against witches, 158

Juno Caprotina, 258

Jupiter, temple of Capitoline, 66

Kabyle cure for jealousy, 33

Kacharis, the, of Assam, their fear of demons, 93

Kachins of Burma, their belief in demons, 96

Kai, the, of German New Guinea, 264

Kalau, demons, 101

Kaliths, gods of the Pelew Islanders, 81 sq.

Kamtchatka, the tug-of-war in, 178

Kamtchatkans, their fear of demons, 89

Kanagra in India, 45

Kanhar river, 60

Karens of Burma, their belief in demons, 96

Karkantzari, fiends or monsters in Macedonia, 320

Karpathos, a Greek island, 55

Kasan Government in Russia, the Wotyaks of the, 156

Kaua Indians of N. W. Brazil, 236;

their masked dances, 381

Kaumpuli, god of plague, 4

Kausika Sutra, Indian book of magic, 192

Kayans, the, of Borneo, 19, 154 n.;

their masked dances, 236, 382 sq.

[pg 439]

Keb, the Egyptian Earth-god, 341

Kei Islands, expulsion of demons in the, 112 sq.

—— river, 11

Kengtung in Burma, 116

Kennedy, Prof. A. R. S., quoted, 210 n. 4

Kharwars of N. India, their use of scapegoats, 192

Khasis of Assam, their annual expulsion of demon of plague, 173

Khonds, their annual expulsion of demons at seed-time, 138, 234;

their treatment of human victims, 259

Killing the god, 1;

in Mexico, 275 sqq.

King, temporary, in Siam, 151;

in ancient India, inauguration of a, 263;

assembly for determining the fate of the, 356;

mock or temporary, 403 sq.

—— and Queen of May, 406

—— of the Bean, 313 sqq.;

at Merton College, Oxford, 332

—— of the Saturnalia, 308, 311, 312

—— of the Years at Lhasa, 220, 221

King's College, Cambridge, Boy Bishop at, 338

Kings, the Three, on Twelfth Day, 329 sqq.;

magistrates at Olympia called, 352;

marry the wives and concubines of their predecessors, 368

Kingsley, Mary H., quoted, 74

Kioga Lake, 246

Kiriwina, in S. E. New Guinea, 134

Kirkland, Rev. Mr., 210

Kitching, A. L., quoted, 246 sq.

Kites, artificial, used to drive away the devil, 4;

paper, flown as scapegoats, 203

Kleintitschen, P. A., quoted, 82 sq.

Kleptomania, cure for, 34

Kling or Klieng, a mythical hero of the Dyaks, 383, 384 n. 1

Knives under the threshold, a protection against witches, 162

Knots tied in branches of trees as remedies, 56 sq.

Knotted thread in magic, 48

Kobeua Indians of N. W. Brazil, their masked dances, 236, 381

Kore, expulsion of, on Easter Eve in Albania, 157

Korkus, the, of India, 7

Korwas of Mirzapur, their use of scapegoats, 192

Koryaks, the, of N. E. Asia, their belief in demons, 100 sq.;

expulsion of demons among the, 126 sq.

Kubary, J., quoted, 81 sq.

Kumaon, in N. W. India, 37;

sliding down a rope in, 196 sq.

Kumis, the, of S. E. India, 117

Kurmis of India, 190

Kururumany, the Arawak creator, 302

Kuskokwin River, 380

Kwakiutl Indians of N. W. America, their masked dances, 376 n. 2, 378

Labrador, fear of demons in, 79 sq.

Labruguière, in S. France, 166

Lagarde, on the “Ride of the Beardless One,” 402, 405

Lakor, island of, 199

Lama of Tibet, the Grand, 197, 220, 221, 222

——, the Teshu, 203

Lamaist sects, 94

Lanchang, a Malay craft, 187

Lande-Patry in Normandy, 183

Lane, E. W., quoted, 104

Lanterns, feast of, in Japan, 151 sq.

Laos, 29

Laosians of Siam, their belief in demons, 97

Last day of the year, annual expulsion of demons on the, 145 sqq.

