Фредерик Джексон Тёрнер

«Фронтир в американской истории»

Страница 13 из 13 · 39 525 зн. · 47 мин. чтения

И по всей стране, в добровольных организациях по оказанию помощи правительству, проявляется пионерский принцип объединения, нашедший свое выражение в «совместной постройке дома» («хауз-рейзинг»). Он проявляется в Красном Кресте, Христианском союзе молодых людей (Y. M. C. A.), «Рыцарях Колумба», советах и комитетах по науке, торговле, труду, сельскому хозяйству; во всех бесчисленных других формах — от объединения женщин на кухнях, которые выполняют рекомендации Управления по продовольствию и возрождают спартанский быт пионеров, до бойскаутов, закладывающих основы самодисциплинированного и мужественного поколения, достойного идти по следам лесорубов. Это вдохновляющее предзнаменование возрождения старой пионерской концепции обязательств и возможностей добрососедства, расширяющейся до национальных и даже международных масштабов. В этом заключается обетование того, что мудрый и оплаканный всеми философ Джозайя Ройс назвал «возлюбленной общиной». В духе пионерской «совместной постройки дома» кроется спасение Республики.

Таково же наследие пионерского опыта — страстная вера в возможность демократии, которая оставляла бы индивиду определенную роль в свободном обществе, а не превращала его в винтик управляемого сверху механизма; которая доверяла простому человеку, его терпимости, его способности разрешать разногласия с добрым юмором и выплавлять из вкладов всех наций единый американский тип — тип, за который он станет сражаться против тех, кто бросает ему вызов с оружием в руках, и за который в годину войны он пойдет на жертвы, включая временное принесение в жертву личной свободы и жизни, дабы эта свобода не была утрачена навсегда.

ПРИМЕЧАНИЯ:

[335:1] Речь, произнесенная на церемонии закладки здания Исторического общества штата Миннесота 11 мая 1918 года. Публикуется с разрешения Общества.

[343:1] См. интересную оценку этого американского феномена у де Токвиля.

УКАЗАТЕЛЬ

Absentee proprietors, 55, 297

Achievement, 309

Adams, Henry, 213

Adams, J. Q., 26, 192, 230

Agriculture, 314, 329;

Middle West, 149, 150

Agriculture, Department of, 320

Alamance, 119, 120

Alaska, 296

Albany, 43, 52

Albany congress of 1754, 15

Algonquin Indians, 130

Aliens, land tenure by, 110

Alleghany Mountains, 9, 18, 67;

as barrier to be overcome, 195

Allen, Ethan, 54

Allen, W. V., 220

American Historical Assoc., 159

American history, social forces, 311;

survey of recent, 311

American life, distinguishing feature, 2

American people, 339

American spirit, 306, 336, 337

"American System," 171, 172

Americanization, effective, 4

Arid lands, 9, 147, 219, 239, 245, 278

Aristocracy, 250, 254, 257, 275

Army posts, frontier, 16;

prototypes, 47

Asia, 296

Association, voluntary, 343, 344, 358

Astor's American Fur Co., 6, 143

Atlantic coast, as early frontier, 4;

Mississippi Valley and, 190, 191;

Northern, History, 295

Atlantic frontier, composition, 12

Atlantic states, 207, 208

Augusta, Ga., 98

Autocracy, 344

Back country, 68, 70;

democracy of, 248;

New England, 75

Backwoods society, 212

Backwoodsmen, 163, 164

Bacon, Francis, 286

Bacon's Rebellion, 84, 247, 251, 301

Baltimore, trade, 108

Bancroft, George, 168

Bank, 171, 254, 325

Bedford, Pa., 5

Beecher, Lyman, 35

Bell, John, 192

Benton, T. H., 26, 35, 192, 325, 328

Berkshires, 60, 71, 77

Beverley, Robert, 85, 91;

manor, 92

«Берестяная печать», 78

Black Hills, 145

Blackmar, F. W., 238

Blank patents, 95

Blood-feud, 253

Blount, William, 187

Blue Ridge, 90, 99

Boone, A. J., 19

Boone, Daniel, 18, 105, 124, 165, 206

Boston, trade, 108

Boutmy, E. G., 211

Braddock, Edward, 181, 324

Brattle, Thomas, 56

British and Middle West, 350

Brown, B. Gratz, 355

Brunswick County, Va., 91

Bryan, W. J., 204, 236, 237, 246, 281, 327, 330

Bryce, James, 165, 206, 211, 284

Buffalo, N. Y., 136, 150, 151

Buffalo herds, 144

Buffer state, 131, 134

Burke, Edmund, 33;

on the Germans, 109

Byrd, Col. William, 84, 87, 98

Calhoun, J. C., 2, 105, 141, 174, 206, 241;

on representation, 117;

policy of obtaining western trade for the South, 196

California, 8;

gold, 144

Canada, 53, 226;

barrier between, and the United States, 131;

border warfare, 44;

homesteads, 296;

Middle West and, 128;

wheat fields, 278

Canadians, 227

Canals, deep water, 150

Capital, 276, 305, 325;

concentration and combinations, 245, 261, 266, 280, 305-306

«Капиталистические классы», 285

Capitalists, 20;

«ожидающий», 343

Capitals, state, transfers, 121

Captains of industry, 258, 259, 260

Carnegie, Andrew, 260, 265

Caroline cow-pens, 16

Catron, John, 345

Cattle raising in Virginia, 88, 89, 92

Census, first, frontier at, 5

Census of 1820, frontier, 6

Census of 1890, extinction of frontier, 1, 9, 38, 39, 297

Center of nation, 222

Channing, W. E., 355

Charleston, S. C., 88, 108, 196

Chase, S. P., 104, 142

Cherry Valley, 104

Chicago, 137, 150, 151, 180, 350;

character, 232

Chillicothe, 133, 223

Cincinnati, 133, 151, 162, 223, 231, 232

Cincinnati and Charleston R. R., 174

Cities, 297, 316-317;

северо-восточный, 294-295;

seaboard, 194, 195, 196;

three periods of development, 195

Civil War, 356;

Middle West and, 142;

Mississippi Valley and, 201;

Northwest and, 217

Clark, G. R., 131, 167, 186

Clark, J. B., 332

Class distinctions, 280, 285

Clay, Henry, 26, 168, 171, 172, 173, 174, 192, 197, 206, 213, 216, 226, 241, 304, 325

Cleaveland, Gen. Moses, 133, 222, 257

Cleveland, 133, 150, 223, 231, 232

Clinton, De Witt, 195, 196

Coal supply, 313

Coast, Atlantic, 206;

destiny, 295;

interior and, antagonisms, 110

Coeducation, 353

Colden, Cadwallader, 80

Colonial life, 11

Colonial system, 127

Colonization, 312;

английский и французский, сравнение, 13-14;

peaceful, 169

Колония свободного человечества, 337-338

Columbus, Ohio, 162, 229

Combinations of capital and of labor, 245

Commencement seasons, 290

Commons, J. R., 327

Община, «возлюбленная община», 358;

life, 347;

type of settlement, 73, 74, 125

Competition, 154, 203, 277, 308, 312

Compromise, 174, 198, 230, 236;

slavery, 140, 142

Concentration of power and wealth, 245, 261, 266, 280

Concord, Mass., 39

Concurrent majority, 118

Congregational church, 74, 112

Конгресс и жителя фронтира, 252-253

Connecticut, frontier towns, 42, 45, 53;

land policy, 76

Connecticut River, 52, 53, 72

Connecticut Valley, 63, 73

Conquest, 269

Conscience, American, 328

Constitution, U. S., 209, 244

Constitutional convention of 1787, 249

Constitutions, state, 121, 252, 352;

reconstruction, 192

Coöperation, voluntary, 165, 257, 258

Corn, areas, 149;

belt, 151

Corporations, 265, 328

Cotton culture, 28, 139, 255;

early extension, 7;

transfer from the East to Mississippi Valley, 194

"Cotton Kingdom," 174, 189, 194, 198

Coureurs de bois, 182

Cow pens, 16, 88

Crockett, Davy, 105

Crops, migration, 149

Currency, 148;

evil, 32;

expansion, 210

Cutler, Manasseh, 141

Dairy interests in Wisconsin, 234, 236

Dakotas, settlement, 145, 146

Darien, Ga., 98

Davis, Jefferson, 105, 139, 174

De Bow, J. D. B., 197

De Bow's Review, 217

Debs, E. V., 281

Dedham, 40, 58

Deerfield, 48, 52, 58, 70

Democracy, 32, 54, 306;

doubts of, 280;

established in Old West, 107;

free land and, 274;

frontier, early, 106;

frontier and, 30, 31, 247, 249;

Godkin on, 307;

in early 18th century, 98;

Jacksonian, 192, 302, 342-343;

Jeffersonian, 250, 251;

magnitude of achievement in the West, 258;

Middle West, 154;

Mississippi Valley, 183;

neighborhood, 346;

new type in West, 210, 216;

Ohio Valley, influence, 172;

Ohio Valley and, 175;

organized, 357;

origin, 293;

outcome of American experiences, 266;

pressure on the universities, 283;

significance of Mississippi Valley in promoting, 190;

Upland South, 165;

Western contributions, 243;

Western ideals, 261;

см. также Пионерская демократия

Democratic party, 327, 330;

basis, 248;

Middle Western wing, 352

Democratic-Republican party, 250

Denver, Colo., 19

Де Токвиль. См. Токвиль

Detroit, 135, 150

Development, American, 205, 221;

four changes, 244;

personal, 271;

знаменательное десятилетие, 246-247;

study of, 10;

true point of view, 3;

Western, 218

Д’Ибервиль. См. Ибервиль

Discovery, 271, 293, 301, 306

Doddridge, Joseph, 115

Dogs for hunting Indians, 45

Douglas, S. A., 140;

Lincoln debates, 230

Douglas, William, 109

Down east, 79

Dracut, 111

Dreams, 301, 339

Duel, 253

Duluth, 150, 151, 234

Dunkards, 263

Dunstable, 48, 56

Duquesne, Abraham, 14

Dwight, Timothy (1752-1817), 63;

fears of pioneer class, 251

East, efforts to restrict advance of frontier, 33, 34;

fears of the West, 208;

out of touch with West, 18

Economic forces and political institutions, 243

Economic historian, 332

Economic legislation and Ohio Valley, 170

Education, 282;

Middle West, 156

Edwards, Jonathan, 63

Egleston, Melville, 55

Eliot, C. W., on corporation, 265;

on democracy and slavery, 256

Emerson, R. W., 353;

on Lincoln, 256

England, decrease of dependence on, 23;

Mississippi Valley and, 180, 186;

Old Northwest and, 131, 134

English pioneers, 270

English settlers in Michigan and Wisconsin, 226

English stock and English speech, 23

Equality, 274;

New England, 61, 62, 63;

Western settlers, 212

Erie Canal, 7, 136, 195, 197

Europe, American democracy and, 282;

how America reacted on, 3;

Southeastern, 294, 295, 316

Europeans, 267

Evolution, American, as key to history, 11

Expansion, 206, 219, 304, 345;