Latin Christianity, its tolerance of rustic paganism, 346

Laurel in purification, 262

Laurels, ceremony of renewing the, 346 n. 1

Lawes, W. G., quoted, 84 sq.

Lead, melted, in cure, 4

Leafman, the, 61

Leaping over bonfires, 156

Leaps to promote the growth of the crops, 232, 238 sqq.

Leaves, disease transferred to, 2;

fatigue transferred to, 8 sqq.;

used to expel demons, 201, 206;

sickness transferred to, 259;

used in exorcism, 262

Lehmann-Haupt, C. F., 412 n. 1, 415 n. 1

Lehner, Stefan, quoted, 83 sq.

Leith Links, witches burnt on, 165

Leme, the river, 182

Lengua Indians, 78

Lent, ceremony at Halberstadt in, 214;

perhaps derived from an old pagan period of abstinence observed for the growth of the seed, 347 sqq.

—— and the Saturnalia, 345 sqq.

Lenten fast, its origin, 348

Leobschütz district of Silesia, 268

Leprosy, Hebrew custom as to, 35;

Mexican goddess of, 292

Lerwick, ceremony of Up-helly-a' at, 169

Leti, island of, 199

Leucadians, their use of human scapegoats, 254

Lhasa, ceremony of the Tibetan New Year at, 197 sq., 218 sqq.

“Liar's mound, the,” in Borneo, 14

[pg 440]

License, month of general, 148;

periods of, preceding or following the annual expulsion of demons, 225 sq., 306, 328 sq., 343, 344;

granted to slaves at the Saturnalia, 307 sq., 350 sq., 351 sq.

Licentious rites for the fertilization of the ground, 177

Lichfield, the Boy Bishop at, 337

Licorice root used to beat people with at Easter, 269

Liebrecht, F., 392 n. 1

Lienz in the Tyrol, masquerade at, 242, 245

Lime-tree in popular cure, 59 sq.

Limewood used at expulsion of demons, 156

Lincoln, the Boy Bishop at, 337

Lion beloved by Ishtar, 371

“—— with the Sheepskins,” 265

Livuans, the, of New Britain, 82

Livy on the annual custom of knocking a nail, 66;

on the Saturnalia, 345 n. 1

Lizard or snake in annual ceremony for the riddance of evils, 208

Lizards and serpents supposed to renew their youth by casting their skins, 302 sqq.

Llama, black, as scapegoat, 193

Loango, practice of knocking nails into idols in, 69 sq.

Lokoala, initiation by spirits, 376

Lord of the Diamond, 29

—— of Misrule, 251;

in England, 331 sqq.

Lorraine, King and Queen of the Bean in, 315

Loth, J., 325 n. 3

Lots cast at Purim, 361 sq.

Louis XIV. as King of the Bean, 313

Lous, a Babylonian month, 355, 358

Love, cure for, 3

Lover's Leap, 254

Lovers of Semiramis and Ishtar, their sad fate, 371 sq.

Lucian, as to the rites of Hierapolis, 392

Ludlow in Shropshire, the tug-of-war at, 182

Lugg, river, 183

Lules or Tonocotes of the Gran Chaco, their behaviour in an epidemic, 122 sq.

Lumholtz, C., quoted, 10, 347 n. 3

Lunar year equated to solar year by intercalation, 325, 342 sq.

Lusatia, the “Witch-burning” in, 163

Lushais of Assam, their belief in demons, 94

Luzon, exorcism in, 260

Lycaeus, Mount, in Arcadia, human sacrifice on, 353

Lydia, the burning of kings in, 391

Lydus, Joannes, 229 n. 1

Ma, goddess worshipped at Comana, 421 n. 1

MacCulloch, J. A., 326 n.