Ohio Valley and, 166;

world politics, 246

Experts, 284, 285, 286

"Fall line," 4, 9, 68;

efforts to establish military frontier on, 84

Fairfax, Lord, 92, 123

Far East, 315

Far West, 315, 341

Farm lands, 297

Farm machinery, 276

Farmers, 238, 239

Farmer's frontier, 12, 16, 18

Federal colonial system, 168, 169

Federal Reserve districts, 322

Fertility, 129

Field, Marshall, 265

Finance, 318, 325;

pioneer ideas, 148

Fire-arms and Indians, 13

Firmin, Giles, 56

Food supply, 279, 294, 314

Foreign parentage, Indiana and Illinois, 232;

Michigan, 233;

Western States, 237;

Висконсин, 233-234

Foreign policy, 168, 219

Forest Service, 320

Forest philosophy, 207

«Лесорубы», 63

Forests, 270, 293;

Middle West, 130

Fortified houses, 71

Fourierists, 263

France, efforts to revive empire in America, 167;

Middle West and, 131;

Mississippi Valley and, 180, 186;

western exploration, 163;

Franchise, 249-250, 252

Franklin, Benjamin, Mississippi Valley and, 182;

on the Germans, 109

Free Soil party, 141, 173, 217

French explorers, 163

French frontier, 125

French settlers in Michigan and Wisconsin, 226

Frontier, conservative attitude toward advance, 63;

definition, 3, 41;

demand for independent statehood, 248;

efforts to check and restrict it, 33;

evil effects, 32;

extinction, 1, 9, 38, 39, 321;

farmers, 239, 240;

first official, 39, 54;

French, 125;

importance as a military training school, 15;

influence toward democracy, 247, 249;

kinds and modes of advance, 12;

Massachusetts, 65;

военные, Старого Запада, 106-107;

religious aspects, 36;

Spanish, 125;

towns in Massachusetts, 42, 45, 53, 70;

various comparisons, 10

Frontiersmen, 206, 209, 212;

в Конгрессе, 252-253;

Mississippi Valley, 182;

Virginia idea, 86

Fulton, Robert, 171

Fur trade, 13;

England after Revolution, 131;

Hudson River, 80;

Southern, Old West, 87

Gallatin, Albert, 191, 252, 317

Galveston, 202

Garfield, J. A., 241

Geographic factors, 329

Geographic provinces, 158

Georgia, 174, 196;

restriction of land tenure, 97;

settlement, 97

Germanic germs, 3, 4

Germans, 263;

in New York in early times, 5;

Middle West and, 137-138, 146;

Palatine, 5, 82, 100, 109, 124;

political exiles, 349;

sectaries, 164;

Wisconsin, 23, 227, 236;

zone of settlement in Great Valley, 102

Glarus, 236

Glenn, James, 23, 108

Godkin, E. L., 307

Goochland County, Va., 93

Government, 321;

paternal, 328;

popular, 357

Government discipline, 356

Government expeditions, 17

Government intervention, 344

Government ownership, 148

Government powers, 307

Government regulation, 281

Granger movement, 148, 203, 218, 276, 281

Grant, U. S., 142

Granville, Lord, 95, 123

Great Lakes, 128, 149, 150, 173, 297

Great Plains, 8, 128, 147;

Indian trade and war, 144

Great Valley, 100;

колонизация, 100-101

Greater South, 174

Greeley, Horace, 104

Green Mountain Boys, 78

Greenback movement, 148, 203, 218, 276

Greenway manor, 92

Groseilliers, 180

Groton, 48, 57

Grund, F. J., 7

Grundy, Felix, 192

Gulf coast, 295

Gulf States, 141;

occupation, 139

Hammond, J. H., on slavery problem in the Mississippi Valley, 198

Hanna, Marcus, 265

Harriman, E. H., 280, 318

Harrison, W. H., 168, 173, 189, 192, 213, 255

Hart, A. B., 177

Hartford, 76

Haverhill, 51, 62

Hayes, R. B., 241

Henry, Patrick, 94

Heroes, 254, 256;

Western, 213

High thinking, 287

Higher law, 239

Hill, J. J., 260

Historian, 333

Historic ideals, 306, 335

Historical societies, 159-160, 339

История, характер, 331-332;

new viewpoints, 330

Holland, J. G., 73

Holst, H. E. von, 24

Home markets, 108, 216

Home missions, 36, 354

Homestead law of 1862, 145, 276

Hoosier State, 224

Housatonic River, 71

Housatonic Valley, 72

Houston, Sam, 105

Howells, W. D., 353

Hudson River, 53, 79;

frontier, 43;

fur trade, 80

Humanitarian movement, 327

Huxley, T. H., on modern civilization, 300

Iberville, P. le M. d', 180

Icarians, 263

Idealists, America the goal, 261;

social, 349

Ideals, 239;

American, and the West, 290;

American, loyalty to, 307;

American historic, 306, 335;

immigrants, 264;

Middle West, 153;

Mississippi Valley, 203;

pioneer, and the State university, 269;

readjustment, 321, 328;

Western, 209, 214, 267;

Western democracy and, 261

Illinois, composite nationality, 232;

elements of settlement, 225;

settlement, 135

Illiteracy in Middle West, 353

Immigrants, 277;

idealism, 264

Immigration, 146, 215, 316

Indian guides, 17

Indian policy, 10

Indian question, early, 9

Indian reservations, 278

Indian trade, 6, 13, 14;

Middle West, 143, 144

Indian wars, 9;

New England and, 69;

Ohio Valley and, 167

Indiana, character, 232;

constitution, 282;

элементы при расселении, 223-224;

settlement, 134

Indianapolis, 162, 229

Indians, buffer state for England, 131, 134;

congresses to treat with, 15;

effects of trades on, 13;

hunting Indians with dogs, 45;

influence on Puritans and New England, 44;