Macdonald, Rev. James, 111 n. 1

Macdonell, Lady Agnes, 164 n. 1

Macedonian superstitions as to the Twelve Days, 320

Machindranath temple at Lhasa, 219

Mackenzie, Sheriff David J., 169 n. 2

Macrobius on institution of the Saturnalia, 345 n. 1

Madagascar, 19

Madis, the, of Central Africa, 217

Magdalen College, Oxford, the Boy Bishop at, 337

Magic in ancient India, 91;

and witchcraft, permanence of the belief in, 89;

homoeopathic or imitative, 177, 232, 257

Magnesia on the Maeander, 397 n. 2

Mahadeva, propitiation of, 197

Maize, the goddess of the Young, 278;

Mexican goddesses of, 285 sq., 286 n. 1, 290, 291, 292, 294, 295

Majhwars, Dravidian race of Mirzapur, 36, 60

Makrîzî, Arabic writer, 393

Malabar, use of cows as scapegoats in, 216

Malagasy, faditras among the, 33 sq.

Malay Peninsula, the Besisi of the, 226 n. 1

Malays, their use of birds as scapegoats, 35;

stratification of religious beliefs among the, 90 n. 1

Mallans of India, 190

Mamurius Veturius in ancient Rome, 229 sqq., 252, 257

Man-god in China, 117 sq.

Mandan Indians, their annual expulsion of the devil, 171

Manipur, Rajah of, 39 sq.;

annual eponyms in, 39 sq.

Mannhardt, W., on processions of maskers, 250;

on beating human scapegoats, 255, 272

Mantras, the, of the Malay Peninsula, their fear of demons, 88 sq.

Maori gods, 81

Maraves, the, of South Africa, 19

Marcellus of Bordeaux, 48, 50

March, annual expulsion of demons in, 149;

annual expulsion of witches in, 157;

annual expulsion of evils in, 199;

ceremony of Mamurius Veturius in, 229, 231;

old Roman year began in, 231, 345;

dances of the Salii in, 232;

bell-ringing procession on the first of, 247;

custom of beating [pg 441] people and cattle in, 266;

marriage festival of all the gods in, 373 n. 1;

festival of the Matronalia in, 346

Marduk or Merodach, Babylonian god, 356, 357, 399;

as a deliverer from demons, 103;

his ceremonial marriage at New Year, 356;

the votaries of, 372 n. 2

Marjoram a protection against witchcraft, 160

Mar-na, a Philistine deity, 418 n. 1

Marriage of the god Marduk, 356

——, mock or real, of human victims, 257 sq.

—— festival of all the gods, 273 n. 1

Mars a god of vegetation, 229 sq.;

the Old, at Rome, 229, 231, 252

—— Silvanus, 230

Marsaba, a demon, 109

Marseilles, human scapegoats at, 253

Marsh-marigolds a protection against witches, 163

Martin, Rev. John, quoted, 132 sq.

Martyrdom of St. Dasius, 308 sqq.

Mascal or Festival of the Cross in Abyssinia, 133 sq.

Mashti, supposed name of Elamite goddess, 366 sq.

Mask, two-faced, worn by image of goddess, 287.

See also Masks

Masked dances and ceremonies of savages, 374 sqq.;

to promote fertility, 236

Maskers in the Tyrol and Salzburg, 242 sqq.;

as bestowers of fertility, 249;

supposed to be inspired by the spirits whom they represent, 380, 382, 383

Masks worn at expulsion of demons, 111, 127, 145, 213;

intended to ban demons, 246;

worn at ceremonies to promote the growth of the crops, 236, 240, 242 sqq., 247, 248 sq.;

worn by the Perchten, 242, 243, 245, 247;

worn by priests who personate gods, 287;

worn in religious dances and performances, 375, 376 n. 2, 378, 379, 380, 382;

burned at end of masquerade, 382;

treated as animate 382

Masquerades in modern Europe, intention of certain, 251 sq.

Master of the Revels, 333 sq.

Masuren, “Easter Smacks” in, 269

Mateer, S., quoted, 94

Mater Dolorosa, the ancient and the modern, 349

Material vehicles of immaterial things (fear, misfortune, disease, etc.), 1 sqq., 22 n. 2, 23 sqq.

Materialization of prayer, 22 n. 2

Matronalia, festival of the, in March, 346

Matse negroes of Togoland, 3

Mawu, Supreme Being of Ewe negroes, 74 sq.