Middle West and, 133, 134;

society, 13

Individualism, 30, 32, 37, 78, 125, 140, 203, 254, 259, 271, 273, 302, 306;

in the Old West, 107;

reaction against, 307;

Upland South, 165

Industrial conditions, 280, 281, 285;

Middle West, 149, 154;

Mississippi Valley, 194, 201;

Ohio Valley and, 175

Industry, captains of, and large undertakings, 258, 259, 260;

control, 318

Inland waterways, 202

Insurgent movement, 327

Intellectual life and the frontier, 37

Intercolonial congresses, 15

Interior and coast, antagonisms, 110

Internal commerce, 171, 188

Internal improvements, 27, 28, 29, 111, 170, 172, 216, 257;

after 1812 to break down barrier to West, 195;

Old West, 109

Internal trade, Old West, 108, 109

Iowa, 141, 143;

elements and growth, 229;

settlement, 137

Ipswich, 56

Irish, 350

Iron mines in Middle West, 152

Iron ore, 313

Iroquois Indians, 13, 80

Irrigation, 258, 279

Isms, 239

Izard, Ralph, 274

Jackson, Andrew, 105, 168, 173, 189, 206, 213, 216, 241, 252, 253, 268, 326;

personification of frontier traits, 252, 254

Jackson, Stonewall, 105

Jacksonian democracy, 192, 302, 342-343

James River, 84, 90;

settlement, 93

Jefferson, Thomas, 93, 105, 114, 268;

conception of democracy, 250, 251;

on England and the Mississippi, 186;

on the pioneer in Congress, 253;

on the importance of the Mississippi Valley, 188

"Jim River" Valley, 145

Johnson, R. M., 192

Johnson, Sir William, 81, 104

Justice, direct forms in the West, 212

Kansas, 142, 144, 146, 151;

Populists, 238;

settlers, 237

Kansas City, 151

Kentucky, 19, 122, 162, 167, 168, 169, 192, 225, 253;

slavery, 174

King Philip's War 40, 46, 69

Киплинг, Редьярд, «Foreloper», 270;

«Сын англичан», 262

Labor, combinations, 245;

composition of laboring class, 316

Labor theorists, 303, 326

Lamar, L. Q. C. (1825-1893), 25

Lancaster, Mass., 48, 57, 61

Земля, 328-329;

abundance, 274;

abundance, as basis of democracy, 191, 192;

alien tenure, 110;

свободные земли, исчерпание, 244-245;

free Western, 211, 259;

fundamental fact in Western society, 211;

«спекуляция», 61;

см. также Общественный земельный фонд

Land companies, 123, 347

Land grants, 9;

for schools and colleges, 74;

to railroads, 276

Land Ordinance of 1785, 132

Land policies, 10

Land system, "equality" principle in New England, 61, 62, 63;

Georgia, 97;

later federal, 123;

New England, 54;

New England conflicts, 75;

New York State, 80;

North Carolina, 95;

Old West, 122;

Pennsylvania, 101;

Virginia, 91;

Virginia grants to societies, 85

La Salle, 180

Laurentide glacier, 129

Law and order, 298, 344

Leadership, 213, 291, 292, 307;

educated, 286

Lease, Mary Ellen, 240

Legislation, 277, 307;

frontier and, 24;

Leicester, 59

Leigh, B. W., 115

Lewis and Clark, 13, 17

Liberty, Bacon on, 286;

for universities, 287;

individual, 213;

Western, 212

Life as a whole, 287

Lincoln, Abraham, 105, 135, 142, 174, 206, 213, 217, 225, 241, 268, 304, 356;

Douglas debates, 230;

воплощение пионерского периода, 255-256;

Ohio Valley, influence of, 175

Lincoln, C. H., 113

Litchfield, 71, 76, 124

Livingston manor, 81, 82

Locofocos, 303, 326, 348

Log cabin, 338

«Кампания с бревенчатой хижиной», 173

London Company, 301

Loria, Achille, 11

Louisiana, 180, 208

Louisiana Purchase, 25, 34, 140, 167, 213, 251;

влияние на долину Миссисипи, 189-190

Louisville, 162

Lowell, J. R., on Lincoln, 255

Loyal Land Co., 123, 182

Lumber industry, 152;

Висконсин, 234-235

Lumbermen, 272, 273

Lynch law, 212, 272;

New England, 78

McKinley, William, 236, 237, 241

Magnitude, 258, 260, 276

Мен, 52-53

Maine coast, 79

Mallet brothers, 180

Manila, battle of, 247

Manorial practice in New York, 83

Marietta, 124, 133, 223, 257

«Марковые колонии», 70

Marquette, Jacques, 180

Martineau, Harriet, 214, 303, 339

Massachusetts, attempt to locate frontier line, 39;

frontier, 65;

frontier towns, 42, 45, 53, 70;

locating towns before settlement, 76

Mather, Cotton, attitude as to advancing frontier, 63

Mesabi mines, 152, 234

Mendon, 57

Methodists, 238

Mexico, 295

Michigan, 135-136, 137;

development and resources, 233;

settlement, 226, 228

Middle region, 27;

in formation of the Old West, 79;

typical American, 28

Middle West, agriculture, 150;

Canada and, 128;

Civil War and, 142;

раннее общество, 153-154;

education, 282;

elements of settlement—Northern and Southern, 346, 351;

Europe and, 282;

приток населения, 132-133;

forests, 130;

немцы и, 137-138;

Germans and Scandinavians, 146;

idealism, 153;

immigrants of varied nationalities, 349;

importance, 126, 128;

рост поселений в пятидесятые годы, 142-143;

industrial organism, 149;

meaning of term, 126;

nationalism, 142;

natural resources, 129;