Maxwell, W. E., quoted, 90 n. 1

May, Mexican human sacrifices in, 276, 280;

dances of Castilian peasants in, 280;

the King and Queen of, 406

—— Day, 359;

Eve of, witches abroad on, 158 sqq.;

in the Tyrol, “Burning out of the Witches” on, 158 sq.;

witches rob cows of milk on, 267

—— morning, custom of herdsmen on, 266

Mayas of Yucatan, their annual expulsion of the demon, 171;

their calendar, 171;

their five supplementary days, 340

Mecca, stone-throwing at, 24

Mecklenburg, custom on Good Friday in, 266;

mode of reckoning the Twelve Days in, 327

Medicine-man, need of, 76

Melanesia, belief in demons in, 82

Melenik in Macedonia, 320

Men, evil transferred to, 38 sqq.;

possessed by spirits in China, 117;

divine, as scapegoats, 217 sqq.;

sacrifices of deified, 409

—— and women forbidden by Mosaic law to interchange dress, 363

Mengap, a Dyak liturgy, 383

Merodach or Marduk, Babylonian deity, 356

Merton College, Oxford, King of the Bean at, 332

Metageitnion, a Greek month, 354

Mexican temples, their form, 279

Mexico, Indians of, 10;

the Cora Indians of, 238, 381;

the Tarahumare Indians of, 236 sq.;

use of skins of human victims in ancient, 265 sq.;

killing the god in, 275 sqq.;

story of the creation of the sun in, 410

Meyer, Eduard, 349 n. 4

Midsummer Day, 359

—— Eve, witches active on, 158, 160

Milan, festival of the Three Kings of Twelfth Day at, 331

Milk, heifers beaten to make them yield, 266 sq.

Milky juice of wild fig-tree in religious rite, 258

Mimicry the principle of religious or magical dramas, 374

Minahassa in Celebes, expulsion of demons in, 111 sq.

Mingoli, spirits of the dead, 77

Miotse, the, of China, 4

Mirzapur, 6, 27, 36;

the Korwas and Pataris of, 192

Misfortune swept out of house with brooms, 5

[pg 442]

Misrule, the Lord of, 251;

in England, 331 sqq.

Missiles hurled at dangerous ghosts or spirits, 17 sqq.

Mistress of the Earth, 85

Mitigations of human sacrifice, 396 sq., 408

Mnevis, sacred Egyptian bull, 217

Moa, island of, 199

Mock king, 403 sq.

—— marriage of human victims, 257 sq.

Mockery of Christ, 412 sqq.

Modai, invisible spirits, 93

Moesia, Durostorum in Lower, 309

Mogador, 63

Mohammed and the devil, 24

Mohammedan custom of raising cairns, 21

—— saints, 21, 22

“Moles and Field-mice,” fire ceremony on Eve of Twelfth Night, 317

Molina, Spanish historian, 130 n. 1

Molonga, a demon, 172

Mommsen, August, 153 n. 1

Mongol transference of evil, 7 sq.

Monkey sacrificed for riddance of evils, 208 sq.

Montagne du Doubs, 316

Month during which men disguised as devils go about, 132;

of general license before expulsion of demons, 148;

intercalary, 342 sqq.

—— and moon, names for, in Aryan languages, 325

Monumbo, the, of German New Guinea, their masked dances, 382

Moon, bodily ailments transferred to the, 53 sq.;

the waning, 60;

the “dark” and the “light,” 140, 141 n. 1;

temple of the, 218;

hearts of human victims offered to the, 282;

the goddess of the, 341, 381

—— and month, names for, in Aryan languages, 325

Moors of Morocco, 31

Moravia, precautions against witchcraft in, 162;

“Easter Smacks” in, 268, 269

Mordecai, his triumphal ride in Susa, 403

—— and Esther equivalent to Marduk and Ishtar, 405;

the duplicates of Haman and Vashti, 406

—— and Haman, 364 sqq.;

as temporary kings, 400 sq.

Morning Star, personated by a man, 238;

the god of the, 381

Morocco, 21, 31;

exorcism in, 63;

the tug-of-war in, 178 sq., 182;

custom of beating people in, 265, 266

Morris-dancers, 250 sq.

Mortality, savage explanations of human, 302 sqq.

Mortlock Islanders, their belief in spirits, 82

Mosaic law forbids interchange of dress between men and women, 363

Moses, the tomb of, 21

Moslem custom of raising cairns, 21

Mossos of China, their annual expulsion of demons, 139

Mosul, cure for headache at, 64

Mother of the Gods, Mexican goddess, 289;

woman annually sacrificed in the character of the, 289 sq.

—— -kin in royal families, 368 n. 1

Moulton, Professor J. H., 325 n. 3, 373 n. 1

Mounds of Semiramis, 370, 371, 373

Mountain of Parting, 279

Movers, F. C., on the Sacaea, 368, 387, 388, 391

Mowat in British New Guinea, 265

Mrus, the, of Aracan, 12 n. 1

Mule as scapegoat, 50

Müller, K. O., on Sandan, 389 sq.

Mundaris, the, of N. E. India, their annual saturnalia at harvest, 137

Munich, annual expulsion of the devil at, 214 sq.

Munzerabad in S. India, 172

Muota Valley in Switzerland, 166

Murder, heaps of sticks or stones on scenes of, 15

Mylitta, Babylonian goddess, 372 n. 2, 390

Mysore in S. India, 172

Mysteries as magical ceremonies, 374

Mythical beings represented by men and women, 385 sq.

Myths in relation to magic, 374;

performed dramatically in dances, 375 sqq.

Nabu, Babylonian god, 358 n.

Nagas of Assam, the tug-of-war among the, 177

Nahum, the prophet, on Nineveh, 390

Nahuntí, an Elamite goddess, 369 n. 1

Nailing evils into trees, walls, etc., 59 sqq.

Nails, clippings of, in popular cures, 57, 58;

knocked into trees, walls, etc., as remedy, 59 sqq.;

knocked into idols or fetishes, 69 sq.;

knocked in ground as cure for epilepsy, 330

Nakiza, the river, 27

Nat superstition in Burma, 90 n. 1

Nats, spirits in Burma, 175 sq.;

propitiation of, 96

Navona, Piazza, at Rome, ceremony of Befana on the, 166 sq.

Nebuchadnezzar, his record of the festival of Marduk, 357

Negritos, religion of the, 82

[pg 443]

Neilgherry Hills, 36, 37

Nelson, E. W., on the masquerades of the Esquimaux, 379 sqq.

Nemontemi, the five supplementary days of the Aztec calendar, 339

Nepaul, Dassera festival in, 226 n. 1

Nephthys, the birth of, 341

Nettles, whipping with, 263

Neugramatin in Bohemia, 270

Neumann, J. B., quoted, 87

New Britain, the Melanesians of, their belief in demons, 82 sq.;

expulsion of devils in, 109 sq.;

Gazelle Peninsula in, 303

—— Caledonia, burying the evil spirit in, 110;

mode of promoting growth of taros in, 264

—— College, Oxford, Boy Bishop at, 338

—— Guinea, annual expulsion of demons in, 134

—— Guinea, British, 265;

belief in ghosts in, 84 sq.

—— Guinea, Dutch, 178;

the Papuans of, their belief in demons, 83

—— Guinea, German, the Yabim of, 188;

the Bukaua of, their belief in demons, 83 sq.;

the Kai of, 264;

the Monumbo of, 382

—— Hebrideans, their story of the origin of death, 304

—— yams, ceremonies before eating the, 134 sqq.

—— Year, expulsion of evils at the, 127, 133, 149 sq., 155;

not reckoned from first month, 149 n. 2;

sham fight at the, 184;

ceremony at the Tibetan, 197 sq.;

festival among the Iroquois, 209 sq.;

the Tibetan, 218;

festival at Babylon, 356 sqq.