New England element, 137;

peculiarity and influence, 347;

pioneer democracy, 335;

settlement, 135, 342;

slavery question and, 139;

southern zone, 138

Migration, 21, 237, 337;

communal vs. individual, 125;

crops, 149;

interstate, 224;

labor, 62;

New England, and land policy, 77

Militant expansive movement, 105

Military frontier, 41, 47;

early form, 47;

Старый Запад, значение, 106-107;

Virginia in later 17th century, 83, 84

Milwaukee, 137, 227, 236, 350

Miner's frontier, 12

Mining camps, 9

Mining laws, 10

Minneapolis, 137, 151, 234

Minnesota, 143, 144, 237;

economic development, 234;

Historical Society, 335, 338-339

Missions to the Indians, 79

Mississippi Company, 123, 182

Mississippi River, 7, 9, 142, 185, 194, 345

Mississippi Valley, 10, 139, 166-167, 324;

beginning of stratification, 197;

Civil War and, 201;

democracy and, 190;

early population, 183;

economic progress after 1812, 194;

попытки Англии установить контроль, 180-181;

extent, 179;

French explorers in, 180;

лояльность жителей фронтира, 186-187;

идеализм, социальный порядок, 203-204;

индустриальный рост после Гражданской войны, 201-202;

political power and growth from 1810 to 1840, 193;

primitive history, 179;

question of severance from the Union, 187;

significance in American history, 177, 185;

slavery struggle and, 201;

social forces, early, 183

Missouri, 192

Missouri Compromise, 140, 174, 226

Missouri Valley, 135

Mohawk Valley, 68, 82

Monroe, James, 150

Monroe Doctrine, 296;

germ, 168

Monticello, 93

Moravians, 95, 102

Morgan, J. P., 318

Mormons, 263

Morris, Gouverneur, 207

Nashaway, 57

National problem, 293

Nationalism, 29;

evils of, 157;

Middle West and, 142

Nationalities, mixture, 27;

replacement in Wisconsin, 235

Naturalization, 110

Nebraska, 144, 145, 220;

settlers, 237

Negro, 295

New England, 27, 301;

back lands, 75;

coast vs. interior, 111;

colonies from, 124;

culmination of frontier movement, 78;

early official frontier line, 43;

economic life, 78;

effect on the West, 36;

foreign element, 294;

защита фронтира, 46-47;

типы фронтира, 43-44;

Greater New England, 66, 70;

ideas, and Middle West, 348;

Indian wars, 69;

land system, 54;

Middle West and, 347;

Ohio settlement and, 223;

Old West and, 68;

Old West and interior New England, 70;

pioneer type, 239;

streams of settlement from, 215;

две Новые Англии периода формирования Старого Запада, 78-79

New Englanders in the Middle West, 137;

in Wisconsin and the lake region, 228;

three movements of advance from the coast, 136;

Westernized, 215, 216

New Glarus, 236

New Hampshire, 69, 72, 77, 111

New Hampshire grants, 77

New Northwest, 222

New Orleans, 136, 137, 167, 187, 188, 189, 217, 295

New South, 218;

Old West and, 100

New West, 257

New York City, 136, 195, 318

New York State, early frontier, 43;

lack of expansive power, 80;

land system, 80;

settlement from New England, 83;

western, 230

Newspapers of the Middle West, 353

Nitrates, 279

Norfolk, 195

North Carolina, 87, 106;

coast vs. upland, 116;

in Indiana Settlement, 224;

public lands, 95;

settlement, 94, 95;

slavery, 122;

taxation, 118, 119

North Central States, 126;

region as a whole, 341

North Dakota, development, 237

Northampton, 63

Northfield, 53

Northwest, democracy, 356;

Old and New, 222;

см. также Старый Северо-Запад

Northwest Territory, 222

Northwestern boundary, 324

Нортон, Ч. Э., 208-209

Norwegians, 232

Nullification, 117, 254

Огайо, разнообразие интересов, 231-232;

elements of settlement, 223;

история, 133-134;

New England element, 223;

Southern contribution to settlement, 223

Ohio Company, 123, 133, 141, 182, 223

Ohio River, 5, 161

Ohio Valley, 104;

as a highway, 162;

economic legislation and, 170;

effects on national expansion, 166;

in American history, 157;

influence on Lincoln, 175;

part in making of the nation, 160;

физиография, 160-161;

relation to the South, 174;

religious spirit, 164, 165;

stock and settlement, 164

Oil wells, 297

Oklahoma, 278, 297

Old National road, 136

Old Northwest, 131, 132, 136, 221;

как единое целое, 241-242;

defined, 218;

elements of settlement, 222;

political position, 236;

социальное происхождение, 222-223;

Southern element in settlement, 223, 225-226;

turning point of control, 229

«Старый Юг», 166

Old West, colonization of areas beyond the mountains, 124;

consequences of formation, 106;

New South and, 100;

summary of frontier movement in 17th and early 18th centuries, 98;

term defined, 68

Old World, 261, 267, 294, 299, 344, 349;

effect of American frontier, 22;

West and, 206, 210

Opportunity, 37, 212, 239, 259-260, 261, 263, 271-272, 342, 343

Orangeburg, 96

Ordinance of 1787, 25, 132, 168, 190, 223

Oregon country, 144

Orient, 297

Osgood, H. L., 30

Pacific coast, 168, 219, 304

Pacific Northwest, 296

Pacific Ocean, 297, 315

Packing industries, 151

Palatine Germans, 5, 22, 100, 109, 124;