—— Year's Day in Corea, annual riddance of evil on, 202;

in Tibet, ceremony on, 203;

among the Swahili, 226 n. 1;

young women beat young men on, 271;

of the Jewish calendar, 359

—— Zealand, human scapegoats in, 39

Nganga, medicine-man, 76

Ngoc hoang, his message to men, 303

Nias, expulsion of demons in, 113 sqq.;

explanation of human mortality in, 303

Nicaragua, 9

Nicholas Bishop, 338

Nicobar Islanders, their belief in demons, 88;

their annual expulsion of demons, 201 sq.

—— Islands, demon of disease sent away in a boat from the, 189 sq.

Nicobarese ceremony of exorcism, 262

Nights, custom of reckoning by, 326 n. 2

Nineveh, tomb of Sardanapalus at, 388 n. 1;

the burning of Sandan at, 390

Ninus, Assyrian hero, 391

Nirriti, goddess of evil, 25

Nisan, Jewish month, 356, 361, 415

No, annual expulsion of demons in China, 145 sq.

Noises made to expel demons, 109 sqq., 147

Nöldeke, Professor Th., on Purim and Esther, 366, 367 n. 1, 368 n.;

on Omanos and Anadates, 373 n. 1

Nonae Caprotinae, Roman celebration of the, 258

Normandy, the Bocage of, 183 sq., 316, 323

Northamptonshire cure for cough, 51

Nortia, Etruscan goddess, 67

Norwegian sailors, their use of rowan, 267

Norwich, the Boy Bishop at, 337

November, annual ceremony in, at catching sea-slug, 143;

expulsion of demons in, 204

Nut, the Egyptian sky-goddess, 341

Nyassa, Lake, 10

Oak and wild olive, pyre of Hercules made of, 391

—— -trees in popular cures, 57, 60

Obassi Nsi, earth-god, 28

October, annual expulsion of demons in, 226 n. 1;

Roman sacrifice of horse in, 230

Oels, in Silesia, 157

Oesel, Esthonian island, 14

Offerings at cairns, 26 sqq.;

to demons, 96

Oho-harahi, a Japanese ceremony, 213

Old Christmas Day (Twelfth Night), 321

Oldenberg, H., quoted, 90 sq.

Oldenburg, popular cures in, 49, 51, 52, 53-58

Oldfield, H. A., quoted, 226 n. 1

Olive, wild, and oak, pyre of Hercules made of, 391

—— -tree in popular remedy, 60

Olympia, festival of Cronus at, 352 sq.

Olynthiac, river, 142 n. 1

Olynthus, tomb of, 143 n.

Omanos at Zela, 373 n. 1

Omens, mode of neutralizing bad, 39

Omnipresence of demons, 72 sqq.

Omphale and Hercules, 389

One-eyed buffoon in New Year ceremony, 402

Onions used to foretell weather of the year, 323

Onitsha, on the Niger, annual expulsion of evils at, 133;

use of human scapegoats at, 210 sq.

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Opening of the Wine-jars, Dionysiac festival of the, 352

Oraons, the, of Bengal, their belief in demons, 93 sq.;

their use of a human scapegoat, 196

Orchards, fire applied to, on Eve of Twelfth Day, 317, 319, 320

Orestes, purification of, 262

Origin of death, savage tales of the, 302 sqq.

Orinoco, Indians of the, 303

Orkney Islands, 29;

transference of sickness in the, 49

Orlagau in Thüringen, 271

Oscans, the enemies of Rome, 231

Osiris, the birth of, 341

—— and Isis, 386

Ottery St. Mary's, the Boy Bishop at, 337

Oude, burial of infants in, 45

“Our Mother among the Water,” Mexican goddess, 278

Owl represented dramatically as a mystery, 377

Ox, disease transferred to, 31 sq.

Oxen pledged on Eve of Twelfth Day, 319

Oxford, Lords of Misrule at, 332

Pairing dogs, stick that has beaten, 264

Palm Sunday, Russian custom on, 268

Pan's image beaten by the Arcadians, 256

Pancakes to scald fiends on New Year's Eve, 320

Pandarus, tattoo marks of, 47 sq.