New York State and, 82

Palisades, 71

Panama Canal, 295

Кризисы (паники), 279-280

Paper money, 32, 111, 121, 122, 209

Parkman, Francis, 70, 72, 144, 163

«Обособленные плантации», 41

Past, lessons of, 355

Patroon estates, 80

Paxton Boys, 112

«Новый путеводитель по Западу» Пека, 19

Penn, William, 262

Pennsylvania, 23, 27;

coast and interior, antagonisms, 112;

German settlement, 82, 100;

Great Valley of, 68, 164;

land grants, 101;

new Pennsylvania of the Great Valley, 100;

Scotch-Irish, 103, 104;

settlement Of Old West part, 83

Pennsylvania Dutch, 22, 100, 110

Perrot, Nicolas, 180

Philadelphia, 106;

trade, 108

Physiographic provinces, 127

Piedmont, 68;

Virginia, 87, 89

Pig iron, 152, 313

Pine, 151

Pine belt in Middle West, 143

Pioneer democracy, lessons learned, 357;

Middle West, 335

Pioneer farmers, 21, 206, 257

Pioneers, conservative fears about, 251, 252;

contest with capitalist, 325;

contrast of conditions, 279;

deeper significance, 338;

essence, 271;

ideals and the State university, 269;

Middle West, 146, 154;

Ohio Valley, 167;

old ideals, 148;

sketch, 19

Pittsburgh, 104, 127, 136, 154-155, 161, 265, 299, 314, 324

Plain people, 256, 267

Political institutions, 243;

frontier and, 24

Political parties, 249, 324

Polk, J. K., 105, 192, 255

Pontiac, 131, 144

Poor whites, 224

Population center, 222

Populists, 32, 127, 147, 155, 203, 220, 247, 277, 281, 305;

Kansas, 238

Prairie Plains, 129

Prairie states, 239

Prairies, 218, 236, 276, 348;

settlement, 145, 147

Presbyterians, 105, 106, 109, 164

Presidency, 254;

Mississippi Valley and, 192;

Ohio Valley and, 175;

Old Northwest and, 222

Prices, 313

Princeton college, 106

Pritchett, H. S., 282

Privilege, 192;

conflict against, 120, 121

Proclamation of 1763, 181

Progressive Republican movement, 321

Prohibitionists, 240

«Пролетариат», 285

Property, 210;

as basis of suffrage, 249

Prosperity, 281

Протекционизм. См. Тариф

Provinces, geographic, 158

Provincialism, desirable, 157, 159

Prussianism, 337, 356

Public lands, 25, 132, 303;

policy of America, 26, 170;

Western lands, first debates on, 191

Public schools, 266, 282

Puget Sound, 298

Puritan ideals, 73, 75, 78;

German conflict with, 138

Puritanism, 27

Puritans and Indians, 44

Purrysburg, 97

Pynchon, John, 51, 52

Quakers, 105, 112, 164;

in settlement of Indiana, 224

Quebec, Province of, 131

Quincy, Josiah, 208

Radisson, Sieur de, 180

Railroads, administration by regions, 322;

Chicago and, 150;

continental, 247;

in early fifties, 137;

land grants to, 276;

Mississippi Valley, 304;

northwestern, 145;

origin, 14;

speculative movement, 276;

statistics, 314;

western, 218

Rancher's frontier, 12, 16

Ranches, 9, 16;

Virginia, 88

Rappahannock River, 84, 90;

settlement, 93

Reclamation, 298

Reclamation Service, 320

Red Cloud (Indian), 144

Red River valley, 145

Redemptioners, 22, 90, 97, 100

Reformers, 281, 324;

социальное, 262-263

Regulation, War of the, 248

Regulators, 116, 119, 120, 212

Religion of the Middle West, 345

Religious freedom of the Old West, 121

Religious spirit, Ohio Valley, 164, 165;

Upland South, 164, 165

Rensselaerswyck, 80

Representation, 114, 117, 120

Republican party, 327

Research, 284, 287, 331

Revolution, American, 30

Rhodes, J. F., 24

Richmond, Va., 108

Rights, equal, 326-327, 338;

of man, 192

Ripley, W. Z., 316

Robertson, James, 105, 187

Rockefeller, J. D., 260, 264-265

Rocky Mountains, 8, 9, 10, 298

Roosevelt, Theodore, 202, 204, 281, 319, 327;

on the Mississippi Valley, 178;

«Завоевание Запада», 67

Root, Elihu, 159

Roxbury, 59

Royce, Josiah, 157, 358

Rush, Richard, 317

St. Louis, 151, 161, 229

St. Paul, 137, 234

Salisbury, Mass., 56

Salt, 17;

annual pilgrimage to coast for, 17

Salt springs, 17, 18

Salzburgers, 97

Sandys, Sir Edwin, 301

Sault Ste. Marie Canal, 149

Scalps, Massachusetts bounty for, 45

Scandinavians, 263, 350;

Middle West, 146;

Western life, 232-233, 234

Schools, early difficulties, 107;

см. также Государственные школы

Schurz, Carl, 337

Science, 284, 330-331

Scientific farming, 294

Scotch Highlanders, 104;

Georgia, 98

Scotch-Irish, 5, 22, 71;

migration in Great Valley and Piedmont, 103;

Pennsylvania, 104;

South Carolina, 97;

Virginia, 86, 91-92

Scotch-Irish Presbyterians, 105, 109, 164

Scovillites, 116

Seaboard cities, 194, 195, 196

Seattle, 298

"Section" of land, 123, 132

Sectionalism, 27, 28, 52, 157, 215, 220, 321

Sections, relation, 159

Self-government, 169, 190, 207, 248, 275

Self-made man, 219, 318

Servants, 60, 353

Service to the Union, 358

Settlement, community type, 73, 74

Settler, 20

Sevier, John, 105, 187

Seward, W. H., 141;

on the Northwest, 230;

on the slavery issue in the Mississippi Valley, 199, 200

Shays' Rebellion, 112, 119, 122, 249

Sheffield, 71

Sheldon, George, 58

Shenandoah Valley, 68, 90, 91, 92, 99, 105

Sherman, W. T., 142

Sibley, H. H. (1811-1891), 272, 273, 328

Silver movement, 238, 239, 329

Simsbury, 63

Singletary, Amos, 240

Sioux Indians, 130

Six Nations, 15, 83

Slavery question, 24, 29, 98, 111, 139, 304, 330;

compromise movement, 174;

democracy and, 256;

expansion, 174;