Papa Westray, one of the Orkney Islands, 29

Papuans, their belief in demons, 83

Parkinson, R., quoted, 83

Parti, name of an Elamite deity, 367

Passover, accusations of murders at, 395 sq.;

the crucifixion of Christ at, 414 sqq.

Patagonians, their remedy for smallpox, 122

Pataris of Mirzapur, their use of scapegoats, 192

Pathian, a beneficent spirit, 94

Paton, L. B., 360 n. 1

Paton, W. R., on human scapegoats in ancient Greece, 257 sq., 259, 272;

on Adam and Eve, 259 n. 3;

on the crucifixion, 413 n. 2

Pauntley, parish of, Eve of Twelfth Day in, 318

Pawnees, their human sacrifice, 296

Payne, E. J., 286 n. 1

Peach-tree in popular remedy, 54

Peaiman, sorcerer, 78

Peg used to transfer disease to tree, 7

Pegging ailments into trees, 58 sqq.

Pelew Islanders, their gods, 81 sq.

Peloria, a Thessalian festival resembling the Saturnalia, 350

Pelorian Zeus, 350

Pemali, taboo, 39

Pembrokeshire, cure for warts in, 53

Penance by drawing blood from ears, 292

Pennant, Thomas, quoted, 321, 324

Penzance, horn-blowing at, on the Eve of May Day, 163 sq.

Perak, periodic expulsion of evils in, 198 sqq.;

the rajah of, 198 sq.

Perche and Beauce, in France, 57, 62

Perchta, Frau, 240 sq.

Perchta's Day, 240, 242, 244

Perchten, maskers in Salzburg and the Tyrol, 240, 242 sqq.

Percival, R., quoted, 94 sq.

Perham, Rev. J., on the Head-feast of the Sea Dyaks, 383 sq.

Periodic expulsion of evils in a material vehicle, 198 sqq.

Periods of license preceding or following the annual expulsion of demons, 225 sq.

Περίψημα, 255 n. 1

Persephone, mourning for, 348 sq.

Persia, cure for toothache in, 59;

the feast of Purim in, 393

Persian framework of the book of Esther, 362, 401

—— kings married the wives of their predecessors, 368 n. 1

—— marriages at the vernal equinox, 406 n. 3

Persians annually expel demons, 145;

the Sacaea celebrated by the, 402

Peru, Indians of, 3;

Incas of, 128;

Aymara Indians of, 193;

autumn festival in, 262

Peruvian Indians, 9, 27

Phees (phi), evil spirits, 97

Philadelphia in Lydia, coin of, 389

Philippine Islands, spirits of the dead in the, 82

Philippines, the Tagbanuas of the, 189

Philo of Alexandria, on the mockery of King Agrippa, 418

Phocylides, the poet, on Nineveh, 390

Phrygia, Cybele and Attis in, 386

Piazza Navona at Rome, Befana on the, 166 sq.

Pig used to decoy demons, 200, 201

Pig's blood used in purificatory rites, 262

Pilate and Christ, 416 sq.

Piles of sticks or stones. See Heaps

Pillar, fever transferred to a, 53

Pine-resin burnt as a protection against witches, 164

Pins stuck into saint's image, 70 sq.

Pinzgau district of Salzburg, 244

Pitch smeared on doors to keep out ghosts, 153

Pitchforks ridden by witches, 160, 162

[pg 445]

Pithoria, village in India, 191

Pitteri Pennu, the god of increase, 138

Plague transferred to plantain-tree, 4 sq.;

god of, 4;

transferred to camel, 33;

preventive of, 64;

demon of, expelled, 173;

sent away in scapegoat, 193

Plato on parricide, etc., 24 sq.;

on poets, 35 n. 3;

on sorcery, 47

Playfair, Major A., quoted, 208 sq.

Pleiades, ceremony at the appearance of the, 262;

observed by savages, 326

Pliny on cure of warts, 48 n. 2;

on cure for epilepsy, 68

Pliny's letter to Trajan, 420

Plough drawn round village to keep off epidemic, 172 sq.