Middle West and, 139;

Mississippi Valley and, 198, 201;

Northwest and, 230;

slaves as property, 115;

Virginia and North Carolina, 122

Smith, Major Lawrence, 84

Social control, 277

Social forces, in American history, 311;

mode of investigating, 330;

on the Atlantic coast, 295;

political institutions and, 243

Social mobility, 355

Социальный порядок, долина Миссисипи, 203-204;

new, 263

Социальные реформаторы, 262-263

Socialism, 246, 277, 307, 321

Society, backwoods, 212;

rebirth of in the West, 205

Soils, 278, 279;

search for, 18

Solid South, 217

South, 27, 166, 218;

contribution to settlement of Old Northwest (Ohio, Indiana, Illinois), 223, 225-226;

Ohio Valley and, 174;

solid, 217;

transforming forces, 295;

West and, 196, 197;

см. также Возвышенный Юг

South Carolina, 174;

condition of antagonism between coast and interior, 116;

land system, townships, 96;

trade, 108

South Dakota, development, 237

Southeastern Europe, 294, 299, 316

Southerners and the Middle West, 133-134, 135, 138

Southwest, 297

Spain, 167, 181, 246;

Mississippi Valley and, 184, 185

Spangenburg, A. G., 17

Spanish America 181, 182, 295

Spanish frontier, 125

Spanish War, 246

Speculation, 319

Spoils system, 32, 254

Spotswood, Alexander, 22, 88, 90, 91, 113, 247;

Mississippi Valley and, 180

Spotsylvania County, Va., 90

Spreckles, Claus, 265

Squatter-sovereignty, 140

Squatters, 272, 343;

doctrines, 273, 328;

ideal, 320;

Middle West, 137;

Ohio Valley, 170;

Pennsylvania in 1726, 101

Старк, Джон, 103-104

State historical societies, 340

State lines, 127

State universities, 221, 354;

as safeguard of democracy, 286;

Michigan, 233;

особая сила, 283-284;

pioneer ideals and, 269, 281

States, checkerboard, 218;

frontier pioneers' demand for statehood, 248;

groups, 159;

new states vs. Atlantic States, 207;

System of, 168

Staunton, Va., 92

Steam navigation, 7, 135, 171

Steel, 313

Steel and iron industry, 152

Stockbridge, 79

Stoddard, Solomon, 45

Success, 288, 309

Sudbury, 39

Suffrage, 192, 216;

basis, 249;

frontier and extension, 30;

manhood, 250, 352

Superior, Lake, 180, 314;

iron mines, 152

Swedes, 233

Symmes Purchase, 223

Talleyrand, 299

Taney, R. B., 141

Tariff, 25, 27, 170, 172, 197, 216

Taylor, Zachary, 255

Tecumthe, 134, 144

Tennessee, 122, 168, 187, 225, 252, 253;

democracy, 192

«Улисс» Теннисона, 310

Territories, system of, 168, 169

Texas, 168

Thomas, J. B., 174

Tocqueville, A. C. H. C. de, 153, 275, 303, 343

Toledo, Ohio, 231

Toleration, 355

Town meeting, 62

Towns, legislating into existence, 125;

locating, Massachusetts, 76;

New England and Virginia, 41;

new settlements in New England, 55;

South Carolina, 96;

typical form of establishing in New England, 74;

Virginia, 85, 86

Trader's frontier, 12;

effects following, 12;

rapidity of advance, 12, 13

Trading posts, 14

Transportation, 148;

Great Lakes, 150

Tryon, William, 106

Tuscarora War, 94, 95

Ulstermen, 103

Unification of the West, 215

United States, collection of nations, 158;

development since 1890, 311;

federal aspect, 159;

fundamental forces, 311;

самобытный вклад в общество, 281-282;

wealth, 312

U. S. Steel Corporation, 152-153, 247, 265, 313

Universities, duties, 292;

function, 287;

influence of university men, 285;

need of freedom, 287;

pressure of democracies on, 283;

State and, 286;

см. также Государственные университеты

Upland South, 164;

religious spirit, 164, 165

Van Buren, Martin, 254, 326

Van Rensselaer manor, 81

Vandalia, 229

Verendryes, the, 180

Vermont, 69, 72, 77, 78, 111, 122, 136

Vermonters in Wisconsin and Michigan, 228

Vicksburg, 201

Vigilance committees, 212

Vinton, S. F., 141, 229

Virginia, 301;

early attempt to establish frontier, 41;

Индейские войны, 69-70;

inequalities, coast vs. interior, 113;

interest in Mississippi Valley, 182;

land grants, 91;

land grants to societies, 85;

Piedmont, society, 95;

Piedmont portions, 87, 89;

settlement in latter part of 17th century, 83;

slavery, 122;

two Virginias in later 17th century, 94;

Western democracy and, 250

Virginia Convention of 1829-30, 28, 31

Visions, 270, 331, 339-340

Voyageurs, 17

Wachovia, 95

Walker, F. A., 128

War of 1812, 168, 213

Washington, George, 92, 124;

Mississippi Valley and, 181, 182, 194, 196, 324;