—— Monday, the rites of, 250 sq.

Ploughing, ceremonies at, 235

Plutarch on “the expulsion of hunger,” 252

Po Then, a great spirit, 97

Point Barrow, the Esquimaux of, 124

Pollution caused by murder, 25

Polynesia, demons in, 80 sq.

Pomerania, 17

Pomos of California, their expulsion of devils, 170 sq.

Pongau district of Salzburg, 244

Pontarlier, Eve of Twelfth Day in, 316

Pontiff of Zela in Pontus, 370, 372

Pontus, rapid spread of Christianity in, 420 sq.

Porphyry on demons, 104

Port Charlotte in Islay, 62

—— Moresby in New Guinea, 84

Porto Novo, annual expulsion of demons at, 205

Poseidon, cake with twelve knobs offered to, 351

Posterli, expulsion of, 214

Potala Hill at Lhasa, 197

Poverty, annual expulsion of, 144 sq.

Powers, Stephen, quoted, 170 sq.

Prajapati, the sacrifice of the creator, 411

Prayer, the materialization of, 22 n. 2;

at sowing, 138

Prayers at cairns or heaps of sticks or leaves, 26, 28, 29 sq.

Presteign in Radnorshire, the tug-of-war at, 182 sq.

Priest, the corpse-praying, 45

Priests personating gods, 287

Proa, demons of sickness expelled in a, 185 sqq.;

diseases sent away in a, 199 sq.

Processions for the expulsion of demons, 117, 233;

bell-ringing, at the Carnival, 247;

to drive away demons of infertility, 245;

of maskers, W. Mannhardt on, 250

Procopius, quoted, 125 n. 1

Propertius, 19

Propitiation of ancestral spirits, 86;

of demons, 93, 94, 96, 100

Prussia, “Easter Smacks” in, 268

——, West, 17

Prussian rulers, formerly burnt, 391

Public expulsion of evils, 109 sqq.

—— scapegoats, 170 sqq.

Puḫru, “assembly,” 361

Puithiam, sorcerer, 94

Puna Indians, 9

Punjaub, human scapegoats in the, 196

Puppy, blind, as scapegoat, 50

Pur in the sense of “lot,” 361

Purification by bathing or washing, 3 sq.;

by means of stone-throwing, 23 sqq.;

religious, intended to keep off demons, 104 sq.;

the Great, a Japanese ceremony, 213 n. 1;

by beating, 262;

Feast of the, (Candlemas), 332

—— festival among the Cherokee Indians, 128

Purim, the Jewish festival of, 360 sqq.;

custom of burning effigies of Haman at, 392 sqq.;

compared to the Carnival, 394;

its relation to Persia, 401 sqq.

Purushu, great primordial giant, 410

Pyre, traditionary death of Asiatic kings and heroes on a, 387, 388, 389 sqq.;

festival of the, at Hierapolis, 392

Pythagoras, his saying as to swallows, 35 n. 3

Quauhtitlan, city in Mexico, 301

Queen of the Bean, 313, 315

Queensland, tribes of Central, their expulsion of a demon, 172

Quetzalcoatl, a Mexican god, 281, 300;

man sacrificed in the character of, 281 sq.

“Quickening” heifers with a branch of rowan, 266 sq.

Quixos, Indians of the, 263

Ra, the Egyptian Sun-god, 341

Races to ensure good crops, 249

Radnorshire, 182

Rafts, evils expelled in, 199, 200 sq.

Rain, charms to produce, 175 sq., 178 sq.;

or drought, games of ball played to produce, 179 sq.;

dances to obtain, 236 sq., 238;

festival to procure, 277;

divinities of the, 381

—— gods of Mexico, 283

Rainy season, expulsion of demons at the beginning of the, 225

Rajah of Manipur, 39 sq.;

of Travancore, 42 sq.;

of Tanjore, 44

Ramsay, Sir W. M., 421 n. 1

Ranchi, in Chota Nagpur, 139

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