Ohio Valley and, 163, 167

Wealth, 213-214, 219, 288, 319;

democracy versus, 192;

in politics, 173;

United States, 312

Wells (town), 47

«Валлийский участок», 97

Wentworth, Benning, 77

West, American ideals and, 290;

beginning of, 6;

center of interest, 327;

constructive force, 206;

contributions to democracy, 243;

factor in American history, 1, 3;

ideals, 209, 214, 267;

indefiniteness of term, 126;

insurgent voice, 319;

main streams of settlement, 215;

mark of New England, 36;

этап разделения, 216-217;

population, 35;

problem of, 205;

South and, 196, 197;

warnings against, 208, 209;

Средний Запад; см. также Старый Запад; Старый Северо-Запад

West Virginia, 114

Westchester County, N. Y., 81

Western colleges, 36

Western life, dominant forces, 222

Western Reserve, 124, 133

Western spirit, 310

"Western Waters," 161, 206, 302;

men of freedom and independence, 183

"Western World," 161, 166, 206, 302;

basis of its civilization, 177

Wheat, 329;

areas, 149

Whig party, 27, 173, 304, 351

White, Abraham, 240

White, Hugh, 192

Whitman, Walt, 336

Wilderness, 262, 269, 270, 279

Wilkinson, James, 169, 187

Williams, John (1664-1729), 70

Williams, Roger, 262

Windsor, 76

Winthrop, John, 62

Wisconsin, 137, 138, 218, 294, 341;

развитие и элементы, 233-234;

German element, 227, 228, 236;

New England element, 228;

settlement, 226, 227

Wood, Abraham, 98

Woodstock, 59

World's fairs, 156

World-politics, 246, 315

Wyoming Valley, 79, 124

Yemassee War, 95

"Young America" doctrine, 140

Примечания переводчика:

Следующие слова встречаются в тексте как с дефисами, так и без них. Они оставлены в том виде, в каком даны в оригинале.

battle-field battlefield

coast-wise coastwise

cow-pens cowpens

head-rights headrights

iron-master ironmaster

new-comers newcomers

non-sectional nonsectional

out-vote outvote

rail-splitter railsplitters

sea-board seaboard

slave-holding slaveholding

tide-water tidewater

un-won unwon

В текст были внесены следующие исправления:

страница 25 — as the nation marched westward. [в оригинале пропущена точка]

страница 40, сноска 40:5 — «American Colonies in the Seventeenth Century», [в оригинале пропущена кавычка]

страница 48, сноска 48:4 — Sheldon, «Deerfield», [в оригинале пропущена кавычка]

страница 49 — your honours [в оригинале присутствует лишняя открывающая скобка] we haue but litel laft

страница 53 — the frontier Towns. [в оригинале присутствует лишняя кавычка]

страница 68, сноска 68:1 — Powell, «Physiographic Regions [в оригинале присутствует лишняя одинарная кавычка]»

страница 75, сноска 75:1 — Egleston [в оригинале Eggleston], «Land System of the New England Colonies»,

страница 86 — at least three foot within the ground.» [в оригинале пропущена кавычка]

страница 96, сноска 96:3 — (N. Y., 1899) [в оригинале пропущена закрывающая скобка], pp. 149, 151;

страница 117, сноска 117:3 — pp. 440-447 [в оригинале указано 440-437]

страница 118 — it was being exploited, [в оригинале стоит точка]

страница 118, сноска 118:2 — N. C. [в оригинале N .C.]

страница 123 — Слова Preëmption и preëmptions перенесены через дефис на стыке строк в оригинале. При объединении слов заново проставлен умлаут.

страница 163 — American backwoodsmen [в оригинале backswoodsmen]

страница 167 — to add the settlements [в оригинале setlements]

страница 171 — social conditions of the people whose [в оригинале who] needs

страница 236 — stronghold of resistance [в оригинале resistence]

страница 254 — formal law and the subtleties [в оригинале subleties]

страница 268 — that dwarf [в оригинале присутствует лишнее слово of] those of the Old World

страница 310 — to pause, to make an end, [в оригинале стоит точка]

страница 348 — to his own business. [в оригинале присутствует лишняя кавычка]

страница 353 — at least before [в оригинале присутствует лишнее слово at] the present day

страница 362 — Bryan, W. J., 204, 236, 237, 246, 281, 327, 330 [в оригинале 329]

page 363, under Democracy—Godkin[original has Gookin] on, 307

страница 363 — Democratic party, 327, 330 [в оригинале 329]

page 363—Discovery, 271[original has 270], 293, 301, 306

page 363—Douglas[original has Douglass], William, 109

page 364—Forest[original has Foreign] Service, 320

страница 364, в разделе Germans — Palatine, 5, 82, 100, 109, 124 [в оригинале по ошибке также указана страница 32]

страница 366 — Henry, Patrick, 94 [в оригинале 95]

страница 366, в разделе Indians — hunting Indians with dogs, 45 [в оригинале 95]

страница 367 — Kipling, Rudyard, «Foreloper [в оригинале Toreloper]», 270

page 368—Marietta, 124, 133[original has 132], 223, 257

страница 368, в разделе Michigan — development and resources, 233 [в оригинале 232]

page 371—Pynchon[original has Pyrichon], John, 51, 52

страница 373 — Spangenburg [в оригинале Spangenberg], A. G.

Ошибки в орфографии и пунктуации в цитируемых материалах оставлены такими же, как в оригинале.

Словарная статья указателя для Джеймса Гленна находилась после статьи для Э. Л. Годкина. Обе статьи были переставлены местами для сохранения алфавитного порядка. Записи в указателе для Лестера и Ли, Б. В., были объединены со статьей Legislation (Законодательство). Записи были перемещены надлежащим образом.

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